CHAPTER VII

THE TEACHING OF FRENCH AND ITS POPULARITY AFTER THE RESTORATION

In the meantime French grammars were being published in England in considerable numbers.[1043] So plentiful were they that there was "scarce anything to be seen anywhere but French grammars." The manuals of Mauger and Festeau were still in vogue, and that of Mauger was frequently reedited. Among new grammarians figures the tutor to the children of the Duke of York (James II.), Pierre de Lainé, who may possibly have been identical with the Pierre Lainé who published a grammar in 1655.[1044] His French grammar, written in the first place for the Lady Mary (afterwards Mary II.), was published in 1667,[1045] when the princess was about five years old. It was subsequently placed at the service of the Lady Anne, afterwards queen, and a second edition appeared in 1677, with the title: _The Princely Way to the French Tongue as it was first compiled for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary and since taught her royal sister the Lady Anne etc. by P. D. L. Tutor for the French to both their Highnesses_.[1046]

"Before you begin anything of Letters or rules," says Lainé, "you may Learn how to call in French these few things following.

Ma Tête, say maw tate my Head Mes Cheveuz, say maysheveu my Hair,"

and so on for the parts of the body, the numbers, days, and months, with similar guides to pronunciation. He then proceeds to treat of the sounds of letters and syllables, based on comparison with English. These rules occupy less than a fifth of the book; the remainder contains practical exercises. First come familiar phrases and dialogues, strongly religious in tone, including prayers, the catechism, commandments, etc., and conversation specially suited to royal princesses. A chronological abridgement of the sacred scriptures by way of dialogue is followed by rules of grammar, likewise in dialogue form. Lastly come the _Fables_ of Aesop put into "burlesque French" for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary when a child, and models of letters suitable for children, and accompanied by answers.

In later years Lainé spent some time at Paris as secretary[1047] to Sir Henry Savile, the English envoy at the French Court, who did so much to prepare a favourable reception in England for the refugees at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[1048] Lainé was the first teacher to receive a grant of letters of denization under the Order in Council of the 28th July 1681.[1049] Shortly afterwards the same privilege was bestowed on Francis Cheneau, whose _French Grammar, enrich'd with a compendious and easie way to learne the French tongue in a short time_, was licensed for printing in 1684.[1050] For many years Cheneau continued to teach French, and in time added Latin, English, and Italian to his repertory. He describes himself as a native of Paris, "formerly slave and Governor of the Isles of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipelago." At the time of the appearance of his second work on the French language, in 1716, he was "living in his House in Old Fish St. next door to the Faulcon in London," where could be seen his short grammars for Latin, Italian, and English.

The most versatile compiler of French manuals at this period was Guy Miège, a native of Lausanne, who came to England at the time of the Restoration. For two years he was employed in the household of Lord Elgin, and was then appointed under-secretary to the Earl of Carlisle, ambassador extraordinary to Russia, Sweden, and Denmark. After spending three years abroad with the embassy, he travelled in France on his own account from 1665 till 1668, preparing a _Relation of the Three Embassies_ in which he had taken part. [Header: THE DICTIONARIES OF GUY MIÈGE] His book was published in 1669, on his return to London. He then settled in England as a teacher of French and geography, and wrote many works for teaching the language. The first was _A New Dictionary French and English and English and French_ (1677), dedicated to Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond. As usual, this French-English Dictionary is based on a French-Latin one--in this case that of Pomey. Miège was also closely acquainted with Howell's edition of Cotgrave's dictionary, last published in 1670; but he held it very defective in retaining so many obsolete words, and in not being adapted to the "present use and modern orthography--which indeed is highly pretended to in the last edition thereof, but so performed that the title runs away with all the credit of it." He looked upon Cotgrave "as a good help indeed for reading of old French books (a thing which few people mind)." For his own part, his design was to teach the latest Court French, and he made a point of omitting all the provincial and obsolete words Cotgrave had searched out so carefully, words "that offend the eyes and grate the ears, but the Rubbish of the French Tongue." To "season the naturall dulness of the work" he included many proverbs, descriptions, and observations in both the English and French parts.

Considering that "the way to understand the bottom of a language is to learn how the derivatives are formed from their primitives and the compounds from their simples,"[1051] he arranged all the derivatives after their respective primitives; that nothing might be wanting, however, he placed them in their alphabetic order also, with a reference to the necessary primitive.

Miège's innovation in excluding all obsolete terms from his dictionary raised such a storm at its first appearance[1052] that he felt himself bound to yield to public opinion by making a separate collection of such words, which he called _A Dictionary of barbarous French or A Collection, by way of Alphabet, of Obsolete, Provincial, misspelt, and Made Words in French, taken out of Cotgrave's dictionary with some additions_. It was, he said, "performed for the satisfaction of such as read old French." By the time of its publication in 1679, however, the storm raised by his first work had died away.

Miège continued his lexicographical labours. In 1684 appeared _A Short French Dictionary English and French, with another in French and English_, a work of no ambitious aims, containing a list of words pure and simple, with no descriptions or observations, intended for beginners, travellers, and those who could not afford the price of the larger one, and, above all, for foreigners reading English. The English were too eager and advanced in the study of French to find much help in so slight a work, but foreigners evidently adopted the dictionary; editions appeared at the Hague in 1691, 1701 (the fifth), and 1703;[1053] another was issued at Rotterdam as late as 1728.

For the use of English students and those desiring to study either language more thoroughly, Miège prepared, during many years of hard work, an enlarged edition of his first French dictionary of 1677, which, he tells us, was compiled under great disadvantages; "the Publick was in haste for a French Dictionary, and they had it accordingly, hurried from the design to the composition, and from under my pen to the press." The new work, on a much larger scale, was known as _The Great French Dictionary, in two parts_, and published in 1688, eleven years after the appearance of its nucleus, the _New French Dictionary_ (1677). It gives words according to both their old and modern orthography, "by which means the reader is fitted for any sort of French book," and, writes Miège, "although I am not fond of obsolete and barbarous words, yet I thought fit to intersperse the most remarkable of them, lest they should be missed by such as read old Books." Each word is accompanied by explanations, proverbs, phrases, "and as the first part does, here and there, give a prospect into the constitution of the kingdom of France, so the second does afford to foreiners what they have hitherto very much wanted, to wit, an Insight into the Constitution of England...." In the _Great Dictionary_ Miège abandoned his plan of arranging the derivatives under their primitives, because it had made his former work "swarm with uneasy references"; he followed the alphabetical order strictly, "but in such a manner that, where a derivative is remote from its primitive, I show its extraction within a Parenthesis." [Header: MIÈGE'S FRENCH GRAMMARS] Each of the two sections of the _Great Dictionary_ is preceded by a grammar of the language concerned. First comes the _Grounds of the French Tongue_, before the French-English Dictionary, and then a _Méthode abrégée pour apprendre l'Anglois_. This French grammar was a reprint of one of those which Miège had compiled while working at his dictionaries.

In 1684 Miège tells us that he had "put forth two French grammars, both of them well approved by all unprejudiced persons. The one is short and concise, fitted for all sorts of learners, but especially new beginners; the other is a large and complete piece, giving a curious and full account of the French Tongue. To this is annexed a copious vocabulary and a long Train of useful Dialogues." The more advanced of these grammars was the first to appear, being published in 1678 under the title of _A New French Grammar, or a New Method for learning the French Tongue_. After dealing with pronunciation, he passes to the accidence and syntax, with special attention to his favourite theory of the importance of a knowledge of primitives and derivatives. He is much indebted to the grammars of Vaugelas and Chiflet, especially in his observations on letter-writing, on repetition of words, and on style. The second half of the book contains a vocabulary, arranged under the usual headings, and familiar dialogues, without which he dare not offer the work to a public "so well convinced of their Usefulness, as to the speaking part of a Language"; therefore, "though it were something against the grain," he included such exercises, "exceeding even Mr. Mauger's in number." The one hundred and fifteen familiar dialogues are followed by four more advanced ones in French alone, "for proficient learners to turn into English." The first deals with the education of children, and the others with geography, a subject Miège taught in either French or English "as might be most convenient."

The elementary grammar had been issued about 1682[1054] as _A short and easie French Grammar fitted for all sorts of learners; according to the present use and modern orthography of the French with some Reflections on the ancient use thereof_. In 1682 the vocabulary and dialogues of the earlier grammar were, each of them, issued separately, probably to facilitate their use with this second grammar.

In 1687 appeared the _Grounds of the French Tongue or a new French Grammar_,[1055] which Miège incorporated in his _Great French Dictionary_ in the following year. In general outline its contents resemble those of the grammar which had appeared ten years before. It is, however, an entirely new work. Most of the rules differ,[1056] and the vocabulary and dialogues are new. He breaks away from the old tradition of introducing the Latin declension of nouns into French grammars.[1057] The _Grounds of the French Tongue_ is about a hundred pages shorter than the grammar of 1678, and on the whole it is less interesting from the point of view of the student of French. The second part, called the _Nouvelle Nomenclature Françoise et Angloise_, which might be obtained apart from the grammar, had originally appeared in 1685 as part of Miège's _Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre l'Anglois_.[1058] Consequently the dialogues are more suited to the student of English than to the student of French, as they deal chiefly with life in England and the impressions of a Frenchman in London, including an account of the coffee-houses, the penny post, the churches, English food and drink, and so forth.

Lastly, in about 1698,[1059] appeared _Miège's last and best French Grammar, or a new Method to learn French, containing the Quintessence of all other Grammars, with such plain and easie rules as will make one speedily perfect in that famous language_. A second edition was issued in 1705. The work was based on his first grammar (1678), which thus benefited by his long experience as a writer on the French language and teacher of that tongue.

Miège held that French was best learnt by a combination of the methods of rote and grammar, either being insufficient without the other; as for attempting to learn foreign languages at home by rote, "'tis properly building in the air. [Header: BEST METHOD OF STUDY] For whatever progress one makes that way, unless he sticks constantly to it, the Language steals away from him, and, like a Building without a foundation, it falls insensibly." Englishmen who learn French by ear in France soon find the fluency of which they are so proud slipping away from them after their return to England;[1060] and even Frenchmen who have never studied their language grammatically begin to lose the purity of phrase after they have been some time in England.

Accordingly "a great care ought to be taken to pitch upon the best sort of Grammar and to make choice of a skilful Master. Now a skilful master must be first such a one as can speak the true modern French: A Thing few people can boast of, besides courtiers and scholars, so nice a language it is." Therefore the student should not waste his time, as many do, with the common sort of teachers, who speak, for the most part, but a corrupt and provincial French, and yet are patronized by many. In the second place, the teacher should be a man of some learning; and in the third, he should have "some skill in the English tongue, not that he should use much English with his scholars,[1061] but because, without it, 'tis impossible he can teach by the grammar, or explain the true meaning of words." Lastly, he should himself be thoroughly acquainted with the grammar, and be able to find out what should be learnt "by rote, what by heart, and what passages need not at all be learnt." But, when all is done, "there is an art in teaching not to be found amongst all men of knowledge."

Thus the right use of a grammar depends much on the skill and judgement of the teacher. Miège declares against overburdening the memory with abstruse and difficult rules. In most cases it is enough if the learner understands the rule; there is no need to confine him to the author's words or to make him learn long lists of exceptions. "The best thing to exercise his memory in, besides the general and most necessary rules, is to learn a good store of words with their signification. And then, whether he comes to read French, or to hear it spoke, one word doth so help another, that by degrees, he will find out the meaning." As for the dialogues, only a few, and those of a familiar type, should be learnt "without book." "An analysis is the best use they can be put to, but some teachers will find it too hard a task."

The best way, therefore, is "to lay a good foundation with grammar rules, and to raise the Superstructure by Practice"; the more adventurous the learner is in speaking French the better. If, however, "one be so very averse from Grammar rules as to look upon them as so many Bug bears, my opinion is that he may begin by Rote, provided he make good at last his Proficiency that Way, with the help of a choice Grammar. And then the Rules will appear to him very plain, easy and delectable."

In 1678 Miège was receiving pupils for French and geography at his lodging in Penton Street, Leicester Square, and we are told that in 1693 he was taking in _pensionnaires_ in Dean's Yard, near Westminster Abbey. Towards the end of his teaching career in England he appears to have been on very friendly terms with another teacher of French, Francesco Casparo Colsoni, an Italian minister, who also taught Italian and English. Colsoni wrote a book for teaching the three languages,[1062] called _The New Trismagister_ (1688), in which he drew freely from the works of Mauger, Festeau, and his friend Miège. In the meantime other manuals appeared, including a translation of a grammar which was first published at Paris in 1672[1063]--_A French Grammar, teaching the knowledge of that language.... Published by the Academy for the reformation of the French Tongue_ (1674), printed in parallel columns of English and the original French. _A Very easie Introduction to the French Tongue_ was published in about 1673, which claimed to be "proper for all persons who have bad memories." A certain John Smith, M.A., J. G. D'Abadie, formerly of the Royal Musketeers and for a time teacher of French at Oxford, Jacob Villiers, who had a French school at Nottingham, and Jean de Kerhuel, a French minister,[1064] all published grammars at about the same time.[1065]

[Header: PIERRE BERAULT]

Among the more interesting French teachers of the period is Pierre Berault, a French monk who was converted to Protestantism when he was on the point of setting out for England to work among the refugees as a Jesuit emissary.[1066] On the 2nd of April 1671 he "abjured all the errors of the Church of Rome" in the French Church of the Savoy, London, and subsequently devoted himself to teaching French. Until nearly the end of the century he lived in various parts of London, "waiting upon any Gentlemen or Gentlewomen who have a mind to learn French," and using, according to his own account, a very sound method. At the same time he was busy with his pen. He began with a compilation setting forth his religious principles,[1067] and with books on moral and religious subjects, in French and English for the benefit of learners.[1068] Later he wrote _A New, plain, short and compleat French and English grammar_ (1688), which had an "extraordinary sale and reception," and passed through numerous editions. Berault's motto as regards the teaching of French was _omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci_,--a fit combination of grammar rules and practical exercises. The grammar, which occupies less than half the book, begins with an explanation of grammatical terms for the benefit of those ignorant of Latin; it then deals shortly with the pronunciation and the declinable parts of speech;[1069] lastly come a few rules of syntax and short vocabularies of the indeclinables. The reading exercises open with the catechism, creeds, commandments, and prayers. The dialogues, accompanied, contrary to custom, by an interlinear translation, are at first very simple, and arranged in syllables for the benefit of beginners, but they become more difficult. The following is a dialogue between a French tutor and his scholar:

Good morrow, Sir, how do you do? Bonjour, Monsieur, comment vous portez vous?

Very well to serve you. Fort bien pour vous servir.

Do you teach the French tongue? Enseignez-vous la langue Françoise?

Yes sir, and the Latin also. Ouy, monsieur, et aussi la Latine.

Will you teach me these two tongues? Voulez vous m'enseigner ces deux langues?

I will do it willingly. Je le feray volontiers.

* * * * *

What method do you hold? Quel méthode voulez-vous tenir?

Because you understand Latin Parce que vous entendez la langue Latine

I will begin by the pronunciation Je commenceray par la prononciation

Which you can learn in two lessons. Que vous pouvez apprendre en deux leçons.

Then I will teach you the nouns, Puis je vous enseigneray les noms,

Pronouns, verbs and other parts of speech. Pronoms, verbes et autres parties d'oraison.

And afterwards the rules of syntax. Et ensuite les règles de Composition.

How long will I be in learning all that? Combien seray-je à apprendre tout cela?

But little time if you will follow me. Peu de temps si vous voulez me suivre.

Berault added a selection of Cordier's Colloquies in French and English to his work, as well as the usual proverbs, idioms and polite letters, and a vocabulary. The letters have no English translation, Berault believing that "whoso will peruse this grammar, he will not only be able to explain them but any other French book whatsoever." Accordingly he supplied a list of what he considered suitable modern French books, all of which could be obtained from one or other of the French booksellers in London.

In the second half of the seventeenth century the position of the French language in England was further strengthened by its growing popularity all over Europe. "I have visited," wrote the dramatist Chappuzeau in 1674,[1070] "every part of Christendom with care. [Header: FRENCH AND LATIN] It has been easy for me to observe that to-day a prince with only the French language which has spread everywhere, has the same advantages that Mithridates had with twenty-two." The French language was regarded as "one of the chiefest qualifications of accomplished persons," and "the common language of all well-bred people, and the most generally used in the commerce of civil life." Bayle states that in many parts of Europe there were people who spoke and wrote French as purely as the French themselves, and that in many foreign towns all the men and women of quality and many of the common people spoke French with ease. Writers of the time are unanimous in describing French as the universal language; and most French teachers write in the style of Guy Miège to the effect that "the French tongue is in a manner grown universal in Europe ... and of all the parts of Europe next to France none is more fond of it than England."

Thus, in the second half of the seventeenth century, French was in a position to dispute its ground with Latin. France herself set the example. French was the language used at Court, while Latin was used only by scholars. Significant it is that in 1676 Louis XIV., in consequence of Charpentier's _Défense de la langue françoise pour l'inscription de l'arc de Triomphe_, replaced the Latin inscriptions on his triumphal arches by others in French. Replying to Charpentier's essay, a Jesuit, P. Lucus, wrote a treatise in defence of Latin.[1071] Charpentier retorted by two laboured volumes, _De l'excellence de la langue françoise_ (1683), and finally won the day. In this he refers to the universality of French, and draws attention to the advantages which would result to science if it were studied in that language. The long Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, which first reached England from France, also shows the spirit of the times. And Bayle asserts as evidence of the supremacy of French that: "Veut-on qu'un libelle courre bien le monde, aussitôt on le traduit en françois, lors même que l'original est en Latin: tant il est vrai que le latin n'est pas si commun en Europe aujourd'hui que la Langue françoise."[1072]

In England French had long been a rival to Latin as the most commonly used foreign tongue, and after the Restoration it was generally recognized, among courtiers, men of fashion, ministers of state, and diplomats, as the more convenient means of intercourse. Only scholars and the universities continued to uphold the traditional supremacy of the Latin tongue, and even at the universities Latin had passed out of colloquial use before the Restoration, though still used in disputations and other prescribed exercises.[1073] The victory of French in the world of fashion was an easy one. It had "long since chased Latin from the gallant's head," declares Sedley,[1074] and Ravenscroft in his prologue to the _English Lawyer_,[1075] in which a jargon made up of Latin and English predominates, thus addresses the gallants:

Gallants, pray what do you doe here to-day? Which of you understands a Latine play?... This age defies th' accomplishments of Schools, The Town breeds Wits, the Colleges make Fools.

Samuel Vincent,[1076] instructing the gallant how to behave at an ordinary, warns him to "beware how (he) speaks any Latin there: your ordinaries most commonly have no more to do with Latin, than a desparate town or Garrison hath."[1077]

Latin also lost what ground it held as the official language. Milton had been Latin secretary during the Commonwealth, but after the Restoration French was the language used. "Since Latin hath ceased to be a Language, if ever it was any, which I am not sure of, at least in this present age," wrote Lord Chancellor Clarendon,[1078] "the French is almost naturalised through Europe, and understood and spoken in all the Northern Courts and hath nearly driven the Dutch out of its own country, and almost sides the Italian in the Eastern Parts, where it was scarce known in the last Age." French, therefore, had little to fear from Latin as the language of intercourse with ambassadors and other foreigners in England; and still less from English, which was not to receive any recognition at the hands of foreigners for years to come. [Header: FRENCH IN THE SCHOLASTIC WORLD] Considering the almost universal popularity of French, and the general neglect of English, most Englishmen were obliged to agree with Clarendon that it was "too late sullenly to affect an ignorance" of that language because the French "will not take the Pains to understand ours," and we may gain much by being conversant in theirs. He adds "it would be a great Dishonour to the court if, when Ambassadors come thither from Neighbour Princes, no body were able to treat with them, or converse with those who accompany them in no other language but English, of which not one of them understand one word; not to mention how the king shall be supplied with Ministers, or Secretaries of State, or with Persons fit to be sent Ambassadors abroad," if those who aspire to such rank are not acquainted with the necessary foreign language.

Before the Restoration, French, in spite of the important place it held in the world of polite education, had received very little recognition at the hands of educational writers. Cleland alone, in his _Institution of a Nobleman_ (1607), had treated it seriously. After 1660, however, its widespread use and popularity rendered this omission no longer possible, and at this time occurs a break in the tradition of classical scholarship.[1079] The case for French was put most forcibly and with greatest effect by Locke in his _Thoughts on Education_. Referring to the young scholar, he writes: "As soon as he can speak English, 'tis time for him to learn some other Language. This no body doubts of, when French is proposed ... because French is a living language, and to be used more in speaking, that should be first learned, that the yet pliant Organs of Speech might be accustomed to a due formation of those sounds and he get the habit of pronouncing French well, which is the harder to be done the longer it is delay'd. When he can speak French well, (which on conversational methods is usually in a year or two), he should proceed to Latin."[1080] For the same reasons Clarendon would have French learnt first, by "rote," "without the Formality or Method of grammar."[1081]

Even in the world of scholarship the traditional deference shown to ancient learning received some check, and the educational value of the ancient languages was called in question. Some believed that "a gentleman might become learned by the only assistance of modern languages." Evelyn wrote a discourse on the subject at the request of Sir Samuel Tuke for the Duke of Norfolk; unfortunately it was lost, "to his griefe"[1082] and ours. It contained, he told Pepys, "a list of Authors and a method of reading them to advantage ... nor was [he] without some purpose of one day publishing it, because 'twas written with a vertuous designe of provoking our court fopps and for encouragement of illustrious persons who have leisure and inclinations to cultivate their minds beyond a farce, a horse, a whore and a dog, which, with very little more are the confines of the knowledge and discourse of most of our fine gentlemen and beaux." Learning, he felt, would assume a more attractive form in the eyes of the majority, if it were attained through modern languages. Defoe likewise thought Latin and Greek were not indispensable to scholarship, and considered it a pity to lock up all learning in the dead languages.[1083] Hobbes even went so far as to suggest in his _Behemoth_ (_c._ 1668) that it would be well to substitute French, Dutch, and Italian for Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at the universities. Others recommended that the classics should be read in French translations, and it is probable that men of fashion at the time read them in this form, if at all. Sedley implies that to read Terence in Latin was a mark of ill-breeding.[1084] The fashionable Etherege, who knew neither Latin nor Greek, had a large number of French translations of classical plays amongst his books.[1085] And at a somewhat later date the Abbé Le Blanc remarks[1086] that the English have become so fond of French that they prefer to read even Cicero in that language. He writes to tell Olivet how eagerly his translations are received in England. "Celle des Tusculanes que vous venez de publier de concert avec M. Le Père Bouhour a été goûtée en Angleterre de tous ceux qui sont en état de juger des Beautés de l'Original et de la fidélité avec laquelle chacun de vous les a rendues."

The readiness with which the English read French books also attracted the Abbé's attention.[1087] [Header: PROPOSALS FOR REFORMED SCHOOLS] It was no new thing for French literature to be widely appreciated in England. But before the Restoration it had received but little recognition as a profitable subject of study, except for students of statecraft and military tactics. In 1673, however, one writer[1088] takes a new step in stating that "all learning is now in French," and goes on to say that if it were in English "those dead languages would be of little use, only in reference to the scriptures." Similarly Mary Astell, the author of _A Serious Proposal to the Ladies_ (1694), urges the ladies, who most of them know French, to study French Philosophy, Descartes and Malebranche, rather than restrict themselves to idle novels and romances. And when Locke was in Paris in 1677 he bought the best class-books and manuals in French and Latin for the use of Lord Shaftesbury's grandson. The many English gentlemen who had French tutors were frequently taught not only the French language, but other subjects from French text-books.

There were, moreover, several proposals for reformed schools,[1089] in which French was given a place by the side of Latin. In the ideal school as pictured by Clarendon, the master is well acquainted with the French language; and "those that teach the exercises" are Frenchmen, both that the scholars "may be accustomed to that language, and retain what they are supposed to have learnt before, and because they do teach all Exercises best."[1090] Thomas Tryon, the "Pythagorean," proposed a school in which there was to be a tutor for French and Latin, or one for each language, and a music master.[1091] The scholars should begin at an early age, and nothing but French and Latin be spoken in their hearing. The school should stand apart, so that the pupils have no intercourse with "wild" children. In about a year they learn French and Latin by conversation, and then other subjects with the help of these languages. Newcomers soon pick up a colloquial knowledge of the language by mixing with their schoolfellows. When they speak the languages perfectly, then is the time, says Tryon, to study the grammar; "for to speak is one thing, and the Art or Reason of speaking is another. The first must be done by Imitation and Practice, the other is the Work of time, and must be improved by degrees. They that learn the Art of speaking before they can speak invert the true Method ... for the Reason and Philosophy of speaking is a great Art and the work of Time, and not at all to be taught to children." Before studying rules the learners should not only speak, but read perfectly. After learning the letters they should read daily for two or three hours, "in any book that treats of Temperance and Vertue."

Notwithstanding the increased importance attached to French in all spheres, the modern language received no status in the grammar schools, where the sole aim pursued was "to make good Latin and Greek scholars and minute philosophers."[1092] On the other hand, the private institutions in which the language was taught naturally increased very greatly in number. Many Huguenot refugees opened schools in and about London, and one French observer was struck by their number.[1093] Some arose in provincial towns. At Nottingham, for instance, an Englishman, Jacob Villiers, had a school of some importance. Villiers himself was a well-known citizen. His name appears in the Charter of 1682 as one of the chief councillors of the town; and he was one of "the council of eighteen" who were displaced by an order of the Privy Council of 10th February 1688.[1094] He was described on his gravestone in St. Mary's Churchyard as a descendant of a collateral branch of the family of the great favourite of James I. and Charles I. The family "continued still in Nottingham" in the middle of the eighteenth century.[1095]

Villiers's French school was flourishing some years before the first mention of him as a public character. [Header: FRENCH SCHOOL AT NOTTINGHAM] He had acquired his knowledge of French abroad, having travelled for many years in France[1096] and Germany, where he gave English lessons and received favours from the Prince Elector Palatine, elder brother of Prince Rupert. It was no doubt after his return that he opened his school for gentlemen and ladies. He also completed a book on the French and English languages, which was published in London in 1680, "to gratify the ladies and gentlemen his scholars, and all such who have a mind so to be." His chief aim was to encourage the French and English to learn each other's language by pointing out the close affinity between them. The _Vocabularium Analogicum, or the Englishman speaking French, and the Frenchman speaking English, Plainly shewing the nearness or affinity betwixt the English, French and Latin_,[1097] contains a vocabulary of similar words in the three languages--"a verbal eccho repeating words thrice and that without any considerable variation"--which occupies the main part of the work.[1098] It is preceded by rules for pronouncing French, taken, without acknowledgement, chiefly from Wodroeph, and followed by selections from Pierre de Lainé's _Royal French Grammar_ of 1667. Learners of French are advised to master the pronunciation first, and to engage a French master. A collection of familiar phrases and commendatory and other French verses, some of them also taken from Wodroeph, close the volume.

Several schools or academies in which young ladies studied French, as well as philosophy and other serious subjects, were started at this time, such as that kept by Mrs. Bathsua Makin, a learned Englishwoman of the day, who for some time was governess to the daughters of Charles I. Subsequently she opened a school for gentlewomen, first at Putney (1649) and afterwards at Tottenham High Cross, "where, by the blessing of God, Gentlewomen may be instructed in the Principles of Religion, and in all manner of sober and vertuous education. More particularly in all things ordinarily taught in other schools as works of all sorts, dancing, musick, singing etc." Half their time was employed in acquiring these arts and the other half in learning the Latin and French tongues. "Gentlewomen of eight or nine years old, that can read well, may be instructed in a year or two, according to their parts, in the Latin and French tongues, by such plain and short rules, accommodated to the grammar of the English Tongue, that they may easily keep what they have learned, and recover what they shall lose." Those wishing to pursue their studies further could learn other languages, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, or Spanish, or could study astronomy, geography, and other subjects. The usual fee was £20 a year, but more was charged if the pupil made good progress. Parents were advised to apply for details at Mr. Mason's Coffee House in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, on Tuesday, or on Thursdays at the Bolt and Tun in Fleet Street, from three to six in the afternoon.[1099]

Mary Astell, another learned Englishwoman, to whom we have already alluded, came forward with a proposal advocating a scheme of study for women, in the retirement of an establishment "more academic than monastic." She urges her sex to study rhetoric, logic, and philosophy, and, as most of them know French, to read Descartes and Malebranche, and not idle novels and romances. The project ultimately fell to the ground, however, chiefly on account of the opposition of Bishop Burnet, who condemned it as a popish design. Shortly afterwards Defoe, who "would deny women no sort of learning," proposed an academy for women,[1100] in which they should be taught "all sorts of breeding suitable to both their genius and their quality, and in particular music and dancing, which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings: but besides this they should be taught languages, as particularly French and Italian; and I would venture the injury of giving a woman more tongues than one." As to reading, history is the best subject.

There are traces of other academies in which modern languages and the "exercises" were the chief studies.[1101] At the end of _Musick or a Parley of Instruments_, a musical entertainment performed by the students of one of these academies, is an advertisement of the curriculum; instruction in French and Italian was given by foreigners, and mathematics, music, and the "exercises" received attention. [Header: FRENCH IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS] Mark Lewis, the friend of Mrs. Makin,[1102] taught like her in a school or "gymnasium" at Tottenham High Cross, where "any person, whether young or old, as their Quality is, may be perfected in the Tongues by constant conversation." The school flourished about 1670, and there was then "an apartment for French," while Italian and Spanish were "to receive attention hereafter."[1103] Lewis's method of teaching so pleased the Earl of Anglesey, then Lord Privy Seal, that he sent his grandsons to the school, and enabled Lewis to secure letters patent for his method. A similar academy was kept by a certain Mr. Banister in Chancery Lane near the Pump. There was a wide choice of studies, including Latin, Greek, and French, for the languages, and the usual "exercises." Any person that desired could be accommodated in Mr. Banister's house "with diet and lodging at reasonable Rates, ... or they may come thither at set times and be Instructed in the things before mentioned." The academy kept by Thomas Watts in Little Tower Street differed from the majority in aiming at qualifying young gentlemen for business. Writing, arithmetic, and merchants' accounts were taught, as well as mathematics and experimental philosophy: a master resident in the house gave lessons in French, a language absolutely necessary to business men, and "so far universal that the place is not known where 'tis not spoken." Accordingly it received special attention; and "as a just notion of grammar, so the opportunity of frequent conversation, is absolutely necessary, if one would ever arrive at any Perfection in this Language," Watts, therefore, not only "fix'd on a Master capable of doing the first, but entertained him constantly in his house, where all those young gentlemen that learn French are obliged always to speak it, and have their master daily to converse with."[1104] Some academies confined themselves chiefly to the exercises. But even then the atmosphere was French. Such was the academy opened in London in 1682 by M. Foubert, a Frenchman lately come from Paris. He was helped by a royal grant, and seems to have been fairly successful. On his arrival his goods were delivered at the house of M. Lainé,[1105] probably the French teacher of that name.

As time went on such schools became more and more numerous and the demand for instruction in French increased. The language was no longer limited chiefly to certain classes: the gentry, merchants, soldiers, and others requiring it for practical purposes. It came to be regarded as a necessary part of a liberal education. The ever-growing call for teachers of French was met by the great invasion of Protestant refugees caused by the renewal of the fierce persecutions which culminated in the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The reception of the fugitives was doubtful under James II., who looked upon them with disfavour, but could not, for political reasons, refuse them hospitality. With the advent of William of Orange in 1689, however, their position was assured, and they became ardent supporters of the new monarch. They arrived in such multitudes, says a contemporary, that it was impossible to calculate their number; there was hardly an English family of standing in which one or more refugees did not find a home--often a permanent one.

From this time dates a new period in the teaching of French in England, dominated by the influence of these refugees, from whose ranks the chief tutors and schoolmasters were recruited, and whose French grammars and manuals continued, in some cases, to be used till the end of the eighteenth century, and even later.

FOOTNOTES:

[1043] A play called _The French Schoolmaster_ appeared in 1662 (Fleay, _Chronicle of English Drama_, 1891, ii. p. 338).

[1044] There are, however, no points of resemblance between that work and the grammar which appeared about twelve years later.

[1045] Catalogue of the Library of Dean Smallwood, 1684.

[1046] Cp. Arber, _Term Catalogues_, i. 269. Anne was three years younger than Mary.

[1047] Schickler, _Les Églises du Refuge_, ii. p. 311.

[1048] _Savile Correspondence_, Camden Society, 1856, _passim_.

[1049] Huguenot Society Publications, xviii. p. 138.

[1050] _Stationers' Register_, iii. p. 277.

[1051] Such was also the opinion of J. Minsheu, author of the _Ductor in Linguas_ (1617): "I have always found that the true knowledge and sure holding of them in our memories, consisted in the knowing of them by their causes, originalls and etymologies, that is by their reasons and derivations."

[1052] His work suffered in having to strive against Cotgrave's long settled reputation.

[1053] The third edition appeared, like the first, at London, 1690.

[1054] Arber, _Term Catalogues_, i. 477.

[1055] 8vo: pp. 168, 142. Printed for Th. Bassett....

[1056] For instance, that for the gender of nouns, in 1678, states that those ending in "e" or "x" are masculine, and the rest feminine; in 1687, those ending in "e" and "ion" are feminine and the rest masculine; in both cases long lists of exceptions are given.

[1057] "To follow the old road I should now decline a noun or two with these articles, and six cases to be sure, to wit, the nominative, accusative, dative, vocative, and ablative, whether our language can afford them or not. But why should I perplex the learned with so improper and needless a thing? For the distinction of cases is come from the variable termination of one and the same noun. A thing incident (I confess) to the Latine tongue, but not to our vulgar speech."

[1058] A second edition of Miège's English Grammar appeared in 1691.

[1059] Arber, _Term Catalogues_, iii. 67, 487.

[1060] But if they have been grounded in the principles before travelling, they make quicker progress, and do not lose their knowledge.

[1061] "Car il n'y a rien de tel pour apprendre une langue que de l'entendre parler."

[1062] Later he added rules for Spanish to his work. Colsoni also wrote _Le Guide de Londres pour les Estrangers_ (1st edition, 1693), and several works chiefly on topical subjects, of little interest. In 1694 his _Guide_ was followed by Richard Baldwin's _Booke for Strangers_.

[1063] And again in 1679.

[1064] Who translated one of Tillotson's sermons into French (1673).

[1065] See Bibliography.

[1066] Schickler, _op. cit._ ii. p. 282.

[1067] _The Church of Rome evidently proved Heretick_ (1680); _The Church of England evidently proved the holy catholick Church_ (1682). Towards the end of his career he wrote a _Discourse of the Trinitie ... etc._ (1700). Berault calls himself a French minister, and he served as chaplain on several of His Majesty's ships during the war with France at the end of the century.

[1068] _Le Véritable et assuré Chemin du Ciel en François et en Anglois_ (1681), and the _Bouquet ou un Amas de plusieurs veritez Théologiques_ (1685), dedicated to Anne Stuart, afterwards queen.

[1069] Berault is behind the times in retaining most of the Latin cases and tenses. His grammar, on the whole, is fuller and more detailed than most of its kind.

[1070] _Le Théâtre françois_ (1674). ed. Monval, 1876, p. 62. Jean Blaeu, in translating from English into French Ed. Chamberlain's _Present State of England_ (1669), states: "Je ne l'ay pas sitost veu en Anglois que j'ay jugé qu'il méritoit de paroistre dans la langue françoise, comme estant plus universelle dans la chrestienté qu'aucune autre" (1671). Jusserand, _Shakespeare in France_, p. 20, note.

[1071] _De monumentis publicis latine inscribendis._ Goujet, _Bibliothèque françoise_ (1740-56), i. p. 13.

[1072] Bayle, _Oeuvres_, iv. p. 190, quoted by Charlanne, _L'Influence française en Angleterre_, pt. ii. p. 202.

[1073] F. Watson, _Grammar Schools_, p. 312.

[1074] Epilogue to _Bellamira_.

[1075] London, 1678.

[1076] _Young Gallants' Academy_, 1674, p. 44.

[1077] A little later Swift wrote that "the current opinion prevails that the study of Latin and Greek is loss of time...." (_Works_, 1841, ii. p. 291).

[1078] _A Dialogue ... concerning Education_, Miscellaneous Works, London, 1751, p. 338.

[1079] Even the universities had to give some recognition to the modern language. A Professorship of Modern History and Modern Languages was founded at both universities in 1724. Cp. Cooper, _Annals of Cambridge_, iv. 128.

[1080] "Some Thoughts," _Educational Writings of Locke_, 1912, p. 125.

[1081] The same opinions are voiced by later writers, such as Costeker, _Education of a Young Nobleman_, 1723, p. 18; and the author of a pamphlet _On Education_, 1734.

[1082] Evelyn, _Diary_, Dec. 6, 1681.

[1083] _The Compleat Gentleman_ (1728), ed. K. D. Bülbring, 1890.

[1084] Epilogue to _Bellamira_.

[1085] _Works_, ed. A. Wilson, Verity, London, 1888, Preface.

[1086] Le Blanc, _Lettres d'un Français_, à la Haye, 1745, ii. p. 1.

[1087] He tells Maupertuis of the great success of his _De la Figure de la Terre_ (1738) in England, where it was awaited with impatience and received with acclamation (_Lettres_, ii. 244).

[1088] _An Essay to revive the antient Education of Gentlewomen_ (Mrs. Makin or Mark Lewis).

[1089] French no doubt often reached grammar school boys indirectly. Thus Charles Hoole in 1660 (_A New Discoverie of the old Art of Teaching School_) recommends the Dialogues of Du Grès for their private reading; perhaps, however, he was thinking more of the Latin than of the French part.

[1090] _Miscellaneous Works_, 1751, pp. 320-1.

[1091] _A New Method of Educating Children ..._, 1695.

[1092] Th. Sheridan, _Plan of Education_, 1769, p. 42.

[1093] M. Misson, _Mémoires et Observations d'un voyageur en Angleterre_, à la Haye, 1698, p. 99.

[1094] Information supplied by J. Potter Briscoe, Esq., of Nottingham.

[1095] C. Deering, _An Historical Account of the ancient and present State of the Town of Nottingham_, Nottingham, 1751, p. 32.

[1096] He remarks on the desire to learn English expressed by several French persons he met, chiefly Huguenots.

[1097] Printed by J. D. for Jonathan Robinson at the Golden Lion, and George Wells, at the Sun in Paul's Churchyard. 8vo, pp. 224.

[1098] Pp. 17-132.

[1099] _An Essay to revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen ..._, London, 1673.

[1100] _Essay on Projects_ (1697), London, 1887, pp. 164 _sqq._

[1101] Cp. Loveday, _Letters_, 1639, p. 178.

[1102] Lewis also interviewed parents any Thursday in the afternoon between three and six o'clock, at the Bolt and Tun in Fleet Street.

[1103] _Model for a school for the better education of Youth_, and Advertisement at the end of his _Plan and Short Rules for pointing periods ..._ (_c._ 1670).

[1104] Advertisement in _An Essay on the Proper Method for forming the Man of Business_, 4th ed., 1722, pp. 44-45.

[1105] _Calendar of State Papers, Treasury Books, 1679-80_, pp. 132, 140.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF MANUALS AND GRAMMARS FOR TEACHING FRENCH TO THE ENGLISH

I

The Middle Ages

_A. Manuscripts_

* Indicates that there are also other manuscripts of later date.

Henry III. (1216-1272):

_c._ 1250 Short Treatise on French Verbs (Trinity College, Cambridge, R. 3, 56).

Edward I. (1272-1307):

* Le treytyz ke moun sire Gautier de Bibelesworthe fist a ma dame Dionisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langwage (ed. T. Wright, "Volume of Vocabularies," 1857).

* Tractatus Orthographiae of T. H. Parisii Studentis (ed. M. K. Pope, "Modern Language Review," April 1910).

_c._ 1300 * Orthographia Gallica (ed. J. Stürzinger, "Altfranzösische Bibliothek," viii., Heilbronn, 1884).

Edward II. and Edward III. (1307-1377):

Commentaries in French on the Orthographia Gallica (ed. Stürzinger, _ut supra_).

Epistolaries, or Collections of model letters (MSS. Harl. 4971, Harl. 3988, Addit. 17716 Brit. Mus.; Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; B 14. 39, 40, Trinity Col. Camb.; 182, All Souls, Oxon.; 188, Magdalen Col.).

Cartularies, or Collections of Bills, Indentures, etc. (Harl. 4971; Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Addit. 17716).

Undated Vocabularies and Verb Tables and Fragments on Grammar (Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Harl. 4971, Addit. 17716, Brit. Mus.; 188, Magdalen Col., Oxon.).

_c._ 1340 Nominale sive Verbale in Gallicis cum expositione eiusdem in Anglicis (ed. Skeat, "Transactions of the Philological Soc.," 1903-1906).

Richard II. (1377-1399):

Tractatus Orthographiae of Coyfurelly, Doctor in Law of Orleans (ed. Stengel, "Zeitschrift für neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur," vol. i., 1878).

1396 * Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Revue critique," 1873).

1399 Petit Livre pour enseigner les enfanz de leur entreparler comun francois (ed. Stengel, _op. cit._).

_c._ 1409 Donait francois pur briefment entroduyr les Anglois et la droit language de Paris et de pais la d'entour fait aus despenses de Johan Barton par pluseurs bons clercs du language avandite (ed. Stengel, _op. cit._).

Conjugation of Verbs, by R. Dove. Le Donait soloum douce franceis de Paris (Sloane MSS. 513).

_c._ 1415 Liber Donati (MSS. Dd 12, 23, Gg 6, 44, Camb. Univ. Libr.; Addit. 17716 Brit. Mus.).

Femina. Liber iste vocatur Femina, quia sicut Femina docet infantemloqui maternam, sic docet iste liber iuvenes rethorice loqui Gallicum prout infra patebit (ed. W. A. Wright, Roxburghe Club, 1907).

1415 Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Romania," xxxii., 1903).

John Lydgate, Praeceptiones linguae gallicae, li. 1. (Bale, "Scriptores Britanniae," fol. 203.)

_c._ 1500? Dialogues in French and English (MS. Ii. 6, 17, Camb. Univ. Libr.).

_B. Printed Books_

_c._ 1483 Tres bonne doctrine pour aprendre briefment francoys et engloys. Printed by William Caxton. B.L. 4to. (Ed. H. Bradley, "Early English Text Society," extra series, lxxix., 1900.)

Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the Bodleian.

_c._ 1492? Here is a good boke to lerne to speke French. B.L. 4to. Colophon: Per me Richardum Pynson.

_c._ 1498? Here beginneth a Lytell treatyse for to lerne Englisshe and Frensshe. B.L. 4to. Colophon: Here endeth a lytyll treatyse for to lerne Englysshe and Frensshe. Emprinted at Westmynster by my Wynken de Worde.

Another edition. Fragment of one leaf in the British Museum. B.L. 4to.

II

TUDOR AND STUART TIMES

1521 BARCLAY. The introductorie to wryte and to pronounce frenche.

? VALENCE. Introductions in frensche....

1528 Fragment of grammar in Lambeth Library.

1530 PALSGRAVE. Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse.

_c._ 1534 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

_c._ 1535 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

_c._ 1547 DUWES. An introductorie for to lerne ... french trewly.

1552 VERON. Dictionariolum puerorum....

1553? DU PLOICH. A Treatise in English and Frenche....

1553? Traicté pour apprendre a parler françoys et angloys.

1557 G. MEURIER. La Grammaire Françoise. . . .

1557 (BARLEMENT.) A Boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe Latin.

1559 Ane A.B.C. for Scottes men to read the frenche toung....

1563 MEURIER. Communications familieres.

1565 HOLYBAND. The French Schoolemaister.

1566 HOLYBAND. The French Littleton.

1568 (BARLEMENT.) A Boke intituled Ffrynshe, Englysshe and Duche.

1571 A Dictionarie french and english.

1572 HIGGINS. Huloets dictionarie ... the French thereunto annexed.

1573 HOLYBAND. The French Schoolemaister.

1574 BARET. An Alvearie ... in Englishe, Latin and French.

1575 * A plaine pathway to the French Tongue.

1576 LEDOYEN DE LA PICHONNAYE. A Plaine Treatise to larne ... French.

1578 BELLOT. The French Grammer.

1578 DU PLOICH. A Treatise in English and Frenche, new ed.

1578 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1578 (BARLEMENT.) Dictionaire . . . en quattre Langues.

? HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1580 HOLYBAND. A Treatise for Declining of Verbs.

1580 HOLYBAND. De Pronuntiatione Linguae Gallicae.

1580 HOLYBAND. The Treasurie of the French Tong.

1581 BARET. Alvearie ... New ed.

1581 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1581 BELLOT. Le Jardin de Vertu.

1582 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1583 HOLYBAND. Campo di Fior.

1585 HIGGINS. The Nomenclator or Remembrancer of Adrianus Junius.

1588 BELLOT. The French Methode.

? HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1590 DE CORRO. The Spanish Grammer with certeine Rules teaching ... French.

1591 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1591 CORDERIUS. Dialogues in French and English.

1592 DE LA MOTHE. The French Alphabet.

1593 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1593 HOLYBAND. A Dictionarie French and English.

1593 ELIOTE. Ortho-Epia Gallica.

1595 E. A. Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1595 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1596 MORLET. Janitrix ... ad perfectam Linguae Gallicae cognitionem.

1597 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1598 The Necessary ... Education of a Young Gentlewoman, Italian, French and English.

1599 HOLYBAND. A Treatise for Declining of Verbs.

1602 A Short Syntaxis of the French Tongue.

1602 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1604 SANFORD. Le Guichet François.

1605 SANFORD. A Briefe Extract of the former grammar ... in English.

1605 ERONDELL. The French Garden.

1606 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1607 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1611 COTGRAVE. A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues.

1612 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1615 The Declining of Frenche Verbes (HOLYBAND?).

1615 The French A.B.C.

1615 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1617 JEAN BARBIER. Janua Linguarum Quadralinguis.

1618 FARREAR. A Brief Direction to the French Tongue.

1619 LAUR DU TERME. The Flower de Luce.

1619 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1620 COLSON. The First Part of the French Grammar.

1623 WODROEPH. The spared Houres of a souldier in his Travels.

1623 J. S. A Shorte Method for the Declyning of Ffrench Verbes.

1625 SHERWOOD. The French Tutour.

1625 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1625 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1625 WODROEPH. The True Marrow of the French Tongue.

1625 L'ISLE. Part of Du Bartas, French and English.

1625 Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1630 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1631 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua Linguarum.

1631 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1631 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1632 COTGRAVE. French-English Dictionary, with SHERWOOD'S English-French Dictionary.

1633 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1633 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1633 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua Linguarum.

1633 SALTONSTALL. Clavis ad Portam.

1633 DE GRAVE. The Pathway to the Gate of Tongues.

1634 SHERWOOD. The French Tutour, 2nd ed.

1634 AUFEILD. A French Grammar and Syntaxe.

1635 COGNEAU. A Sure Guide to the French Tongue.

1636 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1636 DU GRÈS. Breve et accuratum grammaticae gallicae Compendium.

1637 (BARLEMENT.) The English, Latine, French, Dutch Scholemaster.

1637 BENSE. Analogo Diaphora ... trium Linguarum, Gallicae, Hispanicae et Italicae.

1637 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua.

1639 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1639 HOLYBAND. French Littleton.

1639 Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

1639 DU GRÈS. Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini.

1639 ANCHORAN. Comenius's Janua.

1639 (BARLEMENT.) New Dialogues or Colloquies ...

1641 MEURIER. A treatise for to learne to speake Frenshe and Englishe.

1641 HOLYBAND. Treatise for Declining of French Verbs.

1641 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1643 GOSTLIN. Aurisodinae Linguae Gallicae.

1645 COGNEAU. Sure Guide ...

1647 DE LA MOTHE. French Alphabet.

1648 GERBIER. An Introduction of the French Tongue.

1649 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1650 COTGRAVE. French Dictionary.

1651 COGNEAU. Sure Guide.

1652 DU GRÈS. Dialogi ...

1653 MAUGER. True Advancement of the French Tongue.

1655 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1655 LAINÉ. A Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue.

1656 MAUGER. French Grammar, 2nd ed.

1658 COGNEAU. Sure Guide.

1658 MAUGER. French Grammar, 3rd ed.

1659 LEIGHTON. Linguae Gallicae addiscendae Regulae.

1660 DU GRÈS. Dialogi ...

1660 COTGRAVE. Dictionary.

1660 HERBERT. French and English Dialogues.

1660 HOWELL. Lexicon Tetraglotton.

1662 MAUGER. French Grammar, 4th ed.

1662 LEIGHTON. ... Regulæ.

1666 Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.

? Castellion's Sacred Dialogues ... French and English.

1667 MAUGER. French Grammar, 5th ed.

1667 FESTEAU. French Grammar.

1667 DE LAINÉ. Princely Way to the French Tongue.

1668 HOLYBAND. French Schoolemaister.

1668 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1668 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1670 MAUGER. Grammar, 6th ed.

1671 MAUGER. Lettres françoises et angloises.

1671 FESTEAU. Grammar, 2nd ed.

1673 MAUGER. Grammar, 7th ed.

1673 COTGRAVE. Dictionary.

1674 A French Grammar ... Published by the Academy.

1674 SMITH. Grammatica Quadralinguis.

1674 A very easie Introduction to the French Tongue.

1675 FESTEAU. Grammar, 3rd ed.

1676 D'ABADIE. A New French Grammar.

1676 MAUGER. Grammar (the English edition).

1676 MAUGER. Lettres, 2nd ed.

1677 DE LAINÉ. Princely Way, 2nd ed.

1677 Grammaire françoise et angloise.

1677 MIÈGE. A New Dictionary, French and English.

1678 MIÈGE. A New French Grammar.

1679 MAUGER. Grammar, 8th ed.

1679 FESTEAU. Grammar, 4th ed.

1679 Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.

1679 MIÈGE. Dictionary of Barbarous French.

1680 VILLIERS. Vocabularium Analogicum.

1681 BERAULT. Chemin du Ciel.

1682 MAUGER. Grammar, 10th ed.

1682 MIÈGE. Short and Easie French Grammar.

1683 VAIRESSE D'ALLAIS. Short and Methodical Introduction.

1684 MIÈGE. A Short French Dictionary.

1684 KERHUEL. Grammaire Françoise.

1684 MAUGER. Grammar, 11th ed.

1684 CHENEAU. French Grammar.

1685 FESTEAU. Grammar, 5th ed.

1685 BERAULT. Bouquet . . . de Plusieurs Veritez Theologiques.

1686 MAUGER. Grammar, 12th ed.

1687 Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.

1687 MIÈGE. Grounds of the French Tongue.

1688 MIÈGE. Great French Dictionary.

1688 BERAULT. New ... French and English Grammar.

1688 COLSONI. The New Trismagister.

1689 MAUGER. Grammar, 13th ed.

1690 MIÈGE. Short French Dictionary, 3rd ed.

1690 MAUGER. Grammar, 14th ed.

1690 COLSONI. A new Grammar of three languages.

1691 MIÈGE. Short French Dictionary.

1691 BERAULT. Grammar, 2nd ed.

_c._ 1691 LANE. French Grammar.

? GROLLEAU. Compleat French Tutor.

1693 FESTEAU. Grammar, 6th ed.

1693 BERAULT. Grammar, 3rd ed.

1693 Eloquent Master of Languages.

1694 BOYER. Compleat French Master.

1694 MAUGER. Grammar, 16th ed.

1695 COLSONI. New and Accurate Grammar [new edition].

1698 MIÈGE. Last and Best French Grammar.

1698 BERAULT. French and English Grammar.

1698 MAUGER. French Grammar.

1699 MAUGER. French Grammar [new edition].

1699 BOYER. French Master, 2nd ed.

? VASLET. Nomenclator Trilinguis.

1699 BOYER. Royal French Dictionary.

APPENDIX II

BIBLIOGRAPHY, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, OF MANUALS FOR TEACHING THE FRENCH LANGUAGE TO THE ENGLISH, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE STUART PERIOD

A., E.:

Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement aprendre la langue Angloise et Françoise. Revûë et corrigée tout de nouveau d'une quantité de fautes qui étoient aux précédentes impressions par E. A. Augmentée en cette dernière édition d'un vocabulaire Anglois et François. Rouen, 1595. Cp. sub "Anonymous Works," Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.

ÆSOP: Cp. CODRINGTON.

ANCHORAN, J. A.:

Porta Linguarum Trilinguis reserata et aperta, sive seminarium linguarum et scientiarum omnium, hoc est compendiaria Latinam, Anglicam, Gallicam (et quamvis aliam) Linguam una cum artium et scientiarum fundamentis sesquianni spatio ad summum docendi et perdiscendi methodus sub titulis centum periodis mille comprehensa. The Gate of Tongues unlocked and opened.... London, George Millar for Michael Sparke, 1631.

Another issue, George Millar for the Author, 1631.

Another ed.: Porta linguarum ... J. A. Anchorani ... Th. Cotes sumptibus M. Sparke, 1633.

3rd ed. Anna Griffin sumptibus M. Sparke. London, 1637.

4th ed. E. Griffin for M. Sparke, 1639.

ANONYMOUS WORKS (Arranged chronologically):

De la Prosodie, etc. (Fragment in the Lambeth Library dated 1528.)

(BARLEMENT.) A boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe and Laten. London, Ed. Sutton, 1557.

Another ed.: A Boke intituled Ffrynsshe, Englysshe and Duche. London, John Alde, 1569.

Another ed.: Dictionaire, Colloques ou Dialogues en Quattre langues, Flamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignel et Italien, with the Englishe to be added thereto. George Bishop, 1578.

Another ed.: The English}{French Latine }{Dutch Scholemaster, or an Introduction to teach young Gentlemen and Merchants to travell or trade. Being the only helpe to attaine to those Languages. London, for Michael Sparke, 1637.

Another ed.: New Dialogues or Colloquies and a little Dictionary of eight Languages. A Booke very necessary for all those that study these tongues either at home or abroad, now perfected and made fit for travellers, young merchants and seamen, especially those that desire to attain to the use of the tongues. London, Printed for Michael Sparke, 1639.

Ane A, B, C for Scottes men to read the frenche toung with ane exhortatioun to the noblis of Scotland to favour thair ald friendis. Licensed to Wm. Nudrye, 1559.

A Dictionarie french and english. 1571. Col.: Imprinted at London by Henry Bynneman for Lucus Harrison. An. 1570.[1106]

A plaine pathway to the French Tongue, very profitable for Marchants and also all other which desire the same, aptly devided into nineteen chapters. The contents whereof appear in the next Page. Printed in London by Thomas East, 1575.

Another ed. Newly corrected. London, by Th. East (date unknown).

Corderius. Dialogues in French and English. John Wyndet, 1591.

Grammaire Angloise et Françoise . . . Revûë et corrigée . . . par E. A. (_q.v. sub_ A., E.)

Another ed.: Grammaire Angloise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la langue angloise. Qui peut aussi aider aux Anglois pour apprendre la langue Françoise. Alphabet anglois contenant la prononciation des Lettres avec les declinaisons et conjugaisons. Paris, 1625.

Another ed. Rouen, 1639.

Another ed. Rouen, 1662.

Another ed. Rouen, 1670.

Another edition. London, 1677.

The Necessary, fit and convenient Education of a young Gentlewoman, Italian, French and English. Adam Islip, 1598.

A Short Syntaxis in the French Tongue. 12º. London, 1602.

The French A. B. C. Licensed to Rd. Field, 1615.

The Declining of Frenche Verbes. Rd. Field, 1615 (another edition of Holyband's Treatise for declining of Verbs?).

(Sébastien Châteillon.) Sacred Dialogues translated out of Latin into French and English for the benefit of youth. Sold by R. Hom and J. Sims. (Date unknown, between 1666 and 1668?)

A French Grammar Teaching the knowledge of that language, how to read and write it perfectly without any other precedent Study than to have learnt to Read only. Published by the Academy for Reformation of the French Tongue. London. Printed by W. G. for Wm. Copper at the sign of the Pelican in Little Britain, 1674.

A very easie Introduction to the French Tongue, or A very brief Grammar, proper for all persons who have bad memories. Containing all the principal grounds for the more speedy practice of discourse. Also many peculiar phrases; with a very useful Dialogue for young factors. 8vo. Sold by J. Sims at the King's Head in Cornhill, _c._ 1673.

AUFEILD, WILLIAM:

A French Grammar and Syntaxe contayning most exact and certaine rules for the pronunciation, orthography, construction and use of the French Language. Written in French by Charles Maupas, of Bloys. Translated into English with additions and explications peculiarly useful to us English; together with a preface and an Introduction wherein are contained divers necessary instructions for the better understanding of it, by W. A. London, printed for Rich. Mynne, dwelling in little Britaine at the signe of St. Paul, 1634.

BARBIER, JEAN:

Janua Linguarum Quadralinguis, or The Gate to the Latine, English, Frenche and Spanish Tongues. London, 1617.[1107]

BARCLAY, ALEXANDER:

Here begynneth the introductory to wryte and to pronounce frenche, compyled by Alexander Barclay, compendiously at the commandement of the right hye excellent and myghty prynce Thomas, duke of Northfolke. [Col.] Imprynted at London in the Flete strete at the sygne of the rose Garlande by Robert Coplande, 1521, the yere of our lord MCCCCCXXI ye XXII day of Marche.

BARET, JOHN:

An Alvearie or triple Dictionarie in Englishe, Latin, and French. Very profitable for all such as be desirous of any of those three languages. Also by the two tables at the ende of this booke they may contrariwise finde the most necessarie Latin or French words, placed after the order of an Alphabet, whatsoever are to be found in any other Dictionarie. And so to turne them backwardes againe into Englishe when they reade any Latin or French authors and doubt of any harde worde therein. London, Henry Denham, 1574.

A new edition: An Alvearie or quadruple dictionarie containing four sundrie tongues, namelie, Englishe, Latine, Greeke and Frenche. Newlie enriched with a varietie of wordes, phrases, proverbs and divers lightsome observations of Grammar. By the Tables you may contrariwise finde out the most necessarie wordes placed after the Alphabet, whatsoever are to be found in any other dictionarie. Which Tables also serving for lexicons, to lead the learner unto the English of such hard wordes as are often read in Authors, being faithfullie examined, are truelie numbered. Verie profitable for such as be desirous of anie of those languages. London, Henry Denham, 1581.

BARLEMENT. Cp. Entry under "Anonymous Works."

BELLOT, JACQUES:

The French Grammer, or an Introduction orderly and Methodically, by ready rules, playne preceptes and evident examples, teachinge the Frenche Tongue: Made and very commodiously set forth for their sakes that desire to attayne the Perfecte knowledge of the same Language, by James Bellot, Gentleman of Caen in Normandy. Imprinted at London in Fleet Street by Th. Marshe, 1578.

Le jardin de vertu et bonnes moeurs, plain de plusieurs belles fleurs et riches sentences avec le sens d'icelles recueillies de plusieurs autheurs, et mises en lumiere par J. B. gent. Cadomois. Imprimé à Londres par Th. Vautrollier, 1581.

The French Methode. London, 1588.

BENSE, PIERRE:

Analogo Diaphora seu Concordantia Discrepans et Discrepantia Concordans trium linguarum Gallicae, Hispanicae et Italicae. Unde innotescat, quantum quaque a Romanae linguae, unde ortum duxere, idiomate deflexerit; earum quoque ratio et natura dilucide et succinte delineantur. Operâ et studio Petri Bense, Parisini, apud Oxon. has linguas profitentis. Oxoniae. Excudebat Guilielmus Turner impensis authoris, 1637.

BERAULT, PIERRE:

A new, plain, short and compleat French and English Grammar. Wherby the learner may attain in few months to speak and write French correctly as they do now in the Court of France, and wherein all that is dark, superfluous and deficient in other grammars is plain, short and methodically supplied. Also very useful to strangers that are desirous to learn the English tongue: for whose sake is added a short but very exact English Grammar. Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulce. London, 1688.

Second edition, _c._ 1691.

Third edition, with additions, 1693.

Fourth edition, 1700.

Another edition: A New and Compleat French and English Grammar, plainly showing the shortest and easiest way to understand, speak, and write spedily those Languages, but especially the French. Containing above twenty pleasant and useful Dialogues translated into English by Sir R. L'Estrange, and here rendered into French with several others, almost word for word. To which is added a short but exact English Grammar. Also a French and English Dictionary, where the parts of speech are ranged separately. Comprehending all that's necessary for any Persons that have a desire to learn either Language, by Peter Berault, French Minister, lately chaplain of Her Majesty's ships Kent, Victory, Scarborough, and Dunkirk. London, 1707.

Le Véritable et assuré chemin du ciel en François et en Anglois. London, 1680.

Bouquet ou un amas de plusieurs veritez théologiques propres pour instruire toutes sortes de personnes, particulierement pour consoler une ame dans ses Troubles. London, 1685.

BEYER, GUILLAUME:

La vraye instruction des trois langues la Françoise, l'Angloise et la Flamende. Proposée en des règles fondamentales et succinctes. Un assemblage des mots les plus usités, et des colloques utiles et récréatifs; où hormis d'autres discours curieus, le gouvernement de la France se réduit. Historiquement et Politiquement mise en trois langues. Seconde ed. augmentée. Dordrecht, 1681. (Date of first edition unknown.)

CHÂTEILLON (or CASTELLION), S. Cp. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CHENEAU, FRANÇOIS:

Francis Cheneau's French Grammar, enrich'd with a compendious and easie way to learne the French Tongue in a very short time. Licensed to Ch. Mearne, _c._ 1684.

The Perfect French Master teaching in less than a month to turn any English into French by Rule and Figure, Alphabetically, in a Method hitherto altogether unknown in Europe. With the regular and irregular Verbs. By Mr. Cheneau of Paris, Professor of the Latin, English, French, Italian Tongues, formerly slave and Governor of the Isles of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipelago, now living in his house in Old Fish St. next door to the Faulcon in London. Where may be seen his short grammars for all these tongues, after the same way. W. Botham for the author. London, 1716.

CODRINGTON, ROBERT:

Æsop's Fables, With his life in English, French and Latine. The English by Tho. Philipott, Esq., the French and Latine by Rob. Codrington, M.A. Illustrated with one hundred and ten sculptures. By Francis Barlow, and are to be sold at his House, The Golden Eagle in New Street near Shoe Lane, 1665-6.

Another ed. London, 1687.

Another ed. [London], 1703.

COGNEAU, PAUL:

A Sure Guide to the French Tongue, teaching by a most easy way to pronounce it naturally, to reade it perfectly, write it truly and speke it readily. Together with the Verbes personal and impersonal and useful sentences added to some of them, most profitable for all sorts of people to learn. Painfully gathered and set in order after the alphabetical way, for the better benefit of those that are desirous to learn the French, by me Paul Cogneau. London, 1635.

Another ed. [London] 1645.

Another ed. [London] 1651.

Fourth ed., exactly corrected, much amplified, and better ordered. (By Wm. Herbert, _q.v._) London, 1658.

COLSON, WILLIAM:

The First Part of the French Grammar, Artificially reduced into Tables by Arte locall, called the Arte of Memorie. Contayning (after an extraordinary and most easy method) the Pronunciation and Orthographie of the French Tongue according to the new manner of writing, without changing the originall or old, for the understanding of both by a reformed alphabet of twenty-six letters and by a triple distinction of characters (Roman, Italian and English) representing unto the eye three sorts of pronunciation distinguished by them. Proper, signified by a Roman character: Improper, noted by an Italian: and superfluous, marked by an English.... And as most amply is declared in the explication of the foresaid reformed alphabet, and letters in it otherwise ordered, and named then heretofore, and two otherwise shaped ... for _j_ and _v_ consonants. In which is taught, the universall knowledge of the four materiall parts of Grammar ... for the better understanding of the rules of the triple pronunciation aforesaid. Also the Artificiall and generall declination terminative of Nounes and Verbes. Lately compiled by William Colson of London, Professor of Litterall and Liberall Sciences. London, Printed by W. Stansby, 1620.

COLSONI, FRANCISCO CASPARO:

The New Trismagister. Or the New Teacher of three Languages by whom an Italian, an English and a French Gentleman may learn to discourse together, each in their several languages: in four parts. (I.) The Italian learns to speak English. (II.) The English and Italian Gentlemen learn to speak French. (III.) The French and the English Gentlemen learn to speak Italian. (IV.) The Frenchman learns to speak English. 1688.

Another edition: A New and Accurate Grammar whereby French and Italian, the Spaniard and the Portuguese may learn to speak English well, with rules for the learning of French, Italian, and Spanish. Nouvelle et curieuse Grammaire par laquelle. . . . Par F. Colsoni, M.(A). et Maitre des dites Langues demeurant dans Falcon Court en Lothbury. 8vo. Printed for S. Manship at the Ship in Cornhill, _c._ 1695.

COMENIUS. Cf. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CORDERIUS. Cf. entry under "Anonymous Works."

CORRO, ANTONIO DE:

The Spanish Grammer, with certeine Rules teaching both the Spanish and French tongues. By which they that have some knowledge in the French tongue may the easier attaine to the Spanish, and likewise they that have the Spanish with more facilitie learne the French: and they that are acquainted with neither of them, learne either or both. Made in Spanish by M. Anthonie de Corro, translated by John Thorius, Graduate in Oxeford. London, 1590.

COTGRAVE, RANDLE:

A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, compiled by Randle Cotgrave. London, 1611.

Another ed. ... Whereunto is also annexed a most copious dictionary of the English set before the French, by R. S. L. (Robert Sherwood, Londoner, _q.v._) London, 1632.

Another ed. ... Whereunto are newly added the animadversions and Supplements of James Howell, Esquire. Inter Eruditos Cathedram habeat Polyglottes. London, 1650.

Another ed. ... Whereunto are added sundry Animadversions, with supplements of many hundreds of words never before printed: with accurate castigations throughout the whole work, and distinctions of the obsolete words from those that are now in use. Together with a large Grammar, a dialogue consisting of all Gallicisms, with additions of the most significant proverbs, with other refinements according to Cardinal Richelieu's late Academy. For the furtherance of young learners, and the advantage of all others that endeavour to arrive to the most exact knowledge of the French Language, this work is exposed to publick, by James Howell, Esqr. London, 1660.

Another ed. London, 1673.

D'ABADIE, J.G.:

A new French Grammar, containing at large the principles of that tongue, or the most exact rules, criticall observations, and fit examples for teaching with a good method and attaining the French Tongue as the Witts or the Gentlemen of the French Academy speak and pronounce it at this present time. Composed for the use of the English gentry by J.G. d'Abadie, Esq. Oxford, Printed by H. Hall, Printer to the University, for J. Crosby, 1676.

DE GRAVE, JEAN:

The Pathway to the Gate of Tongues, being the first instruction for little children, with A short manner to conjugate French Verbes. Ordered and made Latine, French and English by Jean de Grave, Professor of the French Tongue in the City of London. Oxford, 1633. (Bound with second ed. of Comenius's Porta Linguarum. London, 1633.)

DE LA MOTHE, N., G.:

The French Alphabet, teaching in a very short time, and by a most easie way, to pronounce French naturally, to read it perfectly, to write it truly and to speak it accordingly. Together with the treasure of the French tongue, containing the rarest sentences, proverbs, parobles, similies, apothegmes, and Golden sayings of the most excellent French Authors, as well Poets as Oratours. The one diligently compiled and the other painfully gathered and set in order, after the alphabetical maner, for the benefit of those that are desirous of the French tong. Printed by E. Alde, and are to be solde by H. Jackson, dwelling in Fleet Street, beneath the Conduit at the sign of St. John Evangelist, 1595.

First edition. London, Richard Field, 1592 (no copy known).

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1625.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1631.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1633.

Another edition. London, Geo. Miller, 1639.

Another edition. London, A. Miller, 1647.

DE LA PICHONNAYE, LEDOYEN:

A Plaine Treatise to larne in a shorte space of the French Tongue. London, H. Denham, 1576.

DE SAINLIENS, CLAUDE. Cf. HOLYBAND.

DU GRÈS, GABRIEL:

Breve et Accuratum grammaticae Gallicae Compendium in quo superflua rescinduntur et necessaria non omittuntur, per Gabrielem du Grès, Gallum, eandem linguam in celeberrima Cantabrigiensi Academia edocentem. Cantabrigiae. Impensis Authoris amicorum gratiâ. 1636.

Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini, per Gabrielem Dugrès Linguam Gallicam in illustrissima et famosissima Oxoniensi Academia (haud ita pridem privatim) edocentem. Oxoniae, L. Lichfield, 1639.

Editio secunda, priori emendatior. Oxoniae, 1652.

Editio tertia. Oxoniae, 1660.

DU PLOICH, PIERRE:

A Treatise in English and Frenche right necessary and proffitable for al young children (the contentes whereof apere in a table at the ende of this boke), made by Peter du Ploiche, teacher of the same dwelling in Trinitie lane at the signe of the Rose. Richard Grafton, [1553?]

Another ed. Imprimé à Londre par Jean Kingston, La xiiii. Auvril, 1578.

DU TERME, LAUR:

The Flower de Luce, planted in England, or a short Treatise and brieffe compendium wherein is contained the true and lively pronunciation and understanding of the French tongue. Compiled by Laur du Terme, Teacher of the same. London, Printed by Nicholas Okes, 1619.

DUWES, GILES:

An Introductorie for to lerne to rede, to pronounce, and to speke Frenche trewly, compyled for the right high excellent and most vertuous lady, the lady Mary of Englande, daughter to our most gracious soverayn Lorde Kyng Henry the Eight. Printed at London by Thomas Godfray, cum privilegio a rege indulto, [1533?]

Another ed. Printed at London by Nicolas Bourman for John Reyns in Paules churchyarde at the signe of the George. [1534?]

Another ed., newly corrected and amended. Printed by John Waley, [1546?]

ELIOTE, JOHN:

Ortho-Epia Gallica. Eliot's Fruits for the French. Enterlaced with a double new invention, which teacheth to speke truely, speedily and volubly the French Tongue. Pend for the practice, pleasure and profit of all English Gentlemen who will endevour by their owne paine, studie and dilligence to attaine the naturall accent, the true pronunciation, and swift and glib Grace of that noble, famous and courtly Language. Natura et Arte. London, Printed by John Wolfe, 1593.

ERONDELL, PIERRE:

The French Garden for English Ladyes and Gentlewomen to walke in or a sommer dayes labour. Being an instruction for the attayning unto of the French tongue: wherein for the practise thereof are framed thirteene dialogues in French and English, concerning divers matters, from the rising in the morning till Bedtime. Also the Historie of the Centurion mencioned in the Gospell: in French Verses. Which is an easier and shorter Methode then hath beene yet set forth to bring the lovers of the French tongue to the perfection of the same. By Peter Erondell, Professor of the same language. London, Printed for Ed. White, 1605.

Cf. HOLYBAND, French Schoolemaister.

FARREAR, ROBERT:

A brief Direction to the French Tongue. Oxford, 1618.

FESTEAU, PAUL:

A new and Easie French Grammar, or a Compendious way how to Read, Speak and Write French exactly, very necessary for all Persons whatsoever. With variety of Dialogues. Whereunto is added a Nomenclature English and French. London. Printed for Th. Thornycroft and are to be sold at the Eagle and Child near Worcester House in the Strand, 1667.

Second ed., c. 1671.

[Another ed.]: Paul Festeau's French Grammar, being the newest and exactest Method now extant for the attaining to the purity of the French Tongue. Augmented and enriched with several choice and new dialogues.... The third ed., Diligently corrected, amended and much enlarged with the Rules of the Accent, by the Author, Native of Blois, and now Professor of the French Tongue in London. London, 1675.

[Another ed.]: Paul Festeau's French Grammar being the newest and exactest method ... for the attaining of the Elegancy and Purity of the French Tongue as it is now spoken at the Court of France. Augmented and enriched with several choice and new Dialogues, furnished with rich phrases, proverbs and sentences, profitable and necessary for all persons. Together with a Nomenclature English and French, and the Rules of Quantity. The fourth ed., Diligently corrected, amended and very much enlarged by the author, native of Blois, a city in France where the true tone of the French tongue is found by the Unanimous consent of all Frenchmen. London, 1679.

Fifth ed. 1685.

Another ed., _c._ 1688.

Another ed. 1693.

Another ed., _c._ 1699.

Another ed., corrected and enlarged by the author, _c._ 1701.

GERBIER, SIR BALTHAZAR:

An Introduction of the French tongue, (in) "The Interpreter of the Academie for forrain languages and all noble sciences and exercises." The first part. London, 1648.

GIFFARD, JAMES. Cf. HOLYBAND, French Schoolemaister.

GOSTLIN:

Aurisodinae linguae Gallicae. 8vo. London, 1643.

GRAVE. Cf. DE GRAVE.

GROLLEAU:

Grolleau's Compleat French Tutor. (Date unknown, some time after 1685.)

HERBERT, WILLIAM:

French and English Dialogues. In a more exact and delightful method then any yet extant. London, 1660. Cf. COGNEAU.

HIGGINS, JOHN:

Huloet's Dictionarie, corrected and amended and set in order and enlarged with many names of men, townes, beastes, foules, fishes, trees, shrubbes, herbes, fruites, places, instrumentes, etc. In eche place fit phrases gathered out of the best Latin authors. Also the French thereunto annexed, by which you may finde the Latin or Frenche of anye Englishe woorde you will. By John Higgins, late student in Oxeforde. Londoni, in aedibus Thomae Marshij, anno 1572.

The Nomenclator or Remembrancer of Adrianus Junius, Physician, divided into two Tomes, conteining proper names, and apt termes for all thinges under their convenient Titles, which within a few leaves doe follow. Written by the said Adrianus Junius in Latine, Greek, French, and other forrein tongues, and now in English by John Higgins. With a full supplie of all such words as the last inlarged edition affoorded; and a dictional index, conteining above 1400 principall words with their numbers directly leading to their interpretations. Of special use for all scholars and learners of the same languages. London, 1585.

HOLYBAND, CLAUDE, or DE SAINLIENS:

The French Schoolemaistr, wherein is most plainlie shewed the true and most perfect way of pronouncinge of the French tongue, without any helpe of Maister or Teacher: set foorthe for the furtherance of all those whiche doo studie privately in their owne study or houses: Unto the which is annexed a Vocabularie for al such woordes as bee used in common talkes: by M. Claudius Hollybande, professor of the Latin, French and Englishe tongues. Imprinted at London, by William How for Abraham Veale, 1573.

First ed. 1565 (no copy known).

Another ed. (Date unknown; after 1580.)

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister of Claudius Hollybande. Newly corrected.... London, 1582.

Another ed. Newly corrected by C. Hollyband. London. (Date unknown.)

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister, wherein is most plainely shewed the true and perfect way of pronouncing the French tongue, to the furtherance of all those which would gladly learne it. First collected by Mr. C. H., and now newly corrected and amended by P. Erondelle, Professor of the said tongue. London, 1606.

Another ed. London, 1612.

Another ed. London, 1615.

Another ed. London, 1619.

Another ed.: The French Schoolemaister.... First collected by Mr. C. H. ... and now ... corrected ... by James Giffard. London, 1631.

Another ed. ... newly corrected and amended by James Giffard, Professor of the said tongue. London, 1636.

Another ed. ... new corrected, amended and much enlarged, with severall quaint Proverbes and other necessary rules, by James Giffard, Professor of the said Tongue. London, 1641.

Another ed. London, 1649.

Another ed. London, 1655.

Another ed.: The French Schoolmaster teaching easily that language. London, 1668.

The French Littelton, A most easie, perfect and absolute way to learne the Frenche tongue. Newly set forth by Claude Holliband, teaching in Paules Churchyarde by the signe of the Lucrece. Let the reader peruse the epistle to his owne instruction. Imprinted by T. Vautrollier: London, 1566.

Another ed. London, 1578.

Another ed. London, 1579.

Another ed.: Set forth by Claudius Holliband, teaching in Pauls Churchyard at the sign of the Golden Ball. London, 1581.

Another ed. ... London, 1591.

Another ed. ... by Claudius Holliband, Gentilhomme Bourbonnois. London, 1593.

Another ed. London, 1597.

Another ed. London, 1602.

Another ed. London, 1607.

Another ed. London, 1609.

Another ed. London, 1625.

Another ed. London, 1630.

Another ed. London, 1633.

Another ed. London, 1639.

A Treatise for Declining of Verbs which may be called the second chiefest worke of the frenche tongue: Set forthe by Claudius Hollyband, teaching at the signe of the Golden Ball in Paules Church Yarde. London, 1580.

Another ed. London, 1599.

Another ed. London, 1641.

De Pronuntiatione. Claudii a Sancto Vinculo de pronuntiatione linguæ Gallicæ libri duo. Ad illustrissimam simulq doctissimam Elizabetham Anglorum Reginam. T. Vautrollerius; Londoni. 1580.

The Treasurie of the French Tong: teaching the waye to varie all sortes of verbes. Enriched so plentifully with wordes and phrases (for the benefit of the studious in that language) as the like hath not before bin published. Gathered and set forth by C. Hollyband. For the better understanding of the order of the dictionarie peruse the Preface to the reader. London, 1580.

Campo di Fior, or the Flowery Field of four languages, Italian, Latin, French and English. London, 1583.

A Dictionarie French and English. Published for the benefite of the studious in that language. Gathered and set forth by Claudius Hollyband. London, 1593.

HOWELL, JAMES:

Lexicon Tetraglotton, and English, French, Italian, Spanish Dictionary. Whereunto is adjoined a large nomenclature of the proper terms (in all four) belonging to several arts and sciences, to recreations, to professions both liberal and mechanick etc. Divided into fifty-two sections. With another Vocabulary of the choicest Proverbs.... London. Printed by J. G. for Cornelius Bee at the King's Arms in Little Brittaine, 1660.

Cf. COTGRAVE.

HULOET. Cf. HIGGINS.

KERHUEL, JEAN DE:

Grammaire Françoise, composée par Jean de Kerhuel, Professeur de la ditte Langue. A French Grammar.... 8vo. Printed for J. Wickins at the Miter in Fleet Street, 1684.

LAINÉ, PIERRE:

A compendious Introduction to the French Tongue. Teaching with much ease, facility and delight, how to attain and most exactly to the true and modern pronunciation thereof. Illustrated with several elegant expressions and choice Dialogues, useful for persons of Quality that intend to travel into France, leading them, as by the hand, to the most noted and principal places of that Kingdom. Whereunto is annexed an alphabetical Rule for the true and modern orthography of that French now spoken, being a catalogue of very necessary words never before printed. By Peter Lainé, a teacher of the said tongue now in London. London. Printed by T. N. for Anthony Williamson at the Queen's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard, near the West End. 1655.

LAINÉ, PIERRE DE:

The Princely way to the French Tongue, as it was first compiled for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary and since taught her royal sister the Lady Anne. To which is added a Chronological abridgement of the sacred scriptures by way of dialogue. Together with a longer explication of the French Grammar, Choice fables of Æsop in Burlesque French, and lastly some models of letters French and English, by P.D.L. 2nd ed. London. Printed by J. Macock for H. Herrington etc., 1677.

First ed. 1667. (No copy known.)

LEIGHTON, HENRY:

Linguæ Gallicæ addiscendæ regulæ. Collectæ opera et industria H. Leighton, A.M. Hanc linguam in celeberrima Academia Oxoniensi edocentis. Oxoniae, 1659.

Another ed. 1662.

LISLE OF WILBRAHAM, WM.:

Part of Du Bartas, English and French, and in his owne kinde of verse, so near the French Englished, as may teach an Englishman French, or a Frenchman English. Sequitur Victoria Junctos. By Wm. L'isle of Wilburgham, Esquier for the King's Body. London. Printed by John Hoviland, 1625.

MAUGER, CLAUDE:

The true advancement of the French Tongue, or A new Method, and more easie directions for the attaining of it, then ever yet have been published. Whereunto are added many choice and select dialogues, containing not onely familiar discourses, but most exact Instructions for Travell, in a most elegant style and phrase, very useful and necessary for all gentlemen that intend to travel into France. Also a chapter of Anglicismes, wherein those errors which the English usually commit in speaking French are demonstrated and corrected. By Claudius Mauger, late professor of the French Tongue at Blois, and now teacher of the said Tongue here in London. London. Printed by Tho. Roycroft for J. Martin and J. Allestry at the Bell in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1653.

Another ed.: Mr. Mauger's French Grammar. Enriched with severall choise Dialogues containing an exact account of the State of France, Ecclesiastical, civil, and Military, as it flourisheth at present under King Louis the xivth. Also a chapter of Anglicisims, with instructions for travellers into France. The second edition, enlarged and most exactly corrected by the Authour, late professor at Blois. London. Printed by R. D. for John Martin and J. Allestree at the Bell in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1656.

Third ed. London, 1658.

Another ed. ... enriched with 50 new short dialogues. Containing for the most part an exact account of England's Triumphs, with the state of France ... as it flourisheth now since Cardinal Mazarin's death. With a most curious and most ingenious addition of 700 French verses upon the rules. Also a Chapter of Anglicisms, with instructions for Travellers into France. Fourth ed. Exactly corrected, enlarged and perused by the great care and diligence of the author, late publick Professor of Blois, in France, for all Travellers. London. Printed for John Martin ... 1662.

Fifth ed. London, 1667.

Another ed. ... Enlarged and Enriched with 80 new dialogues, both familiar and high with compliments, and the exact pronunciation. All digested in a most admirable order, with the State of France.... Also a chapter of Anglicisms and Francisms. With 700 French verses containing all the rules of the French Tongue. As likewise the Generall Rules of the English Pronunciation. Sixth ed. Exactly corrected by the author.... London. Printed for J. Martin at the sign of the bell, and James Allestry at the Rose and Crown in Paul's Churchyard, 1670.

Another ed.: La Grammaire françoise de Claude Mauger expliquée en Anglois, Latin et en François, enrichie de regles plus courtes et plus substantielles qu'auparavant, comme du regime des verbes, de la conjugaison de tous les irreguliers par toutes leurs personnes, d'un Traité de l'accent etc. Et à la fin, d'un abrégé des regles generales de la Langue Angloise, en dialogues françois, outre ce qui étoit dans la sixième édition. La 7e. éd. Reveue et corrigée par l'autheur . . . à Londres. Londres. Imprimée par T. Roycroft pour Jean Martin et se vendent à l'enseigne de la cloche au cymitière de Sainct Paul. 1673. Claudius Mauger's French Grammar, etc.

Another ed., with additions: The "English Edition." London, Printed by John Martyn, c. 1676.

Eighth ed. Londres, J. Martyn, 1679.

Tenth ed. Corrected by the author, now professor of the Languages at Paris. London, 1682.

Eleventh ed. London, T. Harrison, c. 1683.

Twelfth ed. . . . avec des augmentations de Mots à la Mode d'une nouvelle Methode et de tout ce qu'on peut souhaiter pour s'acquirir ce beau Language comme on le parle à present à la cour de France. Où on voit un ordre extraordinaire et methodique pour l'acquisition de cette langue, sçavoir, une très parfaite pronuntiation, la conjugaison de tous les Verbes irreguliers, des Regles courtes et substantielles, ausquelles sont ajoutez un Vocabulaire et une nouvelle Grammaire Angloise pour l'utilité de tant d'estrangers qui ont envie de l'apprendre. La douzième édition exactement corrigée par l'autheur à present Professeur des Langues à Paris. Londres. R. E. pour R. Bently et S. Magnes demeurant dans Russel St. au Covent Gardin. 1686.

Thirteenth ed. ... Corrected by the author, late at Paris and now at London. London, 1688.

Fourteenth ed. ... Corrected and Enlarged by the author. London. Sold by T. Guy at the Oxford Arms in Lombard Street. 1690.

Sixteenth ed. ... exactly corrected and Enlarged by the Authour. Late Professor of the Languages at Paris. London. R. E. for R. Bently in Russel St. in Covent Gardin, 1694.

Eighteenth ed. ... corrected and enlarged by the author. London, for T. Guy, 1698.

Nineteenth ed. ... corrected and enlarged by the Author, late professor of the Languages at Paris. London, R. Wellington, 1702.

Twentieth ed. ... Faithfully corrected from all the errors in the former by a French Minister. London, R. Wellington, 1705.

Twenty-first ed. ... with additions. London, R. Wellington, 1709.

Mauger's Letters. Written upon several subjects, faithfully translated into English, for the greater facility of those who have a desire to learn the French Tongue. Corrected and Revised by the author, formerly professor of French at Bloys, now at London. London, 1671.

Another ed.: Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claud Mauger sur Toutes sortes de sujets grands et mediocres avec augmentation de 50 lettres nouvelles, dont il y en a plusieurs sur les dernières et grandes Revolutions de l'Europe. Très exactement corrigée, polies et écrites, dans le plus nouveau stile de la cour, dans lesquelles la pureté et l'élégance des deux langues s'accordent mieux qu'auparavant. Très utiles à ceux qui aspirent au beau language, et sont curieux de sçavoir de quelle manière ils doivent parler aux personnes de quelque qualité qu'elles soient. Outre Quantité de Billets à la fin du Livre, qui sont très necessaires pour le commerce. La seconde édition. Londres, imprimée par Tho. Roycroft et se vendent chez Samuel Lowndes vis à vis de l'Hostel d'Exeter dans la Strand. 1676.

MEURIER, GABRIEL:

La Grammaire Françoise contenante plusieurs belles reigles propres et necessaires pour ceulx qui desirent apprendre la dicte langue par Gabriel Meurier. . . . Anvers, 1557.

Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et Angloys. Rouen, Etienne Colas, 1553.

Communications familieres non moins propres que tresutiles a la nation Angloise desireuse et diseteuse du langage François, par G. Meurier. Familiare Communications no leasse proppre then verrie proffytable to the Inglis nation desirous and nedinge the ffrenche language, by Gabriel Meurier. En Anvers. . . . Chez Pierre de Keerberghe sus le Cemitiere nostre Dame a la Croix d'or. 1563.

Another ed.: Traité pour apprendre a parler François et Anglois: ensemble un Formulaire de faire missives, obligations, Quittances, Lettres de Change, necessaire a tous marchands qui veulent trafiquer. A Treatise for to learne to speake Frenshe and Englische, together with a form of making letters, indentures, and obligations, quittances, letters of exchange, verie necessarie for all Marchants that do occupy trade of Marchandise. A Rouen, chez Jacques Cailloué, tenant sa boutique dans la Court du Palais. 1641.

MIÈGE, GUY:

A New Dictionary French and English with another English and French according to the present use and modern orthography of the French, inrich'd with new words, choice phrases and apposite proverbs. Digested into a most accurate method and contrived for the use of both English and Foreiners, by Guy Miège, Gent. London. Printed by T. Dawks for T. Basset at the George near Clifford's Inn in Fleet Street, 1677.

A New French Grammar or a New Method for learning of the French Tongue. To which are added for a help to young beginners a large vocabulary, and a store of familiar Dialogues, besides Four curious discourses of Cosmography in French for proficient learners to turn into English. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New French Dictionary, professor of the French Tongue and of Geography. London. Th. Basset.... 1678.

A Dictionary of Barbarous French or a Collection by Way of Alphabet of Obsolete, Provincial, Misspelt and Made Words in French. Taken out of Cotgrave's Dictionary with some additions. A work much desired and now performed for the satisfaction of such as read old French. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New French Dictionary. London, for Th. Basset, 1679.[1108]

A Short and Easie French Grammar, fitted for all sorts of learners: according to the present use and modern orthography of the French, with some Reflections on the ancient use thereof. London, Th. Basset, 1682.

A Large Vocabulary English and French for the use of such as learn French or English. London, Th. Basset, 1682.

One Hundred and Fifteen Dialogues French and English fitted for the use of learners. London, Th. Basset, 1682.

A Short French Dictionary, English and French with another in French and English, according to the present use and modern orthography, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for Th. Basset, 1684.

Another ed. London, 1690.

Another ed. The Hague, 1691.

Fifth ed. The Hague, 1701.

Another ed. 1703.

Another ed. Rotterdam, 1728.

The Grounds of the French Tongue, or a new French Grammar according to the present use and modern orthography. Digested into an easy, short and accurate Method with a Vocabulary and Dialogues. London, for Th. Basset, 1687.

The Great French Dictionary in two parts. The first part French and English. The second English and French. According to the ancient and modern orthography: wherein each language is set forth in its greatest latitude. The various senses of words both proper and figurative are orderly digested, and illustrated with apposite phrases and proverbs. The hard words explained: and the proprieties adjusted. To which are prefixed the Grounds of both Languages in two Discourses, the one English, the other French, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for Th. Basset, 1688.

Miège's last and best French Grammar, or a new Method to learn French, containing the Quintessence of all other Grammars, with such plain and easie rules as will make one speedily perfect in that famous language.... London, W. Freeman and A. Roper, 1698.

Another ed., the second. London, J. Freeman, 1705.

MORLET, PIERRE:

Janitrix sive Institutio ad perfectam linguae Gallicae cognitionem acquirendam. Authore Petro Morleto Gallo. Oxoniae, excudebat Josephus Barnesius, 1596.

PALSGRAVE, JOHN:

Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse compose par maistre Jehan Palsgrave Angloys natyf de Londres et gradue de Paris. 1530. [Col.] The printing fynysshed by Johan Hawkyns, the xviii daye of July. The yere of our lorde God M.C.C.C.C.C. and XXX.

S., J.:

A short method for the Declyning of Ffrench Verbes etc., by J. S., _c._ 1623.

SALTONSTALL, WYE:

Clavis ad Portam, or a key fitted to the gates of tongues. Wherein you may readily find the Latine and French for any English word, necessary for all young schollers. [Oxford?] Printed by Wm. Turner, 1634. (Bound with the 1633 edition--London--of Anchoran's Comenius.)

SANFORD, JOHN:

Le Guichet François. Sive janicula et brevis introductio ad linguam Gallicam. Oxoniae. Excudebat Josephus Barnesius, 1604.

A briefe extract of the former Latin Grammar, done into English for the easier instruction of the Learner. At Oxford. Printed by Joseph Barnes, and are to be sold in Paules Churchyard at the signe of the Crowne by Simon Waterson. 1605.

SHERWOOD, ROBERT:

The Frenche Tutour, London, Humphrey Lownes, 1625 (no copy known).

The French Tutour by way of grammar exactly and fully Teaching all the most necessary Rules for the attaining of the French tongue, whereunto are also annexed three Dialogues; and a touch of French compliments all for the furtherance of Gentlemen, Schollers and others desirous of the said language. Second ed. carefully corrected and enlarged by Robert Sherwood, Londoner. London, Printed by Robert Young, 1634.

Dictionnaire Anglois-François. 1632. Cf. COTGRAVE.

SMITH, J.:

Grammatica Quadrilinguis, or brief Instructions for the French, Italian, Spanish and English Tongues, with the Proverbs of each Language fitted for those who desire to perfect themselves therein. By J. Smith, M.A. Printed for J. Clarke at the Star, in Little Britain, and J. Lutton at the Anchor in Poutry. London, 1674.

THORIUS, J. Cf. CORRO.

VAIRASSE D'ALLAIS, DENYS:

A short and methodical introduction to the French tongue, composed for the particular benefit and use of the English. Paris, 1683.

VALENCE, PIERRE:

Introductions in Frensche for Henry the Yonge Erle of Lyncoln (childe of greate esperaunce), sonne of the most noble and excellente pryncesse Mary (by the grace of God queene of France etc.). [No date or place.]

VERON, JOHN:

Dictionariolum puerorum, tribus linguis, Latina, Anglica et Gallica conscriptum. Latino gallicum nuper ediderat Rob. Stephanus Parisiis, cui Anglicam interpretationem adiecit Joannes Veron. London, John Wolfe, 1552.

VILLIERS, JACOB:

Vocabularium Analogicum, or the Englishman speaking French, and the Frenchman speaking English. Plainly showing the nearness or affinity betwixt the English, French and Latin. Alphabetically digested. With new and easy directions for the attaining of the French tongue, comprehended in rules of pronouncing, rules of accenting and the like. To which is added the explanation of Mounsieur de Lainé's French Grammar by way of dialogue set forth for the special use and encouragement of such as desire to be proficients in the same language. The like not extant. By Jacob Villiers, Master of a French School in Nottingham. London, printed by J. D. for Jonathan Robinson, at the Golden Lion, and George Wells, at the Sun in St. Paul's Church yard, 1680.

WODROEPH, JOHN:

The spared houres of a souldier in his travels, or The true marrowe of the French Tongue, wherein is truly treated (by ordre) the nine parts of speech, together with two rare and excellent bookes of Dialogues, the one presented to that illustrious prince Count Henry of Nassau, in his younger yeares for his Furtherance in this tongue, newly reviewed and put in pure French Phrase (easie and delightfull) from point to point; and the other formed and made (since) by the Authour himselfe. Added yet an excellent worke, very profitable for all the ages of man, called the Springwell of Honour and Vertue, gathered together very carefully, both by ancient and Moderne Philosophers of our Tyme. With many Godly songs, sonets, Theames, Letters missives, and sentences proverbiales: so orderly, plain and pertinent, as hath not (formerly) beene seene in the most famous Ile of great Britaine. By John Wodroephe, Gent. Les Heures de relasche. . . . Imprimé à Dort, Par Nicolas Vincentz, Pour George Waters, Marchant Libraire, demeurant près le Marché au Poisson, à l'Enseigne des Manchettes dorées. 1623.

Second edition: The Marrow of the French Tongue, containing:

1. Rules for the true pronunciation of every letter as it is written or spoken.

2. An exact Grammar containing the nine parts of speech of the French Tongue.

3. Dialogues on French and English, fitted for all kind of discourse for courtiers, citizens, and countrymen, in their affairs at home or travelling abroad.

With variety of other helps to the learner as Phrases, Letters missive, sentences, proverbes, Theames, and in both languages. So exactly collected and compiled by the great paines and industry of M. John Wodroephe, that the meanest capacity either French or Englishman, that can but reade, may in a short time by his owne industry without the helpe of any Teacher attaine to the perfection of both languages. Ce livre est aussi utile pour le François d'apprendre l'Anglois que pour l'Anglois d'apprendre le François. The second edition. Reviewed and purged of much gross English, and divers errors committed in the former edition printed at Dort. London. Printed for Rd. Meighen at the signe of the Leg in the Strand, and in St. Dunstan's Churchyard in Fleet Street, 1625.

FOOTNOTES:

[1106] Licensed to Harrison (Arber, _Stationers' Register_, i. 364); assigned over to Th. Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (_ibid._ ii. 331).

[1107] Based on Bathe's _Janua Linguarum_ in Latin and Spanish, 1611.

[1108] Sometimes bound with the Dictionary of 1677.

INDEX

_The names of those who taught French or wrote French grammars are marked with an asterisk._

*A., E., 277, 280

*Abadie, J. G. d', 388

A B C of Geneva, 132

_A B C for Scottes men_, 154

Académie française, 110 _n._, 192, 193, 305, 354, 355, 357, 388

Academies, 120 _sq._, 231, 296 _sq._, 345, 397 _sq._; academies in France, 352, 357, 363 _sq._; Protestant academies in France, 232 _sq._, 343 _sq._

Addison, Joseph, 218, 220, 370 _n._

Aesop, in French, 294, 382

Aimar de Ranconnet, 190, 230 _n._

Alexander, Sir Wm., 250, 255

Alexandre, Pierre, 118

Alexis, Guillaume, 101

Allen, Cardinal, 217

_Amadis de Gaule_, 85, 194 _n._, 196, 223

Amyot, Jacques, 196, 199

*Anchoran, J. A., 295

Ancients and Moderns, quarrel of, 391

*André, Bernard, 68, 75, 76

Angers, 205, 346, 351

Anglo-French, 18 _sq._, 26

Anne, Queen of England, 381, 389 _n._

Anne of Cleves, 72

Anvers, 241 _sq._, 244, 245, 279

Arithmetic, 139, 154, 399

Ascham, Roger, 64, 73, 120, 146, 182, 183, 184, 216, 275 _n._, 286, 335

Ashley, Robert, 151, 129

Astell, Mary, 395, 398

Aubigné, Agrippa d', 65 _n._, 197, 356

*Aufeild, Wm., 260 _n._, 284 _sq._, 292

Aulnoy, Mme. d', 367 _n._

Auteuil, 201

Bacon, Anthony, 234

Bacon, Francis, 66, 118 _n._, 194 _n._, 212, 219, 221 _n._, 224, 273, 275, 288, 355 _n._

Bacon, Nicholas, 118 _n._, 120

Balzac, Guez de, 309, 355

Banister's Academy, 399

*Barbier, Jean, 294

*Barclay, Alexander, 4, 34, 62, 65, 69 _n._, 77 _sq._, 123, 144, 237, 240

*Baret, James, 187 _sq._, 189, 192

Barkley, Lady Elizabeth, 268

*Barlement, Noel de, 241 _sq._, 246, 279

Baro, Pierre, 119

*Barton, Jehan, 27 _n._, 32 _sq._, 38, 78

Basset, James, 213, 214

*Baudouin, Jean, 275

Bayle, Pierre, 391

Baynton, Andrew, 87 _n._, 91, 96, 100, 105, 106

Beal, Sir Robert, 201

_Beau, Character of the_, 376 _n._, 377 _n._

_Beau, The Compleat_, 376

_Beau, The Defeated_, 374 _n._, 378 _n._

Beaux, 235 _sq._, 247, 321, 357 _sq._, 370 _n._, 375 _sq._, 378, 394

Belleau, Remi, 174

Belleforest, François de, 196

*Bellemain, Jean, 107 _sq._, 112, 113

Bellerose, 380

*Bellot, Jacques, 156 _sq._, 168, 172, 185, 186 _n._, 196, 202, 265, 266, 277, 280

*Bense, Pierre, 204

*Berail, Gilles, 156

*Berault, Pierre, 300, 388 _sq._

Bèze, Théodore de, 196, 197, 202, 234

*Bibbesworth, Walter de, 11 _sq._, 16, 28, 38, 40, 264

Bignon, Jérôme, 66 _n._, 273

Blois, 218, 227 _sq._, 235, 241, 282, 284, 301 _sq._, 325, 342, 344, 350, 351, 352, 359

Blount, Th., 263

*Bod, Charles, 155 _n._

Bodin, Jean, 197, 199. 273 _n._

Bodley, Sir Th., 234

Boiasteau, Pierre, 195, 196

Boileau, 218, 220 _n._, 355

Boisrobert, 259 _n._, 273 _n._

Boleyn, Anne, 71, 72, 83, 95

Booksellers and French teachers, 129, 138, 163

Bossuet, 364

Bouhours, le Père, 220 _n._, 394

Bouillon, Duchesse de, 367

*Bourbon, Nicolas, 83, 89

Bourges, 241, 351

*Boy, Francis, 149

Boyle, Richard, 200

Bozon, Nicolas, 8 _n._

Brantôme, 273 _n._

Bretons: teach French, 325, 326

Brinsley, John, 179 _n._, 351

Brome, Rd., 298, 374 _n._

Buck _Third Universitie_, 169 _n._

Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke, 227, 262, 285, 298, 396; second Duke, 364, 373

Bullar, Colonel, 304

Burghley, Wm. Cecil, Lord, 119, 121, 123, 187, 191, 211, 215, 217

Burgundians, 115, 119, 145, 168 _sq._, 241

Busby, John, 306

*Bushell, Abraham, 155

Bussy, le Comte de, 321

Butler, Mr., 360

Butler, Samuel, 371 _n._, 372 _n._, 376 _n._

Caen, 156, 159, 239, 351

Calvin, Jean, 66, 84, 107, 108, 112, 195, 328

Camden, Wm., 66, 71, 194 _n._, 212, 274, 276

Cameron, John, 249

_Campo di Fior_, 143 _n._, 145, 159, 185

Canterbury, French school at, 120 _sq._

Capell, Sir Arthur, 216

Carew, Richard, 212, 340

Carleton, Dudley, 217, 247

Cartularies, 42

Casaubon, Isaac, 118, 150, 234 _sq._, 259, 273 _n._

Castellion, dialogues of, 182, 294

Castiglione, Baptista, 73 _n._

Catechism, in French, 130, 147, 153, 295, 339, 382, 389

_Catechism, The Ladies'_, 369 _n._, 375

Caxton, Wm., 42 _sq._, 47, 48, 54, 55, 56, 201, 246, 279

Chamberlain, John, 247

_Champ fleury_, 100

Chappuzeau, 390

Charenton, 259, 346, 363

Charles I., 170, 185, 194 _n._, 203, 207, 248, 255, 261 _sq._, 271, 272, 276, 280, 296, 298, 319, 323 _n._, 339, 348, 362, 363, 396, 397

Charles II., 70 _n._, 205, 207, 262, 263, 272, 295, 298, 308, 329, 330, 344, 348, 362 _sq._, 366, 367, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374, 376, 377 _n._, 380

Charpentier, 391

Chartier, Alain, 101

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 18, 19

Cheking, John, 105

*Chemin, Nicholas, 149

*Cheneau, Francis, 382

Chesterfield, Lord, 319 _n._

*Chevallier, A. R., 112, 119, 150 _n._

*Chiflet, Laurent, 230 _sq._, 353, 385

Children and study of French, 12, 32, 38 _sq._, 52, 55, 212 _sq._, 239, 242, 295 _sq._, 331, 338 _sq._, 340, 341 _sq._, 357, 365, 371 _n._, 382, 395

Church, use of French in the, 24

Churches: foreign, in England: Dutch, 116 _sq._; French, 116 _sq._, 145 _sq._, 151, 155 _sq._, 159, 167, 169, 295, 299, 309, 310, 328 _sq._, 339, 389; Italian, 146; Walloon, 117; Protestant, in France, 363. _See_ Charenton

Cibber, Colley, 376 _n._, 378, 380 _n._

Clarendon, Ed. Hyde, Earl of, 209, 210 _n._, 218, 345, 352, 357, 361, 364, 373, 392, 393, 395

Cleland, James, 182, 197, 293, 393

Clinton, Lady, 333

*Codrington, Rt., 294, 295

*Cogneau, Paul, 289 _sq._, 327

*Cokele, John, 149

Colet, John, 62, 182, 183, 215

Collège de Navarre, 213, 276

Colleges: in France, 357; English Roman Catholic, in France, 232; Protestant, in France, 232, 345

Collet, Claude, 196

*Colson, Wm., 282 _sq._

*Colsoni, F. C., 388

Comedians. _See_ Theatre

Comenius, 293, 294 _sq._, 338, 339

Commercial French, 42, 53, 65, 169 _n._, 243, 245, 307, 399. _See_ Merchants

Commines, Philippe de, 196, 197, 199

Commonwealth, 262, 296, 298, 315, 333, 341, 361, 366

Coningsby, Sir Th., 247

Cooks, French, 370

Cordano, Girolamo, 62, 72 _n._

*Cordell, M., 220

Cordier, Mathurin, 181, 255, 294, 334, 390

Corneille, Pierre, 220 _n._, 271, 273, 293, 309, 323, 364

Corneille, Th., 318

Cornwallis, Sir Wm., 127, 284

Correspondence: use of French in, 17, 23, 66, 69, 71 _sq._, 108, 259, 260, 262, 299 _n._, 319 _sq._, 342, 353

*Corro, Antonio de, 202

Coryat, Tom, 63, 221, 235

Cosmo III. of Tuscany, 63

Costeker, J. L., 358, 393

*Cotgrave, Randle, 190 _sq._, 240, 245, 275, 281, 285, 288, 321 _n._, 333, 383

Cotterel, Sir Ch., 307 _n._

Courtesy book, 47, 52

Courtin, French ambassador, 308, 362 _n._, 367

Cowley, 364, 365

Coxe, Leonard, 100

*Coyfurelly, Canon, 10, 35, 38

Cranmer, 83, 112, 118, 120

Cromwell, Secretary, 81, 83, 98, 105, 119, 120

Cromwell, Gregory, 80, 105, 119

*Curlew, Nicholas, 149

Daines, Simon, 275 _n._, 278

Dallington, Sir Rt., 65 _n._, 221 _n._, 222 _sq._, 225, 226, 231, 261 _n._, 348

Dancing, 94, 137, 209, 231, 232, 261, 267, 282, 298, 299, 303, 332, 342, 346, 357, 359, 369, 371, 397, 398

Dancing-master: French, 369, 370, 375, 376

Danneau, Lambert, 77

*Darvil d'Arras, Ch., 155 _n._

Davenant, Sir Wm., 263 _n._, 364, 365, 380

Defoe, Daniel, 225 _n._, 394, 398

*Deger, Anness, 170

*De la Barre, 246 _n._

*De la Mare, 299

*De la Mothe, G., 119, 161 _sq._, 183, 184, 186, 200, 225, 265, 279, 290, 291, 292

De la Porte: epithets, 117

*Denisot, Nicolas, 83 _sq._, 89, 293

Descartes, 395, 398

Despagne, Jean, 328, 329

Desportes, 174, 250, 356

Dialects, French, 27, 28, 54, 144, 145, 169, 241, 326

Dialogues: French, 36 _sq._, 43 _sq._, 48 _sq._, 93, 102, 124, 130 _sq._, 135, 137 _sq._, 164 _sq._, 176, 193, 206, 241 _sq._, 254, 267, 282, 291, 294, 299 _n._, 302 _sq._, 305, 309, 313 _sq._, 317, 324, 347, 349, 385, 386, 389; Latin, 145, 181, 185, 294

Dictionaries: French and English, 95, 122, 141, 168, 187 _sq._, 192, 199, 253, 281, 383 _sq._; Latin, influence on French, 122, 187, 189, 190, 293, 383

Digby, Sir John, 203

Diplomacy: use of French in, 7, 22, 23, 65, 67, 70 _n._, 169 _n._, 260, 392, 393

Doctors, French, 259 _n._, 369

_Donait_, 30 _sq._, 33

Douay, 129, 217 _n._, 232

Doujat, Jean, 273

*Dove, R., 31

Drama: French influence, 364, 378

Drummond of Hawthornden, 195, 220 _n._

Dryden, 321, 357, 372, 374, 378, 379

Du Bartas, 65 _n._, 151, 174, 175, 177, 185, 186, 196, 250, 276, 322, 356

Du Bellay, 84, 196

*Du Buisson, 148

*Du Grès, Gabriel, 205 _sq._, 351, 352, 395 _n._

Du Moulin, Pierre, senior, 207, 259

Du Moulin, Pierre, junior, 200, 357

Du Perron, Cardinal, 259

*Du Plantin, 149, 150

Du Plessis, 360

Duplessis-Mornay, 66 _n._, 233, 357

*Du Ploich, 129 _sq._, 143, 145, 200, 225, 240, 243

Dutch, 115 _sq._, 119, 169 _n._, 209, 227, 240 _sq._, 280, 326, 394. _Cp._ Netherlands

_Dutch Tutor_, 169 _n._

*Du Terme, Laur, 288 _sq._, 290, 291

Du Val, Claude, 350

*Du Val, J. B., 230

*Du Val, M., 343

Du Val, Pierre, 213

*Duwes, Giles, 4, 77, 86 _sq._, 113, 123, 132 _n._, 133, 144, 171, 264

Edward VI., King, 66, 72, 83, 107 _sq._, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 123, 130, 134, 180, 212 _n._

Effiat, Marquis d', 66

_Elementarie_, 62 _n._, 184, 278

Eliot, Sir John, 217

*Eliote, John, 65, 127 _sq._, 179, 180, 232, 288 _n._, 347 _n._

Elizabeth, Queen, 64 _n._, 66, 67, 73, 74, 95, 108 _sq._, 110 _sq._, 113, 115, 117, 123, 140, 141, 146, 147, 151, 156, 160, 196, 215, 240, 247, 277, 287, 339 _n._

Elizabeth Stuart, Princess, 151, 175, 249, 260

Ellwood, Th., 298

Elyot, Sir Th., 92, 182, 183, 184, 187 _n._, 335

English language, 4, 7, 18, 21, 23, 48, 62, 66, 89, 129, 141, 145, 171, 192, 241 _sq._, 262, 264, 269, 270, 272 _sq._, 281, 288, 308, 310, 334 _n._, 368, 384, 390 _n._, 392, 397; taught in France, 353, 354, 397; broken English, 171, 236 _sq._, 374, 376, 378; grammars of the, 159, 276 _sq._, 281, 306, 312, 334 _n._, 385, 386, 389

English literature, 190 _n._, 274 _sq._

Englishmen: judged by foreigners, 20, 117 _sq._, 367; write in French, 365, 366 _n._, 378 _n._

English teachers of French, 99, 123, 144, 152, 159, 168, 171 _sq._, 180, 283

Epistolaries, 17 _sq._, 35, 42

*Erail, Evrard, 155 _n._

Erasmus, 62, 64 _n._, 65 _n._, 104, 112

*Erondell, Pierre, 196, 264 _sq._, 269 _n._, 277 _n._, 292

_Esclarcissement, l'_, 3, 61, 78 _n._, 86 _sq._, 190, 264. _See_ Palsgrave

Essex, Rt. Devereux, Earl of, 234

Estienne, H., 66 _n._, 273 _n._

Estienne, Rt., 122, 189

Etherege, Sir George, 371 _n._, 374 _n._, 376, 378, 394

Eton, 120

_Euphues_, 216 _n._, 263

Evelyn, John, 218, 221, 264, 293, 294, 328, 329, 330, 340, 350 _n._, 351, 362 _n._, 363, 365 _n._, 367 _n._, 368 _n._, 371 _n._, 372, 380, 394

"Exercises," 231, 352, 395, 398

Expenses of travellers, 232, 343, 349

*Fabre, John, 268

*Fabri, Philémon, 207

Farquhar, George, 208, 372 _n._, 374 _n._, 376 _n._, 378, 380 _n._

*Farrear, Rt., 204

Fashions, French, 68, 71, 236 _sq._, 303, 321 _n._, 358. 361, 369, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377

Fees of French teachers, 139, 179, 206 _n._, 308 _n._

_Femina_, 28 _sq._, 39 _n._, 40, 52

Fencing, 231, 232, 282, 346, 360, 371 _n._

*Festeau, Paul, 299, 301, 304, 312 _sq._, 323, 325, 361, 381, 388

Field, Rd., 162, 163

Finett, Sir John, 260

Flecknoe, Rd., 370 _n._, 371 _n._, 372, 377 _n._, 378 _n._

Flemings, 115, 127, 152 _n._, 169, 241, 255. _Cp._ Netherlands

Flemish, 45, 62, 241 _sq._, 246, 260, 280

*Florio, John, 65, 127, 201, 239 _n._, 254, 261, 275, 276 _n._

*Fontaine, Rt., 155 _n._, 156, 168

Foreigners visit England, 6, 61, 63, 66, 74, 114 _sq._, 124 _sq._, 259, 277 _sq._, 281, 304, 308, 313, 327, 368 _sq._

Foubert's Academy, 345, 399

_France, Survey of_, 177

François I. of France, 68, 69, 71, 73, 93

François de Valois, 159

_Frans and Englis_, 201

_French Alphabet_, 162 _sq._, 184, 225 _n._, 265, 279, 290, 292

_French Conjuror_, 370 _n._, 372 _n._, 378 _n._

_French Garden_, 264 _sq._

_French Littleton_, 136 _sq._, 141, 142 _sq._, 160, 277, 290, 292

_French Methode_, 161, 266 _n._

_French Schoolemaister_, 135 _sq._, 140, 142 _sq._, 199, 246, 268, 269, 277, 290, 292

_French Schoolmaster_, 381 _n._

_French Tutor_, 168

_French Tutour_, 281 _sq._

Froissart, 21, 23, 101, 196

Gailhard, J., 219, 224 _n._, 346, 351 _n._

_Galaunt, Treatyse of a_, 237

Gallants. _See_ Beaux

*Ganeur, Onias, 155 _n._

Garlande, John de, 5, 7, 24

Garnier, Jean, 201

Garnier, Philippe, 230

Garnier, Robert, 194 _n._

Gascoigne, George, 142

Gascons, 326

Geneva, 233 _sq._, 249, 326, 343 _n._, 344, 345

_Gentleman's Companion_, 219

Geography, 383, 385, 388, 398

*Gerbier, Sir Balthazar, 222 _n._, 260 _n._, 275 _n._, 297, 345

German language, 62, 73 _n._, 121, 169 _n._, 230 _n._, 236, 242 _sq._, 279, 295, 354

Germans, 123 _n._, 326

Germany, 211, 219, 220

Gibbon, 358 _n._

*Giffard, James, 292

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 121

Glapthorne: _The Ladies' Privilege_, 237

Goldsmith, 321 _n._

Gomberville, de, 309

_Good Boke to lerne Frenshe_, 47 _sq._, 54 _sq._

Governors. _See_ Tutors

_Governour, The_, 92, 182, 183 _n._

Gower, 18, 19

Grammar: rules of French, 9, 10, 13, 31 _sq._, 77 _sq._, 80, 82, 88 _n._, 89 _sq._, 92, 132, 143 _sq._, 157 _sq._, 265 _sq._, 286, 288, 290, 305, 386

Grammont, le Comte de, 366, 369, 371, 373

Grantham, Th., 335, 337, 341

*Grave, Jean de, 295 _sq._

Greek, 64 _n._, 73, 74, 84, 88, 92, 120, 121, 153, 188, 190, 210, 239, 276, 293, 298, 305, 335 _n._, 337, 338 _n._, 394, 398, 399

Greene, Rt., 178, 194 _n._, 215, 275

Grelot, Jérôme, 260

Grenville, Fulke, 128

Grévin, Jacques, 65 _n._, 273 _n._

Grey, Lady Jane, 64 _n._, 73 _n._

Grey, Lord of Wilton, 202, 208

Grocyn, 62

Guide-books for travellers: in England, 273 _n._, 321, 369, 388, 396 _n._; in France, 221 _sq._, 347 _sq._

*H. T., Parisiis Studentis, 11, 35

Hainault, 38, 145, 241

Hakluyt, Rd., 269

Halkett, Lady Anne, 332

Hall (chronicler), 236

Hall, Joseph, 216, 237 _n._, 238, 274

Hamilton, Anthony, 365 _sq._, 373

Hamilton, Miss, 373

Harley, Lady Brilliana, 195, 210

Harrison (chronicler), 64 _n._, 216

Harrison, Lucus, 187, 188

Harvey, Gabriel, 199

Hawes, Stephen, 68

*Hawmells, Gouvert, 169

Hebrew, 153, 169 _n._, 398

Henrietta Maria, 261 _sq._, 269 _sq._, 276, 280, 323 _n._, 332, 362, 364

Henry III. of France, 159

Henry IV. of France, 66, 235, 247, 260, 261, 274, 362

Henry VII. of England, 68, 75, 103

Henry VIII. of England, 4, 22, 62, 66, 68 _sq._, 71, 72, 75, 76, 86, 90, 96, 97, 101, 103, 112, 114, 130, 212, 213, 237 _n._

Henry Stuart (Prince), 186, 191, 260 _sq._, 298

*Henry, Jean, 140

Hentzner (traveller), 74, 112 _n._

Herberay des Essarts, 85, 194 _n._, 196, 223

Herbert, George, 238

*Herbert, Guillaume, 291, 324 _sq._, 361

Herbert, Sir Henry, 271, 272

Herbert, Wm. (poet), 268

Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 186, 187, 194, 199, 218, 220, 224, 235, 271

Herbert of Swansea, Lord, 142

Heylyn, Peter, 348, 351 _n._

Higden: _Polychronicon_, 15, 24

Higford, Wm., 209, 210 _n._, 216 _n._, 366

*Higgins, John, 189 _sq._, 192

Hobbes, 220, 264, 265, 394

*Holyband, 56, 119, 134 _sq._, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162 _n._, 163, 164 _n._, 166, 168, 169, 171, 176, 179 _n._, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 225, 240, 241, 246, 250, 253, 264, 265, 268, 269, 277, 280, 281, 283, 285, 290, 292, 293, 301, 304

Hoole, Charles, 182 _n._, 186, 189, 334, 337 _n._, 395 _n._

Hotman, François, 66

*Hotman, Jean, 200

Howard, Katherine, 72

Howell, James, 192 _sq._, 197, 212 _n._, 218 _n._, 221 _n._, 240, 285, 330, 351, 355, 374 _n._, 383

Huguenot. _See_ Refugees

_Huloet's Dictionarie_, 189

Hume, P., 313

Humphrey: _The Nobles_, 115 _n._, 118, 238 _n._

Hutchinson, Mrs., 332

Inns of Court, 188, 203, 209, 210, 219, 344

_Institution of a Gentleman_ (Higford), 209, 210 _n._, 216 _n._, 366

_Institution of a Nobleman_ (Cleland), 182, 197, 293, 393

Institutions, educational. _See_ Academies, Colleges, Schools, Universities

Italian, 64, 65, 68, 73, 74, 84, 88, 112, 120, 121, 145, 165, 169 _n._, 171, 185, 186, 192, 195, 199, 201, 203 _n._, 204, 209, 212, 217, 218, 220, 230 _n._, 236 _sq._, 241 _sq._, 254, 261, 263 _sq._, 273, 276 _n._, 279, 280, 286, 296, 307 _n._, 331, 333, 338 _n._, 339, 371 _n._, 377, 382, 388, 392, 394, 398, 399

Italy, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216 _sq._, 219, 220, 221, 236, 244, 348, 358, 360

James I., 151, 186, 190 _n._, 232 _n._, 249, 259 _sq._, 275 _n._, 298, 396

James II., 248 _n._, 262, 362, 373, 374, 381, 400

_Jardin de Vertu_, 160, 185, 186 _n._

Jermyn, Lord, Earl of St. Albans, 362, 365

Jodelle, Étienne, 196

Jonson, Ben, 220, 237, 278

Justel, Henri, 367, 368 _n._

Katherine of Aragon, 71, 73

Katherine of Braganza, 374

*Kerhuel, Jean de, 388

Kerouaille, Mlle. de, Duchess of Portsmouth, 362 _n._, 373, 380

Killigrew, Henry, 364, 380 _n._

Kilvert, Mrs., 300, 302, 303

Kynaston, Sir Francis, 296

La Bruyère, 275

La Calprenède, 309, 318, 320, 321, 333, 364

La Fontaine, 338, 367

*Lainé, Pierre, 315 _sq._, 323, 328, 347, 355 _n._, 361, 362 _n._

*Lainé, Pierre de, 381 _sq._, 397, 399

Lake, Sir Th., 151

Lambeth fragment, 81 _sq._, 132 _n._

La Mothe le Vayer, 273, 293 _n._

Langland, Wm., 19

*Langlois or Inglishe, 153 _sq._, 156 _n._

Languet, Hubert, 63, 66 _n._, 217, 221

La Serre, 342 _n._, 349

Latimer, 62, 63

Latin and French, 4, 5, 8, 9, 24, 33, 42, 87, 89, 104, 153, 180 _sq._, 201, 212, 213, 221, 227, 228, 231, 236, 241 _sq._, 246, 248, 263, 276, 284, 286, 287, 288, 292 _sq._, 296, 305, 316, 326, 331 _n._, 333 _sq._, 335, 337 _sq._, 341, 342, 351, 353, 354, 376, 386, 390, 391 _sq._, 394, 395, 397; use and study of, 62 _sq._, 65, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 106, 111, 112, 119, 120, 121, 127, 130, 132, 139, 151, 171, 198, 208, 210, 234, 239, 259 _sq._, 273, 298, 351, 356, 376, 382, 397, 399; text-books, 5 _n._, 106, 139, 145, 181, 185, 279, 293, 334

Latini, Brunetto, 7, 26

Law French, 22, 30, 61, 64, 165, 321

Le Blanc, Abbé, 23 _n._, 369, 378, 394

Le Fèvre (chemist), 367

Le Fèvre, Raoul, 46

Le Grand, Antoine, 309, 310

*Le Grys, Sir Rt., 263

Leicester, Rt. Dudley, Earl of, 83, 172, 200

Leicester, Countess of, 262

Leigh, Ed., 204, 350 _n._

*Leighton, Hy., 203 _sq._, 208

*Lemaire, Mary, 170

Lemaire de Belges, 101

Le Mans, 360

*Le Moyne, Guy, 207, 262, 285 _n._

*Le Pipre, Paul, 148 _sq._

Le Roy, Louis, 151

Letters: model French, 17, 35, 245, 255, 306 _sq._, 331, 349, 354, 390

Lewis, Mark, 334 _n._, 395 _n._, 398 _n._, 399

Lewisham, French school at, 140

_Liber Donati_, 30 _sq._

Lily's Grammar, 181, 334 _n._

Linacre, 62, 215

Lincoln, Earl of, 80

Lindsey, Montagu Bertie, Earl of, 327

Lisle, Lady, 213, 214, 237 _n._ _See_ Basset

Lisle of Wilbraham, 185

Lister, Martin, 348

Literature, French, study of, 24, 57, 101, 174, 194 _sq._, 199, 220 _n._, 221, 223, 229, 231, 248, 250, 261, 267, 289, 309, 317, 319 _sq._, 330, 333, 342, 347, 349, 356, 390, 395, 398

_Livre des Mestiers_, 45 _sq._

Locke, 219, 337, 338, 345 _n._, 349, 393, 395

L'Oiseau de Tourval, 190, 275

Lorris, G. de, 101

Louis XII. of France, 70, 104

Louis XIII. of France, 274, 372

Louis XIV. of France, 230 _n._, 305, 373

*Louveau, Jean, Sieur de la Porte, 150

*Love, John, 129, 170

Loveday, Rt., 333, 398

*Lydgate, John, 34

Lyly, John, 216, 263

Maids, French, 264, 303, 332, 369, 370, 374, 375

Maintenon, Mme. de, 361

Makin, Mrs. Bathsua, 332, 334 _n._, 339, 395 _n._, 397, 398

Malebranche, 218, 395, 398

Malherbe, 364

Malpet, John, 351

_Manière de Langage_, 26 _n._, 35 _sq._, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 52

Margaret of Navarre, 71, 74, 84, 111

Margaret of Savoy, 69

Margaret of Scotland, 101

Marie de Medicis, 230, 262

Marillac (ambassador), 72, 73

Marot, Clément, 83, 174, 196

Marseilles, 357

Marsilliers, Pierre de, 153

*Martin, Martin, 149

Mary I. of England, 72, 73, 86, 89, 90, 93 _sq._, 101 _sq._, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 156, 233, 327

Mary II. of England, 371 _n._, 381, 382

Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 69, 70, 71, 80, 81, 86, 94, 101, 104, 105

*Mason, Baudouin, 155 _n._, 156 _n._

Mason, George, 279

*Masset, Jean, 230

*Massonnet, Peter, 262 _sq._

Mathematics, 283, 315, 360, 398, 399

*Mauconduy, 353

*Mauger, Claude, 246, 300, 301 _sq._, 313, 314, 315, 317, 323, 325, 326, 328, 331 _n._, 347, 352, 353, 361, 368, 370 _n._, 381, 385, 388

*Maupas, Charles, 227 _sq._, 230, 282, 284 _sq._, 287, 301, 302, 353, 356

*Maupas, junior, 228 _sq._

Maupertuis, 395 _n._

Mayerne, Théodore, 259 _n._

Mazarin, Duchesse de, 367, 380

Mecklenburg, Duke of, 301, 305

Meigret, Louis, 110 _n._, 226

Melville, James, 153

Melville, Sir James, 73, 212 _n._

Ménage, Gilles, 353

Merchants: study of French by, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41 _sq._, 49, 50, 53, 55, 124, 137, 141, 169 _n._, 239 _sq._, 253, 299, 400

Meschinot, Jean, 101

Meteren, Immanuel von, 62

Methods of studying French, 56, 82, 90 _sq._, 133, 139, 143 _sq._, 166 _sq._, 177, 179 _sq._, 184 _sq._, 195, 206, 222 _sq._, 225 _sq._, 228, 231, 250 _sq._, 267, 283, 286 _sq._, 289, 290 _sq._, 296, 308 _sq._, 314, 317, 326, 330 _sq._, 346, 349, 354, 355 _sq._, 386 _sq._, 395 _sq._

*Meurier, Gabriel, 244 _sq._, 273 _n._, 279, 280

Middleton, Th., 263 _n._

*Miège, Guy, 309, 334 _n._, 337 _n._, 382 _sq._, 388, 391

*Milleran, René, 354 _sq._

Milton, 64, 194, 214, 264, 298, 333, 334 _n._, 392

Minsheu, J., 169 _n._, 383 _n._

Misson, M., 396 _n._

Molière, 373

Monluc, 197, 342 _n._

Montaigne, 20, 127, 183, 261, 335

Montauban, 232, 233, 249, 344

Montausier, Mme. de., 365

Montchrétien, 259, 268

Montjoy, Christopher, 125, 162

Montpellier, 232, 233, 234, 345, 365 _n._

Montpensier, Mlle. de, 262, 263

More, Sir Th., 62, 83, 104, 105, 120, 236, 274

*Morlet, Pierre, 201, 202, 205

Morrice, Th., 171, 212, 292

Moryson, Fynes, _Itinerary_, 198, 214, 221, 223 _sq._, 225, 235, 237 _n._, 239, 350 _n._

Motteville, Mme. de, 262 _n._

Mulcaster, Rd., 62 _n._, 64 _n._, 142, 184, 188, 216 _n._, 225, 275, 278

Muralt, 230, 372 _n._

Music, 94, 120, 121, 147, 209, 214, 267, 299, 303, 322, 332, 342, 346, 359, 371; French music, 395, 397, 398

Nantes, Edict of, 170, 233, 343, 345, 382, 400

Nash, 236, 237 _n._, 238

Neckam, Alexander, 5, 7, 24

Netherlands, 45, 75, 76 _n._, 115, 211, 239, 249, 283, 312; French taught in the Netherlands, 240 _sq._; teachers from the Netherlands, 152, 169

Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of, 329, 332

New Testament: in French, 130, 137, 153, 167, 186, 195, 196, 197, 222, 268, 289, 298, 310, 317, 318, 382

Newton, Th., 156

Nicot, 189, 190, 230 _n._, 244 _n._

Nîmes, 232, 233, 234

_Nomenclator_, of Adrian Junius, 189

_Nominale_, 16, 28

Normans in England, 47, 81, 112, 145, 146, 156, 161, 265, 326

Norton, Th., 268

Nottingham: French school at, 396

Nucius, Nicander, 62, 66, 117

Ordinaries, 355, 370, 377, 392

Orleans, 27, 35, 37, 38, 221, 226, 230, 232, 235, 241, 301, 310, 345, 350, 351, 352, 355

_Orthographia Gallica_, 8 _sq._, 38

Orthography, French, 8 _sq._, 10 _sq._, 31, 35, 78, 87, 109 _sq._, 137, 165, 283, 305, 316, 326, 328, 354, 383, 384

Osborne, Dorothy, 318 _sq._, 333 _n._

Osborne, Francis, 197, 218, 223 _n._, 245, 276

Ossory, Lord, Duke of Ormond, 120, 364

*Oudin, Antoine, 229 _sq._, 249

Oudin, César, 229

Overbury, Sir Th., 221, 237 _n._, 238 _n._

*Palairet, J., 338

Palmer, Herbert, 207

Palmer, T., 221

*Palsgrave, J., 3 _sq._, 57, 61, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 86 _sq._, 123, 128, 153, 166, 171, 176 _n._, 177, 180, 190, 212, 232, 264, 293

*Papillon, 300

Parker, Matthew, 119

Parr, Katherine, 64 _n._, 72, 108, 111, 112

Pasqualigo, Piero, 68

Pasquier, Étienne, 75, 154 _n._, 192

Passports, 215, 216, 219 _n._

Paston, Rt., 316

Pastors: French, 116, 150, 328, 332, 342, 343, 360, 388, 389 _n._

Patin, Guy, 362 _n._

Peacham, Th., 213

Peiresc, 66 _n._

Peletier du Mans, 66, 110 _n._, 175, 227, 316

Penn, Wm., 307, 322 _n._, 358

*Penson, M., 301

Penton, Samuel, 216 _n._, 224 _n._, 345, 346

Pepys, Samuel, 23 _n._, 208, 321 _sq._, 330 _sq._, 340, 353, 358, 370, 371 _n._, 375, 377 _n._, 379, 394

Pepys, Mrs., 209, 321, 380

Perlin, Étienne, 81, 116 _n._, 117, 118 _n._, 210 _n._

Pettie, George, 237 _n._

Petty, Sir. Wm., 239, 337 _n._

*Philippe, J. T., 338

Philipps, Katherine, 307 _n._, 323

Pibrac, 66 _n._, 186, 196, 250, 261

Picard, 103, 144, 169

Pillot, 202, 227

Pléiade, 84, 158

Poitiers, 344, 345, 357

Pope, Alex., 319

Port Royal, 310

Portuguese grammar, 374 _n._

_Positions_, 64 _n._, 216 _n._, 225 _n._

Poulet, Sir Amias, 65, 200, 212, 215

*Poullain, Valerand, 150

Prayers in French, 130, 135, 137, 153, 268, 295, 310, 382, 389

Précieuses, 323, 324

*Preste, John, 156 _n._

*Primont, Vincent, 148, 149

Pronunciation, of French, 8 _sq._, 28 _sq._, 33, 79, 82, 87, 89, 110, 132, 137, 141, 143, 157, 164 _sq._, 175 _sq._, 206, 224, 227, 228, 231, 236, 253, 265 _sq._, 283, 285, 288, 290, 302, 305, 316, 330 _sq._, 355, 381, 390

Protestants. _See_ Refugees

Proverbs, 107, 124, 135, 137, 166, 180, 356, 384, 390

_Purchas Pilgrimes_, 212, 221, 237 _n._

Purfoote, Th., 138, 141

Puttenham _Arte of Poesie_, 70 _n._

Pynson, Rd., 47 _sq._, 53 _sq._, 56, 94 _sq._, 97 _sq._, 201, 279

Rabelais, 83, 174, 176, 273

Racine, 220

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 217 _n._, 220, 367 _n._

Rambouillet, Mlle. de, 365

Rambouillet, Hôtel de, 364

Ramus, Petrus, 175, 202

Ramsay, Chevalier de, 366 _n._

Ravenscroft, Ed., 392

Readers: in French and English, 134, 160, 185, 186 _n._, 187, 276, 306, 307, 311, 353, 389 _n._

Reading. _See_ Methods

Refugees, 61, 75, 114 _sq._, 122, 125, 129, 146 _sq._, 149, 153, 155 _sq._, 161, 169 _sq._, 173, 200, 207, 240 _sq._, 301, 329, 396, 400

Register of aliens, 159, 163, 170

Régnier-Desmarais, 273

Religious Houses: use of French in, 23, 61

Religious instruction in French, 147, 181. _Cp._ New Testament, Prayers

Reresby, Sir John, 220, 224, 298, 359, 364, 373

Rheims, 232

Rhétoriqueurs, 158

Richelieu, Cardinal, 192, 206, 357

Richmond, Hy. Fitzroy, Duke of, 105, 212

Riding, 231, 261, 282, 346

*Rieu, Pierre de, 149

*Robone, Jean, 148, 149

*Rolland, Alexander, 154

Roman Catholics (teachers), 115, 129, 169, 170

_Roman de Jehan et Blonde_, 21

_Roman de la Rose_, 98, 101

_Roman de Renart_, 20, 21

Romances, French, 120, 193, 195, 264, 309, 318, 319 _sq._, 346, 349, 395, 398

Ronsard, 65 _n._, 84, 174, 196, 273 _n._, 356

Rouen, 156 _n._, 244, 245, 247, 277, 280, 343, 349, 350, 359, 364

Rowe, John, 152

*Rowland, Francis, 149

*Rowsignoll, Nicholas, 149

Russel, Colonel, 313

Rutland, Roger, 5th Earl of, 234

Rutledge, J., 352 _n._, 370 _n._

Rutter, Joseph, 293

Sackville, Rt., 140, 200

Saint Amant, 259 _n._, 273 _n._

Saint Amour, M. de, 353

Saint Gelais, Octovian de, 101

Saint Évremond, 366, 367 _sq._

Saint Malo, 341

*Saint Maurice, Alcide de, 348 _n._, 353, 357 _n._

St Paul's Churchyard, 129, 135, 138, 140, 156, 159, 161, 163, 168, 170, 202, 225, 301

Salons, 323, 367

*Saltonstall, Wye, 203, 295

*Sanford, J., 202 _sq._, 208

*Saravia, Adrian, 150 _sq._, 239

Saumur, 205, 232, 233, 249, 310, 344, 345, 350, 351, 352, 354, 359 _sq._

Savile, Sir Hy., 221, 344 _sq._, 382

Scaliger, 63, 65 _n._

Scarron: _Roman Comique_, 317, 318

Schelandre, Jean de, 259 _n._, 273 _n._

Scholars: attitude to French, 63, 128, 198 _sq._, 208, 271, 337, 392, 393 _sq._

_Scholemaster, The_, 146 _n._, 182, 183 _n._, 216 _n._, 275 _n._, 287 _n._

_Schoolmasters, Apologie for._ _See_ Morrice

Schoolmistresses, 170

Schools: Grammar Schools and French, 4, 5, 15, 24, 40, 127 _sq._, 149, 152 _sq._, 171, 180, 182, 189, 209, 210, 292, 335, 341, 395 _n._, 396; private schools and French, 40, 219, 298, 335, 339, 395 _sq._, 397 _sq._; French schools, 129 _sq._, 134 _sq._, 150 _sq._, 153 _sq._, 179 _n._, 183, 192, 225, 243, 247, 255, 281, 299, 375, 396; French Church Schools, 145 _sq._, 150; Protestant Schools in France, 232, 343, 345; Scotch Schools and French, 152 _sq._

Scotland: French in schools of Scotland, 152 _sq._; tutors, 212 _n._; French Grammars in Scotland, 154, 288

Scudéry, Georges de, 193, 271, 299 _n._

Scudéry, Mlle, de, 309, 318, 320, 321, 323, 347, 348 _n._, 364

Sedley, Ch., 371 _n._, 374 _n._, 376 _n._, 377 _n._, 378, 392 _n._, 394

Selden, John, 66 _n._, 274

Seymour, Anne, Jane, and Margaret, 84

Seymour, Jane (Queen), 72, 95, 214

Shadwell, Th., 370, 371 _n._, 378 _n._

Shakespeare, 64, 65, 69, 125 _sq._, 162, 194 _n._, 209 _n._, 236, 237, 255, 272 _n._

Sheridan, 396 _n._

*Sherwood, Rt., 192, 278, 281 _sq._, 285, 298, 347 _n._

Shrewsbury School, 128, 224

Sidenham, Sir Humphrey, 248

Sidney, Sir Philip, 63, 128, 129, 197, 213, 217, 220 _sq._, 224, 247, 275

Singing, 69, 267, 300, 342, 369, 371 _n._, 397

Singing-master, French, 375

Smith, Hy., 208

*Smith, John, M.A., 388

Smith, Sir Th., 124, 277 _n._

Snell, George, 334 _n._, 337

Soldiers and French, 197, 238, 246 _sq._, 260, 400

Somerset, Protector, 66, 84, 105, 107, 112

Sorbière: _Voyage en Angleterre_, 321, 322, 364, 368 _n._

Sorel: _Francion_, 333

Southampton: French School at, 150

Spain, 215, 217, 358

Spaniards, 371 _n._

Spanish, 64, 65, 72 _sq._, 121, 164, 169 _n._, 171, 186, 192, 199 _n._, 202, 203 _n._ 204, 209, 212, 218, 220, 230 _n._, 236 _sq._, 241 _sq._, 263, 273, 279, 280, 294, 331, 374, 388 _n._, 399

Stanhope, Sir Michael, 284

Strafford, Lord, 264

Suffolk, Brandon, Duke of, 69, 80, 81, 94, 105

Swift, 22, 376 _n._, 392 _n._

Swiss teachers, 326, 382

Sylvester, Joshua, 151, 186, 194 _n._, 237 _n._, 239

Sylvius, 4 _n._, 76, 110 _n._, 137 _n._, 226

Tailors, French, 369, 371

Teachers of French criticised, 173, 250, 266, 325 _sq._, 387

Temple, Sir Wm., 318, 320

Theatre: French comedians in England, 68, 270 _sq._, 379; Frenchmen at the Cockpit, 368; English players abroad, 274

Thierry, J., 189

*Thorius, 202

Torriano, 64 _n._, 286

Tory, Geoffrey, 100

Toulouse, 357

Tours, 310, 351, 357, 359 _n._

Townsend, A., 220, 235

_Tractatus Orthographiae_, 10, 11

Translations: French, of English and Latin writings, 178, 194, 269, 277 _n._, 319, 320, 323, 355, 390 _n._, 394

Travel and Travellers, 35 _sq._, 43, 51, 137, 169 _n._, 210, 211 _sq._, 242 _sq._, 247, 282, 284, 287, 317, 320, 336, 340, 341 _sq._, 359, 361, 363 _sq._, 371, 384, 387 _n._, 397

*Tresol, Adrian, 155 _n._, 156 _n._

*Tressol, A., 156 _n._

Trevisa, John of, 24

Tryon, Th., 395 _sq._

Turberville, S., 299

Turler, Jerome: _Traveiles_, 221 _n._

Turner, Dr. Wm., 64 _n._

Tutors, travelling, 212, 215, 219, 220, 222, 224, 231, 248, 346, 355, 359

Udal, Nicholas, 64 _n._

Universities, English: and the French language, 6, 7, 15, 24, 40 _n._, 75, 118, 186, 195, 198 _sq._, 261, 262, 281, 295, 296, 345, 388, 392, 393 _n._, 394

Universities, French: English students at, 5, 6, 27, 77, 104, 172, 210, 213, 226, 232, 345, 357

Utenhove, John, 150

*Vairasse d'Allais, Denys, 353 _sq._

*Valence, Pierre, 77, 80 _sq._, 205 _n._

Valets, French, 309, 350, 355, 358, 359, 369, 370, 376, 377, 378, 379

Vanbrugh, Sir John, 364, 365, 374 _n._, 376 _n._, 378

Vaquerie, Jean, 155 _n._

*Varennes, C. de, 349

Vaugelas, 353, 364, 385

Vaughan, Stephen, 98

Vautrollier, Th., 160, 162, 163, 245 _n._

Verneuil, Jean, 200 _n._

Verney, Sir Ralph, 220, 248, 264, 298, 341 _sq._

Veron, John, 122, 150 _n._, 187, 189

Verone, John, 122

Versification, French, 158

Viau, Théophile de, 259 _n._, 356

Villars, Maréchal de, 273

*Villiers, Jacob, 388, 396 _sq._

Vincent, Samuel, 371 _n._, 377 _n._, 392

Vives, 145, 175, 181, 185, 268 _n._

Vocabularies, 5, 11 _sq._, 16, 28, 36, 38, 40, 52, 88, 91, 135, 137, 177, 241 _sq._, 245 _n._, 279, 280, 302, 304, 314, 316, 385, 390, 397

Voiture, 259 _n._, 273 _n._, 355, 365

Voltaire, 117, 365 _n._, 366

Vossius, 367

Waddington, Ralph, 187

Wadington, Wm. of, 19

Waiting-women, French. _See_ Maids

Walker, O.: _Of Education_, 220 _n._, 221 _n._

Waller, Edmund, 364, 367

Walloons, 115, 127, 144, 168, 254, 326

Wallop, Sir Hy., 123, 162

Walsingham, 119, 211, 213

Watts, Th., 399

Webbe, Joseph, 331, 334 _n._, 335

Webster, John, 336

Wenman, Sir Rd., 162, 200

Wharton, Sir Philip, 123, 156

William III., 312, 368, 400

William of Wykeham, 23

Williamson, Sir Joseph, 207, 208, 344

Wilson: _Arte of Rhetorique_, 120, 238 _n._

Withers, Hy., 234

*Wodroeph, 225 _n._, 240, 246, 248 _sq._, 276, 298, 350, 397

Wolley, Ed., D.D., 298

Wolsey, Cardinal, 69, 70, 94, 104

Women, and study of French, 12, 22, 27, 64 _n._, 70, 214, 225, 239, 244, 263 _sq._, 299, 304, 306, 308, 323, 324, 334 _n._, 337, 339, 342, 373 _sq._, 378, 395, 397 _sq._; the Frenchified lady, 22, 374 _sq._

Wood, Anthony A., 200, 204

Wotton, Sir Henry, 120, 234

*Wotton, Rev. Henry, 339

Writing, 119, 130, 139, 147, 262, 298, 299, 332, 399

Wroth, Sir Th., 157

Würtemberg, Duke of, 66, 74

Wycherley, 364, 365, 370 _n._, 376, 377 _n._, 378

Wykeham, Wm. de, 23

Wynkyn de Worde, 47 _sq._, 53 _sq._, 56, 201, 237, 279

Yver, Jacques, 196

Zouche, Lord, 142 _sq._, 234

THE END

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Transcriber's notes:

Corrections:

"Lord Burghly" which appears from p. 211 to p. 217 was normalised to "Lord Burghley" as elsewhere in the book.

The first line indicates the page or the note number and original text, the second the corrected text.

p. x: Travelers at the French Universities Travellers at the French Universities.

p. 37: il dira tout courtoisenent il dira tout courtoisement.

p. 39: le roy d'Angliterre est osté le roy d'Angleterre est osté.

p. 39: Maris, oy, il y avoit tant de presse Marie, oy, il y avoit tant de presse.

p. 160: a wastefull, a riotious and and an outrageous spender

a wastefull, a riotious and an outrageous spender.

p. 166: deligently gathered and faithfully set diligently gathered and faithfully set.

p. 176: Qe-heur et-til? Qel-heur et-til?

p. 237: a thing easily gotton a thing easily gotten.

p. 239: For instance Sir Willam Petty For instance Sir William Petty.

p. 241: Lesquelles choses considererées Lesquelles choses considerées.

p. 252: de leurs prouesses, entreprinses de leurs prouesses, entreprises.

p. 398: accomodated to the grammar accommodated to the grammar.

p. 411: Qui peut aissi Qui peut aussi.

p. 414: of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipeligo of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipelago.

p. 414: ou hormis d'autres discours curieus où hormis d'autres discours curieus.

p. 423: se vendent a l'enseigne se vendent à l'enseigne.

n. 126: E. J. Furnival E. J. Furnivall.

n. 433: the Picard or Bourgonions the Picard or Bourgignions.

n. 671: H. Glapthorne, "The Ladies Privilege" H. Glapthorne, "The Ladies' Privilege."

Errata list:

p. 41: "pernes" should be "prenez" ("Sir pernes le hanappe").

p. 43: "comnencier" should be "commencier" ("Veul comnencier").

p. 92, n. 230: "The Boke of the Governour" appears as "The Boke named the Governour" in n. 462.

p. 104: "Sir Thomas More, writing to Erasmus in 1617" should be "Sir Thomas More, writing to Erasmus in 1517."

p. 137-138: the small cross below the unsounded letters in the quotation does not always correspond to modern pronunciation. The original has been retained.

p. 283, n. 361: Liége should be Liège.

p. 293: "to read an script" should be "to read a script."

n. 126, 313: Author "E. J. Furnivall" should be "F. J. Furnivall."

n. 276: "congnoissance" should be "cognoissance" ("la congnoissance des histoires").