Part 3

Professor Peirce has observed the most curious sounds produced from a telephone in connection with a telegraph wire during the aurora borealis; and I have just heard of a curious phenomenon lately observed by Dr. Channing. In the city of Providence, Rhode Island, there is an overhouse wire about one mile in extent with a telephone at either end. On one occasion the sound of music and singing was faintly audible in one of the telephones. It seemed as if some one were practising vocal music with a pianoforte accompaniment. The natural supposition was that experiments were being made with the telephone at the other end of the circuit, but upon inquiry this proved not to have been the case. Attention having thus been directed to the phenomenon, a watch was kept upon the instruments, and upon a subsequent occasion the same fact was observed at both ends of the line by Dr. Channing and his friends. It was proved that the sounds continued for about two hours, and usually commenced about the same time. A searching examination of the line disclosed nothing abnormal in its condition, and I am unable to give you any explanation of this curious phenomenon. Dr. Channing has, however, addressed a letter upon the subject to the editor of one of the Providence papers, giving the names of such songs as were recognised, with full details of the observations, in the hope that publicity may lead to the discovery of the performer, and thus afford a solution of the mystery.

My friend Mr. Frederick A. Gower communicated to me a curious observation made by him regarding the slight earth connection required to establish a circuit for the telephone, and together we carried on a series of experiments with rather startling results. We took a couple of telephones and an insulated wire about 100 yards in length into a garden, and were enabled to carry on conversation with the greatest ease when we held in our hands what should have been the earth wire, so that the connection with the ground was formed at either end through our bodies, our feet being clothed with cotton socks and leather boots. The day was fine, and the grass upon which we stood was seemingly perfectly dry. Upon standing upon a gravel walk the vocal sounds, though much diminished, were still perfectly intelligible, and the same result occurred when standing upon a brick wall one foot in height, but no sound was audible when one of us stood upon a block of freestone.

One experiment which we made is so very interesting that I must speak of it in detail. Mr. Gower made earth connection at his end of the line by standing upon a grass plot, whilst at the other end of the line I stood upon a wooden board. I requested Mr. Gower to sing a continuous musical note, and to my surprise the sound was very distinctly audible from the telephone in my hand. Upon examining my feet I discovered that a single blade of grass was bent over the edge of the board, and that my foot touched it. The removal of this blade of grass was followed by the cessation of the sound from the telephone, and I found that the moment I touched with the toe of my boot a blade of grass or the petal of a daisy the sound was again audible.

The question will naturally arise, Through what length of wire can the telephone be used? In reply to this I may say that the maximum amount of resistance through which the undulatory current will pass, and yet retain sufficient force to produce an audible sound at the distant end, has yet to be determined; no difficulty has, however, been experienced in laboratory experiments in conversing through a resistance of 60,000 ohms, which has been the maximum at my disposal. On one occasion, not having a rheostat at hand, I may mention having passed the current through the bodies of sixteen persons, who stood hand in hand. The longest length of real telegraph line through which I have attempted to converse has been about 250 miles. On this occasion no difficulty was experienced so long as parallel lines were not in operation. Sunday was chosen as the day on which it was probable other circuits would be at rest. Conversation was carried on between myself, in New York, and Mr. Thomas A. Watson, in Boston, until the opening of business upon the other wires. When this happened the vocal sounds were very much diminished, but still audible. It seemed, indeed, like talking through a storm. Conversation though possible could be carried on with difficulty, owing to the distracting nature of the interfering currents.

I am informed by my friend Mr. Preece that conversation has been successfully carried on through a submarine cable, sixty miles in length, extending from Dartmouth to the Island of Guernsey, by means of hand telephones similar to that shown in fig. 30.

Footnotes:

[1] Helmholtz. _Die Lehre von dem Tonempfindungen._ (English Translation by Alexander J. Ellis, _Theory of Tone_.)

[2] _C. G. Page._ “The Production of Galvanic Music.” Silliman’s Journ. 1837, xxxii. p. 396; Silliman’s Journ. July, 1837, p. 354; Silliman’s Journ. 1838, xxxiii. p. 118; Bibl. Univ. (new series), 1839, ii. p. 398.

[3] _J. P. Marrian._ Phil. Mag. xxv. p. 382; Inst. 1845, p. 20; Arch. de l’Électr. v. p. 195.

[4] _W. Beatson._ Arch. de l’Électr. v. p. 197; Arch. de Sc. Phys. et Nat. (2d series), ii. p. 113.

[5] _Gassiot._ See “Treatise on Electricity,” by De la Rive, i. p. 300.

[6] _De la Rive._ Treatise on Electricity, i. p. 300; Phil. Mag. xxxv. p. 422; Arch. de l’Électr. v. p. 200; Inst. 1846, p. 83; Comptes Rendus, xx. p. 1287; Comp. Rend. xxii. p. 432; Pogg. Ann. lxxvi. p. 637; Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. xxvi. p. 158.

[7] _Matteucci._ Inst. 1845, p. 315; Arch, de l’Électr. v. 389.

[8] _Guillemin._ Comp. Rend. xxii. p. 264; Inst. 1846, p. 30; Arch. d. Sc. Phys. (2d series), i. p. 191.

[9] _G. Wertheim._ Comp. Rend. xxii. pp. 336, 544; Inst. 1846, pp. 65, 100; Pogg. Ann. lxviii. p. 140; Comp. Rend. xxvi. p. 505; Inst. 1848, p. 142; Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., xxiii. p. 302; Arch. d. Sc. Phys. et Nat. viii. p. 206; Pogg. Ann. lxxvii. p. 43; Berl. Ber. iv. p. 121.

[10] _Elie Wartmann._ Comp. Rend. xxii. p. 544; Phil. Mag. (3d series), xxviii. p. 544; Arch. d. Sc. Phys. et Nat. (2d series), i. p. 419; Inst. 1846, p. 290; Monatscher. d. Berl. Akad. 1846, p. 111.

[11] _Janniar._ Comp. Rend, xxiii. p. 319; Inst. 1846, p. 269; Arch. d. Sc. Phys. et Nat. (2d. series), ii. p. 394.

[12] _J. P. Joule._ Phil. Mag. xxv. pp. 76, 225; Berl. Ber. iii. p. 489.

[13] _Laborde._ Comp. Rend. l. p. 692; Cosmos, xvii. p. 514.

[14] _Legat._ Brix. Z. S. ix. p. 125.

[15] _Reis._ “Téléphonie.” Polytechnic Journ. clxviii. p. 185; Böttger’s Notizbl. 1863, No. 6.

[16] _J. C. Poggendorff._ Pogg. Ann. xcviii. p. 192; Berliner Monatsber. 1856, p. 133; Cosmos, ix. p. 49; Berl. Ber. xii. p. 241; Pogg. Ann. lxxxvii. p. 139.

[17] _Du Moncel._ Exposé, ii. p. 125; also, iii. p. 83.

[18] _Delezenne._ “Sound produced by Magnetization,” Bibl. Univ. (new series), 1841, xvi. p. 406.

[19] See London Journ. xxxii. p. 402; Polytechnic Journ. ex. p. 16; Cosmos, iv. p. 43; Glösener—Traité général, &c. p. 350; Dove.-Repert. vi. p. 58; Pogg. Ann. xliii. p. 411; Berl. Ber. i. p. 144; Arch. d. Sc. Phys. et Nat. xvi. p. 406; Kuhn’s Encyclopædia der Physik, pp. 1014-1021.

[20] _Gore._ Proceedings of Royal Society, xii. p. 217.

[21] _C. G. Page._ “Vibration of Trevelyan’s bars by the galvanic current.” Silliman’s Journal, 1850, ix. pp. 105-108.

[22] _Sullivan._ “Currents of Electricity produced by the vibration of Metals,” Phil. Mag. 1845, p. 261; Arch. de l’Électr. x. p. 480.

[23] The full description of this figure will be found in Mr. Alexander J. Ellis’s translation of Helmholtz’s work, “Theory of Tone.”

[24] See _Researches in Telephony_.—Trans. of American Acad. of Arts and Sciences, vol. xii. p. 1.

[25] _Elisha Gray._ Eng. Pat. Spec. No. 2646, Aug. 1874.

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