Part 8

_Ref._: O. 1, C. 274, L. 423, B. 419, P. 4, S.P. 228, B. ii. 302, P. iv. 8.--W. 268, N. 229, V. 461.

IN THE NOTES.

XVIII.

The Palace that to Heav'n his pillars threw, And Kings the forehead on his threshold drew-- I saw the solitary Ringdove there, And «Coo, coo, coo!» she cried, and «Coo, coo, coo.»

The quatrain in the note to quatrain No. 18 is translated from C. 419.

That palace that reared its pillars up to heaven, Kings prostrated themselves upon its threshold; I saw a dove that, upon its battlements, Uttered its cry: «Where, where, where, where?»[99]

_Ref._: C. 419, L. 627, B. 619, S.P. 347, P. 140, B. ii. 459, P. iv. 13.--W. 392, N. 350, V. 677.

XC.

Be of Good Cheer--the sullen Month will die, And a young Moon requite us by and by: Look how the Old one, meagre, bent, and wan With Age and Past, is fainting from the Sky!

The quatrain in the note to quatrain No. 90 is translated from C. 218.

Be happy! for the moon of thy festival will come, The means of mirth will all be propitious; This moon has become lean, bent-figured and thin, Thou may'st say that it will sink under this trouble.

_Ref._: C. 218, B. ii. 186.

IN THE FIRST EDITION.

XXXIII.

Then to the rolling Heav'n itself I cried, Asking, «What Lamp had Destiny to guide «Her little Children stumbling in the Dark?» And--«A blind Understanding» Heav'n replied.

XLV.

But leave the Wise to wrangle, and with me The quarrel of the Universe let be; And, in some corner of the Hubbub coucht, Make Game of that which makes as much of Thee.

XXXVII.

Ah! fill the Cup--what boots it to repeat How Time is slipping underneath our Feet? Unborn To-morrow and dead Yesterday. Why fret about them if To-day be sweet?

In the first edition we find quatrain No. 33, which, like its distant cousin in the fourth edition (No. 34), appears to have no near parallel in the texts. No. 45 is a quatrain in a like predicament, and it may be for this reason that FitzGerald dropped it out of all subsequent editions.

The only other quatrain peculiar to the first edition is No. 37. This would appear to have been inspired by ll. 3 and 4 of O. 20, quoted in the parallels to quatrain No. 57 and by O. 17, ll. 3 and 4.

Nothing thou canst say of yesterday, that is past, is sweet; Be happy and do not speak of yesterday, for to-day is sweet.

_Ref._: O. 17, C. 84, L. 193, B. 190, P. 126, B. ii. 59, T. 65 and 352, P. iv. 68, P. v. 62.--W 112, E.C. 6, V. 189.

IN THE SECOND EDITION.

The quatrains peculiar to the second edition are as follows:

XIV.

Were it not Folly, Spider-like to spin The Thread of present Life away to win-- What? for ourselves, who know not if we shall Breathe out the very Breath we now breathe in!

This quatrain is inspired by O. 136.

How long shall I grieve about what I have or have not, And whether I shall pass this life light-heartedly or not? Fill up the wine-cup, for I do not know That I shall breathe out the breath that I am drawing in.

_Ref._: O. 136, C. 504 and 427, L. 740, B. 726, S.P. 362, P. 207, B. ii. 484, P. v. 64.--W. 411, N. 366, V. 730.

XXVIII.

This was replaced by No. 63 in the fourth and fifth editions, taken from the same original.

XLIV.

Do you, within your little hour of Grace, The waving Cypress in your Arms enlace, Before the Mother back into her arms Fold, and dissolve you in a last embrace.

The sentiment of this quatrain is traceable in C. 189, ll. 1 and 2, and in C. 195.

Be happy! for the time will come (When) all bodies will be hidden in the earth.

_Ref._: C. 189, L. 393, B. 389, S.P. 160, B. ii. 203.--N. 160, V. 390.

My whole mood is in sympathy with rosy cheeks, My hand is always grasping the wine cup; I exact from every part (of me) its allotted function, Ere that those parts (of me) be mingled with the all.

_Ref._: C. 195, L. 349, B. 345, S.P. 163, P. 287, B. ii. 206, T. 122.--W. 181, N. 163, V. 349.

LXV.

If but the Vine and Love-abjuring Band Are in the Prophet's Paradise to stand, Alack, I doubt the Prophet's Paradise Were empty as the hollow of one's Hand.

This quatrain is inspired by O. 127 and by C. 60.

To drink wine and consort with a company of the beautiful Is better than practising the hypocrisy of the zealot; If the lover and the drunkard are doomed to hell, Then no one will see the face of heaven.

_Ref._: O. 127, L. 608, B. 601, S.P. 339, P. 330, B. ii. 453, P. v. 151.--W. 381, N. 342, V. 655.

FitzGerald was evidently «reminded of» this by N. 64 which is C. 60.

They say that drunkards will go to hell, It is a repugnant creed, the heart cannot believe it; If drunken lovers are doomed to hell, To-morrow heaven will be bare like the palm of one's hand.

_Ref._: C. 60, L. 158, B. 155, S.P. 64, T. 308, P. v. 29.--W. 67, N 64, V. 156.

LXXVII.

For let Philosopher and Doctor preach Of what they will, and what they will not,--each Is but one Link in an eternal Chain That none can slip, or break, or over-reach.

For this quatrain I can find neither authority nor inspiration.

LXXXVI.

Nay, but, for terror of his wrathful Face, I swear I will not call Injustice Grace; Not one Good Fellow of the Tavern but Would kick so poor a Coward from the place.

I think the inspiration for this must have been C. 8.

No man is he whom his fellow men spurn, And (at the same time) for fear of his malice number among the good; If a drunkard shows reluctance in generosity, All his fellow drunkards hold him to be a mean fellow.

_Ref._: C. 8, L. 3, B. ii. 15, T. 9.--V. 416.

XC.

And once again there gather'd a scarce heard Whisper among them; as it were, the stirr'd Ashes of some all but extinguisht Tongue, Which mine ear kindled into living Word.

This was a fourth quatrain evolved out of O. 103. _Vide_ quatrains Nos. 82, 83, and 87 _ante_.

XCIX.

Whither resorting from the vernal Heat Shall Old Acquaintance Old Acquaintance greet, Under the Branch that leans above the Wall To shed his Blossom over head and feet.

This quatrain, interpolated after No. 91 of the fourth edition (= No. 98 of the second edition), is an elaboration founded upon the story told by Nizam ul-Mulk and recorded by FitzGerald in his Introduction.

CVII.

Better, oh better, cancel from the Scroll Of Universe one luckless Human Soul, Than drop by drop enlarge the Flood that rolls Hoarser with Anguish as the Ages roll.

This quatrain, interpolated after the quatrain which became No. XCVIII. in the fourth edition, was no doubt inspired by N. 457 (_q.v. sub_ No. 98 _ante_) and by O. 54.

What the Pen has written never changes, And grieving only results in deep affliction; Even through all thy life thou weepest tears of blood, Not one drop becomes increased beyond what it is.

_Ref._: O. 54, B. ii. 144.

VARIATIONS

BETWEEN THE SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH EDITIONS OF FITZGERALD'S TRANSLATION OF

OMAR KHAYYAM

STANZA

I. In ed. 2:

Wake! For the Sun behind yon Eastern height Has chased the Session of the Stars from Night; And, to the field of Heav'n ascending, strikes The Sultan's Turret with a Shaft of Light.

In the first draft of ed. 3 the first and second lines stood thus

Wake! For the Sun before him into Night A Signal flung that put the Stars to flight.

II. In ed. 2:

Why lags the drowsy Worshipper outside?

V. In edd. 2 and 3:

But still a Ruby gushes from the Vine.

IX. In edd. 2 and 3:

Morning a thousand Roses brings, you say.

X. In ed. 2:

Let Rustum cry «To Battle!» as he likes, Or Hatim Tai «To Supper!»--heed not you

In ed. 3:

Let Zal and Rustum thunder as they will.

STANZA

XII. In ed. 2:

Here with a little Bread beneath the Bough, A Flask of Wine, a Book of Verse--and Thou, etc.

XIII. In ed. 2:

Ah, take the Cash, and let the Promise go, Nor heed the music of a distant Drum!

XX. In ed. 2:

And this delightful Herb whose living Green.

XXII. In edd. 2 and 3:

That from his Vintage rolling Time has prest.

XXVI. In edd. 2 and 3.

Of the Two Worlds so learnedly, are thrust.

XXVII. In ed. 2:

Came out by the same door as in I went.

XXVIII. In edd. 2 and 3.

And with my own hand wrought to make it grow.

XXX. In ed. 2.

Ah, contrite Heav'n endowed us with the Vine To drug the memory of that insolence! XXXI. In ed. 2:

And many Knots unravel'd by the Road.

XXXII. In edd. 2 and 3:

There was the Veil through which I could not see.

XXXIII. In ed. 2:

Nor Heav'n, with those eternal Signs reveal'd.

XXXIV. In ed. 2:

Then of the THEE IN ME who works behind The Veil of Universe I cried to find A Lamp to guide me through the darkness; and Something then said--«An Understanding blind.»

XXXV. In ed. 2:

I lean'd, the secret Well of Life to learn.

STANZA

XXXVI. In ed. 2:

And drink; and that impassive Lip I kiss'd.

XXXVIII. In ed. 2 the only difference is «For» instead of «And» in the first line; but in the first draft of ed. 3 the stanza appeared thus:

For, in your Ear a moment--of the same Poor Earth from which that Human Whisper came, The luckless Mould in which Mankind was cast They did compose, and call'd him by the name.

In ed. 3 the first line was altered to--

Listen--a moment listen!--Of the same, etc.

XXXIX. In ed. 2:

On the parcht herbage but may steal below.

XL. In ed. 2:

As then the Tulip for her wonted sup Of Heavenly Vintage lifts her chalice up, Do you, twin offspring of the soil, till Heav'n To Earth invert you like an empty Cup.

In the first draft of ed. 3 the stanza is the same as in edd. 3 and 4, except that the second line is--

Of Wine from Heav'n her little Tass lifts up.

XLI. In ed. 2 and the first draft of ed. 3:

Oh, plagued no more with Human or Divine To-morrow's tangle to itself resign.

XLII. In ed. 2:

And if the Cup you drink, the Lip you press, End in what All begins and ends in--Yes; Imagine then you _are_ what heretofore You _were_--hereafter you shall not be less.

The first draft of ed. 3 agrees with edd. 3 and 4, except that the first line is--

And if the Cup, and if the Lip you press.

STANZA

XLIII. In ed. 2:

So when at last the Angel of the drink Of Darkness finds you by the river-brink, And, proffering his Cup, invites your Soul Forth to your Lips to quaff it--do not shrink.

In the first draft of ed. 3 the only change made was from «proffering» to «offering,» but in ed. 3 the stanza assumed the form in which it also appeared in ed. 4. The change from «the Angel» to «that Angel» was made in MS. by FitzGerald in a copy of ed. 4.

XLIV. In ed. 2:

Is't not a shame--is't not a shame for him So long in this Clay suburb to abide!

XLV. In ed. 2:

But that is but a Tent wherein may rest.

XLVI. In ed. 2:

And fear not lest Existence closing _your_ Account, should lose, or know the type no more.

XLVII. In ed. 2:

As much as Ocean of a pebble-cast.

In ed. 3:

As the SEV'N SEAS should heed a pebble-cast.

XLVIII. In ed. 2:

One Moment in Annihilation's Waste, One Moment, of the Well of Life to taste-- The Stars are setting, and the Caravan Draws to the Dawn of Nothing--Oh make haste.

In the first draft of ed. 3 the third line originally stood:

Before the starting Caravan has reach'd

the rest of the stanza being as in edd. 3 and 4.

STANZA

XLIX. In ed. 2:

A Hair, they say, divides the False and True.

The change from «does» to «may» in the last line was made by FitzGerald in MS.

L. In ed. 2:

A Hair, they say, divides the False and True.

LII. In edd. 2 and 3:

He does Himself contrive, enact, behold.

LIII. In the first draft of ed. 3:

To-morrow, when You shall be You no more.

LIV. In ed. 2:

Better be merry with the fruitful Grape.

LV. In ed. 2:

You know, my Friends, how bravely in my House For a new Marriage I did make Carouse.

LVII. In ed. 2:

Have squared the Year to Human Compass, eh? If so, by striking from the Calendar.

LXII. In ed. 2

When the frail Cup is crumbled into Dust!

LXIII. In ed. 2:

The Flower that once is blown for ever dies.

LXV. In edd. 2 and 3:

They told their fellows, and to Sleep return'd.

LXVI. In ed. 2:

And after many days my Soul return'd And said, «Behold, Myself am Heav'n and Hell.»

LXVII. In ed. 2:

And Hell the Shadow of a Soul on fire.

LXVIII. In ed. 2:

Of visionary Shapes that come and go Round with this Sun-illumin'd Lantern held.

LXIX. In ed. 2:

Impotent Pieces of the Game He plays.

LXX. In ed. 2:

But Right or Left as strikes the Player goes.

STANZA

LXXII. In ed. 2 and the first draft of ed. 3:

And that inverted Bowl we call The Sky.

In edd. 2 and 3:

As impotently rolls as you or I.

LXXIX. In ed. 2:

Pure Gold for what he lent us dross-allay'd.

LXXXI. In ed. 2:

For all the Sin the Face of wretched Man Is black with--Man's Forgiveness give--and take!

LXXXIII. In ed. 2:

And once again there gather'd a scarce heard Whisper among them; as it were, the stirr'd Ashes of some all but extinguisht Tongue Which mine ear kindled into living Word.

LXXXIV. In ed. 2:

My Substance from the common Earth was ta'en, That He who subtly wrought me into Shape Should stamp me back to shapeless Earth again?

LXXXV. In ed. 2

Another said--«Why, ne'er a peevish Boy Would break the Cup from which he drank in Joy; Shall He that of His own free Fancy made The Vessel, in an after-rage destroy!»

LXXXVI. In ed. 2:

None answer'd this, but after silence spake.

LXXXVII. In ed. 2:

Thus with the Dead as with the Living, _What?_ And _Why?_ so ready, but the _Wherefor_ not, One on a sudden peevishly exclaim'd, «Which is the Potter, pray, and which the Pot?»

STANZA

LXXXVIII. In ed. 2:

Said one--«Folks of a surly Master tell, And daub his Visage with the Smoke of Hell; They talk of some sharp Trial of us--Pish! He's a Good Fellow, and 'twill all be well.»

In the first draft of ed. 3. the stanza begins:

«Why,» said another, «Dismal people tell Of an old Savage who will toss to Hell The luckless Pots,» etc.

LXXXIX. In ed. 2:

«Well,» said another, «Whoso will, let try.»

XC. In ed. 2:

One spied the little Crescent all were seeking.

XCI. In ed. 2:

And wash my Body whence the Life has died.

XCIII. In ed. 2:

Have done my credit in Men's eye much wrong.

XCV. In ed. 2:

One half so precious as the ware they sell.

XCVII. In ed. 2:

Toward which the fainting Traveller might spring.

XCVIII. In ed. 2:

Oh if the World were but to re-create, That we might catch ere closed the Book of Fate, And make The Writer on a fairer leaf Inscribe our names, or quite obliterate!

XCIX. In ed. 2:

Ah Love! could you and I with Fate conspire.

C. In ed. 2:

But see! The rising Moon of Heav'n again Looks for us, Sweet-heart, through the quivering Plane: How oft hereafter rising will she look Among those leaves--for one of us in vain!

STANZA

CI. In ed. 2:

And when Yourself with silver Foot shall pass.

In the first draft of ed. 3 «Foot» is changed to «step.»

In ed. 3:

And in your blissful errand reach the spot.

STANZAS WHICH APPEAR IN THE SECOND EDITION ONLY

XIV. Were it not Folly, Spider-like to spin The Thread of present Life away to win-- What? for ourselves, who know not if we shall Breathe out the very Breath we now breathe in!

XX. (This stanza is quoted in the note to stanza XVIII. in the third and fourth editions.)

XXVIII. Another Voice, when I am sleeping, cries, «The Flower should open with the Morning skies.» And a retreating Whisper, as I wake-- «The Flower that once has blown for ever dies.»

XLIV. Do you, within your little hour of Grace, The waving Cypress in your Arms enlace, Before the Mother back into her arms Fold, and dissolve you in a last embrace.

LXV. If but the Vine and Love-abjuring Band Are in the Prophet's Paradise to stand, Alack, I doubt the Prophet's Paradise Were empty as the hollow of one's Hand.

LXXVII. For let Philosopher and Doctor preach Of what they will, and what they will not--each Is but one Link in an eternal Chain That none can slip, or break, or over-reach.

LXXXVI. Nay, but, for terror of his wrathful Face, I swear I will not call Injustice Grace, Not one Good Fellow of the Tavern but Would kick so poor a Coward from the place.

XC. And once again there gather'd a scarce heard Whisper among them; as it were, the stirr'd Ashes of some all but extinguisht Tongue, Which mine ear kindled into living Word.

(In the third and fourth editions stanza LXXXIII. takes the place of this.)

XCIX. Whither resorting from the vernal Heat Shall Old Acquaintance Old Acquaintance greet, Under the Branch that leans above the Wall To shed his Blossom over head and feet.

(This was retained in the first draft of ed. 3.)

CVII. Better, oh better, cancel from the Scroll Of Universe one luckless Human Soul, Than drop by drop enlarge the Flood that rolls Hoarser with Anguish as the Ages Roll.

QUATRAINS OF OMAR KHAYYAM

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF STANZAS IN THE FOUR[100] EDITIONS OF FITZGERALD

Ed. 1 Ed. 2 Edd. 3 and 4 I I I II II II III III III IV IV IV V V V VI VI VI VII VII VII VIII IX IX IX X X X XI XI XI XII XII XII XIII XIII XIII XV XIV XIV XVII XVI XV XVI XV XVI XVIII XVII XVII XIX XVIII XVIII XXIV XIX XIX XXV XX XX XXI XXI XXI XXII XXII XXII XXIII XXIII XXIII XXVI XXIV XXIV XXVII XXV XXV XXIX XXVI XXVI LXVI LXIII XXVII XXX XXVII XXVIII XXXI XXVIII XXIX XXXII XXIX XXX XXXIII XXX XXXI XXXIV XXXI XXXII XXXV XXXII XXXIII XXXVII XXXIV XXXIV XXXVIII XXXV XXXV XXXIX XXXVI XXXVI XL XXXVII XXXVII XXXVIII XLIX XLVIII XXXIX LVI LIV XL LVII LV XLI LVIII LVI XLII LX LVIII XLIII LXI LIX XLIV LXII LX XLV XLVI LXXIII LXVIII XLVII XLV XLII XLVIII XLVI XLIII XLIX LXXIV LXIX L LXXV LXX LI LXXVI LXXI LII LXXVIII LXXII LIII LXXIX LXXIII LIV LXXXI LXXV LV LXXXII LXXVI LVI LXXXIII LXXVII LVII LXXXVII LXXX LVIII LXXXVIII LXXXI LIX LXXXIX LXXXII LX XCIV LXXXVII LXI XCI LXXXIV LXII XCII LXXXV LXIII XCIII LXXXVI LXIV XCV LXXXVIII LXV XCVI LXXXIX LXVI XCVII XC LXVII XCVIII XCI LXVIII C XCII LXIX CI XCIII LXX CII XCIV LXXI CIII XCV LXXII CIV XCVI LXXIII CVIII XCIX LXXIV CIX C LXXV CX CI VIII VIII XIV Note on XX XVIII

XXVIII XXXVI XXXIII XLI XXXVIII XLII XXXIX XLIII XL XLIV XLVII XLVI XLVIII XLVII L XLIX LI L LII LI LIII LII LIV LIII LV XLI LIX LVII LXIII LXI LXIV LXII LXV LXVII LXIV LXVIII LXV LXIX XLIV LXX XLV LXXI LXVI LXXII LXVII LXXVII LXXX LXXIV LXXXIV LXXVIII LXXXV LXXIX LXXXVI XC LXXXIII XCIX CV XCVII CVI XCVIII CVII

NOTE

It must be admitted that FitzGerald took great liberties with the original in his version of Omar Khayyam. The first stanza is entirely his own, and in stanza XXXI. of the fourth edition (XXXVI. in the second) he has introduced two lines from Attar. (See «Letters,» p. 251.) In stanza LXXXI. (fourth edition), writes Professor Cowell, «There is no original for the line about the snake: I have looked for it in vain in Nicolas; but I have always supposed that the last line is FitzGerald's mistaken version of Quatr. 236 in Nicolas's ed. which runs thus:

«O thou who knowest the secrets of every one's mind, Who graspest every one's hand in the hour of weakness, O God, give me repentance and accept my excuses, O thou who givest repentance and acceptest the excuses of every one.

«FitzGerald mistook the meaning of _giving_ and _accepting_ as used here, and so invented his last line out of his own mistake. I wrote to him about it when I was in Calcutta; but he never cared to alter it.»

THE

QUATRAINS OF OMAR KHAYYAM

TRANSLATED BY

E.H. WHINFIELD, M.A.

INTRODUCTION

Omar is a poet who can hardly be translated satisfactorily otherwise than in verse. Prose does well enough for narrative or didactic poetry, where the main things to be reproduced are the matter and substance, but it is plainly contra-indicated in the case of poetry like Omar's, where the matter is little else than «the commonplaces of the lyric ode and the tragic chorus,» and where nearly the whole charm consists in the style and the manner, the grace of the expression and the melody of the versification. A literal prose version of such poetry must needs be unsatisfactory, because it studiously ignores the chief points in which the attractiveness of the original consists, and deliberately renounces all attempt to reproduce them.