CHAPTER X.

PERU.

_Ques._ What deities were worshipped by the ancient Peruvians?

_Ans._ Like most of the races inhabiting the American continent, the Peruvians believed in one Supreme God, immaterial and infinite. This sublime doctrine did not, however, lead to the practical results that might have been expected.

_Ques._ What name did the Peruvians give to this Supreme deity?

_Ans._ He was adored under the different names of Pachacamac and Viracocha. They raised no temples in his honor; that which stood near the present site of Lima, having been erected before the country came under the sway of the Incas. It seems probable, therefore, that the worship of this Great Spirit did not originate with the Peruvians. Their entire system of religion was directed to the adoration of the heavenly bodies. The Sun was adored as the father of the world, the source of light and life. The Moon was honored as his sister-wife, and the Stars were worshipped as her heavenly train. The planet known to us as Venus was an especial object of devotion. The Peruvians named it Chasca, or "the Youth with the long and curling locks;" they worshipped it as the page of the Sun, whom he attends in his rising and setting.

The Sun was honored also as the father of the royal Inca race; and, connected with this belief, we have one of the few legends worthy of note in the barren mythology of the Peruvians.

_Ques._ Relate this legend.

_Ans._ According to tradition, there was a time when the ancient races of the continent were plunged in the most complete barbarism: the will of the strongest was the only law; war was their pastime; they worshipped the vilest objects in nature, and feasted on the flesh of their slaughtered enemies. The Sun, the great parent of mankind, took compassion on their degraded state, and sent two of his children, Manco-Capac, and Mama Oello Huaco, to form men into regular communities, and teach them the arts of civilized life. The celestial pair advanced along the high plains in the neighborhood of Lake Titicaca, as far as the sixteenth degree of south latitude. They bore with them a golden wedge, and were directed to take up their abode wherever the sacred emblem should sink into the earth of its own accord. This prodigy took place in the valley of Cuzco, where the wedge sank into the ground, and disappeared forever. Here the children of the Sun entered upon their benevolent mission; Manco-Capac instructing the men in the arts of agriculture, while Mama Oello initiated the women into the mysteries of weaving and spinning. The rude, but simple-hearted natives were not slow to appreciate the benefits conferred by the messengers of heaven: a large community was gradually formed, and the city of Cuzco was founded in the valley. The monarchy thus formed, was governed by the Incas, who claimed descent from Manco-Capac and Mama Oello, and always styled themselves, Children of the Sun.

_Ques._ What was the origin of this legend?

_Ans._ It was evidently a fiction, invented at a later period to gratify the vanity of the Incas, by attributing to their race a celestial origin. The extensive ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca prove that this region was inhabited by a powerful, and comparatively civilized people, long before the foundation of the Peruvian monarchy.

_Ques._ Are there any other Peruvian legends?

_Ans._ Among the traditions of this race, is one of the deluge, which resembles in one or two curious particulars the Mexican legend on the same subject. According to both these traditions, seven persons took refuge in caves, in which they were preserved from the universal destruction; and from these, the earth was re-peopled. The Peruvians maintained that white and bearded men from the east had visited the country in ancient times, and instructed the natives in the arts of civilized life. This legend recalls the Mexican story of Quetzalcoatl, and the coincidence is singular, because no communication is believed to have existed between the two countries.

_Ques._ Where were the most celebrated temples of the Sun?

_Ans._ The most ancient of these edifices was in the island of Titicaca, whence the founders of the Inca dynasty were said to have proceeded. Everything belonging to this sanctuary was held in particular veneration. Even the fields of maize which were attached to the temple were supposed to partake of its sanctity; and the yearly produce was distributed in small quantities through all the public granaries, to bring a blessing on the rest of the store.

A Peruvian esteemed himself happy in securing even a single ear of the sacred grain.

_Ques._ Describe the temple of Cuzco.

_Ans._ This edifice was constructed of stone, and covered a large extent of ground in the heart of the city. The interior of the temple has been described, by those who saw it in its glory, as being literally a mine of precious metals. It was called by the natives Coricancha, or "Place of Gold." On the western wall was the image of the Sun; this was a massive golden plate, of enormous dimensions, on which was emblazoned a human countenance darting forth rays on every side. The image was richly ornamented with emeralds and precious stones. It fronted the eastern portal of the temple in such a manner that the first rays of the morning Sun fell directly on his golden image, and were reflected from the rich ornaments with which the walls and ceiling were encrusted. Every part of the temple glowed with the precious metal, and even the exterior was encompassed with a broad frieze of gold set in the solid stone-work of the edifice. Adjoining the principal structure was the temple of the Moon. Her effigy was of silver, but otherwise resembled that of the Sun. The same metal was used in all the decorations of the building, as resembling in its pale lustre the milder radiance of the beautiful planet.

One chapel was dedicated to the stars, another to thunder and lightning, and a third to the rainbow. This last was decorated with a many-colored arch of resplendent hues. Attached to the temple of Cuzco were the celebrated gardens, sparkling with flowers of gold and silver. Animals also were represented in precious ore, and the classic fable of the golden fleece was realized in the llama of this fairy garden.

_Ques._ Does anything now remain of this magnificent temple?

_Ans._ No; its riches became the prey of the conquerors, and the desecrated shrine offered an inexhaustible supply of material for the erection of other buildings. Fields of maize are now waving where the golden gardens once sparkled in the sun, and the church of St. Dominic, one of the most magnificent buildings of the New World, occupies the site of the famous Coricancha. The temples of Peru were many and magnificent; but Cuzco was to the Inca noble what Mecca is to the devout follower of Mahomet, and he would consider that he had neglected a sacred duty, if he had not made at least one pilgrimage to the holy shrine.

_Ques._ From what class were the Peruvian priests generally chosen?

_Ans._ They were all, without exception, Inca nobles, and therefore children of the Sun. The High Priest, called Villac Vmu, was second only to the Inca, and was chosen from among his brothers or nearest kindred.

_Ques._ What sacrifices were offered to the Sun?

_Ans._ Animals, ripe maize, flowers and sweet-scented gums. Human sacrifices were rare, and were only offered on great occasions, such as a coronation, a victory, etc. A child or a beautiful maiden was then selected as the victim; but the cannibal repasts of the Mexicans were unknown among the more refined Peruvians.

_Ques._ What were the principal festivals of the Sun?

_Ans._ The solstices and equinoxes were celebrated by four great festivals; but the most solemn was the feast of Raymi, held at the period of their summer solstice. This festival lasted many days. The animals offered in sacrifice were served at the tables of the Inca and of his nobles; but of the flocks belonging to the temple, a vast number were slaughtered and distributed among the people.

_Ques._ What points of resemblance have been noticed between the religious observances of the Peruvians and those of the ancient Romans?

_Ans._ In the mode of procuring the sacred fire, the obtaining of omens from the animals offered in sacrifice, and in some of the laws with regard to the Virgins of the Sun. At the festival of Raymi, the sacred fire was obtained, as under the reign of Numa, by means of a concave mirror of polished metal. The sun's rays were in this manner collected in a focus of sufficient intensity to ignite dried cotton. When the sky was overcast, which was esteemed a very bad omen, the fire was obtained by means of friction. This fire was watched by the Virgins of the Sun.

_Ques._ Who were these?

_Ans._ They were maidens of noble birth who were dedicated to the service of the Sun. They were taken from their families at an early age, and placed under the care of elderly matrons, who instructed them in their religious duties, and in every branch of female industry. They spun garments, which they were taught to embroider with exquisite skill. They also wove, of the fine hair of the vicuña, the hangings of the temples and the garments worn by the Inca and his household. They were completely secluded, even from their own nearest relatives. The wives of the Inca, and they were numerous, were chosen from among the Virgins of the Sun. With this exception, they were forbidden to marry. The unhappy maiden who ventured to form in secret a less exalted alliance, was condemned to the cruel punishment decreed in like circumstances against the Roman Vestal. She was buried alive; her accomplice was strangled, and the village to which he belonged was razed to the ground and sowed with stones.

_Ques._ How did the Peruvians bury their dead?

_Ans._ The body was embalmed, not, as in Egypt, with gums and spices, but by simple exposure to the cold, dry and rarefied atmosphere of the mountains. The mummies are generally in a sitting posture. As the Peruvians imagined that the wants and occupations of men would be the same beyond the grave as in this life, costly apparel, arms, utensils and sometimes treasures were placed in the tomb of a deceased noble. That he might not lack attendance and society, his favorite wives and domestics were sacrificed on his tomb.

The Peruvians believed in an evil spirit whom they called Cupay, but they did not attempt to propitiate him by any form of worship. Cupay seems, in fact, to have been only a personification of sin.

SUPPLEMENT.

_A BRIEF NOTICE OF AUTHORS, ETC., MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME._

ÆSCHYLUS,

The earliest of the Greek dramatists, was born at Eleusis in Attica, 525 B. C. He distinguished himself in the battles of Marathon, Salamis and Platæa. Æschylus has been called the father of Grecian tragedy, as he was the first to give rules to the dialogue, and define the duties of the chorus; he also planned the dress of the actors, the scenery and the whole mechanism of the stage. Æschylus wrote sixty-six dramas, in thirteen of which he obtained the victory over all his competitors. He was at length defeated by a younger rival, Sophocles. He retired the same year to the court of Hiero, king of Syracuse, and some writers attribute this step to the mortification felt by the poet on this occasion. Others say that he was accused as guilty of profanity in exhibiting on the stage certain things connected with the Eleusinian mysteries. The people were about to stone him, when he was saved by the presence of mind of his brother Aminias. The latter had won much glory in the Persian war, and now, while interceding for his brother he dexterously dropped his mantle so as to expose the stump of the arm he had lost at Salamis. The silent appeal was not without its effect on the impulsive Athenians, and Æschylus was pardoned. He deemed it prudent, however, to retire to Sicily, where he was kindly entertained by Hiero. His death is said to have occurred in a very extraordinary manner.

As he slept in the fields, an eagle which was flying over him with a tortoise in his claws, mistook the bald head of the poet for a stone. The bird dropped the tortoise for the purpose of breaking the shell, and he was killed by the blow, thus verifying a prophecy that his death would come from on high.

Of the dramas written by Æschylus, but seven remain. Of these, the most admired is the "Prometheus Chained." The subject is the punishment of Prometheus on Mount Caucasus; the scenery is grand and terrific, and all the persons of the drama are divinities.

CÆSAR (Caius Julius),

The Roman general and dictator, holds a high rank among Latin authors. During the most active period of his life, he found time to devote to literary pursuits. Of the works written by him on various subjects, both in prose and verse, we have only his "Commentaries," in ten books. Seven of these treat of the Gallic war, the rest contain an account of the Civil war. The hurry of military expeditions did not prevent this extraordinary man from observing closely the manners and customs of the different nations with whom he contended. We are indebted to the Commentaries for almost all the accurate information we possess with regard to the inhabitants of ancient Gaul.

Cæsar was not surpassed, even by the writers of the Augustan age, in clearness and beauty of style. He exaggerates nothing, and his most brilliant achievements are related with a certain modest simplicity which is one of the characteristics of true greatness.

CICERO.

A Roman orator and statesman. He filled the highest offices in the gift of his country, and took so prominent a part in public affairs, that an account of his life would be also a history of his times. Cicero wrote on the art of public speaking, on philosophy and jurisprudence. This great man, who had saved Rome from the plots of Catiline, and rendered many other signal services to his country, was basely murdered by the order of the second Triumvirate, in the year 43 B. C.

DEMOSTHENES.

A famous Athenian orator, who defended the liberties of his country against the aggressions of Philip of Macedon.

DIODORUS,

Surnamed Siculus, from Sicily, his birth-place. He was a celebrated historian, contemporary with Julius Cæsar and Augustus. He wrote a "General History" in forty books, of which we have now fifteen entire, with scattered fragments of the others. Diodorus devoted thirty years to this great work.

EURIPIDES,

A Greek tragedian, was born in 480 B. C., on the day rendered famous by the victory of Salamis. After gaining a high reputation as a dramatist, Euripides retired to Macedon, to the court of King Archelaûs. On the death of the poet, the Athenians begged that his body might be sent to Athens for interment. This request Archelaûs refused, and Euripides was buried with much pomp at Pella, in Macedon. This poet is inferior to Æschylus and Sophocles, not only in dignity of sentiment, but in the moral tone of his dramas. Sophocles is said to have observed that while he represented men as they ought to be, Euripides described them as they were.

HERODOTUS,

Who has been called the Father of History, was born at Halicarnassus, 484 B. C. He spent many years travelling through Europe, Asia and Africa, observing everywhere the manners and customs of the people, and collecting materials for his great work. His account of the Persian war is full of interest, and won for him great popularity among his countrymen.

Herodotus relates many things which seem strange, and even incredible; but these are either traditions of remote times, or accounts received from other travellers. The general opinion is that where Herodotus speaks from his own observation, or relates events of which the memory was still recent, he may be relied upon as an accurate and truthful historian.

JUSTIN (Saint).

A Christian writer of the second century. He is principally celebrated for his "Apology for the Christians," addressed to the Emperor Antoninus. It is written in a style at once eloquent and persuasive, and it is believed that it had the desired effect, and was the immediate cause of the edict issued by Antoninus in favor of the Christians.

St. Justin addressed a second Apology to Marcus Aurelius, but with far different success. This Emperor was too much under the influence of the heathen philosophers whom he had assembled at his court, to judge impartially in the matter. One of these, Crescentius, a bitter enemy of the Christians, procured the death of their intrepid defender. The martyrdom of St. Justin took place at Rome, about the year 161 A. D.

JUVENAL.

A Roman poet of the first century. He was born in the reign of Caligula, but the exact date is not known. Juvenal is celebrated for his satires, in which he attacked the vices and follies of his day, not sparing the emperors themselves where their conduct was deserving of reproach. Hadrian believed that one of the satires of Juvenal was directed against himself; he had not the magnanimity to overlook the offence, and Juvenal was exiled to Lybia, where he died soon after.

MÆCENAS.

Minister and favorite of the Emperor Augustus. He was distinguished for the wisdom of his counsels, and his rare abilities as a statesman. Although himself an indifferent poet, he was still a patron of literature and literary men; Virgil, Horace, Ovid and other celebrated writers of the Augustan age, were among his most intimate friends. Such was the care with which Mæcenas sought out and rewarded every species of merit, that his name is proverbially used to denote a generous patron.

Admirable in his public capacity, he was in private life as indolent and luxurious as the most effeminate oriental. His villas were laid out with unexampled magnificence, and his banquets surpassed, in taste and display, those given by Augustus himself.

The later years of Mæcenas offer a sad commentary on the value of human greatness. His constitution, which had never been strong, was weakened by excess. He was tormented by constant wakefulness, and this great man, with the resources of the world at his command, would probably have sacrificed both wealth and power for the common boon of sleep enjoyed by the meanest of his slaves. In vain the physicians exercised their skill; narcotics, monotonous sounds, distant music, all failed to produce the desired effect. A stream was, at length, conducted through a garden adjoining the chamber where he lay, and the soft murmur of the falling waters procured a temporary alleviation. We are told, however, that for three years preceding his death, Mæcenas never slept.

PELASGI.

A name given to the most ancient inhabitants of Greece. They founded colonies in Asia Minor, the islands of the Ægean Sea, and in Italy. The Cyclopean remains in these countries are generally attributed to the Pelasgi. These structures are remarkable for the immense size of the stones of which they are built.

PLINIUS, (Secundus C.)

A Roman writer, generally known as Pliny the Elder; is equally celebrated as a historian and a naturalist. It is not easy to understand how one man could have followed so many different avocations, filled high offices under different emperors, and yet have found time for such a vast amount of composition. While still quite young, Pliny served in Germany, where he commanded a troop of cavalry; he afterwards practised as a pleader at the Roman bar, filled the office of procurator in Spain, and we find him, at the time of his death, in command of the fleet which guarded the coast of Italy.

The application of Pliny to literary pursuits was uninterrupted. He rose to his studies at two in the morning, and during the entire day, whether in the bath, at table, or sitting in his garden, he either listened to reading, wrote, or dictated. Even on his journeys and military expeditions, a secretary always sat in his chariot. We are told that in winter Pliny was careful to provide him with a warm glove of peculiar make, that his fingers might not be too much benumbed to hold the stylus.

We have but one complete work of this author, his Natural History, in thirty-seven books. It treats, not only of natural history, properly so called, but also of astronomy, biography, history, physiology, medicine and the fine arts. The portion which treats of animals possesses now but little interest.

In many instances, the description is so vague as to leave us in doubt as to the particular animal he would designate. He also mingles facts, really observed, with fables of winged horses, monsters with human heads and the tails of scorpions, etc. The ten books on botany are open to the same objections. He attributes to many plants properties altogether fabulous, and his work, although formerly much quoted on these points, has rendered very little service to the art of medicine. The case is different where he speaks of geography, history and the fine arts. On all these points, he imparts much valuable information of which we would otherwise be deprived. The Natural History may be considered, from its wide range of subjects, a sort of Cyclopædia, and it is said that if the Latin language were lost, it might be restored from this work alone.

Pliny perished in the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. He observed the phenomena accompanying it from the deck of his ship. Wishing to take a nearer view, and also to succor some of his friends whose villas lay near the scene of peril, he steered across the bay, and landed at the foot of the mountain. The next morning, while pursuing his investigations, regardless of the remonstrances of his friends, he was suffocated by the noxious vapors of the volcano. His body was discovered three days later, entirely uninjured, and in an attitude of repose.

C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus, nephew of the preceding, is generally distinguished as Pliny the Younger. Under the care of his uncle he made such rapid progress in literature, that he was generally accounted one of the most learned men of his age.

He began his career as an orator at the early age of nineteen. After filling the high offices of quæstor, consul and augur, Pliny was appointed by Trajan governor of Bithynia. It was from this country that he wrote his celebrated letter in favor of the Christians. It is interesting and important, as showing the progress of Christianity, and bearing testimony to the purity of life which was the distinguishing mark of its professors.

Pliny has left a collection of letters in ten books. They are addressed to some of the most celebrated persons of the time, and are valuable and interesting for the information they convey with regard to public events, and the manners and habits of his contemporaries. The style of these letters is studied, and they have none of the ease and familiarity of friendly correspondence. It seems probable that they were intended rather for posterity, than for the persons to whom they were ostensibly addressed.

PROCOPIUS.

One of the most celebrated historians of the Eastern Empire. He flourished during the reigns of Justin the Elder and Justinian, and accompanied Belisarius as secretary on his military expeditions.

SIMONIDES.

This poet excelled particularly in elegiac verse. When the most distinguished poets of Greece wrote verses in honor of those who fell at Marathon, the elegy of Simonides took the prize, although Æschylus was one of the competitors. The compositions of the great tragedian were deficient in the tenderness and pathos for which Simonides was particularly distinguished. The lament of Danaë, and a few scattered fragments, are all that remain of his verses, but these are sufficient to prove that his reputation in this respect was well deserved.

Simonides brought the epigram to all the perfection of which it was capable. The most celebrated of his epitaphs is the monumental inscription composed for the Spartans who died at Thermopylæ: "Stranger, tell the Lacedæmonians that we lie here in obedience to their laws."

Simonides was held in high esteem at the court of Hiero, king of Syracuse. This prince having inquired of him concerning the nature of God, the poet requested a day to deliberate on the subject. When Hiero repeated his question on the morrow, he asked for two days. As he continued in this manner, doubling the number of days, the king required an explanation. Simonides replied that he postponed his answer, because, the longer he meditated on the subject, the more obscure it became, and the more he felt his inability to treat it in an adequate manner.

Simonides was the master of Pindar; he lived to a very advanced age, so that he became the contemporary of the Pisistratidæ and of Pausanias, king of Sparta. This poet is accused of having become mercenary in his old age, and Greek writers speak of him as the first who wrote verses for money. In this connection, we have a story which would show that the poet was not believed to have forfeited the favor of the gods by his avarice.

While residing at the court of Scopas, king of Thessaly, he was engaged by that prince to compose a poem in his honor for an approaching banquet. Whether Simonides found the exploits of Scopas too barren a subject for his muse, or that his piety led him to introduce higher themes, we do not know; but when the verses were recited before the assembled court, the praises of Castor and Pollux were mingled largely with those of his royal patron.

A mortal might have been content to share his honors with the divine pair; but Scopas grudged every line which did not celebrate his own fame. When Simonides approached to receive his reward, the king gave him half the appointed sum, saying, that was for his part; for what related to Castor and Pollux, they would no doubt bestow a generous recompense. The disconcerted poet returned to his place amid the jeers and laughter of the guests. In a little while, a slave brought him word that two young men on horseback were at the gate, and desired earnestly to speak with him. Simonides went out, but found no one; while he was looking to see which way the strangers had gone, the roof of the palace fell with a terrible crash, burying Scopas and his guests beneath the ruins.

On being informed of the appearance of the young men who had sent for him--of their snow white steeds and shining armor, he knew that it was indeed Castor and Pollux who had acknowledged, in this manner, the homage of his verse.

SOPHOCLES.

Was the second in order of time of the great tragic poets of Greece. In true dramatic excellence, he is generally considered the first. The poet was only sixteen when he was selected to lead the chorus of Athenian youths who celebrated with lyre and song the erection of the trophy in honor of the victory at Salamis. In his twenty-fifth year, he carried off the tragic prize from Æschylus. He gained the same triumph over other competitors, taking the first prize on twenty-four different occasions.

Irreproachable in private life, distinguished for his skill in every manly exercise, and a rare excellence in the arts of poetry and music, Sophocles was considered by his admiring countrymen as an especial favorite of the gods. The remark of the ancient sage that no man is to be accounted happy before he dies, was verified in the case of this great poet. If the morning of his life was bright in the lustre of national glory and personal renown, the evening was clouded by the misfortunes of his country, and domestic unhappiness. Sophocles served with courage, but without gaining much distinction, in the Peloponnesian war, and was a witness of the miseries which that fatal struggle brought upon Greece. He died in the year 405, B. C., a few months before the defeat of Ægos-potamos completed the misfortunes of Athens. He was deeply lamented by the Athenians, who seem to forget the calamities of the time in their grief at the loss of so illustrious a citizen. Sophocles wrote one hundred and thirty dramas, of which seven remain. Of these, the Oedipus Tyrannus and the Antigone are the most admired.

STRABO.

A celebrated geographer, born at Amaseia, in Pontus, about the year 24, B. C. He spent many years in travelling, at first for his own gratification, and in the pursuit of knowledge, but afterwards by the order of Augustus. He was already advanced in life when he compiled his great work on geography. It is divided into seventeen books, and contains much valuable and interesting information with regard to the manners and customs of the nations he had visited.

Little was known at that time of the extent and form of earth. Strabo imagined that the entire habitable portion was included between two meridians, one of which passed through the island of Ierne, (Ireland,) and the other through Ceylon.

TITICACA.

A lake in Bolivia, celebrated for the ruins of Tiahuanico on its shores. They stand on an eminence which, from the water-marks surrounding it, seems to have been formerly an island in the lake. So great a change has taken place, that the level of the lake is now 135 feet lower, and its shores 12 miles distant. These ruins are believed to be the most ancient on the American continent. The Peruvians knew nothing of their origin, but had a vague tradition that they were built by giants in a single night. They regarded them, therefore, with superstitious awe, and connected them, as we have seen, with the fables of their mythology. These ruins, like some in the the Old World, are often called cyclopean, on account of the size of the blocks of stone used in their construction. There are still remaining, monolithic pillars, statues and doorways, sculptured in a style entirely different from that observed on any other American monuments. We may form some idea of the size of the blocks used, from the measurement of one doorway, which is 10 ft. high, and 13 ft. broad, with an opening, 6 ft. 4 inches, by 3 ft. 2 inches, the whole being cut from a single stone.

Some of the buildings appear to have been of pyramidal form, and to have covered several acres. Of the people who executed such stupendous works, we know absolutely nothing, except that they preceded the Peruvians, and were farther advanced in the arts of civilized life than any nation existing on the continent at the time of its discovery.

VARRO.

A Latin writer, celebrated for his extensive learning. He is said to have composed five hundred volumes, all of which are now lost, with the exception of two treatises; one on agriculture, the other on the Latin language. The latter is dedicated to Cicero, an intimate friend of the author.

The life of Varro was eventful: he was favored by Julius Cæsar, proscribed by Antony, and passed his later years in literary ease under the protection of Augustus. Speaking of Varro, St. Augustine says, that "it is an equal subject of wonder, how one who read such a number of books, could find time to compose so many volumes; and how he who composed so many volumes, could have found leisure to peruse such a variety of books."

_INDEX._

A.

Acestes, 173.

Achab, 214.

Achilles, 58, 152, 153, 166, 98.

Acoetes, 42.

Acrisius, 131

Admetus, 31.

Adonis, 53, 216.

Adrastus, 168.

Æacus, 102.

Ægeus, 121, 122.

Ægisthus, 153, 164.

Æneas, 171.

Æneid, 148.

Æolus, 67.

Æschylus, 170, 199, 202, 291.

Æsculapius, 30, 188.

Æson, 119.

Æetes, 120.

Agamedes, 184.

Agamemnon, 152.

Agathocles, 214.

Ages of the World, 18.

Agenor, 26.

Aglaia, 53.

Ajax, 141, 157.

Ahriman, 218.

Alcestis, 31.

Alcithoe, 41.

Alcibiades, 38, 193.

Alcmena, 114.

Alecto, 101.

Alexander, 187, 193.

Alfheim, 252.

Alpheus, 91.

Althea, 140.

Amazons, 135.

Ambarvalia, 79.

Amphion, 88, 128.

Amphitrite, 93.

Anchises, 171, 174.

Andromache, 167, 172.

Andromeda, 132.

Antigone, 169.

Antilochus, 58.

Apelles, 113, 193.

Apis, Serapis, 209, 210.

Apollo, Phoebus, 176, 26, 29, 30, 33, 259, 184, 182, 152.

Arachne, 47.

Arcas, 44.

Arethusa, 91.

Argonauts, 120.

Argus, 37.

Ariadne, 122.

Arion, 126.

Ascalaphus, 76.

Ascanius, 171.

Asgard, 241.

Astaroth, Astarte, 216.

Aske, 240.

Astræa, 80.

Astyanax, 167.

Atalanta, 52, 141.

Attalus, 73.

Athamas, 97, 119.

Atlas, 36, 129.

Atropos, 101.

Audax, Ap. Cl., 71.

Augurs, 178.

Aurora, Eos, 56.

Avatars, 222.

Avernus, 100.

Aztecs, 274.

B.

Baal, Bel, 213, 258.

Bacchanalia, 40.

Bacchantes, 41.

Bacchus, 32, 39, 122, 126, 186.

Bakoo, 219.

Baldur, 248.

Bards, 260.

Belides, 104.

Bellerophon, 104, 137.

Bellona, 35.

Belus, 213.

Belvidere, Apollo, 208.

Bifrost, 241.

Bona Dea, 73.

Bonzes, 232.

Bragi, 245.

Brahma, 221.

Brennus, 84.

Briareus, 103.

Buddha, 226.

C.

Cacus, 65.

Cadmus, 26.

Caduceus, 36.

Cæculus, 65.

Cæsar, Augustus, 63, 147, 149.

Cæsar, Julius, 258, 292.

Calchas, 152, 153, 167.

Calliope, 82, 125.

Callista, 44.

Calypso, 159.

Cambyses, 59, 187.

Camul, 260.

Carnac, 272.

Cassandra, 152, 172.

Cassiopeia, 132.

Castalian fount, 189.

Castes, 225.

Cecrops, 46.

Castor, 123, 141.

Celeus, 78.

Centaurs, 104.

Cephalus, 56.

Cepheus, 132.

Cerberus, 101, 116.

Ceres, Demeter, 17, 75, 76, 143.

Cestus, 50.

Ceyx, 138.

Charon, 100.

Charybdis, 158.

Chimæra, 104, 134.

Chione, 88.

Chiron, 114.

Cholula, 280.

Cicero, 148, 293.

Cinyras, 53.

Circe, 96.

Claudia, 73.

Cleomenes, 208.

Clio, 82.

Clotho, 101.

Clymene, 33, 123.

Clytemnestra, 153, 164.

Coeneus, 52.

Confucius, 228-9.

Consualia, 94.

Constantine, 184, 86.

Corcyreans, 181.

Coricancha, 287.

Corybantes, Galli, 73.

Creon, 169.

Creusa, 120.

Croesus, 183.

Cromlechs, 271.

Cupid, 50.

Cuzco, 287.

Cyane, 76.

Cybele, 72.

Cyclops, 30, 65.

Cynisca, 193.

Cyparissus, 30.

D.

Dædalus, 137.

Dagon, 217.

Danaë, 131.

Danaus, 104.

Daphne, 33.

Deianira, 117.

Delos, 54.

Delphi, 181.

Demosthenes, 181, 295.

Deucalion, 136.

Diana, 29, 87, 91, 152.

Dictys, 132.

Dido, 172.

Diodorus, 181, 259, 295.

Diomedes, 46, 116.

Dindymus, Mt., 72.

Dionysius, 23, 194.

Dodona, 180.

Dolmens, 272.

Domitian, 70.

Druids, 258, 261.

Druidesses, 264.

Dryades, 90, 143.

E.

Echo, 91.

Eclogues, 147, 178.

Eddas, 239.

Electra, 164.

Eleusinian Mysteries, 77.

Elves, 250, 251, 252.

Elysium, 174, 104.

Embla, 241.

Ephesus, Temple of, 89.

Epidaurus, 188.

Epimetheus, 124.

Erato, 82.

Erigone, 81.

Erisichthon, 143-4.

Erostratus, 89.

Esus, 258.

Eteocles, 168.

Eumenides, 102.

Euphrosyne, 53.

Euripides, 170, 193, 295.

Europa, 26.

Euryale, 131.

Eurydice, 125.

Eurystheus, 114.

Euterpe, 82.

F.

Fates, 101, 140.

Fauns, 85.

Fenris, 247-8, 255.

Flora, 92.

Fo, 233.

Frey, 244.

Freya, 244.

Frigga, 248, 249.

Frost Giants, 240, 249.

Furies, 101, 201.

G.

Games, Classic, 191.

Ganymede, 43.

Georgics, 148.

Genghis, Kan, 237.

Germanicus, 211.

Geryon, 104, 116.

Giants, 209.

Gnomes, 244, 252.

Gorgons, 47, 132.

Graces, 53.

Gradivus, Mars, 35.

Guatama, 226.

Guebers or Guebres, 220.

H.

Hadrian, 189.

Hæmon, 106.

Halcyone, 138.

Halcyons, 139.

Hamadryades, 90.

Harpies, 104.

Harpocrates, 212.

Hebe, 118.

Hecate, 87.

Hector, 154, 166.

Hecuba, 155.

Heimdall, 245.

Hela, 245, 248, 259.

Helen, 52, 155.

Helenus, 172.

Helicon, Mt., 48, 146.

Hell, 100.

Helle, 119.

Hercules, 31, 77, 114, 191, 192, 195.

Hermione, 166.

Hermod, 249.

Herodotus, 187, 194, 296.

Hesiod, 146, 83.

Hesperides, 116, 130.

Hinnom, 215.

Hippocrene, 48.

Hippolytus, 30.

Hippomenes, 52.

Hodur, 246.

Homer, 145.

Huitzilopotchli, 275.

Hyacinthus, 30.

Hyades, 40, 130.

Hyperboreans, 182, 259.

Hyperion, 158.

I.

Iapetus, 123.

Ibycus, 202.

Icarus, 137, 156.

Ida, Mt., 51, 24, 171.

Iduna, 245.

Iliad, 146.

Inachus, 38.

Incas, 285.

Ino, 97, 119.

Io, 38, 209.

Iole, 117.

Iona, 270.

Iphigenia, 52, 165.

Iphitus, 191, 192.

Iris, 43.

Isis, 38, 210.

Isthmian Games, 196.

Ixion, 103.

Iulus, 175.

J.

Janus, 17, 61, 63.

Jason, 119, 141.

Jobates, 134.

Jocasta, 106.

Jotunheim, 241, 243.

Juggernaut, 224.

Juno, 25, 38, 39, 43, 51, 114, 175.

Jupiter, 17, 19, 23, 131, 159.

Jupiter Ammon, 186.

Justin, (Saint,) 178, 296.

Juvenal, 210, 212, 297.

K.

Kalki, 223.

Krishna, 223.

L.

Labyrinth, 121, 137.

Lachesis, 101.

Laius, 167.

Lama, Grand, 235-7.

Laomedon, 57.

Lao-tze, 228-231.

Lara, 108.

Lares, 108.

Latinus, 174.

Latona, 29, 54.

Lavinia, 174.

Leda, 123.

Lemnos, 64.

Lethe, 101, 104.

Leucothea, 98.

Loki, 247-250, 243, 251, 256.

Lotus-eaters, 158.

Lupercus, 84.

Luxor, 59.

Lycaon, 28.

Lycomedes, 153.

M.

Mæcenas, 147, 297.

Maia, 36.

Mama Oello Huaco, 285.

Manco-Capac, 285.

Mania, 108.

Marathon, 81.

Mars, Ares, 34.

Marsyas, 31.

Medea, 119.

Medusa, 47, 94.

Megæra, 101.

Megalesia, 73.

Meganira, 78.

Meleager, 140.

Melicertes, 97, 196.

Melpomene, 82.

Memnon, 58.

Menelaus, 52.

Menhirs, 271.

Mentor, 146.

Mercury, Hermes, 36, 37.

Mestra, 144.

Metamorphoses, 150.

Metempsychoses, 223.

Mezentius, 175.

Midas, 31.

Midgard serpent, 247.

Minerva, Pallas Athena, 27, 45, 51, 88, 166.

Minos, 102, 121, 142, 137.

Minotaur, 121.

Mistletoe, rite of the, 262.

Mnemosyne, 82.

Moloch, 214.

Momus, 67.

Mona, 270.

Montezuma, 283.

Muses, 48, 82.

N.

Naiades, 90.

Narcissus, 92.

Nemesis, 81.

Neptune, 17, 24, 54, 68, 93, 144.

Nereides, 90.

Nero, 184-90, 127.

Nessus, 117.

Nestor, 141.

Niffleheim, 241, 246.

Niobe, 88, 128.

Nisus, 142.

Norns, 241.

Numa, 63, 110.

Nymphs, 90.

O.

Oannes, 217.

Odin, 240-2, 245-6.

Odyssey, 146, 157.

Oceanus, 87.

Oceanides, 87, 90.

Oedipus, 167, 106.

Oeneus, 140.

Olympiads, 192.

Olympic Games, 191.

Olympus, Mt., 18.

Ops, Rhea, 24.

Oracles, 180.

Oreades, 90.

Orestes, 164.

Orion, 131.

Ormuzd, Ormasdes, 219.

Orpheus, 96, 125.

Osiris, 38, 209.

Ouisneach, 268.

Ovid, 148.

P.

Pachacamac, 284.

Palamedes, 157.

Pales, 92.

Palæmon, 98.

Palladium, 46, 157.

Pan, 31, 84, 184.

Pandora, 124.

Pariahs, 225.

Paris, 51.

Parnassus, Mt., 181, 189, 136.

Parthenon, 207.

Parsees, 220.

Patroclus, 154.

Pausanias, 184.

Pegasus, 48, 135.

Pelasgi, 181, 263, 299.

Peleus, 51, 98, 141, 153.

Pelops, 103.

Penates, 108, 171.

Penelope, 156, 160.

Pentheus, 41.

Perdix, 137.

Periander, 126.

Pericles, 204.

Perseus, 47, 94, 129.

Peru, 284.

Petasus, 36.

Phæton, 33.

Phæacia, 160.

Phoenix, 107.

Phidias, 81, 206.

Philip, 193.

Philoctetes, 118.

Philomelus, 184.

Phineus, 133.

Phorcus or Proteus, 94.

Phryxus, 119.

Pierides, 83.

Pleiades, 130.

Pliny, 139, 299.

Pluto, 24, 76, 99.

Plutus, 100.

Pollux, 123, 141.

Polydectes, 132.

Polybus, 168.

Polydorus, 155.

Polyhymnia, 83.

Polyidus, 135.

Polymnestor, 155.

Polynices, 168.

Polyphemus, 65.

Polyxena, 155.

Pomona, 92.

Pou-tou, 234.

Priests, Aztec, 278.

Priestesses, Aztec, 279.

Priam, 51, 154.

Procris, 56.

Procopius, 269, 302.

Proetus, 137.

Prometheus, 98, 123.

Proserpine, Persephone, 31, 76, 100.

Proteus, 95.

Pulcher, Cl., 179.

Pylades, 164.

Pyrrha, 136.

Pythia, 165, 181.

Pythian Games, 195.

Python, 29, 195.

Q.

Quetzalcoatl, 275.

Quirinus, Mars, 34.

R.

Ragnarok, 254.

Raymi, 289.

Rhadamanthus, 102.

Runic Letters, 258, 263.

S.

Salii, 35.

Salmoneus, 104.

Samhain, 266.

Sâmund Sigfûsson, 239.

Santa Sophia, 90.

Saturnalia, 62.

Saturn, 17, 24, 61.

Satyrs, 85.

Scylla, 96, 142.

Semele, 39.

Sibyls, 176.

Sibyl, Cumæan, 173, 176.

Sifa, 243.

Siguna, 252.

Silenus, 32, 40.

Sirens, 95.

Sisyphus, 103, 134.

Siva, 222.

Skalds, 239.

Solymi, 135.

Sophocles, 170, 304.

Sphinx, 105.

Statues, 206.

Stonehenge, 259, 272.

Strabo, 306.

Strophius, 164.

Styx, 33, 101.

Sudras, 224.

Sylla, 158, 184, 189.

Syrinx, 85.

T.

Tantalus, 88, 103.

Tao-sse, 229.

Tara, 268.

Tarann, 260.

Tarquin, 86, 177.

Tauric festival, 258, 267.

Telamon, 141.

Telemachus, 157, 161.

Terminus, 85.

Tezcatlipoca, 281.

Terpsichore, 82.

Teutates, 259, 266.

Thalia, 53, 83.

Thammuz, 216.

Thamyris, 83.

Theatres, 197.

Themis, 80.

Theseus, 121, 141.

Thetis, 98, 153.

Thor, 242-4.

Thoth, 259.

Thrym, 242-3.

Tisiphone, 101.

Titan, 24.

Tithonus, 57.

Titicaca, 285, 306.

Tityus, 103.

Tlaloc, 281.

Toltecs, 274.

Triads, 259.

Triptolemus, 78.

Tristia, 149.

Triton, 94.

Trophonius, 184.

Tse-tse, 231.

Tuisco, 256.

Turnus, 175.

Typhon, 102, 209.

U.

Ulysses, 46, 154, 156, 96.

Urania, 83.

V.

Valhalla, 242.

Valkyrior, 247.

Varro, 176, 307.

Ve, 240.

Vedas, 221.

Venus, 49, 51, 53, 65, 171.

Vertumnus, 86.

Vesta, 69.

Vestal Virgins, 70.

Vidar, 246.

Vili, 240.

Viracocha, 284.

Virgil, 147.

Virgins of the Sun, 290-1.

Virginia, 111.

Virtues personified, 110.

Vishnu, 222.

Vulcan, Hephæstus, 19, 64, 68, 154.

Vulcania, 65.

Vyasa, 221.

X.

Xerxes, 183.

Y.

Ymir, 240.

Z.

Zend-avesta, 218.

Zenodorus, 260.

Zoroaster, 218.

* * * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

A number of the page numbers in the index are incorrect, generally only being out by a single page; as such, they have been preserved as printed.

Archaic and variable spelling is preserved as printed.

Some names include acute accents to indicate pronounciation. The positioning of these accents has been made consistent where there was a variation in a few instances. However, other occurrences of the same name may not include the accent. These have been preserved as printed.

Minor punctuation errors, e.g. omitted periods, have been corrected. Hyphenation and accent usage have been made consistent where there was a prevalence of one form over another.

Page 270 contains the following paragraph: "The superstitious observances which are still practised on November, or All Hallow Eve, in Ireland, Scotland, and some parts of England, are of pagan origin, and seem to be relics of this festival." There seems to be a specific day missing from the reference to November, presumably 'first,' although All Hallow Eve is generally regarded as being October 31st, with November 1st being All Hallow, or All Saints Day. As it is uncertain what precisely the author was referencing, the text is preserved as printed.

The following amendments have been made to give consistency in the table of contents or index with the main text:

Page 7--Coeculus amended to Cæculus--"... Cacus--Cæculus ..."

Page 7--Megalecia amended to Megalesia--"... Festival of Megalesia ..."

Page 11--Ashtaroth amended to Astaroth--"... Astaroth or Astarte ..."

Page 13--Bealtime amended to Beal-Tinne--"... Beltane or Beal-Tinne ..."

Page 13--Tetzcatlipoca amended to Tezcatlipoca--"... Victims offered annually to Tezcatlipoca ..."

Page 309--Ashtaroth amended to Astaroth--"Astaroth, Astarte, 216."

Page 309--Athropos amended to Atropos--"Atropos, 101."

Page 313--Megalecia amended to Megalesia--"Megalesia, 73."

Page 313--Athenæ amended to Athena--"Minerva, Pallas Athena, 27, ..."

Page 315--Vyassa amended to Vyasa--"Vyasa, 221."

The following typographic errors have been corrected:

Page 31--presumptious amended to presumptuous--"The god was not content with defeating the presumptuous musician, ..."

Page 40--personfication amended to personification--"He seems to be the personification of drunkenness; ..."

Page 40--where amended to were--"What feasts were held in his honor?"

Page 46--determed amended to determined--"... they determined, therefore, to steal the Palladium."

Page 47--because amended to Because--"_Ans._ Because this bird sees in the dark; ..."

Page 64--were amended to where--"... where he manufactured Jupiter's thunderbolts, ..."

Page 67--be- amended to before--"... he was enabled to foretell storms a long time before they happened; ..."

Page 91--refuse amended to refused--"... but refused to listen to his addresses."

Page 91--repeated 'a' deleted--"... and was immediately dissolved into a fountain."

Page 98--shipwreek amended to shipwreck--"He was supposed to have power in saving vessels from shipwreck, ..."

Page 106--Hæman amended to Hæmon--"At length Hæmon, son of Creon, ..."

Page 203--Iybcus amended to Ibycus--"... the fate of Ibycus being still on every tongue."

Page 213--of amended to or--"Where was the Sun worshipped under the name of Baal or Bel ..."

Page 260--excuted amended to executed--"... executed a statue of Teu´tates ..."

Page 271--ef amended to of--"... extensive groups of menhirs occur, ..."

Page 280--mearsures amended to measures--"It measures 176 feet in perpendicular height, ..."

Page 302--repect amended to respect--"... to prove that his reputation in this respect was well deserved."

The following amendments were made to the index:

Page 312--there were two entries for Iphitus (one referencing p. 192 and incorrectly located before the entry for Ino). The two have been merged into a single entry in the correct place.

Page 312--Japetus amended to Iapetus, and entry moved to correct place in index--"Iapetus, 123."

Page 312--Lucothea amended to Leucothea--"Leucothea, 98."

Page 315--page reference for Virgins of the Sun entry added--"Virgins of the Sun, 290-1."