CHAPTER XI.

THE END OF THE WAR.

SECTION I.--_Turenne's Strategy (June 1645-October 1648)._

1645 Negotiations for peace begun 209

June _Battle of Naseby_

Aims of the Emperor and the Duke of Bavaria 210

1646 Turenne outmanoeuvres the Imperialists 212

1647 Truce between the French and the Bavarians 213 May-Sept.

1648 Defeat of the Bavarians at Zusmarshausen 213 May 17.

SECTION II.--_The Treaty of Westphalia (Oct. 1648)._

1648 Terms of the peace 213

Oct. 24. How far was toleration effected by it 214

General desire for peace 217

SECTION III.--_Condition of Germany._

Debasing effects of the war 217

Decrease of the population 218

Moral and intellectual decadence 218

Disintegration of Germany 220

Protestantism saved, and with it the future culture of Germany 220

SECTION IV.--_Continuance of the War between France and Spain (1648-1660)._

1648 Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic 221

1649 _Execution of Charles I._

The Fronde 222

Continuance of the war with Spain 223

Alliance between France and Cromwell 223

1660 Treaty of Pyrenees 224

French greatness based on Tolerance 225

Intolerance of Lewis XIV. and downfall of the French monarchy 226

THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR.