The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment Containing Two Hundred Experiments Performed with Simple, Home-made Apparatus

_Copper Wire Tables_ are very convenient, and a necessity when working electrical examples. The tables here given are taken from a dealer's catalogue, and will be found sufficie...

_=456. Things Electricity Can Do.=_ Among the almost countless things that electricity can do are the following: It signals without wires. It drills rock, coal, and teeth. It cu...

_Apparatus._ Fig. 102. A Wheatstone's bridge, W B (No. 80), (§ 324); astatic galvanoscope, A G (No. 59); dry cell, D C (No. 51); key, K (No. 55); 7 wires with spring connectors,...

_The Horseshoe Magnet_, H M (Fig. 2), is the most popular form of small magnets. The red paint has nothing to do with the magnetism. The piece, A, is called its _armature_, and...

_=396. Electromagnets=_ are important to the student of electricity. They form the principal part of nearly every electrical instrument. You have seen that a wire has a magnetic...

_=305. Resistance.=_ It is harder for a horse to draw a wagon through deep sand than over a smooth pavement. We may say that the sand holds the horse back--that is, it offers a...

_Apparatus._ A piece each of copper and iron wire 4 in., (10 cm.) long; two narrow strips of sheet zinc (No. 60), one being amalgamated (§ 257); a carbon rod (No. 64); a tumbler...

_=426. Electromagnetic Induction.=_ You have seen, by experiments, that a magnet has the power to induce another piece of iron or steel to become a magnet. You have also seen, i...

(B) As in Exp. 70, see how many good sparks I T will take from E C (which should be recharged at each trial) before the potential of I T is raised so that it equals the potentia...

_Apparatus._ A bar magnet, B M (No. 21); a compass (No. 18); a sheet of stiff paper about 1 ft. (30 cm.) square, with a center line, C L, drawn parallel to one of its sides (Fig...

=238. Directions.= (A) Join the ends of the wire to X and Y of the reverser, C R, as in the last experiment. Coil up C W so that you can hold the coil with your left hand, as sh...

_=350. Strength of Current.=_ The water in a certain tank may be under great pressure, but if it is obliged to pass through long tubes before it can turn a water-wheel, for exam...

_=156. Electric Field; Lines of Force.=_ In our study of magnetism you learned that a magnet can act through the air, and induce a piece of iron to become a magnet. You saw how...

_=138. The Electrophorus.=_ While the ebonite sheet alone, or a good hard-rubber comb, may be used for many experiments in frictional electricity, the sparks produced are small,...

_=383. Electromagnetism=_ is the name given to magnetism that is developed by electricity. You have already seen that if a magnetic needle be placed in the magnetic field of a _...

_=100. Some Varieties of Electricity.=_ _Static electricity_ does not seem to "flow in currents" as readily as some other varieties; its tendency is to stand still, hence the na...

_=369. Chemical Action and Electricity.=_ We have learned that the electric current is produced, in the cell, by chemical action. There is a definite relation between the chemic...

=Note.=--Before taking up the study of cells and the electric current, let us perform a few experiments in order to understand the construction and use of some of the apparatus...

_=83. The Magnetism of the Earth.=_ The student must have guessed, before this, that the earth acts like a magnet. It causes the magnetic needle to take a certain position at ev...

_=125. Discussion of Experiments 61, 62, 63; Insulators.=_ In 61 the electrification remained at one end of the rod. In 62 and 63 the sparks showed that all parts of the ebonite...

_=445. Currents and Motion.=_ We have seen, in the experiments on induced currents, that a current of electricity can be generated by properly moving magnets near coils of wire....

=281. Setting Up the Two-Fluid Cell.= Fig. 87. Stand the amalgamated zinc rod, Zn, in P C, then place P C in the tumbler, G T; put in the copper plate as shown. Pour diluted aci...

_=296. Electromotive Force.=_ It has been stated that a galvanic cell has the _power_ to charge one of its plates positively and the other negatively; this power is called _elec...

_=200. Electroscopes=_ are instruments to show the presence, relative amount, or kind of electrification on a body. (See Apparatus Book, Chap. XVIII, for Home-Made Electroscopes...

_=1. Introduction.=_ We should know something about iron and steel at the start, because we are to use them in nearly every experiment. The success with some of the experiments...

_Apparatus._ Fig. 58. The carbon electroscope (Exp. 58); flannel cloth, F C, doubled twice to make 4 thicknesses (see Fig. 58); ebonite sheet, E S (No. 26); ebonite rod, E R (No...

=421. Home-made Thermopile.= (Fig. 134.) For this you need 3 hairpins, copper wire, a piece of wood about 3 in. long and 1 in. square on the ends, 2 pieces of tin, and some smal...

The cause of atmospheric electricity is not thoroughly understood. It is thought, by some, to be due to the friction of the particles of vapor upon each other. It is also though...

_=53. Temporary Magnetism; Induced Magnetism.=_ The armature, A, was induced to become a magnet without even touching H M. Its magnetism was _temporary_, however, as the filings...

_Apparatus._ The galvanoscope, G V (No. 58); astatic galvanoscope, A G (No. 59); two-fluid cell, 2-F C (see § 281); 6 wires with connectors; small thin pieces of tin or other me...

Kinds of magnets.--Exp. 5, To study the horseshoe magnet.--Poles; Equator.--Exp. 6, To ascertain the nature of substances attracted by a magnet.--Magnetic Bodies; Diamagnetic Bo...

Electromagnetic Induction.--Exp. 175, To find whether a current can be generated with a bar magnet and a hollow coil of wire.--Discussion.--Induced Currents and Work.--Exp. 176,...

Exp. 108, To study the effect of dilute sulphuric acid upon carbon and various metals.--To amalgamate.--Dilute sulphuric acid.--Discussion.--Exp. 109, To study the effect of dil...

Things Electricity Can Do.--Exp. 191, To study the action of a simple telegraph sounder.--Discussion.--Telegraph Line; Connections.--Operation of Line.--Exp. 192, To study the a...

Strength of Current.--Unit of Current Strength; The Ampere.--Measurement of Current Strength.--The Tangent Galvanometer.--The Ammeter.--The Voltameter.--Unit of Quantity; The Co...

Exp. 82, To find whether a large surface will hold more electrification than a small one.--Electrical Capacity.--Exp. 83, To find whether the capacity of a given conductor can b...

Resistance.--Exp. 118, To study the general effect of "resistance" upon a current.--External Resistance; Internal Resistance; Unit of Resistance; The Ohm.--Resistance Coils; Res...

Exp. 125, To study the construction and use of a simple Wheatstone's Bridge.--The Simple Bridge.--Equipotential Points.--Example.--Exp. 126, To measure the resistance of a wire...

Exp. 31, To study the space around the magnet, in which pieces of iron become temporary magnets by induction.--Discussion; The Magnetic Field.--Exp. 32, To study the magnetic fi...

Electric Fields; Lines of Force.--Exp. 75, To study electric induction.--Electric Polarization; Theory of Induction.--Exp. 76, To learn how to charge a body by induction.--Free...

Electromagnetism.--Exp. 152, To study the lines of force about a straight wire carrying a current.--Ampere's Rule.--Lines of Force About Parallel Wires.--Exp. 153, To study the...

The Magnetism of the Earth.--Declination.--Exp. 45, To study the lines of force above and below a bar magnet placed horizontally.--The Dip or Inclination of the Magnetic Needle....

Exp. 101, To study the effect of the electric current upon the magnetic needle.--Electrical Connections.--Current Detectors.--Exp. 102, To study the construction and use of a si...

The Electrophorus.--Exp. 68, To learn how to use the electrophorus.--Exp. 69, To study "charging by conduction."--Exp. 70, To study potential; Electromotive force.--Pressure; Po...

Currents and Motion.--Exp. 183, Motion produced with a hollow coil and a piece of iron.--Exp. 184, Motion with hollow coil and bar magnet.--Exp. 185, Motion with electromagnet a...

Some Varieties of Electricity.--Exp. 51-52, To study electrification by friction.--Discussion.--Electrified and Neutral bodies.--Force; Resistance; Work; Potential Energy; Elect...

Electromagnets.--Cores of Electromagnets.--Exps. 158-163, To study straight electromagnets; Lifting power; Residual magnetism of core; Magnetic tick; Magnetic figures; Magnetic...

Chemical Action and Electricity.--Electrolysis.--Exp. 147, To study the electrolysis of water.--Composition of Water.--Electromotive Force of Polarization.--Exp. 148, To coat ir...

Exp. 24, To find whether we can magnetize a piece of iron without touching it with a magnet.--Temporary Magnetism; Induced Magnetism.--Exp. 25, To find whether a piece of steel...

Exp. 96, To show that friction always produces two kinds of electrification.--Discussion.--Exp. 97, To show "successive sparks."--Exp. 98, To show to the eye the strong attracti...

Exps. 61-63, To study insulators.--Conductors.--Exp. 64, To study conduction.--Discussion.--Exp. 65, To study conduction.--Telegraph line using static electricity.--Discussion.-...

Introduction.--Kinds of iron and steel.--Exp. 1, To study steel.--Discussion.--Exp. 2, To find whether a piece of hard steel can be made softer.--Annealing.--Exp. 3, To find whe...

Electromotive Force.--Unit of E. M. F.; The Volt.--Exp. 116, To see whether the E. M. F. of a cell depends upon the materials used in its construction.--Discussion.--Electromoti...