CHAPTER XIX

“THE SUN” AND YELLOW JOURNALISM

_The Coming and Going of a Newspaper Disease.--Dana’s Attitude Toward President Cleveland.--Dana’s Death.--Ownerships of Paul Dana, Laffan, Reich, and Munsey._

Of such things as we have mentioned here, putting into the necessary news, attractively written, a proper seasoning of regional colour and atmosphere, humour and pathos, the _Sun_ has been made since Dana came to it. He created a new journalism, but it was a decent and distinct kind, appealing to the intellect rather than to the passions. It gave room for the honest expression of everybody’s opinion, from Herbert Spencer to _Chimmie Fadden_. Because of this, because he had lifted American newspaper work out of the dust of tradition, Dana had a holy anger when a newer journalism tried to throw it into the mud.

When Henry Watterson was called as an expert witness in proceedings to appraise the estate of Joseph Pulitzer, in 1914, the veteran editor of the Louisville _Courier-Journal_ made an interesting statement on this subject:

There is much confusion in the public mind about what is known as “yellow journalism.” There have been several periods of it in New York. James Gordon Bennett was the first yellow journalist, and Charles A. Dana was the second. Mr. Pulitzer was the third. Finally, when Mr. Hearst came along, he was the fourth, and I think he quite filled the field of yellow journalism.

As Mr. Bennett became more respectable and Mr. Dana more fixed in his efforts, they were raised in the public estimation. So was Mr. Pulitzer. I think the field of yellow journalism is so filled by the Hearst newspapers that they no more compete with the _World_ than with the _Herald_ or the _Sun_.

Mr. Watterson did not define yellow journalism. Perhaps he considered it broadly as sensational journalism. The elder Bennett was sensational to the extent that he printed things which the sixpenny papers of his time did not print. He made the interview popular, and he was the first editor to see the value of paying attention to financial news.

So far as printing human news is concerned, Benjamin H. Day worked that field before Bennett started the _Herald_. If Mr. Watterson considered Dana a yellow journalist, what else was Day, with his stories about the sodden things of the police-courts, or his description of Miss Susan Allen smoking a cigar and dancing in Broadway?

Printing a diagram of the scene of a murder, with a big black X to mark the spot where the victim was found, did not make the _World_ a yellow newspaper, for Amos Cummings began to print murder charts as soon as he became managing editor of the _Sun_. Putting black-faced type over a story on the front page did not make the _World_ or the _Journal_ yellow, for Cummings, when he was on the _Tribune_, was the first to use big type in head-lines, and the _Tribune_ was never accused of yellowness.

If pictures made a paper yellow, Dana was not yellow, for he used few illustrations in the news pages of the paper. Again, if head-lines indicate yellowness, Dana must be acquitted of being a yellow journalist; for the head-lines of the _Sun_, from the first year of Dana’s control until after his death, remained practically unchanged, and were conservative to the last degree.

Head-lines and pictures, so far as their sensational attraction was concerned, meant nothing to Dana. He was not yellow, but white and alive. The distinction was clearly explained by Mr. Mitchell:

Remember the difference between white and yellow. The essential difference is not of method or quality of product, but of purpose and of moral responsibility or moral debasement. Yellow will tell you that it means force, originality, and independence in the presentation of ideas. This is consolatory to yellow, but not accurate. Yellow will print an interesting exaggeration or misstatement, knowing it to be such. If in doubt about the truth of alleged news, but in no doubt whatever as to its immediate value as a sensation, yellow will give the benefit of the doubt to the sensation every time, and print it with head-lines tall enough to reach to Saturn. White won’t; that is the only real color test. I hope you are all going to be white, and not only white, but red, white, and blue.

No yellow journalist he, Dana! To paraphrase Webster, he smote the rock of humanity, and abundant streams of literature rushed forth. If he startled, he startled the intellect, not the eye. His appeals were to the intelligence, the soul, the risibilities of man, and not to his primitive passions. He believed that all the information, the philosophy, and the humour of the world could be conveyed through the type of a daily newspaper as surely as and much more broadly than they had been conveyed through the various mediums of the old newspapers, the encyclopedias, the novels, the pulpit, and the lecture platform.

When Dana attacked yellow journalism--the expressive phrase was fastened in the language by Ervin Wardman, in the _Press_--it was in the firm belief that this new journalism, the “journalism that did things,” was doing the wrong thing; that it was breaking down the magnificent structure that had been reared by himself and Greeley and Raymond and Bennett and Hurlbut. This group had been possessed of all the newspaper faculties and facilities. If yellow journalism had been right, they would have raised it to its highest peak. Dana, who knew better than any editor of his time what the public wanted, could have produced a perfect yellow _Sun_; but he chose to print a golden one. He wrought more genuine journalistic advance than any other man in history. As Mr. Mitchell wrote of him in _McClure’s Magazine_ in October, 1894, three years before Mr. Dana’s death:

The revolution which his genius and invention have wrought in the methods of practical journalism in America during the past twenty-five years can be estimated only by newspaper-makers. His mind, always original, and unblunted and unwearied at seventy-five, has been a prolific source of new ideas in the art of gathering, presenting, and discussing attractively the news of the world.

He is a radical and unterrified innovator, caring not a copper for tradition or precedent when a change of method promises a real improvement. Restlessness like his, without his genius, discrimination, and honesty of purpose, scatters and loses itself in mere whimsicalities or pettinesses; or else it deliberately degrades the newspaper upon which it is exercised.

To Mr. Dana’s personal invention are due many, if not most, of the broad changes which within a quarter of a century have transformed journalism in this country. From his individual perception of the true philosophy of human interest, more than from any other single source, have come the now general repudiation of the old conventional standards of news importance; the modern newspaper’s appreciation of the news value of the sentiment and humor of the daily life around us; the recognition of the principle that a small incident, interesting in itself and well told, may be worth a column’s space, when a large, dull fact is hardly worth a stickful’s; the surprising extension of the daily newspaper’s province so as to cover every department of general literature, and to take in the world’s fancies and imaginings as well as its actual events.

The word “news” has an entirely different significance from what it possessed twenty-five or thirty years ago under the ancient common law of journalism as derived from England; and in the production of this immense change, greatly in the interest of mankind and of the cheerfulness of daily life, it would be difficult to exaggerate the direct and indirect influence of Mr. Dana’s alert, scholarly, and widely sympathetic perceptions.

The assaults which Dana made upon yellow journalism were not actuated by the jealous envy of one who has himself overlooked an opportunity. Everything that the _Sun_ attacked in yellow newspapers was something to which the _Sun_ itself never would have stooped--the faked or distorted interview, the product of the thief or the eavesdropper, the collection of back-stairs gossip, the pilfered photograph, the revelation of personal affairs beyond the public’s business, the arrogation of official authority, the maudlin plea for sympathy in a factitious cause, the gross exaggeration for sensation’s sake of a trifling occurrence, the appeal to sensualism, and the demagogic attack upon the rich.

Right endures, and where is yellow journalism? Gone where the woodbine twineth. Its prototype, the wild ass, stamps o’er its head and cannot break its sleep. The “journalism that does things” doesn’t do anything any more except to try and teach its men to write articles the way the _Sun_ has been printing them since 1868. In a chart of new journalism the largest, blackest X-mark would show where the body of new journalism, slain by public taste, lies buried forever.

The New York _World_, once the most ingenious exponent of yellow journalism, has become as conservative as the _Sun_ was in the days when Joseph Pulitzer worked for Dana. Mr. Hearst’s papers, once the deepest of all yellows, now hold up their hands in horror when they see, beside them on the news-stands, the bold, black head-lines of the _Evening Post_!

Yellow journalism said to its readers:

“This way to the big show! We have a mutilated corpse, a scandal in high life, divorce details that weren’t brought out in court, a personal attack on the mayor, lifelike pictures of dead rats, the memoirs of a demented dressmaker, some neatly invented prison horrors, and a general denunciation of everybody who owns more than five hundred dollars. Don’t miss it!”

Dana said to his readers:

“Come, let me show you the clean stream of life; the newsboy with the trained dog, the new painting at the Metropolitan Museum, an Arabian restaurant on the East Side, the new Governor at Albany, the latest theory of planetary control, one book by Old Sleuth and another by Henry James, a ghost in a Berkshire tavern and an authentic recipe for strawberry shortcake, a clown who reads Molière and a king who plays pinochle, a digest of ten volumes of history and the shortest complete poem (“This bliz knocks biz”) ever written, a dark tragedy in the Jersey pines and a plan for a new subway, a talk with the Grand Lama and a home-run by Roger Connor, a panic in Wall Street and a poor little girl who finds a quarter.”

In the long run--and it did not have to be very long--the more attractive offering was permanently chosen by newspaper-readers.

The curious effect on American journalism of the conflict between _Sun_ methods and the so-called new journalism was referred to, in an address delivered at Yale University on January 12, 1903, by Frank A. Munsey, then owner of the New York _Daily News_ and now proprietor of the _Sun_:

The newspaperman of to-day is a composite type, the product of the _Sun_ and the New York _World_ of fifteen or eighteen years ago. These two newspapers represented two distinct and widely different styles of journalism. The _World_ was alert, daring, aggressive, and sensational. It was about the liveliest thing that ever swung into New York from the West.... No man has ever stamped himself more thoroughly upon his generation than has Joseph Pulitzer on the journalism of America. He was the originator and the founder of our present type of overgrown newspaper, with its illustrations and its merits and its defects.

The part the _Sun_ played in this recreating and rejuvenating of the American press was purely literary. It was the first newspaper to make fiction out of facts--that is, to handle facts with the skill and manner of the novelist, so that they read like fiction and possessed all its charm and fascination. The _Sun_ at that time consisted of but four pages, and I am convinced that it was the best example of newspaper-making ever produced anywhere. With the exception of one or two of these fiction-fact stories so charmingly told, it was the perfection of condensation, accuracy, brilliancy.

Mr. Munsey did not say, because it was not germane to his subject, that for fourteen years before the advent of Pulitzer, Dana had been demonstrating the news value of the human-interest story, and that it was almost entirely upon the human-interest story, twisted and exaggerated, that yellow journalism was founded. Mr. Munsey did not say, for he could not know, that fifteen years after his address at Yale the new journalism would be extinct and the _Sun_ would be still the _Sun_. The editors of to-day do not ask a reporter whether he can climb a porch or photograph an unwilling person, but whether he can see news and write it.

An adequate history of the _Sun’s_ political activities during Dana’s time would fill volumes. Rather than the editor of an organ of the opposition, Dana was usually an opposition party in himself; not merely for the sake of opposition, but because the parties in power from 1869 to 1897 usually happened to have practices or principles with which he, as the editor of the _Sun_, was in disagreement. His attacks on the Grant administration for the thievery that spotted it, and on the Hayes administration because of the circumstances under which Mr. Hayes came to the Presidential chair, were bitter and without relent. His opposition to Grover Cleveland, an intellectual rather than a personal war, began before Mr. Cleveland was a national figure. In September, 1882, when the hitherto obscure Buffalonian was nominated for Governor of New York, the _Sun_ said:

It is usually not a wise thing in politics, any more than in war, to take a private from the ranks and at one bound to promote him to be commander-in-chief; yet that is what has been done in the case of Grover Cleveland.

In the Presidential campaign of 1884 the _Sun_ would not support Cleveland and could not support Blaine, whose conduct in Congress the _Sun_ had frequently condemned; so it advocated the hopeless cause of General Benjamin F. Butler, who had been elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1882, the year when Cleveland was chosen Governor of New York. Dana was not an admirer of Butler’s spectacular army career, or of his general political leanings, but he admired him for his attitude in the Hayes-Tilden scandal, and he believed that Butler, if elected President, would shake things up in Washington. The _Sun_ supported him “as a man to be immensely preferred to either of the others and as a protest against such nominations.” Dana personally announced that sooner than support Blaine he would quit work and burn his pen.

In 1885, opposing Cleveland’s free-trade policy, the _Sun_ vigorously supported Samuel J. Randall, of Pennsylvania, a protectionist Democrat, for speaker of the House, as against John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky, a free-trader; but Randall was beaten.

The _Sun_ ridiculed Cleveland’s theories of civil-service reform, although it believed that real reforms were needed. On this point Dana wrote, in a letter:

I do not believe in the establishment in this country of the German bureaucratic system, with its permanent staff of office-holders who are not responsible to the people, and whose tenure of place knows no variation and no end except the end of life. In my judgment a genuine reform of the evils complained of is reached by the vigorous simplification of the machinery of government, by the repeal of all superfluous laws, the abolition of every needless office, and the dismissal of every needless officer. The true American doctrine on this subject consists in the diminution of government, not in its increase.

For all of its opposition to Cleveland, whom it dubbed the “stuffed prophet,” the _Sun_ preferred him to General Harrison in the campaign of 1888. It feared a return to power of the influences which it had combated during the administrations of Grant and Hayes. Four years afterward, however, the _Sun_ was strongly against the third nomination of Cleveland.

In Mr. Cleveland’s second term the _Sun_ supported his course when Dana believed it to be American. While at first it considered the President too mild and conciliatory in matters of foreign policy, it praised him and his Secretary of State, Richard Olney, for their stand against Great Britain in the Venezuela boundary dispute; praised them just as heartily as it had condemned Mr. Cleveland’s earlier action in the Hawaiian matter, when the President withdrew the treaty of annexation which his predecessor had sent to the Senate.

The _Sun’s_ most deadly weapon, ridicule, was constantly in play in the years of the Hawaiian complications. It found vulnerable spots in Mr. Cleveland’s re-establishment of the deposed Queen Liliuokalani and in the President’s sending of a commissioner--“Paramount” Blount, as the _Sun_ called him--without the advice and consent of the Senate. As jealous then as it is to-day of any raid by the Executive upon the Constitution or the powers of Congress, the _Sun_ had the satisfaction of a complete victory in the Hawaiian matter.

On the other hand, the _Sun_ applauded Mr. Cleveland’s attitude on the money question and his brave stand against the mob in the Chicago railway strikes of 1894, when the President used troops to prevent the obstruction of the mails by Eugene V. Debs and his followers.

Dana was seventy-seven years old when William J. Bryan--whom the _Sun_ had already immortalized as the Boy Orator of the Platte--was nominated for the Presidency in 1896, but the veteran editor went at the task of exposing the free-silver fallacy with the same blithe vigour that he had shown twenty years before. His opinion, printed in the _Sun_ of August 6, 1896, is a good example of Dana’s clear style:

The Chicago platform invites us to establish a currency which will enable a man to pay his debts with half as much property as he would have to use in order to pay them now. This proposition is dishonest. I do not say that all the advocates of the free coinage of silver are dishonest. Thousands of them--millions, if there be so many--are doubtless honest in intention. But I am unable to reconcile with any ideal of integrity a change in the law which will permit a man who has borrowed a hundred dollars to pay his debt with a hundred dollars each one of which is worth only half as much as each dollar he received from the lender.

Dana’s opinions on political questions were more eagerly sought than those of any other editor after Greeley’s death, and the _Sun’s_ political news was complete; yet with Dana, and with the _Sun_, politics was, after all, only one small part of life. The whole world, with its facts and fancies, not the political problems of one continent, was the real field to be covered.

Dana’s curiosity was all-embracing. After the _Sun’s_ financial success was assured he went abroad frequently, and saw not only western Europe, but Russia and the Levant. Of these he wrote in his “Eastern Journeys.” He knew a dozen languages. He conversed with the Pope about Dante and with Russian peasants about Tolstoy. His knowledge of Spanish, acquired early in life, made easy his travels in Mexico and Cuba. Everywhere he went he talked of freedom with its friends, and encouraged them. He knew Kossuth, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Clémenceau, Marti, and Parnell.

At home, Dana’s amusements were chiefly literary and artistic--the study of languages, history, and _belles-lettres_, the collection of pottery and pictures. His Chinese porcelains were perhaps the best, in point of quality, in the Occident.

“I am persuaded,” one critic said of them, “that Mr. Dana must have had a most profound instinct in relation to the whole subject.”

After Mr. Dana’s death these porcelains, about four hundred in number, were sold at auction for nearly two hundred thousand dollars.

In winter Dana lived in a large house which he built in 1880 at the corner of Madison Avenue and Sixtieth Street, and which held the art treasures that he began to gather in the first days of his prosperity. Here he kept his pictures, notably some fine specimens of the Barbizon school, and his books, which included some rare volumes, but which in the main were chosen for their usefulness.

Dana’s happiest days were spent at his country place, Dosoris, an island near Glen Cove, on the north shore of Long Island. There, around a large, old-fashioned, square frame house, he made roads and flower-beds and planted trees from many parts of the world. He grew an oak from an acorn that was brought from the tomb of Confucius. He knew Gray’s “Botany” almost by heart, and could give an intimate description of every flower in the Dosoris gardens. His interest in plants was so deep that once, while travelling in Cuba with an eminent painter, he led his companion for hours through the hot hills of Vuelta Abajo in order to satisfy himself that a certain variety of pine did _not_ grow in that region.

Dana’s was a normal, healthy life. He was a good horseman and swimmer and a great walker. When he was seventy-five years old he climbed to the top of Croyden Mountain, in New Hampshire, with a party of younger men puffing behind him. He found pleasure in all of life, whether it was at the office, where he worked steadily but not feverishly, or with his family among the rural delights of Dosoris, or surrounded by congenial literary spirits at the dinner-table.

He knew no illness until his last summer. Up to June, 1897, the sturdy figure and the kindly face framed in a white beard were as familiar to the _Sun_ office as they were in the seventies. With Dana there was no slow decay of body or mind. He died at Dosoris on October 17, 1897, in the thirtieth year of his reign over the _Sun_.

A few years before, on observing an obituary paragraph which Mr. Dana had written about some noted man, John Swinton asked his chief how much space he (Swinton) would get when his time came.

“For you, John, two sticks,” said Mr. Dana. Turning to Mr. Mitchell, then his chief editorial writer, he added: “For me, two lines.”

On the morning after Mr. Dana’s death every newspaper but one in New York printed columns about the career of the dean of American journalism. The _Sun_ printed only ten words, and these were carried at the head of the first editorial column, without a heading:

CHARLES ANDERSON DANA, editor of the _Sun_, died yesterday afternoon.

Mr. Swinton perhaps believed that Mr. Dana was joking when he said “two lines,” but Mr. Mitchell knew that his chief was in earnest. The order was characteristic of Dana. It was not false modesty. Perhaps it was a certain fine vanity that told him what was true--that he and his work were known throughout the land; that the _Sun_, in its perfection the product of his genius and vigour, would continue to rise as regularly as its celestial namesake; that all he had done would live on. He had made the paper so great that the withdrawal from it of one man’s hand was negligible.

Dana was gone, but his son remained as principal owner, and his chief writer and most intimate intellectual associate for twenty years was left to form the _Sun’s_ policies as he had moulded them in Dana’s absences and as he shapes them to-day. His publisher, the astute Laffan, was still in charge of the _Sun’s_ financial affairs. Other men whom he had found and trained, like Frank P. Church, Mayo W. Hazeltine, and Edward M. Kingsbury in the editorial department, and Chester S. Lord and Daniel F. Kellogg in the news department, continued their work as if Dana still lived.

With their grief doubt was not mingled. The _Sun’s_ success resulted from no secret formula that died with the discoverer. Half of Dana’s victory came by his attraction to himself of men who saw life and literature as he saw them; and so, in a magnificent way, he had made his work dispensable.

And Dana’s was always the magnificent way. To him journalism was not a means of making money, but of interesting, elevating, and making happy every one who read the _Sun_ or wrote for it. He raised his profession to new heights. As Hazeltine wrote in the _North American Review_:

One of Mr. Dana’s special titles to the remembrance of his fellow workers in the newspaper calling is the fact that, more than any other man on either side of the Atlantic, he raised their vocation to a level with the legal and medical professions as regards the scale of remuneration. He honored his fellow craftsmen of the pen, and he compelled the world to honor them.

Shortly after the death of his father, Paul Dana, who was then forty-five years old, and who had been on the _Sun_ editorial staff for seventeen years, was made editor by vote of the trustees of the Sun Printing and Publishing Association. In the following year (1898) the younger Dana bought from Thomas Hitchcock, who was one of Charles A. Dana’s associates both in a financial and in a literary way, enough shares to give him the control of the paper.

Paul Dana continued in control of the property for several years and held with credit his father’s title of editor until 1903. William Mackay Laffan, who had been associated with the elder Dana since 1877, next obtained the business control. His proprietorship was announced on February 22, 1902, and it continued until his death in 1909.[A]

[A] The following editorial article appeared in the _Sun_ on July 26, 1918:

“Mr. Paul Dana calls the _Sun’s_ attention to what he claims was an error in ‘The Story of the _Sun_’ as it originally appeared in the _Munsey Magazine_: the statement that ‘he [Mr. Dana] continued in control of the property until 1900.’ Mr. Dana states that he did not dispose of his controlling interest until 1902. The statement in the _Munsey Magazine_ publication of ‘The Story of the _Sun_’ was founded upon the International Encyclopædia’s biography of William M. Laffan and also upon a statement published in the _Sun_ at the time of Mr. Laffan’s death in 1909, that Mr. Laffan obtained the control of the _Sun_ in 1900. When the _Munsey Magazine_ articles were reprinted in the Sunday _Sun_ the paragraph referred to by Mr. Dana was changed to read as follows:

“‘Paul Dana continued in control of the property for several years and held with credit his father’s title of editor until 1903. William Mackay Laffan, who had been associated with the elder Dana since 1877, obtained the business control. His proprietorship was announced on February 22, 1902, and it continued until his death in 1909.’

“We will let Mr. Dana’s version of this matter stand in ‘The Story of the _Sun_’ unless some further evidence appears on the disputed point.”

Among the makers of the _Sun_ who best knew the paper and the intellectual demands of its readers, Laffan must be included with Dana and Mitchell. At the time when he came to be master of the paper, his career had covered the entire journalistic field, and he was, moreover, a thorough _Sun_ man, sympathetic with all the ideals of his old friend Dana.

Laffan, who was born in Dublin, Ireland, and had a light and delightful brogue, was educated at Trinity College and at St. Cecilia’s School of Medicine. When he was twenty he went to San Francisco, where, beginning as a reporter, he became city editor of the _Chronicle_ and managing editor of the _Bulletin_. In 1870 he went to Baltimore, to be a reporter on the _Daily Bulletin_, and of this newspaper he became editor and part owner. Eventually he became the full owner of both the _Daily Bulletin_ and the _Sunday Bulletin_, and in this capacity he endeared himself to the citizens of Baltimore by his fight against political rings.

He left newspaper work for a short time to become general passenger-agent of the Long Island Railroad; but in 1877, on Mr. Dana’s invitation, he went on the _Sun_ as a general writer. Himself an artist who modelled in clay, painted in oils and water-colours, and etched, his judgment made him valuable to the paper as an art critic.

Like Mr. Dana, he was interested in Chinese porcelains, and he made a deeper study of them than did his employer. When a catalogue was needed for the Chinese porcelains in the Morgan collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mr. Laffan, who was an active trustee of the museum, was called upon to edit the work. He also edited a book on “Oriental Porcelain.” He was the author of “American Wood Engravers,” published in 1883. For these things he is remembered in the world of art. The men of the stage remember him as one of the most distinguished dramatic critics that New York has seen. Even to-day, in the comparison of the styles of critics old and new, Laffan’s incisive reviews are recalled as standards.

In the business world of journalism Laffan is thought of chiefly as the publisher of the _Sun_ from 1884 on, and as the live spirit of the _Evening Sun_ for many of its years. As the actual director of the _Sun_--although his editorial powers were almost entirely delegated to Mr. Mitchell--Mr. Laffan was a picturesque and powerful figure. Beneath an inscrutable exterior he was distinctly a likable person.

One day Laffan wrote a ten-line item, a bit about an exhibition of a friend’s painting, and asked the city editor to print it. He never commanded, even when he controlled the paper; he asked. The item was lost in the shuffle that night. The next day he rewrote it and again asked a place for it. It was printed in the first edition and left out of the city edition. For the third time he carried the article to the city editor, and without a sign of anger.

“It seems to me,” he said, “that anybody can get anything printed in this paper--except the owner.”

A millionaire advertiser asked Laffan to print an article about his pet charity.

“Take it to Clarke,” said Laffan. “If he’ll print it for you, he’ll do more for you than he’ll do for me.”

A New York newspaper once remarked of Laffan that “he never drove any man to drink, but he drove many a man to the dictionary.” That was a commentary on the unusual words which Laffan, whose vocabulary was wide, would occasionally use in an editorial article. His articles were never involved, however. They were not frequent, they were generally short, never without important purpose, and they drove home.

Patient as Laffan was with lost items of his own, he was a man of fine human temper. One morning, on arriving at the office, he found that a Wall Street group of rich scoundrels had sued the _Sun_ for several hundred thousand dollars for its exposure of their methods. He called the city editor.

“Mr. Mallon,” he said, “tell your young man who wrote the articles to go ahead and give these men better cause for libel suits!”

The _Sun_ was making a vigorous war on a great railroad magnate. One day an attaché of the office informed Laffan that a man was waiting to see him who bore a contract which would bring to the _Sun_ four hundred thousand dollars’ worth of advertising from the magnate’s railroads.

“Tell him to see the advertising manager,” said Laffan.

“He insists on seeing you,” said the clerk.

“Tell him to go to hell,” said Laffan.

There was a keen humour in the big Irish head. Laffan was opposed to the amendment to the New York State constitution which provided for an expenditure of more than a hundred millions in improving the Erie Canal. Under his direction a _Sun_ reporter, John H. O’Brien, wrote a series of articles intended to shatter public faith in the huge investment. The amendment, however, was approved by a great majority.

“Mr. O’Brien,” said Mr. Laffan to the reporter, a few days after the election, “I think it would be a very graceful thing on your part to give a little dinner to all those gentlemen who voted against the canal project.”

Upon Mr. Laffan’s death, in November, 1909, the trustees of the Sun Printing and Publishing Association asked Mr. Mitchell, who had been made editor of the _Sun_ on July 20, 1903, to take up the administrative burden as well as the editorial. This Mr. Mitchell did for a little more than two years, although his personal inclinations were toward the literary construction and supervision of the paper rather than toward the business detail incident to the presidency of so large a corporation. The double load was lightened in December, 1911, when control of the _Sun_ was gained through stock purchase by William C. Reick, who became the president of the company, Mr. Mitchell being permitted to return to the editorial functions which have now engrossed him, either as Mr. Dana’s aid or as editor-in-chief, for more than forty years.

Mr. Reick, who was born in Philadelphia in 1864, entered newspaper work in that city when he was nineteen years old. A few years later he removed to Newark, New Jersey, where he became the correspondent of the New York _Herald_. He attracted the attention of Mr. Bennett, the owner of the _Herald_, and in 1888 he was made editor of the _Herald’s_ London and Paris editions. A year later he returned to America to become city editor of the _Herald_, the highest title then given on a newspaper which refuses to have a titular managing editor. In 1903 he was elected president of the New York Herald Company, and he remained in that position until 1906, when he left the _Herald_ to become associated with Adolph Ochs in the publication of the New York _Times_ and with George W. Ochs in the publication of the Philadelphia _Public Ledger_.

When Mr. Reick assumed the control of the _Sun_ properties, he devoted much care to the improvement of the _Evening Sun_, putting it under the managing editorship of George M. Smith, who had served for many years as news editor of the _Sun_ under Chester S. Lord. As Mr. Munsey said when he acquired the _Sun_ and the _Evening Sun_ from Mr. Reick:

Very great credit is due Mr. Reick for the fine development of the _Evening Sun_ since it came under his control. I know of no man who has done a better and sounder piece of newspaper work at any time, in New York or elsewhere, than Mr. Reick has done on the _Evening Sun_.

Among the events of the Reick régime were the retirement of Chester S. Lord from the managing editorship and of George B. Mallon from the city editorship, and the removal of the newspaper from its old home at Nassau and Frankfort Streets to the American Tract Society Building, one block farther south, at Nassau and Spruce Streets.

It was during Mr. Reick’s control of the _Sun_ that Mr. Munsey, in the autumn of 1912, bought the New York _Press_, a one-cent Republican morning daily holding an Associated Press membership. The _Sun_ had lacked the Associated Press service since the fateful night when Mr. Dana bolted from that organization and started the Laffan News Bureau.

Mr. Munsey bought the _Sun_ from Mr. Reick on June 30, 1916, and four days later, on July 3, the _Press_, with its Associated Press service, its best men, and some of its popular features, was absorbed by the _Sun_. As the _Press_ had been a penny paper, the price of the _Sun_ was reduced to one cent, after having stood at two cents since the Civil War. It remained a penny paper until January 26, 1918, when the pressure of production-costs forced the price of all the big New York dailies to two cents.

The amalgamation of the _Sun_ and the _Press_ wrought no change in the editorial department of the _Sun_, Mr. Mitchell remaining as its chief. Ervin Wardman, long the editor of the _Press_, became the publisher of the Sun and vice-president of the Sun Printing and Publishing Association. Mr. Reick remained with the organization in an advisory capacity. Keats Speed, the managing editor of the _Press_, became managing editor of the _Sun_, Kenneth Lord remaining as city editor.

The _Sun_ has had five homes--at 222 William Street, where Benjamin H. Day struck off the first tiny number; at 156 Nassau Street, rented by Day in August, 1835, when the paper began to pay well; at the southwest corner of Nassau and Fulton Streets, to which Moses Y. Beach moved the _Sun_ in 1842; at Nassau and Frankfort Streets, the old Tammany Hall, which Dana and his associates bought; and at 150 Nassau Street, whither the _Sun_ moved in July, 1915. It is expected that the _Sun_ will presently move to another and a fine home, for in September, 1917, Mr. Munsey bought the Stewart Building, at the northeast corner of Broadway and Chambers Street, just north of City Hall Park. The site is generally admitted to be the most desirable building site downtown, so large is the ground space, so fine is the outlook over the spacious park, and so close is it to three subways, three or four elevated-railroad lines, and the Brooklyn Bridge.

Should the criticism be made that this book is not all-inclusive, let it be remembered that there can be no really complete history of the _Sun_ except itself--the tons of files in which for eighty-five years _Sun_ men have drawn their pictures of life’s procession. In a narrative like this only the outlines of the _Sun’s_ course, margined with incidents of the men who made it great by making it as human as themselves, can find room.

It is easy to begin a story of the _Sun_, because Ben Day and that uncertain morning in 1833, the very dawn of popular journalism, make a very real picture. Try to end it, and the roar of the presses in the basement is remindful of the fact that there is no end, except the arbitrary closing. This _Sun_, like _Richmond’s_--

By the bright track of his fiery car Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The files of the _Sun_, 1833–1918.

“The Life of Charles A. Dana,” by James Harrison Wilson, LL.D., late Major General, U. S. V. Harper & Bros., 1907.

“Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872,” by Frederic Hudson. Harper & Bros., 1873.

“The Art of Newspaper Making,” by Charles A. Dana. D. Appleton & Co., 1895.

“Henry J. Raymond and the New York Press for Thirty Years,” by Augustus Maverick. A. S. Hale & Co., Hartford, Conn., 1870.

“First Blows of the Civil War,” by James S. Pike. American News Co., 1879.

“Ordered to China; Letters of Wilbur J. Chamberlin.” Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1903.

“The Making of a Journalist,” by Julian Ralph. Harper & Bros., 1903.

“Mr. Dana of the _Sun_,” by Edward P. Mitchell. _McClure’s Magazine_, October, 1894.

“The New York _Sun_,” by Will Irwin. _American Magazine_, January, 1909.

“The Men Who Make the New York _Sun_,” by E. J. Edwards. _Munsey’s Magazine_, October, 1893.

CHRONOLOGY

1833.--The _Sun_ is founded by Benjamin H. Day, September 3.

1835.--Its home is changed from 222 William street to 156 Nassau street, August 3.

1835.--The Moon Hoax appears, August 25.

1838.--Moses Yale Beach becomes proprietor, June 28.

1842.--The _Sun_ moves to the southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau streets, July.

1844.--Poe’s Balloon Hoax appears, April 3.

1845.--M. Y. Beach takes his sons, Moses S. and Alfred E., as partners, October 22.

1848.--Moses Yale Beach retires, December 4.

1852.--Alfred Ely Beach retires, April 6.

1860.--Moses S. Beach lets the _Sun_ to a religious group, August 6.

1861.--The _Sun_ returns to the management of M. S. Beach, January 1.

1864.--The price is raised to two cents, August 1.

1868.--Charles A. Dana becomes the editor and manager of the _Sun_, January 25.

1868.--The _Sun_ moves to 170 Nassau street, January 25.

1875.--Edward P. Mitchell joins the editorial staff, October 1.

1897.--Death of Charles A. Dana, October 17.

1902.--William M. Laffan’s proprietorship is announced, February 22.

1903.--Edward P. Mitchell becomes the editor of the _Sun_, July 20.

1909.--Death of William M. Laffan, November 19.

1911.--William C. Reick becomes proprietor, December 17.

1915.--The _Sun_ moves to 150 Nassau street, July 11.

1916.--Frank A. Munsey becomes proprietor, June 30.

1916.--With the _Sun_ is amalgamated the New York _Press_, July 3.

1916.--The price is reduced to one cent, July 3.

1918.--The price again becomes two cents, January 26.

INDEX

Abell, Arunah S., associate of Day, 23 establishes Baltimore _Sun_, 136 buys Guilford estate, 136 helps S. F. B. Morse, 136 death of, in 1888, 136

Abolition of slavery, article on, 54 Wisner’s editorial on, 42

Actors of the early 30’s, 121

Adams, Cyrus C., cable editor, 394

Adamson, Robert, _Evening Sun_ reporter, 399

Adams, Samuel Hopkins, Dana finds it hard to discharge, 378, 379 writes Sunday _Sun_ fiction, 412

Adams, Samuel, murdered by John C. Colt, 154

“Addition, Division, and Silence,” 305, 306

Advertising, fashions of, in 1833, 26 specimens of early “liners,” 125 the _Sun_ takes off the first page in 1862, 189 the _Sun_, under Morrison, refuses advertisements on Sunday, 190

Alamo massacre, 113

Alexander, Columbus, escape of, in the Safe Burglary Conspiracy, 308, 309

Alger, Horatio, Jr., writes fiction for the _Sun_, 195

Allen, Miss Susan, smokes a cigar on Broadway, 45

Alumni, of the _Sun_, 328

Anderson, Harold M., Spanish war correspondent, 355, 356

Arago, D. F., alleged deception of, by the Moon Hoax, 97–99

Armstrong, Henry M., Spanish war correspondent, 356

Associated Press, Dana’s break with, 374 formed in _Sun_ office, 167

Astor House, 49

Astor, William B., New York’s richest man, 234

Attree, William H., 61–62 reporter on the _Transcript_, 133, 134

Aviation, prophetic editorial comment on, 46

“Azamet Batuk.” See Thiéblin, N. L.

Badeau, General Adam, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Ballard, Anna, reporter, 286

Balloon Hoax, Poe’s, referred to by De Morgan, 98

Bartlett, Willard, dramatic critic, counsel for Dana, editorial contributor, 286 invents the _Sun_ Cat, 287

Bartlett, William O., writes “No king, no clown, to rule this town!”, 255 style of, compared with Dana’s and Mitchell’s, 256 reference of, to General Hancock’s weight, 256 counsel for Tweed, 275

Battey, Emily Verdery, first real woman reporter, 285, 286 appears in the _Sun_ on April 13, 1844, 149–153

Beach, Alfred Ely, becomes partner in the _Sun_, 161, 162 invents first typewriter for the blind, 162 builds first New York subway, 162, 163 withdraws from the _Sun_ April 6, 1852, 171 dies in 1896, 163

Beach Brothers, name of ownership, 170, 171 issue _Evening Sun_, 171

Beach, Erasmus D., book reviewer, 349 writes classic football story, 350

Beach, Frederick Converse, 163

Beach, Joseph, son of Moses Y. Beach, 173

Beach, Moses Sperry, becomes a partner in the _Sun_, 161, 162 part owner Boston _Daily Times_, 162 invents printing devices, 162 becomes sole owner of the _Sun_, 171 brings wood from the Mount of Olives for Beecher’s pulpit, 177 absence of, from the _Sun_ in the early months of the Civil War, 189 takes the _Sun_ back, 191 sells the _Sun_ to Dana, 198, 199 bids readers farewell, 200

Beach, Moses Yale, enters _Sun_ office as bookkeeper, 111 buys the _Sun_, 127 youth and marriage of, 139 inventions of, 140 joins Benjamin H. Day, 140 owns two buildings where the _Sun_ had its home, 157 takes sons as partners, 161 enterprise of, in Mexican War, 164, 165 starts for Mexico as President Polk’s special agent, 166 retires from the _Sun_, 167 dinner in his honour, 167 issues various editions of the _Sun_, 169 publishes “The Wealth of New York,” 169 father of the newspaper syndicate, 169 Dana’s estimate of, 169, 170 amasses a fortune and retires, 170 writes European articles for the _Sun_, 173

Beach, Stanley Yale, 163

Becker, Charles, conviction of, reported by E. C. Hill, 320, 321

Beckwith, Arthur, telegraph editor, 280

Beecher, Henry Ward, John Brown speech of, in the _Sun_, 177 tribute to H. B. Stanton, 259 trial of, 278 “I don’t read the _Sun_,” 310 denounced by the _Sun_, 311

Belknap, William W., accused by the _Sun_ in Post-trader scandal and impeached, 306, 307

Bell, Jared D., part owner, _New Era_, 134

Bendelari, George, book-reviewer, 411

Bennett, James Gordon, thrashed by Col. Webb, 36 work of, for the _Courier and Enquirer_, 37 editor Philadelphia _Courier_, 53 the _Sun_ replies to charge of, that Day is an infidel, 108 early career of, 109 treats Helen Jewett’s murder sensationally, 114 second assault on, by Webb described, 114 early failures of, 131 debt of, to Day’s example, 132 announcement of coming marriage of, 132 establishes the no-credit system, 133 works harder than other proprietors, 174 dies in 1872, 293 “the first yellow journalist,” 413

Bennett, J. G., Jr., takes his father’s place, 298 death of, 132

Bigelow, John, associate of Bryant, 174

Bishop, Joseph W., night city editor, 372 night editor, 372

Black, Chauncey F., a _Sun_ contributor, 405

Blackwood, Algernon, _Evening Sun_ reporter, 399

Blatchford, Judge Samuel, historic decision of, in the Shepherd case, 307, 308

Blizzard of March, 1888, 362, 363

Blythe, Samuel G., describes E. G. Riggs, 346

Bogart, John B., “If a man bites a dog, that is news,” 241 “a whole school of journalism,” 281 possesses “sixth sense,” 335, 336 persistence of, 336

Bonner, Robert, pays $30,000 for “Norwood,” 235 sagacity of, commented on by Dana, 300

Book-reviewers, _Sun’s_, list of, 411

Borden, Lizzie, acquittal of, reported by Julian Ralph, 318, 319

Bowery Theatre Fire, ruins Hamblin, 118 first American playhouse lighted with gas, 121

Bowles, Samuel, employs B. H. Day, 22–23

Bowman, Frank, dramatic critic, 411

Bread riots, the _Sun’s_ part in, 118, 119

Brewster, Sir David, appears in Moon Hoax, 71

Brisbane, Albert, association of, with Greeley, 161

Brisbane, Arthur, son of Albert Brisbane, 161 style of, like W. O. Bartlett’s, 256 becomes reporter at 18, 346, 347 becomes London correspondent, 347 reports Sullivan-Mitchell fight, 347 is managing editor _Evening Sun_, 348 becomes editor Sunday _World_ magazine, 348 becomes editor _Evening Journal_, 348 becomes proprietor Washington _Times_, 348 takes Richard Harding Davis on _Evening Sun_, 398

Brook Farm, Dana enters, 206

Brooklyn Theatre fire, 362

Brooks brothers, James and Erastus, establish New York _Express_, 134, 135

Brown, John, the _Sun’s_ attitude toward, 177

Bryant, William Cullen, editor and poet in 1833, 34 conflict of, with W. L. Stone, 34

Buchanan, James, supported by the _Sun_, 176

Burdell, Dr. Harvey, murder of, 196

Burnett, Wm., 60

Burr, Aaron, 51

Butler, Stephen B., 60

Cady, Elizabeth, marries Henry B. Stanton, 259

Caroline case, the _Sun’s_ enterprise in reporting, 144, 145

Carroll, Dana H., Spanish war correspondent, 355

Cat, the _Sun’s_, his invention and reputation, 287–289

Chadwick, George W., in business with Dana, 216

Chamberlains and Chamberlins, 341–343

Chamberlain, Henry Richardson, covers Europe for the _Sun_, 342 visions by, of a great war, 342

Chamberlin, Wilbur J., takes charge of the _Sun_ staff in Cuba, 356 eleven-column report by, 361 known as “Jersey,” 338; cable hoodoo of, 339, 340 describes German soldiers’ brutality in China, 340 describes the Deacon’s broken suspenders, 341

Chamberlin, E. O., reporter, 342

Chamberlin, Henry B., reporter, 343

Childs, George W., tells of W. M. Swain’s industry, 135 buys _Public Ledger_, 135

Cholera, in New York, 1832, 22

Church, Francis P., a _Sun_ editorial writer for forty years, 191 “Is There a Santa Claus?,” 409

Church, William C., publisher of the _Sun_, 190 war correspondent, 190, 191 owns _Army and Navy Journal_, 191

Circulation in November, 1833, 2,000, 50 in December, 1833, 52 April, 1834, 54 in November, 1834, 57 Day offers to bet on it, 62–63 in August, 1835, it becomes the largest in the world, 78 in August, 1836, 27,000, 116 in September, 1843, 38,000, 157 in December, 1848, 50,000, 168 in September, 1860, 59,000, 194 Dana’s estimate of 50,000 to 60,000 in 1868, 228 in 1871, 100,000, 269 in March, 1875, 120,000, 300 day after Tilden-Hayes election, 220, 390, 323, 325 after other interesting events, 323–325 high-tide marks, 325

Civil War, the _Sun_ in the, 172 _et seq._ the _Sun_ declares “the Union cannot be dissolved,” 179 the _Sun_ charges the _Herald_, the _Daily News_, and the _Staats-Zeitung_ with disloyalty, 180, 181 the _Sun_, the _Tribune_, and the _Times_ entirely loyal, 185 the _Sun’s_ news from Bull Run, 187; from Gettysburg, 188 the _Sun_ protests against Sunday battles, 190 attitude of Greeley and Dana, 211

Clarke, Selah Merrill, night city editor, 1881–1912, 383 story of the Northampton disaster by, 383 remarkable memory of, 384, 385 head-lines written by, 387, 388 gifts of, as copy reader, 389

Cleveland, Grover, Dana’s opposition to, 421, 422

Clubs: Bread and Cheese, Hone, Union, 122, 123

Cobb, Irvin S., reports Portsmouth peace conference for _Evening Sun_, 399

Coffey, Titian J., recipient of the “addition, division, and silence” letter, 305

Collins, E. K., an advertiser in the first _Sun_, 27

Colt, John C., murders Samuel Adams, 154

Conkling, Roscoe, in business with Dana, 216

Connolly, James, reporter, 284

Conventions, national, _Sun_ men reporting, 344 history of, written by E. G. Riggs, 346

Cook, Tom, reporter, 284

Cooper, Charles P., city editor, _Evening Sun_, 400

Cooper, James Fenimore, 50

Corbin, John, dramatic critic, 411

Coward, Edward Fales, _Evening Sun_ dramatic critic, 399

Crédit Mobilier scandal, 304

Crockett, David, memoirs of, in the _Sun_, 51

Cronyn, Thoreau, Dewey’s funeral, report by, 333

Cuba, Dana’s interest in struggle of, 353–355

Cullen, Clarence L., writes “Tales of the Ex-Tanks,” 411

Cummings, Alexander, writes for the _World_, 182

Cummings, Amos Jay, secretly learns typesetting, 264 goes with Filibuster Walker, 265 wins Medal of Honor at Fredericksburg, 265 holds _Tribune_ office against rioters, 266 conflicts with John Russell Young, 266 “They say I swear too much,” 267 “To hell with my own copy,” 267 best news man of his day, 268 is first human interest reporter, 268 reports prize fights, 285 Nicara-goo Song of, 289, 290 “Ziska” letters of, 290 is managing editor of the _Express_, 290 returns to the _Sun_, 290 is elected to House of Representatives, 290 becomes editor _Evening Sun_, 290 returns to Congress, 290, 291 death and funeral of, 291 prints murder charts, 414

Curtin, Jeremiah, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Curtis, David A., Sunday _Sun_ writer, 412

Curtis, George Ticknor, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Curtis, George William, writes for the _Tribune_, 161

Daly, Augustin, tries to have Dana dismiss Laffan, 252

Damrosch, Leopold, music critic, 314

Dana, Charles A., a boy in Buffalo when Day founded the _Sun_, 35 reading “Oliver Twist” weakens eyes of, 123 draws $50 a week on _Tribune_, 174 named by the _Sun_ as a possible postmaster, 179 buys the _Sun_ and announces its policy, 198, 199 absolute master of the _Sun_, 202 birth and ancestry, 202 brothers and sisters of, 203 boyhood and life of, in Buffalo, 203, 204 goes to Harvard, 204 teaches school at Scituate, 205 religious indecision of, 205 sight of, impaired, 206 joins Brook Farm, 206 milks cows and waits on table, 207 meets Horace Greeley, 207 writes for the _Harbinger_ and the _Dial_, 207 writes poetry, 208 marries, 208 goes to Boston _Daily Chronotype_, 208 comes out “strong against hell,” 209 becomes city editor of the New York _Tribune_, 209 goes to Europe, 209 returns to be managing editor of the _Tribune_, 210 his pay and income, 210 literary works of, before Civil War, 213 leaves the _Tribune_, 214, 215 induces Grant to stop the cotton speculation, 216 convinces Lincoln of needed reforms, 216 is chosen to report on complaints against Grant, 216, 217 writes of his “new insight into slavery,” 218 is with Grant at Vicksburg, 218 brings Grant full authority, 218 sees much of war, 219 estimate of Grant by, 219 estimate of Rawlins by, 219, 220 reports on Rosecrans, 220 poetry contest of, with General Lawler, 221 describes the storming of Missionary Ridge, 221, 222 reports Grant’s Virginia campaign, 222, 223 goes to Richmond to gather Confederate archives, 224 talks with Lincoln about Jacob Thompson, 224 authorizes Miles to manacle Jefferson Davis, 224 quoted on Davis’s imprisonment, 225 becomes editor of Chicago _Republican_, 225 assails President Johnson, 226 quits Chicago _Republican_, 226 determines to have a New York newspaper, 226 his backers, 226 decides to buy the _Sun_, 228, 229 changes its appearance, 230 moves “It Shines for All,” 230, 231 “Dana was the _Sun_ and the _Sun_ Dana,” 231 makes no rules for the _Sun_, 238 editorial principles of, 238, 239 lectures at Cornell, 239 defines news, 241 on college education, 242 on reporting, 242 “The invariable law is to be interesting,” 243 “Do not take any model,” 243, 244 not impressed by names of writers, 246 “This is too damned wicked,” 246 refuses to expose a silly literary thief, 246 methods and surroundings of, 246–251 interest of, in everything and everybody, 251 “Take the partition down,” 251 love of, for variety of topics, 253 delight of, in other men’s work, 254 tact of, in handling men, 263 death of great rivals of, 293 quoted on “personal journalism,” 296 quoted on Greeley, Raymond, and Bennett, 297 “We pass the _Tribune_ by”, 298 advises _World_ reporters to read the Bible, 299 kindly feeling of, toward the younger Bennett, 299 belief of, in a newspaper without advertising, 299–301 objects to “heavy chunks of news,” 302 “our contemporaries exhaust their young men,” 302 is a witness against Secretary Robeson, 305 defeats Shepherd’s attempt to railroad him, 307 denies wishing to be collector of the port, 309, 310 loses friends because of attacks on Grantism, 310 refuses to be turned, 310 retains opinion of Grant’s military ability, 310 “First find the man,” plans of, 326 frames gold plank for New York convention of 1896, 345 asks Platt not to oppose Roosevelt, 345 affection of, for Cuba, 353–354 memorial to, in Camaguey, 354, 355 breaks with Associated Press, 374 encouraged _Sun_ men to write fiction, 405 “The second yellow journalist,” 413 not a yellow journalist, 415 attacks yellow journalism, 413, 415, 416, 417 revolutionizes journalism, 416 “An opposition party in himself,” 420 attacks Hayes, 420 opposition of, to Cleveland, 420 supports B. F. Butler, 420 would burn his pen rather than support Blaine, 421 opinion of, on civil service reform, 421 opposes Bryan, 422 continental travels, 423 knowledge of languages, 423 porcelain collection of, 423 country home of, 424 death of, 425 the _Sun’s_ announcement of death of, 425 elevation of journalism by, 426

Dana, Paul, succeeds his father as editor, 426 chief owner, 427

Davids, David, reporter, 283

Davies, Acton, Spanish war correspondent, 356 _Evening Sun_ dramatic critic, 399

Davis, Oscar King, goes with Schley’s squadron, 355 describes capture of Guam, 356, 357

Davis, Richard Harding, experiences and work of, on _Evening Sun_, 398 writes _Van Bibber_ stories for _Evening Sun_, 398

Day, Benjamin H., decides to publish the _Sun_, 22 birth and ancestry of, 22 issues the first _Sun_, 25 issues a _True Sun_, 60 is indicted for attacking Attree, 61 welcomes an attack by Col. Webb, 111 quarrels with Bennett, 110 attacks the service at the Astor House, 117 name of, taken from the _Sun’s_ masthead, 125 sells the _Sun_ to Moses Y. Beach, 127 period of ownership by, of the _Sun_, 127 profits from the _Sun_, 127, 128 influence of, upon journalism, 129 influence of, on Bennett’s success, 131, 132 success of, responsible for the founding of many one-cent papers, 133 says the _Sun’s_ success was “more by accident than design,” 137 establishes _True Sun_, 137 starts the _Tatler_, 137, 138 founds _Brother Jonathan_, 138 retirement and death of, 138 remarks on Dana’s purchase of the _Sun_, 138 son of Benjamin H. Day, 138 contrasted with Dana, 202 was he a yellow journalist?, 414

Delane, John T., pictured by Kinglake, 247

De Morgan, Augustus, notes of, on the Moon Hoax, 96–99

Denison, Lindsay, covers Slocum disaster, 361

Dick, Dr. Thomas, 66

Dickens, Charles, “Nicholas Nickleby” criticized, 123 The _Sun’s_ comments on American visit of, 155, 156, 157

Dieuaide, Thomas M., writes story of the Santiago sea fight, 355, 356 describes the destruction of St. Pierre, 357, 358

Dillingham, Charles B., _Evening Sun_ dramatic critic, 399

Dix, John A., an advertiser in the first _Sun_, 28

Dix, John A., Governor, seizes three New York newspapers in 1864, 183

Douglas, Stephen A., the _Sun’s_ attitude toward, 175, 177, 178

Draper, Dr. John W., 35

Dyer, Oliver, versatility of, 405

Eaton, Walter P., dramatic critic, 411

Edison, Thomas A., thanks the _Sun_ for chewing tobacco, 322

Editorial writers, list of, 326

England, Isaac W., first managing editor of the _Sun_, 263, 264 Dana’s tribute to, 264

Evans, George O., “He understands addition, division, and silence,” 305

_Evening Sun_, first issued by Beach Brothers, 171 issued by Dana, March 17, 1887, 397 “Laffan’s baby,” 397 Cummings first managing editor of, 397 later managing editors of, 398, 400 list of editorial writers, managing editors, and city editors of, 399, 400

Express service, usefulness to the _Sun_, 140, 141

Fairbanks, Charles M., reporter and night editor, 351

Fernandez, the murderer, 103–104

Field, Eugene, obtains Dana’s shears, 249

Fire, New York conflagration of 1835, 105–106

Fisk, James, Jr., pays $800,000 for a theatre, 236 tells of _Sun_ enterprise, 269, 270

Fitzgerald, Christopher J., finds the lost Umbria, 392, 393

Flaherty, Bernard. See Williams, Barney.

Flint, Dr. Austin, youthful friend of Dana, 204

Florence, William J., subscriber to the Tweed statue fund, 273

Foord, John, editor of the _Times_, 298

Football, Ralph’s story without a score, 334, 335 Beach’s Homeric introduction, 350, 351

Forks, the _Sun’s_ conservative attitude toward, 55

Forrest, Edwin, 55–56

Fowler, Elting A., predicts Bryan’s appointment as Secretary of State, 377

Fuller, Andrew S., agricultural editor, 199, 200

Fyles, Franklin, reports Beecher trial, 278 reporter, dramatic critic, and playwright, 283

Garr, Andrew S., sues Day for libel, 126

Gibson, A. M., Washington correspondent, 312

Godwin, Parke, edits _Daily News_, 181

Goodwin, Joseph, creates _Sarsaparilla Reilly_, 412

Gould, Jay, is blackballed in the Blossom Club, 270

Grant, Ulysses S., the _Sun’s_ support of, in 1868, announced, 199 imposed upon, 304 opposed by the _Sun_, 304

Grant scandals, 304–310

Greeley, Horace, founds _Morning Post_, 23 fails with _Morning Post_, 37 Albany correspondent _Daily Whig_, 134 starts the _Tribune_, 159 is scorned by the _Sun_, 159 hires Henry J. Raymond, 160 attacks the _Sun_, 161 tells British legislators the _Sun_ was cheap at $250,000, 171 mentioned for the collectorship, 179 hires Dana, 209 timidity of, toward slavery, 211 writes pleas to Dana, 212 denies writing “Forward to Richmond!”, 213 hires Cummings on the state of his breeches, 266

Gregg, Frederic J., editorial writer, _Evening Sun_, 400

Griffis, William Elliot, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Gurowski, Count, writes for the _Tribune_, 161

Hackett, James H., 39

Hallock, Gerard, sympathy of, with slavery forces him to retire from the _Journal of Commerce_, 181, 182

Hamblin, Thomas S., ruined by fire of 1836, 118 beats Bennett, 118

Hamilton, Captain, aspersions of, relative to tooth brushes, 45

Harbour Association, formed by six newspapers, 167

Harnden, William F., starts express service, New York to Boston, 141

Harte, Bret, stories by, syndicated by the _Sun_, 403

Hawkins, Ervin, city editor, _Evening Sun_, 400

Hayward, Billings, part owner of the _Transcript_, 133, 134

Hazeltine, Mayo W., writes on Dana’s elevation of journalism, 426 “M. W. H.,” 408 literary critic for thirty-one years, 408

Head-lines, the _Sun’s_ second, 44 examples of (1833), 52 example of, in Dana’s time, 314

Hearst, William R., “the fourth yellow journalist,” 413

Henderson, William J., musical critic and yachting writer, 391

Hendrix, Joseph C., “Cut out the damn,” 279

“Hermit,” writes Washington letters for the _Sun_, 176

Herschel, Sir John F. W., 66

Hill, Edwin C., reports Becker trial, 321 style of, in disaster stories, 361, 362

Hitchcock, Thomas, author of “Matthew Marshall” financial articles, 228

Hoaxes. See Moon Hoax, Balloon Hoax, Mungo Park.

Hoe, Robert, Day’s remark at dinner to, 137

Holmes, Mary J., writes novels for the _Sun_, 195

Hone, Philip, as a writer, 37

Horse expresses: the six-cent papers combine to use, 110

Hotels, huge noon dinners in the thirties, 122

Howard, Joseph, Jr., issues a false Presidential proclamation, 183

Hudson, Frederic, opposes managing editorships, 262

“Human interest,” 244, 245, 313, 363

Humour, 366, 367

Hurlbut, William Henry, a _Sun_ contributor, 405

Illustrations, the _Sun’s_ first, 43

Interviews, invented by Bennett, 316

Introductions, the _Sun’s_ objection to, 363

Irving, Washington, 34–35

Irwin, Will, “The City That Was,” 358

“It Shines for All,” 58

Jackson, Andrew, message of, printed in full, 51

James, Henry, flashy head-lines on a novel by, 404

Jennings, Louis J., chief editorial writer of the _Times_, 274 becomes editor of the _Times_, 298 returns to England, 298

Jewett, Helen, murder of, 113, 114 trial of Robinson for murder of, 115, 116

Jones, Alexander, becomes first agent of Associated Press, 167 invents telegraph cipher, 167

Jones, George, partner of H. J. Raymond, 274

Journalism, the earliest dailies, 29 advance of, between 1830 and 1840, 136, 137 great editors of 1868, 233 managing editors, 262, 263 first women reporters, 285, 286 Watterson’s review in 1873, 293–295 “Personal journalism,” 295, 296 Dana’s dream of a paper without advertisements, 299–301 interviewing, 316 What do people read?, 323 “Sixth sense,” 335, 336

_Journal of Commerce_, the _Sun’s_ only surviving morning contemporary of 1833, 25

Josephs, Joseph, reporter, 283

Kane, Lawrence S., city editor, 279 reporter, 280

Kellogg, Daniel F., city editor 1890–1902, 371

Kelly, John, marriage of, reported, 321, 322

Kemble, Fanny, 44, 59

Kemble, W. H., author of the “addition, division, and silence” letter, 305 causes Dana’s arrest, 306 is sent to prison, 306

Kendall, George W., despatches of, to the New Orleans _Picayune_ used by the _Sun_, 165

King, Charles, editor of the _American_, 130, 131

Know-Nothing Party, uses Maria Monk’s “Disclosures” as political capital, 112

Kobbé, Gustav, dramatic and musical critic, 350

Laffan Bureau, established, 375 growth, 376

Laffan, William M., becomes proprietor of the _Sun_, 427 thorough newspaper training of, 427 art expert, 427, 428 dramatic critic, 428 “Anybody can get anything printed, except the owner,” 428 death of, in 1909, 430

Landon, M. D. See Eli Perkins.

Leggett, William, fights duel with Blake, 130

Levermore, Charles H., describes victory of the _Sun_ and the _Herald_ over old-fashioned journalism, 137

Lincoln, Abraham, “No match for the Little Giant,” 177 “A man of the people,” 178 is elected, “and yet the country is safe,” 179 _Sun_ comments on re-election of, 182; on death of, 182 New York newspapers’ comment on emancipation proclamation, 184 assigns Dana to Virginia campaign, 222

Literature, in the fifties, 173 serial novels contracted for by M. S. Beach, 196 “The finest side of the _Sun_,” 402, _et seq._

Literary men, list of, in 1833, 34–35

Lloyd, Nelson, Spanish war correspondent, 355 city editor, _Evening Sun_, 400

Locke, Richard Adams, goes on _Sun_ as a reporter, 64 Poe’s sketch of, 65, 66 early life of, 66 confesses the Moon Hoax, 86–87 life of the murderer, Fernandez, by, 103–104 starts the _New Era_, 116–117 writes “The Lost Manuscript of Mungo Park,” 117 becomes editor of the Brooklyn _Eagle_, 117, 118 death of, 118 attends dinner to Moses Y. Beach, 167

Lord, Chester S., Whisky Ring story by, 284, 285 long service of, 326, 327 first staff of, 327 “Ten thousand battles of,” 327 managing editor, 1880–1913, 372 studies at Hamilton College, 373 goes on the _Sun_ as a reporter, 373 buys Syracuse _Standard_, 373 returns to the _Sun_, 373 assistant managing editor, 373 managing editor, 373 described by E. G. Riggs, 373 perfects collection of election returns, 374 sends Blaine first news of his defeat, 374 establishes a news service in a night, 375 selection of correspondents by, 376 “Use your own judgment,” 377, 378 “You’ve been fired, but come back,” 378

Lord, Kenneth, city editor, 371, 432

Lotteries, list of numbers drawn, in the _Sun_, 40

Lottery advertising, 37

Luby, James, chief editorial writer, _Evening Sun_, 400

Lyman, Ambrose W., night city editor, 371

Lynch, Charles, Sunday _Sun_ writer, 412

Lynde, Willoughby, part owner of the _Transcript_, 133, 134

Magazines, New York periodicals in 1833, 34

Maguire, Mark, newsboy and sports writer, 285 invents boxing chart, 285

Mallon, George Barry, city editor, 1902–1914, 371

Mandigo, John, sporting editor, 395

Mann, Henry, reporter, exchange editor and author, 284 reports Stokes trial, 321

Mansfield, Josephine, 236, 270

Marble, Manton, joins the _World_, 182 controls it, 182 protests to Lincoln when the _World_ is suppressed, 183

Maria Monk, the _Sun_ prints “Disclosures” of, 111, 112 exposed by W. L. Stone in the _Commercial Advertiser_, 112, 113

Martineau, Harriet, comments of, on the Moon Hoax, 86

“Matthew Marshall.” See Hitchcock, Thomas.

Matthias the Prophet, trial of, for murder, 63

McAlpin, Robert, reporter, 284

McAlpin, Tod, reporter, 284

McClellan, George B., supported by the _Sun_ in 1864, 185

McCloy, W. C., city editor and managing editor, _Evening Sun_, 398, 400

McDonnell, P. G., predicts Aguinaldo’s revolt, 376

McEntee, Joseph, Albany correspondent, 394

Mexican War, _Sun’s_ news of, 164, 165 costly to newspapers, 166

Mitchell, Edward P., owns a copy of the first _Sun_, 26 is quoted on Dana’s freedom from ancient journalistic rules, 240 describes Dana’s methods and surroundings, 247–251 describes Dana’s encouragement of Cuba Libre, 354 finds “Plaza Charles A. Dana” in Camaguey, 355 writes short stories of distinction, 405 breadth of his fancy and humour, 405, 406 address on “The Newspaper Value of Non-essentials,” 406 champions the classics, 407 defines yellow journalism and white, 415 describes Dana’s revolution of journalism, 416 receives Dana’s instructions as to length of death notice, 425 becomes editor-in-chief, 430 president of the Sun Printing and Publishing Association, 1909–1911, 430 remains as editor, 432

“Monsieur X.” See Thiéblin, Napoleon L.

Moon Hoax, 64–101 reacts on the _Sun’s_ big fire story, 106

Morris, George P., 37

Morrissey, John, pugilist, is supported for the Senate by the _Sun_, 323

Morrison, Archibald M., gains control of the _Sun_ to use it for evangelical purposes, 189

Morse, Samuel F. B., assisted by W. M. Swain and A. S. Abell to finance the telegraph, 136

Motto, “It Shines for All” appears, origin of, 58

Mullin, Edward H., editorial writer, _Evening Sun_, 400

Munn, Orson D., buys _Scientific American_ with Alfred E. Beach, 162

Munsey, Frank A., sells Washington _Times_ to Brisbane, 348 remarks of, at Yale on the influence of the _Sun_ and the _World_, 419 buys New York _Press_, 431 buys the _Sun_, 431 consolidates the _Sun_ and the _Press_, 431 buys Stewart Building, 432

“M. W. H.” See Hazeltine, M. W.

“Mystery of Marie Roget.” See Rogers, Mary.

Navy Department scandals, 304, 305

“Nemo,” a _Sun_ correspondent in the Civil War, 188

News boats, 166

Newsboys, Day originates street sales by, 39–40 Sam Messenger, 40

Newspapers, _Courrant_, the first English daily, 29 London _Times_ the first English paper to use a steam press, 29 _Pennsylvania Packet_, the first American daily, 29 the _Globe_, oldest New York paper, 29 the _Evening Post_, second oldest New York paper, 29 the _Courier_ and the _Enquirer_ amalgamated, 35 New York _Tribune_, founding of, 37 New York _Times_ is started, 57 the _Transcript_ is started, 57 the _True Sun_, 59–60 _Courier and Enquirer_, its huge size, 62 attitude of the _Sun’s_ contemporaries toward the Moon Hoax, 75, 76, 82, 87 the _Sun’s_ penny imitators, editorial reference to, 107 New York _Herald_ prints the first report of Stock Exchange sales, 109 _Herald’s_ circulation in 1836, 116 the _Journal of Commerce_ denounces the _Sun_ as an inciter of riots, 119 paper rolls, a new invention, described, 123, 124 _Courier and Enquirer’s_ writers under Webb, 130 _Journal of Commerce_, enterprise under Gerard Hallock’s editorship, 130 the _Transcript’s_ early success, 133, 134 list of penny papers started in New York, 1833–1838, 134 New York _Express_ established, 134, 135 New York _Daily News_ established, 134, 135 the _Daily Transcript_, the first Philadelphia penny paper, 135 Philadelphia _Public Ledger_, office mobbed, 135 list of great dailies founded, 1833–1843, 136 the _Herald_ called “a very bad paper,” by Greeley, 174 New York _World_, appearance of, as a highly moral sheet, 182 the New York _Times_ and the Tweed exposure, 274, 275 Orange _Postman_, the first penny paper, 29

Newspaper feuds, Day and Webb, 54 _Sun_ and _Journal of Commerce_, 54

New York, size and life of, in 1833, 32–34 life in the thirties, 121–123 rich and powerful figures of Dana’s first _Sun_ year, 234, 235 clubs, hotels, and theatres of the sixties, 236, 237

New York _Press_, sports staff of, transferred to the _Sun_, 393

Nicollet, Jean Nicolas, supposed connection of, with the Moon Hoax, 94–101

Noah, Mordecai M., 61 establishes _Morning Star_, 134

“No king, no clown, to rule this town,” 255

Norr, William, writes “The Pearl of Chinatown,” 411

North, S. N. D., describes the influence of the penny press, 137

North, Walter Savage, writes fiction for the _Sun_, 196 circulation of New York dailies in 1833, 31

“Nym Crinkle.” See Andrew C. Wheeler.

O’Brien, John H., Laffan’s jest with, 429, 430

Odion, Henry W., night city editor, 371

O’Hanlon, Virginia, asks the _Sun_ if there is a Santa Claus, 409

O’Malley, Frank W., story by, on Policeman Sheehan’s death, 364 describes Passover parade, 367

Overton, Grant M., book-reviewer, 411

Palmer, Frederick, _Evening Sun_ reporter, 399

Paragraphs, quotations from, in 1834, 52–53

Park, Mungo, Locke writes the “Lost Manuscript” of, 117

Patton, Francis T., rules for exaggeration by, 390, 391

Penny newspapers, failure of, before the _Sun_ was established, 23

Perkins, Eli (Melville De Lancey Landon), _Sun_ correspondent, 314

Philip Hone, the _Sun_ suggests that he incited a riot, 119

Phillips, David Graham, last assignments of, 360 finds material for novels, 360

Pigs in City Hall Park, the _Sun_ objects to, 55

Pigeons, the _Sun_ uses, to carry ship news, 146, 147 editorial explaining presence of, on the _Sun’s_ roof, 147, 148

Pike, James S., Dana advises, to get “Black Dan drunk,” 211 career of, as journalist and diplomat, 256, 257

Poe, Edgar Allan, describes R. A. Locke, 65, 66 his “Hans Pfaall” spoiled by the Moon Hoax, 90–93 belief of, that the Moon Hoax firmly established penny newspapers, 102 returns to New York, 148 writes the Balloon Hoax for the _Sun_, 149 inspiration of, for “The Mystery of Marie Roget,” 153, 155

Post-Trader scandal, 306

Prall, William M., 104

Press, the _Sun’s_ first, 24 the _Sun’s_ second, 52 the _Sun’s_ third, 58

Presses, Day buys two Napiers, 118

Price, Joseph, partner of R. A. Locke in _New Era_, 116 part owner _New Era_, 134

Price of the _Sun_ changed from “one penny” to “one cent,” 51

Printers, union, in 1833, 48

Prize-fighting denounced, 59

Pulitzer, Joseph, is assigned by Dana to report the electoral controversy, 240 correspondent of the _Sun_, 312 “The third yellow journalist,” 413 influence of, on journalism, 419

Railroads, extent of, in 1833, 30

Ralph, Julian, reports Borden trial, 321 long service of, on _Sun_, 331 Grant’s funeral, report by, 332 books written by, 334 a football classic by, with the score left out, 334, 335 Molly Maguires, reported by, 335 is gifted with “sixth sense,” 335 describes reporting an inauguration, 337

Ramsey, Dave, originates the idea of a penny _Sun_, 21

Rawlins, General John A., part of, in Dana’s assignment to report on Grant, 218

Raymond, Henry J., goes to the _Tribune_, 160 performs a great reporting feat, 160 leaves Greeley, 160 becomes the first editor of the New York _Times_, 161 calls Webb’s paper “the Austrian organ in Wall Street,” 174

Reamer, Lawrence, dramatic critic, 411

Reick, William C., becomes proprietor, 430 early career of, 430, 431 improves _Evening Sun_, 431 sells the _Sun_ to Frank A. Munsey, 431

Reid, Whitelaw, succeeds Greeley, 298

Reporters, comparison of styles, 315–322 _Sun_ staff in 1893, 330 _Sun_, anonymity of, almost complete, 330 “The _Sun_ has no ‘stars,’” 359 a typical assignment list in 1893, 359

Rewey, Elijah M., night city editor, 371 exchange editor, 372

Riggs, Edward G., reports seven national conventions, 343, 344 wide acquaintance of, 344 Dana’s reliance on, 344 “Riggs is my Phil Sheridan,” 345 defines political correspondents, 345, 346 described by Samuel G. Blythe, 346 writes history of national conventions, 346 describes Lord’s discernment, 373 tells how Lord built up the Laffan bureau, 375, 376 “One story you [Chamberlin] can’t write,” 341

“Rigolo.” See Thiéblin, N. L.

Riis, Jacob A., chief police reporter, _Evening Sun_, 398 writings of, attract Roosevelt, 398, 399

Riots, the Bowery Theatre, 55–56

Ripley, George, lectures, 205 helps Dana to enter Brook Farm, 206 is chief of the cow-milking group, 207 editor of the _Harbinger_, 207 prepares, with Dana, the “New American Encyclopedia,” 213

Robeson, George M., accused by the _Sun_ in the Navy scandal, 304, 305

Robinson, Lucius, _Sun_ reporter and governor, 104–105

Rogers, Mary, disappearance of, announced in the _Sun_, 153 editorial comment on murder of, 154 Poe’s uses case of, in fiction, 153, 155

Root, Walstein, Spanish war correspondent, 355

Rosebault, Walter M., city editor and reporter, 280

Rosenfeld, Sidney, _Sun_ reporter in 1870, 280

Ruhl, Arthur, _Evening Sun_ reporter, 399

Rum, the _Sun’s_ aversion to, 43

Safe Burglary Conspiracy, 308

Salary Grab, 307

Sam Patch, the _Sun’s_ pigeon, 147, 149

Santa Claus editorial article, 409, 410

_Scientific American_, interest in, bought by Alfred E. Beach, 162

Secession, the _Sun’s_ plan to emasculate, 179, 180

Serviss, Garret P., night editor, 372

Shaw, Henry Grenville, telegraph editor, 280

Shepherd, Alexander, accused by the _Sun_ in the Washington paving scandal, 307 tries to hale Dana to Washington, 307

Short, Wm. F., 60

Shunk, James F., a _Sun_ contributor, 405

Siamese Twins, arrest of, 51

Simonds, Frank H., editorial writer, the _Sun_ and the _Evening Sun_, 400

Simonton, James W., associate of Raymond, 174

“Six-penny respectables,” 110

“Sixth sense,” examples of, 335, 336

Slavery, Missouri Compromise and Dred Scott decision rejected by the _Sun_, 175, 176

Smith, George M., night editor, 1904–1912, 372 managing editor _Evening Sun_, 400

Smith, Goldwin, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Space rates, 380

Spalding, James R., a _World_ writer, 182

Spanish War, _Sun’s_ news service in, 353–356

Sports, the _Sun’s_ first prize-fight story, 58

Sports department, 391–393

Spears, John R., cruises around the world, 349 reports America’s Cup races, 349 covers Hatfield-McCoy feuds, 349 books written by, 349

Spears, Raymond S., reporter, 349

Speed, Keats, becomes managing editor, 432

Spencer, Edward, a writer of fiction for the _Sun_, 405

Stanley, William J., part owner of the _Transcript_, 133

Stanton, Henry Brewster, a _Sun_ writer from 1868 to 1887, 258, 259 Beecher’s tribute to, 259

Stanton, Edwin M., asks Dana to enter War Department, 215 withdraws appointment, 216

Steamships, Great Western arrives at New York, 119 Sirius arrives at New York, 119 the _Sun’s_ extras on arrival of, 142 loss of the President, 143

Stephens, Ann S., writes fiction for the _Sun_, 196

Stereotyping, adopted by the _Sun_, 193

Stetson, Francis Lynde, a _Sun_ contributor, 404

Stevenson, Robert Louis, early successes of, first appear in the _Sun_, 403, 404 South Seas articles of, complete only in the _Sun_, 403, 404

Stewart, Alexander T., grave robbery of, 322

Stewart, William (“Walsingham”), first dramatic critic to adopt intimate style, 411

Stillman, Amos B., telegraph editor for forty-five years, 280 “Quite a fire in Chicago,” 281

Stokes, Edward S., conviction of, reported by Henry Mann, 317, 318

Stone, William L., conflict of, with Bryant, 34 the _Sun’s_ quarrel with, 56 sketch of, 112 exposes Maria Monk, 113

Sullivan-Mitchell fight, Arthur Brisbane’s report of, 347, 348

_Sun_, the, reprints of the first issue, 25 size of the first issue, 25 extant copies of first issue, 26 second issue, contents of, 38 attacks shinplasters and phrenology, 123 sold by Day to Beach, 127 plant, expenses, and circulation of, June, 1838, 128 Day’s period of ownership of, 127 editorial comment in 1837 on popularity of, 129 issues extras on the arrival of the Great Western, the British Queen, and other steamships, 142 uses horse expresses to bring Governor Seward’s message from Albany, 143 uses train, trotting horses, and boat to get the news of the steamer Caroline case, 144, 145 uses carrier pigeons to get ship news, 146, 147 moves to Nassau and Fulton streets, 1842, 146, 147 second home of, burned after it had moved, 157 buys a new dress of type every three months, 158 is seven columns wide in 1840, 158 title of, reads “_The New York Sun_” for a few months, 158 is eight columns wide in 1843, 158 _Weekly Sun_, 169 _American Sun_, for Europeans, 169 _Illustrated Sun_, 169 syndicates President Tyler’s Message in 1841, 169 value of, $250,000 in 1852, 171 becomes a two-cent paper August 1, 1864; a one-cent paper, July 1, 1916; a two-cent paper January 26, 1918, 194 size of, reduced to five columns in 1863, 193 _Weekly Sun_, continued by Dana, 199 _Semi-Weekly Sun_ announced, 199 Dana and his associates pay $175,000 for, 228, 229 apologizes for issuing more than four pages, 278 city editors under Cummings, 279 telegraph editors, 280 Office Cat of, 287–289 only four pages for twenty years, 301 extraordinary sales, 323–325 success of, explained by E. P. Mitchell, 325 the _Sun_ spirit, 326, 379 home of, for forty-seven years, 369 editors-in-chief, only three in fifty years, 371 managing editors, list of, 371 city editors, list of, 371 night city editors, list of, 371 night editors, list of, 372 news system, 372 ethics, 380–383 list of editorial writers, 409 price of, 431, 432 homes of, 432

“Sunbeams” column, 315

Sun cholera cure, 173

Swain, Wm. M., predicts Day’s ruin, 24 founds Philadelphia _Public Ledger_, 135 industry of, 135 makes $3,000,000, 135

Swift, John T., sends the _Sun_ a beat on Port Arthur’s fall, 376, 377

Swinton, John, double intellectual life of, 259 makes speeches attacking Dana, 260 is managing editor of the _Times_, 261 starts _John Swinton’s Paper_, 261

Tammany Hall, old home of, bought by Dana for the _Sun_, 229

Taylor, Bayard, European correspondent of the _Tribune_, 161

Telegraph, comments on Morse’s new invention, 145 a report that the _Sun_ tried to control, 146 extended to New York in 1846, 146 is opened from New York to Philadelphia, Boston, and Albany, 164 lines completed in 1846, 165 drives reprint from first page, 171 first cable messages, 197, 198

Theatres, the Bowery riot, 55–56 attractions of the thirties, 121, 122 “Footlight Flashes,” 315, 316 list of _Sun_ critics, 411

Thiéblin, Napoleon L., critic and essayist, 314, 315 uses pen names of “Monsieur X,” “Azamet Batuk,” and “Rigolo,” 314, 315

Tilden, Samuel J., editor of _Daily News_, 181

Townsend, Edward W., writes _Chimmie Fadden_ stories, 330 fiction characters created by, 411

Trains, special news, used by _Sun_ and _Herald_, 166

Trowbridge, H. Warren, writes fiction for the _Sun_, 195

Tweed, William M., is boss of the city, 234 as a source of news, 269 statue of, a _Sun_ joke, 271–274 declination by, 273 retains W. O. Bartlett as counsel, 275 denounced by the _Sun_, 275, 276 absolute power of, 276 stable of, described by the _Sun_, 277 escapes from keepers, 277

Van Anda, Carr V., night editor, 1893–1904, 372

Van Buren, Martha, 51

Vance, John, writes editorials, 174 leaves the _Sun_, 192

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, an advertiser in the first _Sun_, 27 opposes Jay Gould, 235 a _Sun_ interview with, in 1875, 316

Van Dyke, Dr. Henry, deception of, by Tweed statue joke, 274

Vila, Joseph, sports editor, _Evening Sun_, 400 Damon Runyon’s tribute to, 393 exposes huge betting, 393

Wall Street news, Bennett appreciates value of, 109

“Walsingham.” See William Stewart.

Wardman, Ervin, first used phrase “Yellow Journalism,” 415 becomes publisher of the _Sun_, 432

Warren, General Fitz-Henry, writes the phrase, “Forward to Richmond!”, 213, 214 career of, 214 _Sun_ writer, soldier, and politician, 257, 258 article of, on Sumner’s death, 258

Watkins, James T., editorial writer, _Evening Sun_, 399

Watterson, Henry, “You [Dana] don’t make the _Sun_,” 291 “Mr. Dana is left alone,” 293–295 predicts no end to the “personality of journalism,” 295 first woman reporter of _Evening Sun_, 400

Webb, James Watson, journalist and a duellist, 35–36 editorial articles on, 61, 62 the _Sun’s_ story of attack by, on Bennett, 108 charges the _Sun_ with stealing a President’s message, 110, 111 second assault on Bennett described, 114 refuses Joseph Wood’s challenge, 115 retires from newspaper work, 183

Webster, Daniel, Bunker Hill speech of, reported by the _Sun_, 158

Weeks, Caleb, carries the Moon Hoax to Herschel in Africa, 86

Weston, Edward Payson, the best “leg man” in journalism, 283 feats of, in pedestrianism, 283, 284

Weyman, Charles S., editor of the “Sunbeams” column, 228

Wheeler, Andrew Carpenter, (“Nym Crinkle”), dramatic critic, 411

Whisky Ring scandal, 305

White, Frank Marshall, brings the _Sun_ a beat on the missing steamer Umbria, 392, 393

Whitman, Stephen French, _Evening Sun_ reporter, 399

Wild pigeons, 43

Williams, Barney (Bernard Flaherty), the _Sun’s_ first newsboy, 40 makes first stage appearance, 121

Williams, John, city editor, 279

Willis, Nathaniel P., 37

Wilson, Alexander C., associate of Raymond, 174

Wilson, General James Harrison, quoted on Dana’s assignment to report on Grant, 217 says Grant declared Dana would be appointed collector, 309

Wisner, George W., the _Sun’s_ first reporter, 38 becomes half owner of the _Sun_, 46 indicted for attack on Attree, 61 challenged to a duel, 62 retires from the _Sun_, 64

Wood, Benjamin, buys _Daily News_, 135 owns _Daily News_, 181

Wood, Fernando, proposes New York’s secession, 180

Wood, Dr. John B., “The Great American Condenser,” 278 condenses through a reader, 279

Wood, Joseph, feud over, and wife, challenge of, to Col. Webb, 115

Wood, Samuel A., originates rhymed news stories, 351 spring poem by, 352 “Snygless the Seas Are,” 352

Yale University, students of, investigate the Moon story, 84–85

Yellow Journalism, Col. Watterson’s statement on, 413 defined by E. P. Mitchell, 415 phrase, first used by Ervin Wardman, 415

Young, John Russell, orders of, enrage Cummings, 266

Young, Mr., charged by the _Transcript_ with biting two of its carriers, 119

Young, William, city editor, 279 managing editor, 282

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 139: Words appear to be missing from the paragraph beginning “When Beach was twenty.”