CHAPTER II.

1. The sophism, or puzzle, called the Liar, ran thus:--A liar says he lies: if it is true, he is no liar; and if he lies, he is speaking truth. The Quiescent ([Greek: ho hêsychazôn]) was an invention attributed by Cicero to Chrysippus (Acad. ii. 29). When asked of a gradually-increasing number of things to say when they ceased to be few and became many, he was wont to cease replying, or be "quiescent," shortly before the limit was reached--a device which we have some difficulty in regarding as a fair example of Chrysippus's contributions to the science of logic. For the master sophism see Bk. II. chap. i., _note_ 1.

2. Plato, _Laws_, ix.:--"When any of such opinions visit thee, go to the purifying sacrifices, go and pray in the temples of the protecting Gods, go to the society of men whom thou hast heard of as good; and now hear from others, now say for thine own part, that it behooves every man to hold in regard the things that are honorable and righteous. But from the company of evil men, fly without a look behind. And if in doing these things thy disease give ground, well; but if not, hold death the better choice, and depart from life."

3. _The true athlete._--Literally, ascetic, [Greek: askêtês]; _i. e._, practicer.

4. The Dioscuri, or Twins, Castor and Pollux, were the patron deities of sailors.