CHAPTER LXX

BOMBING AND RECONNOISSANCE

The importance of aerial operations, great as it had been since the beginning of the war, gradually increased in a way which even the most sanguine believer in the possibilities of flying machines would have hesitated to prophesy. This was due to a great extent to the remarkable advance that had been made on all sides as a result of experience in respect to the mechanical development of airplanes. But an even greater factor, perhaps, was the development of the technique of flying, which, step by step, progressed to a point that fell little short of the miraculous. Especially wonderful appears the development of squadron flying. So well trained had become the intrepid airmen that evolutions which a short time ago aroused the admiration of the whole world when carried out by individual planes and flyers were now successfully undertaken by large groups, each plane cooperating with the most wonderful precision and daring with every other unit.

Although the business of scouting, observation, and direction of artillery operations still formed an important part of the flying service, new duties had been delegated to the airmen. In ever-increasing squadrons, mass attacks against hostile forces, both in the air and on the ground, were being carried out as effectively as formerly by bodies of cavalry and infantry. Even part of the work, formerly executed exclusively by the artillery, now had become a regular feature of the flying arm of the various armies. Large air squadrons were laying down with their machine guns barrage fire which had as deadly and accurate results on advancing bodies of infantry as had previously been achieved only by heavy artillery.

Aerial activity by now had become as regular a part of military operations on every front as any other form of warfare. The most important events of the war in the air, of course, occurred on the most important of the many theaters of war, the western front. Fairly regular reports, however, are available only for the British air forces.

During the first week of February, 1918, the weather interfered a great deal with flying, but in spite of that hardly a day passed without some bombing expedition being undertaken by British airplanes. On February 9, 1918, several successful reconnoissances were carried out by British machines in spite of low clouds, mist, and high winds. German batteries were engaged effectively by our artillery with observation from the air, and nearly one ton of bombs was dropped on various targets. In air fighting, one German machine was driven down out of control. One British machine, too, was lost.

On the night of February 9-10, 1918, British night bombing machines carried out a successful raid into Germany, although the weather was by no means good. Nearly a ton of bombs was dropped with very good results on the important railway junction and sidings at Courcelles-les-Metz, southeast of Metz. One of the British bombing machines failed to return.

On February 11, 1918, mist, high winds, and low clouds again made weather conditions unfavorable for flying. Little work was possible with the artillery, but British aeroplanes carried out several successful reconnoissances, and dropped over a ton of bombs on various targets behind the German lines. No fighting took place. Another successful raid into German territory was made, however. The objective this time was the town of Offenburg, about twelve miles southeast of Strassburg and about forty miles from the French frontier.

On February 16, 1918, fighting machines on both sides were most active, and frequent attacks were made by the Germans on British bombing, photographic, and artillery machines. Fourteen German machines were brought down, and seven others were driven down out of control. British antiaircraft guns shot down two other German machines, one of them being a large bombing machine, which carried four men. This latter machine fell inside of the British lines and its four occupants were taken prisoners. Another German aeroplane, making the 17th accounted for during the day, in addition to those driven down out of control, landed near one of the British aerodromes, and its occupants were also taken prisoners. Five British aeroplanes were reported missing.

During the night of February 16-17, 1918, British machines dropped 400 bombs on German aerodromes in the neighborhood of Ghent, Tournai, and Laon. The railway station and sidings at Conflans--fifteen miles west of Metz--were also successfully bombed from a low height, bursts being observed in the sidings.

The weather was again fine and very favorable to aerial actions on February 17, 1918. Bombing, which had been carried out incessantly throughout the previous thirty-six hours, was continued, and over six tons of bombs were dropped by British machines on various targets, including German aerodromes in the neighborhood of Tournai and Lille, a large ammunition dump near Courtrai, and numerous billets. Ten German aeroplanes were brought down and six others were driven down out of control. Three British machines failed to return.

On the night of February 17-18, 1918, further bombing raids were carried out against German aerodromes south of Ghent and west of Tournai as well as against many of the German billets.

Another most successful raid was carried out on the railway station and sidings at Conflans (west of Metz). A ton of bombs was dropped.

On February 18, 1918, bombing squadrons raided the barracks and railway station at Trèves, on the Moselle, and the steel works and railway station at Thionville. The raid was carried out in broad daylight, and excellent results were obtained. Although German antiaircraft gunfire was again considerable and accurate, all the British machines returned safely.

During that day continuous fighting took place, resulting in eleven German machines being brought down and six others driven down out of control. Two British machines were lost.

Following on the successful daylight raids on February 18, 1918, against Trèves and Thionville, British night flying squadrons went out after dark and again attacked these towns from a low height with equally good results. German aircraft and antiaircraft guns were very active during both raids, and one of the British machines failed to return.

On February 19, 1918, another raid in broad daylight, making the third within thirty-six hours, was carried out against Trèves. On this occasion well over a ton of bombs were dropped on the objective. Eleven bursts were observed on the railway station and six on buildings in close proximity to it. Three good fires were started.

During the next day the weather prohibited extensive aerial activities. But it improved again on February 21, 1918, and British aeroplanes were able to accomplish a full day's work in the air.

Many successful reconnoissances, in the course of which photographs were taken, were carried out. The usual work in conjunction with the artillery continued all day, good visibility enabling excellent results to be obtained.

More than 300 bombs were dropped on German billets and on railway sidings at Courtrai, Ledeghem, and southeast of Douai.

In air fighting, seven German machines were brought down and two others driven down out of control. Three British machines were reported missing.

During the night of February 21-22, 1918, British aeroplanes dropped a total of 678 bombs on various targets. Three hundred bombs were dropped on an aerodrome southeast of Le Cateau used by the German night bombing squadrons. Nineteen direct hits were observed on hangars. The remaining bombs were dropped on German aerodromes in the neighborhood of Ghent and Tournai, and on billets. One of the British machines failed to return.

On February 24, 1918, in spite of bad weather, British aeroplanes carried out one or two reconnoissances and observed for the artillery. Bombs were dropped on various targets, including German billets, transports, and working parties. Two British machines were reported missing.

After dark, British night flying squadrons dropped over 200 bombs on German aerodromes near Courtrai and on billets northeast of St. Quentin.

On February 25, 1918, low clouds and a very strong wind prevented work in the air during the day. After dark, the sky cleared, though a very strong westerly wind continued.

British night bombing squadrons displayed great activity, dropping a total of over 1,200 bombs in the course of the night. The targets chiefly attacked were the aerodromes south of Ghent and west of Tournai used by the German night flying machines, and other aerodromes in the neighborhood of Courtrai.

German billets round Douai and east of St. Quentin were also heavily bombed, over 350 bombs being dropped in the latter area. All the British machines returned.

The weather was fine on February 26, 1918, but a very strong west wind greatly favored the German machines in air fighting.

British aeroplanes carried out several long-distance reconnoissances and took many photographs of aerodromes and railway communications in the back areas, in addition to photographs of German trench lines.

Other British machines working with the artillery were busy all day, and good visibility enabled good results to be obtained.

Four tons of bombs were dropped on the large railway sidings at Courtrai, the railway junction midway between Douai and Valenciennes, two German aerodromes north of Douai, and billets.

Fighting in the air was severe, and many combats took place between the German scouts and British reconnoissance, bombing, and fighting machines.

One German aeroplane was forced to land behind the British lines by one of our scouts. Twelve other German machines were brought down, and one was driven down out of control. Another machine was brought down by antiaircraft gunfire. Eight British machines failed to return.

During the night of February 26-27, 1918, over half a ton of bombs were dropped on barracks and railway stations at Trèves, four bursts being observed in furnaces in the gas works and eight in the railway station. On the same night nearly one and a half tons of bombs were dropped on a German aerodrome near Metz, good bursts being observed in the hangars and hutments. One German machine was encountered close to the aerodrome and brought down. All the British machines returned safely, though fire from antiaircraft guns and machine guns was considerable.

British aeroplanes took advantage of the few fine intervals on February 28, 1918, to carry out work in conjunction with the artillery and also to drop bombs on two of the German ammunition dumps south of Lille, as well as on railway sidings at Courtrai and Deynze (southwest of Ghent). One British machine was lost. After dark British machines again took the air in the intervals between hailstorms. Four tons of bombs were dropped on a large German aerodrome midway between Tournai and Mons, and on billets in the neighborhood of Douai.

Great aerial activity prevailed on March 8, 1918. Work in conjunction with the artillery, reconnoissances, photography, and bombing was carried out incessantly by the British aeroplanes. Over 400 bombs were dropped on German ammunition dumps and sidings at Menin, Busigny, and Guise, east of St. Quentin, in spite of the most determined attacks made by the German scouts against the British bombing machines. In air fighting, twelve German aeroplanes were brought down and ten others were driven down out of control. Another machine was shot down by antiaircraft gunfire. Three British aeroplanes were lost. After dark, the greater part of the front was enveloped in mist, but in one sector British night flying machines dropped twenty-four heavy bombs and forty-eight lighter bombs on the ammunition dump and railway sidings at Fresnoy, northeast of St. Quentin.

At midday on March 9, 1918, the railway sidings and factories at Mainz, at the junction of the rivers Rhine and Main, in Germany, about 130 miles northeast of Nancy, were bombed by British aeroplanes with good results. Well over a ton of bombs were dropped, and bursts were seen on and around the barracks, on the railway sidings, and on a factory. A large fire was started. All the British machines returned. Six hundred bombs were dropped by other British machines on German ammunition dumps, billets, and aerodromes, and on an important railway center northeast of St. Quentin. In particular, a most successful attack was carried out at a low height by a large number of British machines against three hostile aerodromes. Bombs were dropped from an average height of 400 feet, and at each of the aerodromes direct hits were obtained on hangars and on machines in the open. While returning from this attack the British pilots flew at a height of 100 feet, firing on favorable targets on the ground with their machine guns and causing casualties and much confusion among the Germans. In one case a horse transport on the road was engaged, with the result that some of the wagons were upset into the ditch. In another horses in an orchard were stampeded. A company of German infantry was scattered in all directions and a group of officers on horseback dispersed. The fighting in the air was heavy. Ten German machines were brought down and ten others driven down out of control. A German observation balloon was also destroyed. Two of the British machines failed to return.

On March 10, 1918, Germany was again bombed by British aeroplanes in broad daylight. On this occasion the Daimler Motor Works at Stuttgart were attacked, and over one and a quarter tons of bombs were dropped. Stuttgart is about 136 miles east of Nancy. Several bursts were observed on the railway station, where a stationary train was hit and set on fire. Three bursts were seen on the munition factory southeast of the town, and other bursts on the Daimler works and on buildings round them. German machines made a weak attempt to attack the formation over the objective, but withdrew on being attacked. All the British machines returned except one, which evidently had engine trouble and went down under control just before recrossing the lines on the homeward journey.

During the same day the thick haze rendered work in conjunction with the artillery almost impossible. Several reconnoissances, however, were carried out, and over 400 bombs were dropped. Among other targets, Menin, Roulers, Ledeghem, Cambrai, and Solesmes railway stations were bombed by British machines. Three German observation balloons were destroyed, and five German machines were brought down in air fighting, in addition to seven others driven down out of control. One low-flying German machine was shot down by British infantry. Four British aeroplanes were lost.

Another fine day on March 11, 1918, enabled the British aeroplanes to continue their activity. Visibility, however, was again poor and prevented work with the artillery from achieving much success. Over 500 bombs were dropped, the chief target being the large sidings and ammunition depots at Aulnoye, southeast of Maubeuge, and ammunition depots south of Valenciennes, southeast of Cambrai, and south of Douai. As the result of air fighting ten German machines were brought down and seven others were driven down out of control. In addition a German observation balloon was attacked, and brought down in flames. Two British machines were lost. After dark most of the British night bombing machines were again prevented from leaving the ground by mist, but on the southern portion of the front, where the night was clear, 200 bombs were dropped on a German ammunition dump and railway sidings northeast of St. Quentin. The Germans also dropped a few bombs during the night, but lost a four-seater machine, which landed in the lines. The occupants were taken prisoners.

On March 12, 1918, another daylight raid into Germany, making the third within four days, was carried out by British aeroplanes. On this occasion the factories and station and the barracks at Coblenz, at the junction of the Rhine and the Moselle, 135 miles north-northeast of Nancy and about fifty miles southeast of Cologne, were attacked. Over a ton of bombs were dropped, and bursts were seen on all the objectives, causing two fires. A hit obtained upon a building in the southwest corner of the town created a very large explosion. A few German machines were encountered, but all the British machines returned safely.

During the night of March 11-12, 1918, in addition to the raids already reported, over three tons of bombs were dropped on Bruges docks.

On March 12, 1918, a distinct improvement in visibility enabled more work to be done in conjunction with the artillery than had been possible during the last few days. Many reconnoissances also were carried out and photographs were taken. Bombing was continued with even greater vigor than on previous days. Over thirteen and a half tons of bombs were dropped on various targets, which included the railway sidings at Mons and at Bavai, midway between Valenciennes and Maubeuge, on large ammunition depots northeast of St. Quentin, and south of Douai, and on billets east of Lens. In the course of the fighting, which was continuous throughout the day, fourteen German machines were brought down, and eight others were driven down out of control. One hostile observation balloon was also destroyed. Six British aeroplanes were bagged by the Germans.

During the night of March 12-13, 1918, seven tons of bombs were dropped on German billets between Lille and Cambrai. On the afternoon of March 13, 1918, British squadrons attacked the munition works and barracks at Freiburg, in Germany. All machines reached their objectives, and nearly a ton of bombs was dropped. They were seen to burst on the railway station and round the power station. Just after the British pilots had released their bombs their formation was attacked by a large number of German machines. A fierce fight ensued, which lasted until all the German machines had been forced to withdraw. Three of the British machines failed to return.

On March 16, 1918, further military objectives in Germany were attacked by British aeroplanes. Fourteen heavy and ten lighter bombs were dropped on the barracks, munition factories, and railway station of Zweibrücken, in the Rhine Palatinate. Bursts were seen on the barracks and all round the railway station. The formation was attacked by German scouts and engaged by antiaircraft guns, but all machines returned.

Still another raid into Germany was made on the next day, March 17, 1918. The barracks and railway station at Kaiserslautern, likewise in the Rhine Palatinate, were attacked with good results. Direct hits were observed on the railway station and a large fire was caused. The formation was attacked by a large number of German machines, which were driven off. All the British machines returned.

During that day the German billets, which had been bombed continually for the last twenty-four hours, were again heavily attacked. A total of thirteen tons of bombs were dropped, the objectives including two German aerodromes and three large ammunition dumps, in addition to billets. At one of the aerodromes a hangar was completely burned, and a Gotha machine which was in the act of rising from the ground was seen to crash.

The fighting was intense during the morning, but became slightly less vigorous during the afternoon. Sixteen German machines were brought down and seven others were driven down out of control. Six British machines were reported missing. After dark the German rest billets were again attacked, bombs being dropped until just after midnight, when a thick mist developed.

The atmosphere was again clear on March 18, 1918, and favored the cooperation of the aeroplanes and artillery. Several long-distance reconnoissances were successfully completed, and many photographs were taken. Nine tons of bombs were dropped on German rest billets and ammunition dumps and also on Busigny railway station and two German aerodromes. Fighting in the air was exceedingly intense, encounters taking place between large formations of British and German machines. Nineteen German aeroplanes were brought down and nine driven down out of control. Twelve British machines failed to return.

British bombing machines also attacked military objectives at Mannheim, on the Rhine, dropping over a ton of bombs with excellent results. These aeroplanes were attacked by two German formations.

Following a successful daylight raid on Mannheim, other objectives in Germany were attacked during the night. Half a ton of bombs were dropped on the railway stations at Cologne, where a fire was started. Over a ton was distributed between Luxemburg railway station, where a fire was started, and Courcelles railway station, east of Metz. Two tons of bombs were dropped on Metz railway station. Direct hits were obtained on a bridge southeast of the town and on a stationary train, which was set on fire. A large fire was started on this occasion also. Other machines dropped a ton of bombs on Thionville railway station, where a moving train was derailed.

On March 25, 1918, British aeroplanes were employed almost entirely at combing the enemy's troops and transports massed in the areas behind the battle front and in attacking them with machine-gun fire from a low height. A total of twenty-two tons of bombs were dropped in this work and over 100,000 rounds were fired from machine guns. A certain amount of fighting in the air took place, but it was less intense than on the previous day. Thirteen German machines were brought down and ten were driven down out of control. Eight British machines were reported missing. During the night British night flying aeroplanes continued to bomb and to attack with machine-gun fire German troops in their forward areas and their transports on the roads leading to the front.

Thirty tons of bombs were dropped, and hundreds of thousands of rounds of ammunition were fired into the German ranks. While this fighting was maintained throughout the day, British infantry aeroplanes kept watch along the front and reported the changes in the situation as they occurred. Twenty German machines were brought down in air fighting, and two other German aeroplanes were shot down by antiaircraft guns. Twelve British aeroplanes were reported missing.

During the night British night flying squadrons kept up a continuous attack upon the German troops in Bapaume, Cambrai, and Péronne. Twenty-five thousand rounds were fired by them, and twenty-four tons of bombs were dropped on important centers of the battle front. In addition, four tons of bombs were dropped on Valenciennes railway station, through which the German troop trains were passing on their way to the front.

On March 27, 1918, low flying was again carried out by large bodies of British aeroplanes, while infantry machines continued the work of reporting the position of the British battle line. Over thirty tons of bombs were dropped and a quarter of a million rounds of ammunition were fired from a height that insured accuracy on different targets. Several casualties were inflicted on the Germans and the bringing up of their troops and ammunition was delayed. Twenty-four German machines were brought down in air fighting, and seven others were driven down out of control. Two observation balloons were also destroyed.

Nineteen British machines failed to return, though a proportion of these were known to have landed on their side of the line. Very heavy fire directed against the British machines from the ground accounted for the greater portion of the casualties.

During the night the bombing of Bapaume, Bray, and Péronne was continued with the utmost vigor. Over a thousand bombs were dropped, and thousands of rounds of ammunition were fired at good targets, which were plentiful and easy to see in the moonlight. Sablon station at Metz was bombed. Well over a ton of bombs were dropped; good bursts were seen on the sidings and alongside the railway.

On March 28, 1918, British machines carried out a successful raid on the station at Luxemburg. Twenty-one heavy bombs were dropped, and several were seen to burst on the objectives.

On March 28, 1918, British aeroplanes carried on their attacks with bombs and machine-gun fire on German troops on the battle front. The majority of these attacks took place south of the Somme, in which area large concentrations of German troops were constantly reported. The work was continued till dark in spite of bombs being dropped, and nearly a quarter of a million rounds of ammunition being fired. Nine German machines were brought down and five others driven down out of control. In addition, two machines were shot down by fire from the ground. Twelve British machines were reported missing.

During the morning of March 29, 1918, low clouds and rain greatly interfered with flying, but, in spite of the weather, valuable work was again accomplished by the British aeroplanes. Some of these were concentrated upon the battle front south of the Somme, where observers had previously reported large German columns. A good deal of fighting took place, the German low-flying machines being particularly active in this area. Nine German aeroplanes were brought down and two others were driven down out of control. Two British machines were lost. During the night over twelve tons of bombs were dropped on Bapaume and on roads in the vicinity, and also on roads and villages east of Arras. Direct hits were obtained on dumps and transports and on the railway line.

After midday on March 30, 1918, the weather completely broke, but, in spite of driving rain, British pilots continued to take part in the battle south of the Somme, and dropped bombs and used their machine guns until a late hour. There was heavy fighting in the air between British low-flying machines and those of the Germans. Twelve of the latter were brought down and three others were driven down out of control. One German balloon was destroyed, and two German aeroplanes were shot down by antiaircraft guns. Five British planes failed to return.

On March 31, 1918, British observation balloons and aeroplanes were active, the good visibility enabling the former to carry out useful work in conjunction with the artillery. The activity of the aeroplanes was chiefly centered south of the Somme. A close watch was kept on German movements in this area, and a large column of their troops or transports seen was bombed and engaged with machine-gun fire.

Very little fighting took place in the air. Two German machines were brought down and one other was driven down out of control. Four British machines were reported missing. Night flying was not possible till after midnight owing to low clouds. From midnight until dawn British bombing machines were constantly at work. Twenty-four tons of bombs were dropped on the railway stations at Douai, Cambrai, Bapaume, Rosières, and Thourout, and on the docks at Bruges. Troops and transports in the neighborhood of Bapaume and Chaulnes were also attacked with bombs and machine-gun fire.

This completed the work of the British flying corps on the western front for March, 1918. A remarkable record had been made, 383 German machines having been destroyed or captured and 207 driven down out of control, while only 155 British machines had been reported missing. The French, too, had been notably active during March, having captured or destroyed 115 German machines.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

_Pronunciation of Geographical Names Occurring in this Work_

Aachen (or Aix-la-Chapelle) ah'ken Aalst (or Alost) alst Ablain ab-lan' Ablainzeville ab-lanz-veel' Abu Zenaima aboo' zay-ny'ma Achi Baba achee baba Achiet-le-Grand ashyay'-la-grong' Adige adee'ghay (Austrian) adee'jay (Italian) Aerschot ahr-scot' Agincourt a-zhan-koor'; Eng. aj'in-kort Agordo agor'doh Ahrweiler ar'wi-ler Aidin i-deen' Aiguizy ay-gwee-zee' Ailly-sur-Noye ah-yee'-sur-nwa' Aisle ale Aix ex Aix-la-Chapelle ex-la-shapell' Aix-Noulette ex-noolet' Akabah akah'ba Akhtunski Pass akhtoon'sky Albert al-bair' Aldershot awl'dershot Alexinatz alexee'nats Allenstein al'en-shtine' Alost alost' Alsace German "elsass" Alsatian alsay'shen Alt-Aux alt-owts' Altigny at-in-yee' Altkirch alt'kirk Ambleny om-ble-nee' Amiens ah'mee-en Ampezzo am-pet'so Ancerville anser'vee Andrechy andreshee' Anizy an-ea-sy' Annopol anno'pol Antheuil an-tuh'eel Apremont apr'mong Arco ar'ko Ardahan ardahan' Ardennes arden' Argonne argonn' Arleux ar-luh' Arlon ar-lon' Armentières armangtyare' Arras arass' Artois ar-twa' Arusha arro'sha Asiago azeeah'go Asma Dere dai'ray Asnieres ass-nee-air' Assobam assobahm' Atakpame a'tak-pah'may Ath-Waremme at-war-em' Attigny a-tee-nyee' Aube (river) ob Aubenton o-ban-ton' Aubercourt obey-coor' Auberive oh-breev' Aubers oh-bear' Aubigny o-be-nyee' Aubilly o-bee-yee' Auchy o-she' Audenarde (or Oudenarde) ou-de-nar'de Auerstadt our'statt Augustijnow avgoostee'noff Augustovo avgoost'ava Aulnoye ohl-nwa' Auronzo ou-ront'so Autrèches oh-tresh' Aveluy av-lwee' Avesnes a-vayn' Aviano a-vyah'no Avlona avlo'na Avre avr Avricourt a-vree-koor' Ayette ah-yet' Ayun Monsa a'yoon Azannes az-an' Azerbaijan azerbyjan' Azizi azee'zee

Babina Glava ba'beena gla'va Baccarat bak-a-rah' Badia bah-de'a Badonviller bah-don-vee-yay' Baghche bag'cheh Bailleul bah-yul' Bailly bah-yee' Baku ba-koo' Bâle (or Basel) bahl Banais ba-nice' Bapaume ba-pom' Baranovitchy barano'vichy Baraque de l'Épine barrack del epeen' Barbarano bar-ba-rah'no Barchon Fort barshong' Bar-le-Duc bar'-le-dük' Barr bahr Basancourt bazancoor' Basel (or Bâle) bah'zel Basozches ba-zosh' Bassano bas-sah'noh Bassée, La la ba-say Bastogne bas-ton'y Batum batoom' Bavai bav-eye' Bazar Siak syak Beaumont bo-mon' Beauséjour boh-sezhoor' Beauvais bo-vay' Beauvraignes bo-vrain' Bedzin bedzeen' Belfort bel-for' Belgrade bel-grad' Bellewaarde Wood belleh-ar'deh Belloy bell-wah' Belluno bel-loo'no Berchem-Sainte-Agathe ber'shen-sant-agaht' Beresina berrezee'na Bereza beray'zah Bergen-op-Zoom zome Berjan ber-jan' Berlaimont ber-le-mon' Berry-au-Bac o-bac' Bertincourt ber-tan-koor' Bertrix ber-treece' Besançon be-zan-son' Bethany bettah'nee Béthune bettune' Beuthen boi-ten Beuvraignes bövrain' Bezzecea betsek'ka Biecz beeyets' Bielostok byai-lo'stok Bienvillers bee-an-veeyay' Biercza be-yertsa Bijeljina be-yel-yee'na Bir Mabeiuk ma-bay'yook Bitburg beet'boork Bitolia bee-tol'ya Bitsch bitsch Bixschoote bix-sko'teh Blamont blamong' Blankenberghe ber'gay Blaques blahk Blerancourt bler-an-coor' Bligny blin-yee' Blonie blo-nee' Bober bobr Boche French slang for a German "Square-head"; "Thick-head" Bochina bokh'nya Boesinghe boo-sing'er Bohain bo-an' Bois Bolante bwa bolant' Bois d'Ailly bwa dah'yee Bois de Forges forzh' Bois de Mont-Mare mong-mar' Bois-des-Loges bwah-day-lozh' Bois-le-Peetre pater Boisleux bwah-luh' Bolimow bolee'moff Bologna bolon'ya Boloto bolo'toh Bonaberi bonnabay'ree Bonnay bon-ay' Bordeaux bordoh' Boshdarevatz bozhdaray'vats Bosphorus (or Bosporus) bos'po-rus Bosut boss'oot Botoshani bo-to-shan'y Bouchain boo-shan' Boudonville boodong-vee' Bouillon boo-yon' Boulogne boo-lon'y; Eng. boo-lon' Bouresches boo-resh' Bouvines boo-veen' Boves bov Bozanne boz-an' Brabant-le-roi bra-ban'-le-rwah' Braila bra-e'la Braine-le-Comte bra'-le-kont' Braisne brain Bramont bramong' Branjevo branyay'vo Braunsberg brouns'berk Braye brah-ee' Bray-sur-Seine bray'-sür'-san' Brazincourt brazangcoor' Brecy bre-see' Breganze bray-gant'say Breisgau brice'gow Brescia bres'chiah Brest-Litovsk brest'-lye-tofsk' Breza bray'za Bribano bri-bah-noh Briey bree-ay' Brimont breemong' Brindisi brindee'zee Brodjanska Glavitza brudyans'ska-gla'veetsa Brouillet broo-yay' Bruges brüzh Brusa (or Brussa) broo'sa Bruyères bru-yair' Brzezany bzhe-zah'nee Brzostek bzhos'tek Bucquoy bu-kwah' Buczacz boo-sass' Bug (river) boog Bukharest (or Bucharest) boo-ka-rest' Bukowina booko-vee'na Burano boo-rah'no Burnhaupt boorn'howpt Bussières buss-yair' Butaniyeh bootanee'yay

Caestre ca-est' Calais callay' Cambrai cambray' Cambrin com-bran' Camisano ka-me-zah'no Camp de Mailly may'yee Canteleux cantlö Cantigny kon-tee-nyee' Caorle ka-or'leh Caprino ka-pre'no Carency caran'see Carignan car-i-nyan' Carlepont kar-le-pohng' Carole ka-ro'lay Carvin car-van' Casarsa caz-ar'sah Castelfranco kas-tel-fran'ko Cateau, Le le ka-to' Cattaro cat'taro Cavalese ka-va-lay'zay Cavarzere ka-var'dzay-ray Cernavoda (or Tchernavoda) cher-na-vo'da Cettinje setteen'yay Challerange shal-e-ronzh' Châlons-sur-Marne sha-lon'-sur'-marn' Chalon-sur-Saône sha-lon'-sur'-son' Chambley shom-blay' Chambrettes shom-bret' Chamery sha-mer-ee' Champagne-Pouilleuse pooee-yös' Champigny shan-pee-nyee' Champlat-Bligny shon-pla-blinyee' Chantilly shon-tee-yee' Chapelle St. Roch shapell' St. Rosh Charleroi sharl-rwa' Charleville sharl-veell Charmel shar-mel' Châteauroux sha-to-roo' Château-Thierry shatto'tee-err'y Châtel sha-tel' Châtelet shatlay' Chatillon-sur-Marne sha-te-yon'-sur'-marn' Chaudfontaine sho-fonten' Chaulnes shown Chaumont sho-mon' Chauny sho-nee Chemin-des-Dames shman-day-dam' Cherbourg sher-boor' Chevrincourt shev-ran-coor' Chezy-sur-Marne che-zee-sur-marn' Chimay shee-may' Chiny she-nee' Chioggia kyod'ja Chipres sheepr Chocimierz khotsimyerts Chodorow khodo'roff Cholm kholm Choruk kho'rook Chotin khotin Chyrow khee'rov Cierges see-erzh' Ciezkovice-Walastow ches'kovitz-valas'tov Cilicia selish'ya Ciney see-nay' Cirey see-ray' Cittadella cheet-ta-del'la Cittanuova chit-ta-nu-oh'va Cividale chivvy-dah'ler Civy-Salsogne see-vee-sal-sun'ye Clary kla-ree' Clermont clare-mohng' Coblenz ko'blents Codroipo ko-dro'ee-po Coeuvre cuv Col de Bonhomme bonnom' Cologne ko-lohn' Combles kon'bl Combres com'ber Comines commeen' Commercy ko-mer-see' Compiègne comp-yen' Condé kon-day' Conegliano ko-nal-yah'no Conflans kon-flan' Conselve kon-sel'vay Constanta (or Kustendje) kon-stan'tsa Corbie cor-bee' Cortina kor-tee'na Coucy koo-see' Coucy-le-Château coossee'le-shatto' Coulommiers coolomeer' Coulonges coo-lonzh' Courcelles koor-sell' Courmont coor-mong' Courpoil coor-pwol' Courrières coo-ree-air' Courtrai coortray' Couvrelles coovrell' Cracow (or Krakow) krah'ko Crajova (or Craiova) kra-yo'va Craonne kra-on' Crécy (or Cressy) kray-se'; Eng. kres'i Crécy-sur-Serre kray-se'-sur'-sair' Creil cray-eel' Crepy cre-pee' Crimea kri-me'a Crise kreez Croiselles crwah-sell' Croix Ricard krwah-rik-ahr' Ctesiphon tay'zee-fon Cuinchy canshee Cutry ku-tree' Cuvilly cu-vee-yee' Cuxhaven cooks-hah'fen Czarkowa tsar'kova Czenstochowa chen-sto-ko'va Czernovicz tser'novits

Dammartin dan-mar-tan' Damvillers dan-vee-yay' Daniele da-nyay'lay Dannemarie dan-mah-ree' Danzig (or Dantzic) dan'tsik Dardanelles dar-da-nelz' Daume dome Debreczen debrets'en Dedeagatch day-day-ah-gatch' Delatyn (pass) de-lah'tin Dembica dembits'a Demir Kapu cap'poo Denain de-nan' Dendermonde (or Termonde) den-der-mon'de Diarbekr (or Diarbekir) de-ar-bek'r Diedenhofen (or Thionville) de'-den-hof-en Dieppe dee-ep' Dieuze dee-uhz' Dijon dee-zhon' Dinant deenang' Dixmude dixmoo'deh Djakova jak'ova Djamschato jamshah'toh Dnieper (river) ne'per Dniester (river) nees'ter Dommary Barancourt barancoor' Dommiers dom-ee-ay' Dompaire don-pair' Domremy dong-ray-mee' Donaueschingen doh'now-esh'ingen Dormans dor-mongse' Douai doo-ay Douaumont do-oh-mohng' Doullens doo-lan' Dravigny dra-vi-nyee' Driegrachten dree'grakhten Drina River dree'na Drocourt dro-coor' Droghitchin dro-ghit'chin Drohobycz dro-ho'bich Dubiecko doo-be-ets'ko Dubno doob'no Dubovitza doo-bo-veet'sa Dubowoje doobovo'yay Duffel düf-fell Dukla Pass dook'la Dulcigno dool-cheen'yo Dunajec River doo'nayets Dunquerque dun-kerke' Dun-sur-meuse dun'-sür'-muhz' Durazzo doorat'so

Ecaffaut ekaffo' Ecurie ay-curee' Eecloo ay-klo' Eghezee eggay-zay' Elabe ellah'bay Epagny ay-pa-nyee' Epehy ep-hee' Epernay a-per-nay' Epieds e-pyay' Epinal epee-nahl' Epine de Vedegrange epeen'de-vaid-grahnj' Epirus e-pi'rus Eregli er-e-gle' Erivan eri-vahn' Ermenonville veel' Erzerum erts-room' Erzingan er-zin-gan' Estaires es-tair' Esti es'tee Estrées St. Denis esstray-san-denee' Etain a-tan' Etampes ai-tonp' Etchmiadzin etch-mya-zeen' Euphrates (river) u-fra'teez Evegnee Fort ev-en-yea' Eydtkuhnen eit-koo'nen Eylau eye-low

Faverolles fav-rull' Feltre fell'treh Fère Champenoise fair shamp-nwahz' Fère-en-Tardenois fair'-an'-tard-nwah' Fère, La la fair' Ferfay fer-fahee' Ferme-des-Loges ferm-day-luzh' Ferté-Gaucher, La la fer-tay'-go-shay' Ferté-sous-Jouarre, La la fer-tay'-soo'-zhoo-ar' Festubert fest-u-bair' Filipkowu ko'voo Fisme feem Fiume fee-oo'meh Flanders flan'ders Fleurbaix flörbay' Fleury flur-ee' Flirey flir-ee' Fontainebleau fone-tan-blow' Fontenoy fone-te-nwah' Fonzaso fon-tsah'zo Forest of Compiègne compe-eñ' Fort Belfort beh-for' Fort Besançon bay-zang-sson Fort Breedonck bray-donk' Fort Broeckem broo'kem Fort of Boncelles bong-sell' Fort Carnot carno' Fort Douaumont doo-omong Fort Emines emmeen' Fort of Loncin long-san' Fort Maizeret maze-ray Fortress Osowic vits Fort Stabroek stabrook Fort Yeni Kale kah'ler Fort Zwyndreeht zwine'drekt Foucaucourt foo-koh-coor' Fouquescourt fook-es-coor' Fourmies foor-mee' Framerville fram-ay-veel' Franvilliers fran-vee-yay' Fresnes frane Fresnes-en-Woëvre fren'-an'-vo-ev'r Fresnoy fren-wah' Fromentieres fro-mong-teeair' Fruges früzh Fumes fürns

Gaba Tepe teh-peh Galatz ga'lats Galicia galish'yeh Gallipoli gallip'poli Garbunovka garboonof'ka Gargnano gar-nyah'no Gebweiler geb'wi-ler Gembloux zhom-bloo' Gemona ja-mo'na Genappe zhe-nap' Gerardmer zhair-ar-mare' Gerbeviller zhair-bay-vee-yay' Gerechamp ger-shong' (G hard) Gimors zhee-morse' Gironville zhee-ron-veel' Givenchy zhivon-shee Givet zhe-vay' Gleiwitz gley'vits Gnesen g'nay'zen Gorizia, Italian; Austrian, Görz, or Göritz Gorlice Gorleet'sa Gouzeaucourt goo-zo-coor' (G hard) Grabiowiec grabyo'vyets Gradisca gra-dees'ka Grado grah'do Grafenstafel grah'fens-tah'fel Gravelotte grahv'lot Gricourt gri-coor' (G hard) Grivillers gri-veeyay' Grootfontein grote'fontane Grybow gree-boff' Guillaucourt gee-oh-coor' (G hard) Guiscard gees-kar' Guise gheeze Gumbinnen goom-bin'en

Haelen hah'len Haftdewan dewan' Hailles ah-yeel' Haisnes aynes Hal hal Halicz ha'litch Hamel am-el' Hangard ang-aar' Harbonnieres ar-bon-yair' Hartennes ar-ten' Hartmannsweilerkopf vilerkopf Hasselt has'selt Hautebraye oat-brah-yee' Haute Chevauches ote-shevoshe' Hautmont o-mon' Hazebrouck has-brook' Hebuterne ebu-tern' Heldhoek helt'hook Helgoland (or Heligoland) hel'go-lant Hericourt ayr-i-coor' Herzegovina vee'na Hesdin hes-deen' Hinges anzh Hirson eer-son' Horodenka ho-ro-den'ka Houdain oo-dan' Hulluch hoollookh Huy hoi

Inovolodz eenov'olodge Isonzo eez-on'zoh Issy les Molineaux issee-lay-mo-leeno' Ivangorod eevango'rod

Jamboli (or Yamboli) yam'bo-le Jaroslav (or Jaroslau) ya-ros'laf Jasiolda River yashold'a Jassy (or Yassy) yas'e Jaulgonne zhohl-gun' Jazarzew ya'zar-zef Jena yay'na Jonchery zhon-she-ree' Juniville zhü-ne-veel'

Kaisarieh (or Kaisariyeh) ki-sa-re'ye Kaiserslautern key'sers-low-tern Kalisz kalish Kaluszin ka-loosh'in Karun River karoon' Katchanik katcha'nick Keetmanshoop kate-mans-hope kekkau kek-cow keltsy (or Kielce) kyel'tsi Kholm kolm Khorassan san' Khotin ko'tyen Kiao-Chau kee-ah-o-chow' Kief (or Kiev) kee'yef Kielce Hills kyel'tse Kishinef (or Kishinev) ke-she-nyef' Kniashevatz knya-zhevatz Kolomea ko-lo-may'a Königsberg köniks-berk Koprikeui koy Korelitchy korell'itchy Kovel ko'vel-y Koziany kotsee-ah'ny Koziowa kotsee-o'va Kragujevatz goo'ye-vats Krakow (or Cracow) krah'ko Kremenchug (or Krementchug) krem'en-chook Kremnitz krem'nits Kreuznach kroits'nahk Kuczurmik koot'soormik Kum Kale koom-kah'leh Kuprikeui see Koprikeui Kur or Kura (river) koor; koo'ra Kurische Haff koo'risheh Kurschany koorsha'nee Kurumum kooromoon Kustendje (or Constanta) kus-ten'je

La Bassée bassay' La Cour de Soupir coor-de-soopee' La Fère fair La Fère-Champenoise la fair'-shan-pe-nwahz' Le Ferté Gaucher go-shay' La Ferté Milon la fert-meelohng' La Ferté-sous-Jouarre la fer-tay'-soo'-zhoo'-ar' La Fontaine-aux-Charmes fonten-o-sharm Lagny lan-yee' Landrecies lan-dres-see' Langres lan'gr Languion lan-ge-on' Laon laun Lassigny lass-in-yee' Latisana la-te-sah'na Laventie la-vong-tee' Laversine la-ver-seen' Le Cateau catto' Le Catelet le cat-lay' Le Châtelet luh-shat-lay' Le Chesne luh-shane' Le Mesnil mez-neel' Le Nouvion luh-noo-veeohng' Le Ployron le-plwah-rohng' Le Quesnoy le ka-nwah' Le Thillot le-tee-yoh' Le Thiolet le-tee-olay' Legnago la-nyah'go Lemberg (or Lwów) lem'berk Lendmara lend-mah'ra Lens lans Les Esparges lays es-parzh' Leuze lez Levico la'vee-ko Liancourt le-an-koor' Liart lee-ahr' Libau lee'bou Liège lee-ezh' Lierre le-air' Ligny len-yee' Ligny-en-Barrois len-yee'-an'-ba-rwah' Lille (or Lisle) leel Livenza (river) le-vent'sah Locon lo-kohng' Locre loke' Lodz (or Lódz) lodz; looj Lomza lom'zha Longarone lon-gah-ro'nay Longwy lon-vee' Loos lohs Lorraine (or Lothringen) lo-rain' Losnitza lozh-nee'tsa Lothringen (or Lorraine) lot'ring-en Lötzen löt'sen Louvain loovang' Lublin (or Lyublin) lyoo'blyen Ludihorecza loodihor'etcha Lunéville lü-nay-veel' Lutzy (or Lutsk) lootsk Luxemburg loox'em-boork Lwów (or Lemberg) lvoof Lys (river) lees

Maastricht mahs'strickt Magyars mad'yars Mährisch-Ostrau may'rish-os'trou Main de Massiges man-duh-masseezh' Mainz (or Mayence) meynts Maisons-Alfort ma-zon'-zal-for' Maizieres may-zeeair' Malamocco ma-la-mok'ko Malines maleen' Malmedy mal-muh-dee' Mannheim man'hime Mantua man'tu-a Marche marsh Marcoing mar-kwan' Marienburg ma-re'en-boork Marqueglise mark-ai-gleese' Marquivillers mar-key-vee-yay' Marseilles mar-say-yee' Massevaux mas-vo' Massiges masseezh' Massil mass-eel' Matigny ma-tin-yee' Maubeuge ma-bözh' Maupertuis mo-per-twee' Mayence (or Mainz) ma-yans' Meaux mo Meduno med-u'no Melicocq mel-ee-cuk' Melincourt melan-coor' Memel may'mell Mendawi men-da'wee Menin muh-nan' Merville mer-veel' Messancy me-san-see' Messines messeen' Mestre mes'tray Meuniere men-ee-air' Meurthe mört Meuse Valley möz' Mézières mez-yare' Mezo-Laborcz laborts' Mezzo-Lombardo met'so-lom-bar'do Miedzyrzets mezheretch'ye Miraumont meeromong' Mirecourt meer-koor' Mitau (Russ.) meeta'va Mitrovicza (or Mitrovitz) me-tro-vet'sa Mlawa mla'va Mocziska mot-chees'ka Moggio mod'jo Mohileff mo-ghee-leff Mojkovac mozh'kovats Moldava (river) mol-dah'va Molsheim mols'hime Monastir mon-as-teer' Monastryzek monastree'zhek Monfalcone mon-fal-co'neh Mons mons Montagnana mon-ta-nyah'nah Montcornet mohng-cor-nay' Montcourt mohng-coor' Montdidier mon-dee-dyay' Montebelluna mon-teh-bell-u'na Montfaucon mon-fo-kong' Monthureux mon-tü-ruh' Montmédy mon-may-dee' Montmirail mongmee-rye' Montreuil mon-truhy' Morbecque mor-bek' Moreuil mo-ruh'y Morisel mor-ee-sel' Morlancourt mor-lan-coor' Moronvillers morongveeyay' Moselle mo-zell' Mount Croce cro'cheh Mt. Lovcen lof'chen Mount Turchenkeui koy' Mount Viatrovka vyatrof'ka Mourmelon moor-melohng' Mouvaux moo-vo' Mouzon moo-zohng' Moyenmoutier mwa-yan-moo-tyay' Muchavka moc-chaf-ka Muizon mwi-zohng' Mulchy mul-shee' Mülhausen mül-hou'zen Mulhouse mül-hooz' Munkacs moon-katsh' Münster mün'ster Mush moosh

Nagy Polena nady Nakhitchevan na-ke-che-van' Nampoel nam-poh-el' Namur nammür' Nancois nong-swa' Nancy nan-see'; Eng. nan'si Narew or Narev (river) nah'ref Nesle nail Neufchâteau nuh-sha-to' Neuilly-sur-Marne nu-ye'-sur'-marn' Neu Sandek noi-zan'dek Neutitschein noi'tit-shin Neuve Chapelle nuv-sha-pel' Nida River nee'da Niemen River nee'men Nieuport neev'port Nikolaief nyee-ko-lah'yef Nîmes (or Nismes) neem Nivelles nee-vell' Nizankowice nee-zan'ko-vits Nogen no-zhan' Nomeny no-me-nee' Norrent-Fontes nor-rong-fohnt' Nouvron noo-vrong' Novogeorgievsk no-vo-ge-or'ge-yefsk Novo Radowsk ra'dofsk Novy-Sacz satch Noyon nwa-yong'

Oderzo o-dert'so Oikovice o-ee-ko'vits Oise wahz' Old Zuczka Tsootch'ka Olizy ul-ee-zee' Olmütz ol'mütz Opoczno opoch'no Orchies or-shee' Orsova or'shova Ostiglia os-teel'ya Ostrog os-trok' Ostrow os'trof Oudenarde ou-de-nar'deh Oulchy ool-shee' Ourcq oork' Ourthe oort'

Padua pad'u-a Pagny pan-yee' Pagny-sur-Meuse pan-yee'-sür-muhz Paliseul pal-ee-sull' Palmanova pal-ma-no'va Pancsova pantch'ova Parenzo pa-renz'oh Pas de Calais pa-de-callay' Passchendaele pass'ken-dah-lay Pellestrina pel-les-tree'na Perarolo pay-rah-roh'lo Péronne pay-ron' Pervyse per-vie'zeh Peschiera pa-sky-ay'ra Petrokov (or Piotrków) pye-tro-kof' Philippeville fe-lep-veel Piacenza pya-chent'sa Piave (river) pyah'va Picardy pee-car-dee' Pierrefitte pyair-feet' Pierrefonds pyair-fon' Pierrepont peeair-pohng' Pietro pye'tro Pieve di Cadore pyeh'vay do kah-do'ray Pilaskowice pilasko'vits Pilisca pee-leets'a Pilwiszki pill-vish'ki Pinczow pinchoff Pion pee-ohng' Piotrkow pyotter-koff Piove pyo'vay Pirano peer-ah'noh Ploegsteert ploog'stairt Podgorze pod-goo'zheh Poelcapelle pool-capel'leh Poissy pwa-see' Poitiers pwa-tyay' Poix pwah Pomme-Py pom-pee' Pont-à-Mousson pon'-ta'-moo-son' Pont Arcy pohng-ar-see' Pontebba pon-teb'ba Pontoise pon-twahz' Pont Ste. Maxence pon' sant'-ma-sans' Pordenone por-da-no'nay Portogruaro por'to-groo-ah'ro Pouillon pooee-yong' Pozieres poz-eeair' Pozzachio pod-zak'kio Prague prahg' Predazzo pra-dat'so Primolano pree-mo-lah'no Pripet pree'pet Prisrend pree'zrent Proszowicz prosh-o'vitz Provins pro-van' Proyart prwah-yar' Pruszkow proosh'koff Pruth (river) proot Przasnysz pshas'nish Przeczyca pzhe-sheet'sa Przemysl pzhay'misl Puisieux pwis-yuh' Pultusk pool'toosk Pusterthal Railway poos'ter-tahl

Quatre-Bras ka-tr'-brah' Quennevières ken-vyare' Quesnoy, Le le kay-nwah' Quinchy kanshee'

Radom rah'dom Radzivilov rad-zee'vee-lof' Rajac rah'yats Ramillies ra-me-yee' Ramscappelle rams-ca-pel'leh Raon-l'Étape ran'la-tap' Rastenburg ras'ten-boork Raucourt ro-koor' Rawa ra'va Rawa-Ruska ra'va-roos'ka Reillon ray-eeyong' Remiremont ruh-meer-mon' Ressons-sur-Matz ressohng'-sur-mats Rethel re-tel' Rheims ranz' Ribecourt reeb-koor' Ribemont reeb-mon' Riga ree'ga Rochefort rosh-for' Roclincourt roclan-coor' Rocroy ro-krwah' Roermond roor'mohnt Roisel rwah-zel' Roisières rwaz-eeair' Romilly ro-mi-yee' Roubaix roo-bay' Rouen roo-ong' Rougemont roozh-mohng' Roulens roo-longse' Roulers roo-lay' Roverbella ro-ver-bel'la Roveredo ro-va-ray'do Rovigo ro-vee'go Roye Rwah' Rozoy-sur-Serre ro-zwa'-sür'-sair' Rue d'Ouvert doovair' Rue du Marais marray' Rzezow zheshoff

Saar (river) zar Saar-Albe sar-al'beh Saarbrücken zar-brük'en Sacile sa-chee'lay Sadowa-Wisznia sado'va-vish'nya Saghandere sa-gan-day'reh Sailly sah-yee' Saint-Amand san-ta-man' Saint-Denis san'-de-nee' Saint Dié san-dee-eh' Saint-Hilaire santil-lair' Saint Hubert san-tü-bair' Saint-Omer san-to-mair' Saint-Quentin san'-kan-tan' Saint-Souplet soo-play' Saint-Trond san'-tron' St. Dizier san dee-zee-ay' St. Eloi ell-wa' St. Goar san go-ar' St. Gobain san-go-ban' St. Just-en-Chaussee san-zhost-en-shossay' St. Laurent san-lorong' St. Maur san more' St. Menehould main-ool' St. Mihiel mee-yel' St. Pol san-pul St. Simon san-see-mohng' St. Stefano san-stef-ah'no St. Valery san val-er-ee' St. Venant san-venong' St. Vito san-vee'to St. Wendel san ven'del S. Bonifacio san-bonif-a'chio S. Giorgio san geor'gio S. Martino san-mar-tee'no Salins sal-an' Salò sa-lo' Saloniki sa-lo-ni'ki Salvore sall-vo'reh Sambre (river) san'br Santa Maria san'ta ma-ree'ah Sarajevo sarra-yay'vo Sarrebourg sarr-boorg' Sarreguemines sar'-guh-meen' Save River sah-veh Saverne sa-vern' Savieres sah-vee-yair' Scheldt skelt Schio skee'o Schirmeck sher'meck Schlettstadt shet'staht Schoorbakke shore-bak'keh Scutari (or Skutari) skoo'ta-re Sedan se-dan' Seicheprey saish-pray' Senlis sen-lee' Seres ser'es Sereth (river) say-ret' Sergy ser-zhee' Seringes ser-anzh' Sézanne sa-zan' Siedlce (or Syedlets) shel'tse Siegen zee'gen Signy l'Abbaye seen-ye' la-bay' Sinob (or Sinope) se-nob' Sinope (or Sinob) si-no'pe Sivas see-vas' Skierniewice skyer'nee-vits Skoplje (or Usküp) skop'lye Sofia (or Sophia) so'fee-a; so-fee'a Soissons swa-son' Sokolof (or Sokolow) so'ko-lof' Soldau zol'dow Solesmes so-laim' Somme (river, department) som Souain soon-ang' Souchez soo-shay' Steenwoorde steen'wurde Stettin shte-teen' Stralsund shtrahl'zoont Strassburg stras'boork Stryj stree Strypa stree'pa Suippes sweep Suwalki Province soo'valkee Swinemünde svee-ne-mün'de Syedlets (or Siedlce) syed'lyets Szaki shak'ee Szcezerzyny shtchet'ser-tseenee

Tabriz ta-breez' Tagliamento tal-ya-men'toh Tarcento tar-chen'to Tarnopol tar-no'pol-y Tarnoviec tar-no-viets Tarnow tar'noof Tchernavoda (or Cernavoda) cher-na-vo'da Telepovce telepoft'seh Tepe teh'peh Termonde (or Dendermonde) ter-mond' Thann tann' Thiaucourt tee-o-coor' Thielt teelt Thiene tye'nay Thionville (or Diedenhofen) tyon-veel' Thuin tu-an' Tilicz Pass tillish Tilloy til-wah' Tintigny tan-tin-yee' Tirlemont teer-le-mohng' Tolmezzo tol-met'so Tomaszow toh-mash'off Tongres ton'gr Toul tool Tourcoing toor-kwang' Tournai toor-nay Tracy trah-see' Tregnano tray-nyah'no Trélon tray-lon' Tresnes tren Treviso tray-vee'zo Trier: German for Trèves Trieste (or Triest) tree-est' Trou Bricot troo-briko' Troyes troo-wah'

Udine oo'dee-na Umago oom-ah'go Urmiah (or Urmia, Urumiah) oor-mee'a Usküb (or Usküb, Skoplje) üs-küp' Ustanov oos-ta'noff Uzsok ootsok

Valenciennes va-lan-syen' Valjevo (or Valyevo) val'yay-vo Varennes va-renn Vauclerc vo-clair' Vaudelicourt vode-li-coor' Vauquois voh-kwa' Vaux vo Veldhoek felt'hook Venezia (or Venice) vay-net'sya Venice (or Venezia) ven'is Venzone ven-zoh'neh Verdun ver-dun' Vereczke veresh'keh Verlorenhoek ferlo'ren-hook Verona ve-ro'na; It. vay-ro'na Versailles ver-sah'y; Eng. ver-sailz' Verviers ver-vi-ay' Vervins ver-van' Vicenza vee-chent'sa Vieux Berquin vyu-ber-kan' Villafranca veel-la-fran'ka Ville-en-Tardenois veel-an-tar-duh-nwah' Ville-en-tourbe veel-ong-toorb' Villeneuve veel-nuv' Villers-Bretonneux veeyay-bre-ton-nuh' Villers-Cotterets veeyay'-cutray' Villers-la-Ville ve-lair'-la'-veel' Vimy vee-mee' Vincelles van-sell' Violaine vee-olain' Visé ve-zay' Visnyvtszyk vis-nift-sheek Vistula (or Weichsel) vis'tu-la Vitry-en-Artois vee-tree'-an'-ar-twah' Vitry-le-François vee-tree'-le-fran-swah' Vittorio vit-ohr'yoh Vlamertinghe fla'mer-tin-gay Volga vol'ga; Russ. vol'ga Volhynia vol-in'i-a Volovco volof'tso Volta vol'ta Voormezeele vor-mez-eele' Vosges vohzh' Vouziers vooz-yea Vysztyt Lake vishtit

Waerloos var'lohs Warta (or Warthe) var'te Wassigny va-se-nye' Wavre vav'r Weichsel (or Vistula) vike'sel Weissenburg weis'en-boork Wieliczka vee'lish-ka Windhoek vind'hook Woevre wo-ayvr' Wola-Szydlowieca vola-sheed-lo-veets'a Würzburg würts-boork Wyszkow Pass vish'koff Wytschaete vite-shah'teh

Yassy (or Jassy) yas'e Ypres eep'r Yser ee'zer Yvoire e-vwar'

Zabern tsah'bern Zaleszczyki za-lesh-chik'ee Zamosk (or Zamosc) za'moshch Zamszysko zam'shees-ko Zandvoord zant'fort Zeebrugge zay'broog-geh Zell zell Zittau tsit'ou Zloczow zlo'choof Zweibrücken zwi'brück-en

INDEX

Administration, criticisms of, 118 Aerial warfare, 260-268 Air, mastery of, by Allies, 312 Aisne, American troops along, 365 Aisne area, German wedge in, 312 Aisne, French attack north of, 47 Aisne, French offensive of October, 1917, 48 Allied counteroffensive, beginning of, 328 Allied opinion of American troops, 393 Allied Powers' attitude toward Pope's proposals, 99 Allied prisoners in May offensive, 310 Allied War Conference, results of, 80 Alsace, French operations in, 56 Alsace, operations in January, 1918, 74 America at Allied War Conference, 77 American army, scope of operations, 81 American artillery near Rheims, 364 American coast, German submarines along, 464 American cooperation with Australians, 399 American cooperation with French, 405 American declaration of war with Austria-Hungary, 105 American engineers at Chauny, 368 American engineers, deeds of, at Cambrai, 94 American expeditionary force in France, 83 American fishing schooners, sinking of, by submarines, 467 American force in the great offensive, 377 American forces in France, 351 American forces on Murman coast, 441 American front, extent of, 373 American front, winter conditions on, 96 American Independence Day, celebration of, by Allies, 321 American losses on sea, 463 American participation in Siberia, 449 American prisoners first taken by Germans, 88 American reenforcement of Allies, 371 American soldiers first killed in battle, 91 American successes at Jaulgonne, 327 American successes at Seicheprey, 360 American successes at Xivray, 364 American successes west of Soissons, 329 American troops, Allied opinion of, 393 American troops, first engagement of, 86 American troops in Italy, 346 American troops, training of, in France, 84, 85 American troops, urgent need of, 82 Amiens, April offensive against, 289 Amiens, German threats against, 274 Amiens-Paris railway, German efforts to capture, 289 Anglo-French forces in Italy, 207 _Ansonia_, British transport, sinking of, 464 Arabia, campaigns in, 238-240 Arras, operations around, in March, 1918, 281 Artillery, American, work of, at Belleau Wood, 390 Asiago sector, operations in, 213 Australians at Polygon Wood, 40 Australians, defeat Germans at Morlancourt, 304-306 Australians in Flanders, 36 Australian troops, successes of, 320 Austria-Hungary, American declaration of war with, 105 Austrian attitude toward peace, 110 Austrian defense of Russian invasion, 340 Austrian prisoners taken by Italians, 189 Austrian reply to Pope Benedict, 101 Austrian retreat in Italy, 458 Austro-German offensive in Italy, 200-213 Aviators, American, training of, 120 Aviators, French and British, work of, around Lens, 21

Bagdad, operations around, 242 Bailleul, capture of, by Germans, 295 Baker, Secretary, criticism of, 114 Baker, Secretary, statement of performances by, 115 Bapaume, German attacks against, in March, 1918, 280 Bavarian troops, capture of British trenches by, 73 Belgium, British air raids in, 75 Belleau Wood, American marines in, 381, 384 Belleau Wood, description of fighting in, 388 Belleau Wood, German assaults against, 387 Below, General Fritz von, attacks Rheims salient, 317, 379 Below, General Otto von, commanding German seventh army, 273 Bessarabia, annexation to Rumania, 438 Böhm, General, facing French third army, 274 Boehm, General von, commanding German troops on the Marne, 327 Bolsheviki, emergence of, 135 Bolsheviki leaders, characteristics of, 147-153 Bolsheviki negotiations with Germany, 155 Bolsheviki propaganda, attempt to spread, 417 Bolshevist revolution, 142 Bombing raids in Germany, 477 Bouresches, capture of, by American marines, 384 Bouresches, German attempts to retake, 391 Bourlon Wood, British withdrawal from, 67 Bourlon Wood, fighting in, 62 Brest-Litovsk conference, renewal of, 418 Brest-Litovsk negotiations, result of, 420 Brest-Litovsk, peace negotiations at, 163 _Brilliant_, sunk to block the harbor of Zeebrugge, 470 British assault at Ypres in October, 43 British center, withdrawal of, 293 British counterattacks at Merville, 318 British operation in Flanders in 1917, 30 British successes between Ancre and Somme Rivers, 304 Bullecourt, German operations around, 72 Byng, General Sir Julian, commanding British third army, 273

Cadorna, General, preparations of, 201 Cadorna, General, superseded by Diaz, 209 Cambrai area, German gains in, 66 Cambrai, deeds of American engineers at, 94 Cambrai, fighting around, in March, 1918, 276 Cambrai, operations around, 60 Cambrai salient, German assaults against, 285 Camp conditions, investigation into, 117 Canadians, capture of Passchendaele by, 55 Canadian successes around Lens, 23 Canadian troops at Lens, 10 Cantigny, capture of, by Americans, 374 Carey, General, closes gap before Amiens, 369-371 _Carpathia_, sinking of, 467 Cattaro, naval mutiny at, 474 Champagne, French activities in, 34 Château-Thierry, American defense of, 380 Château-Thierry, Americans at, 378 Château-Thierry, evacuation of, by Germans, 331 Château-Thierry, German advance upon, 308 Chemin-des-Dames, German assault upon, 307 Chemin-des-Dames, German retreat from, 54 Coal famine in United States, 131 Coblenz, British air raids on, 482 Commodity prices, rise of, 125 Concrete blockhouses, German system fails, 37 Conflans, bombing of, by British airplanes, 477 Congress, war appropriations by, 111 Congressional investigation into camp conditions, 117 Constituent assembly, dissolution of, 183 Cossacks, rebellion of, 160 Council of the Russian Republic, 141 Courtrai, British air raids upon, 479 Czecho-Slovaks in Siberia, 444 Czernin, Count, address on Wilson's peace aims, 109

Daimler motor works, British air raids on, 481 Dead Man Hill, capture of, by France, 26 Democratic Congress in Petrograd, 140 Destroyers, employment of, 120 Diaz, General Armando, American troops under, 346 Diaz, General Armando, Italian commander in chief, 209 Dieterichs, General, 446 Dixmude, German attacks upon, 270 Drafted men, first engagement of, 395 Dukhonin, General, murder of, 160

East Africa, conquest of, 244 Einem, General von, commanding German troops in Champagne, 327 Embargo on neutral exports, 128 Engineers, American, at Chauny, 368 Engineers, American, deeds of, at Cambrai, 94 Epieds, American struggle for, 409 Explosive capsules used by Germans, 14

Fère-en-Tardenois-Buzancy line, fighting along, 338 Finland, agitation for separate Government, 140 Finland, attitude toward the Germans, 431 Finland, German operations in, 431 Finland, relations with Russia, 183 Finnish Government, aims of, 431 First American army corps, 400 Fishing schooners, American, sinking of, by submarines, 467 Fismes, American arrival at, 416 "Flaming bullets," use of, by Germans, 38 Flanders, Franco-British offensive, 9 Flanders, general British offensive in, 46 Flanders, German raids in, March, 1918, 272 Foch, General Ferdinand, appointment as generalissimo, 283 Foch, General Ferdinand, begins counteroffensive, 405 Foch, General Ferdinand, success in counteroffensive, 406 Food administration, campaign of, 127 Food as a war factor, 124 Food control, governmental, 125 Food exports to neutral countries, 128 Food substitutes, 126 Fourteen articles for peace, 106 Franco-British offensive in Flanders, 9 French advance in Flanders in October, 1917, 51 French attack north of the Aisne, 47 French counterattack at St. Quentin, 16 French offensive at Verdun, renewal of, 28 Fresnoy, British air raids upon, 480

Garfield, Harry A., Federal fuel administrator, 131 George, Lloyd, statement in relation to peace, 103 German activities in February, 1918, 269 German advance in Russia, 422 German aggressions in Russia, 429-431 German artillery operations around Cambrai, 71 German assault against American troops, 366 German assaults on American lines, 356 German assaults on the Meuse, 39 German attack in Flanders, 37 German attacks against Americans in Lorraine, 347 German casualties at Seicheprey, 362 German cities bombed by British aviators, 476 German comments on American troops, 89 German counterattacks in Bourlon Wood, 63 German defeat by Americans in Lorraine, 355 German defense, changes in, 21 German defense, weakness of, 44 German destroyers, raid of, 468 German discussion of Wilson's fourteen articles, 106 German evasion of American strength, 400 German loss in great offensive, 303 German losses in October offensive, 44 German losses in retreat across the Marne, 404 German March offensive, results of, 286 German March offensive, second phase of, 284 German offensive around Cambrai, 69 German offensive, checking of, 288 German offensive in Flanders, March, 1918, 273 German offensive, renewal of, 306 German opinion of American troops, 394 German peace terms, acceptance of, by Russia, 425 German prisoners, 330 German prisoners in great British offensive, 62 German prisoners taken at Ypres, 41 German prisoners taken by the French in October offensive, 53 German reenforcements from Russia, 282 German reply to Pope Benedict, 100 German repulse at Lens, 12 German repulse by Americans at Jaulgonne, 379 German retreat, beginning of, 330 German retreat, continuation of, 336 German retreat from Château-Thierry, 381 German retreat to Oureq River, 335 German reverses west of the Oise, 315 German ships seized by America, 123 German strength at Verdun, 42 German strength in great March offensive, 275 German strength in third offensive, 325 German strength on Franco-British front in November, 1917, 70 German strength on western front in January, 1918, 76 German terms of peace with Russia, 176-179 German third offensive, beginning of, 325 German troops from Russia, 76 German troops in Russia, 422 Germans, hatred of, in Russia, 443 Germans in American uniforms, 411 Gough, General Sir Hubert, commanding British fifth army, 273 _Glenart Castle_, sinking of, 462 Gouzeaucourt, capture of, by Germans, 65 Governmental control of railroads, 133 Greece, conditions in, 247 Guynemer, George, death of, 39

Haig, Field Marshal, attacks east of Ypres, 35, 40 Haig, Field Marshal, strikes at Ypres, 43 Haig, Field Marshal, begins offensive on Flanders front, 46 Hamel, capture of, by Australians, 321 Hangard, fighting around, 296 Havrincourt, capture of, by British, 60 Hedjaz, revolt in, 240-242 Hertling, Count von, address before Reichstag, 106 Hill 204, capture of, by Americans, 401 Hill 304, capture of, by French, 28 Hindenburg line, British offensive against, 58 Hoover, Herbert C., 125 Horne, General Sir Henry, commanding British first army, 273 Horvath, General, 447 House, Edward M., at Allied War Conference, 77 Humbert, General, commanding French third army, 274 Hutier, General von, 321

Indian scouts, with Pershing on the Marne, 331 Industries, closing of, to conserve coal, 131 "Infiltration" of troops, employment of, 401 Inter-Allied Naval Council, 81 _Intrepid_, sunk to block the harbor of Zeebrugge, 470 _Iphigenia_, sunk to block the harbor of Zeebrugge, 470 Irkutsk, capture of, by Allies, 446 Italian offensive, 456 Italian offensive in August, 1917, 188 Italian successes, 192 Italy, American troops in, 346 Italy, Austrian retreat in, 458 Italy, Austro-German offensive in, 200-213 Italy, revival of military strength, 450

Japan, action of, in Siberia, 432 Jerusalem, capture of, 223-232

Kaiser William on Ukraine peace, 339 Kaledine, General, 139 Kato, Admiral, Japan, proclamation of, 438 Kattegat, British naval raid on, 470 _Kawachi_, Japanese battleship, sinking of, 468 Kerensky, beginning of downfall, 137 Kerensky, efforts to revive Russian army, 134 Kerensky, flight from Petrograd, 146 Keyes, Vice Admiral, commanding raids at Zeebrugge and Ostend, 470 Kornilov, General, rebellion against Soviets, 435 Kornilov, General, rebellion of, 137 Kornilov, General, speech of, 136

La Bassée Canal, German attacks against, 290 _Lake Moor_, sinking of, 463 Lancashire troops, performances of, 58 Langemarck, capture of, by Allies, 19 Lansdowne, Marquis of, efforts toward peace, 101 Lenine, declaration on peace, 154 Lenine, Nikolai, 148-155 Lens, British success at, 13 Lens, Canadian successes at, 32 Lens, result of German bombardment of, 18 Liberty Loan, second, 112-113 Liggett, General Hunter, commands first army corps, 400 Liquid fire, employment of, against Americans, 350 Livonia, German attitude toward, 439 Loos, British bombardment of, 17 Lorraine, American operations in, 347 Lorraine, American successes in, 351 Lorraine front, occupation of, by Americans, 358 Ludendorff, General, plans new German offensive, 305 Lunéville, American operations around, 352 Lys region, fighting in, 297

McAdoo, Wm. G., appointed Director General of Railroads, 131 Machine gunners, German, in Epieds Forest, 411 Mainz, British air raids upon, 481 Malmaison Plateau, capture of, by French, 48 Marine Corps, exploits of, 395 Marines, American, success in Belleau Wood, 384 Marne, American sortie across, 391 Marne, crossing of, by Americans, 407 Marne, crossing of, by Germans, 327, 402 Marne, French counterattack on, 406 Marne, German advance along, 310 Marne, new battle of the, 325 Marne, recrossing of, by Germans, 404 Marne salient, German strength in, 333 Marwitz, General von der, commanding German second army, 273 Massed formation, employment of, by Germans, 65 Matz, French retreat along, 313 Menin, British air raids upon, 480 Messines Ridge, attempts of Germans to capture, 293 Meuse, French lines on, 30 Milne, General G. F., commanding British troops in the Balkans, 245-246 _Minnetonka_, steamship, sinking of, 462 Mirbach, General Count von, assassination of, 442 _Moldavia_, transport, sinking of, 464 Montdidier, French successes at, 1918, 314 Montdidier, German successes around, in June, 1918, 312 Montdidier, operations around, in March, 1918, 283 Monte di Val Bella, capture of, 458 Monte Santo, capture of, 187 Mont Kemmel, assault against, by Germans, 300 Moreuil, operations around, 287 Murman coast, American forces on, 441 Murman Peninsula, German desire to seize, 439

National army, training of, 116 Naval Conference, Inter-Allied, 81 Naval engagements, 468 Navy, expansion of, 119 Neutral countries and food exports, 128 Neutral shipping, submarine destruction of, 463 Neutral vessels in American ports, 128 Neuve Église, capture of, by Germans, 294 Nicholas II, murder of, 447 Nieuport sector, artillery operations in, 75 Norwegian marine, losses of, by submarines, 463

_O. B. Jennings_, sinking of, 466 Oise, operations along, 308 Ostend Harbor, blocking of, 473 Ourcq, French and American successes along, 332

Palestine, campaign in, 214-238 Passchendaele-Gheluvelt Ridge, capture of, by British, 43 Peace efforts of Pope Benedict, 97 Peace move of Bolsheviki, 153 Peace negotiations of Bolsheviki and Germany, 156, 157 Péronne, operations around, in March offensive, 278 Pershing, General John J., announces Americans in the trenches, 85 Pershing, General, message of, to War Department, 368, 369 Pershing, General, offers American troops to Foch, 346 Pershing, General, report of, on Belleau Wood, 387 Pershing, General, report of, on Cantigny, 376 Pétain, General, reputation of, 284 Pétain, General, receives American reenforcements, 327 Pétain, General, troops of, in Picardy, 324 Petrograd Council, reaction in, 139 Piave, Italian halt at, 208, 209 Picardy battle, American operations in, 372 Poison gas, employment of, by British, 35 Pope Benedict, efforts at peace, 97 Pope Benedict, reply of Wilson to, 99 Portuguese troops, performances of, 291 _President Grant_, sinking of, 463 _President Lincoln_, sinking of, 464 Prices, increase in, 125 Prisoners, Allied, in great German offensive, 277 Prussian Guards, defeat of, by Americans, 412

Railroads, American condition of, 133 Railway construction, American, in France, 344 Rawlinson, General, praises American engineers, 369 Remières Wood, capture of, by Americans, 361 Rheims, attacks of Germans around, 57 Rheims, German attack upon, 317 Roye, capture of, 280 Rumania, conditions in, 250-252 Russia, German advance in, 436 Russia, German peace with, 420 Russia, National Conference in, 135 Russia, refusal of Central Powers to withdraw from, 419 Russia, result of collapse of, on German forces, 76 Russian constituent assembly, failure of, 168 Russian counter-revolution, attempt at, 165-168 Russian Grand Dukes, arrest of, 137 Russian hatred of Germans, 443 Russian peace terms with Germany, 424 Russian peace treaty, divisions of, 426 Russian peace treaty, ratification of, 428 Russian state documents, secret, publication of, 158 Russian surrender to Germany, 423 Russian territory taken by Germans, 426

Saarbrücken, British air raids on, 50 St. Gobain Forest, German assault against, 76 St. Mihiel salient, American operations in, 349 _San Diego_, American cruiser, sinking of, 468 Sarrail, General, commanding Allied troops in the Balkans, 245, 246 Scherpenberg, assaults of Germans against, 302 Second Liberty Loan, 112, 113 Seicheprey, American losses at, 362 Seicheprey, attack on Americans at, 359 Seicheprey region, fighting in, 318 Sergy, capture of, by Americans, 413 Sergy, fighting around, 337 Seringes, capture of, by Americans, 414 Shipping Board, performances of, 122 Shipping, investigation of, 121 Siberia, American attitude to Japanese intervention in, 433 Siberia, American participation in, 449 Siberian Government proclaimed, 447 Skoropadsky, Hetman of Ukrainia, 436 Sneezing powder, use of, by Germans, 305 Soissons, French successes around, 322 Soissons, operations around, 311 Soissons-Rheims salient, Allied progress in, 332 Somme, British retreat from, 285 Sophia, Queen of Greece, intrigues of, 248 Soviets, President Wilson's message to, 428 Spanish losses at sea, 462 Stuttgart, British air raids on, 481 Submarine blockade, results of, 460 Submarines destroyed by U. S. naval vessels, 457 Submarines, German operations of, 253-256 Supreme war council, 81

"Tanks," employment of, by British, 59 Tanks, first employment of, by Germans, 298 _Thetis_, sunk to block the harbor of Zeebrugge, 470 Third French army, operations of, 274 Titles, abolition of, in Russia, 169 Tonale region, operations in, 456 Torcy, capture of, by Americans, 382 Toul sector, American operations in, 353, 354 Trench fighting, first American experience in, 88 Trentino, operations along, 191 Trèves, bombing of, by British airplanes, 477 Trotzky, Leon, beginning of power, 141, 142 Trotzky, Leon, career of, 152 Trotzky, Leon, denunciation of German imperialism, 419 Trugny, American struggle for, 409 _Tuscania_, sinking of, 461

Udine, capture of, by Austrians, 206 Ukraine, agitation for separate government, 140 Ukraine, independence of, 161 Ukrainia, conditions in, 185 Ukrainia, German policy in, 418 Ukrainia, invasion of, by Germans, 429 Ukrainia, martial law in, 435 United States, dependence on, by Allies, 77 United States military railroad in France, 344

Vaux, capture of, by Americans, 319, 397 Vaux, German counterattacks at, 398 Verdun, French gains at, 25 Verdun, German assaults upon, 22, 23 Verdun, German attacks northwest of, 52 Villers-Bretonneux, capture of, by British, 299 Villers-Cotterets Wood, French successes in, 319 _Vindictive_, in raids at Zeebrugge and Ostend, 473 Vladivostok, occupation of, by Czecho-Slovaks, 446

War aims of Allies, restatement of, 102 War appropriations by Congress, 111 War Department performances, 119 Weather conditions on western front, 72 Westhoek Ridge, German assaults upon, 15 Wheat requirements of Allies, 127 _Wien_, Austrian battleship, sinking of, 468 Wilson, President, address of, April, 1918, 349 Wilson, President, address to Congress on peace, 103 Wilson, President, message to Russian Soviets, 428 Wilson, President, reply to Pope Benedict, 99 _Wolf_, German cruiser, vessels destroyed by, 468

Xivray, German attack upon, 363

Ypres, bombardment of, by Germans, 301 Ypres, British attack around, 35 Ypres, British retirement from, 297 Ypres-Commines Canal, German attacks on, 12 Ypres-Menin road, British lose ground on, 37 Ypres-Menin road, operations around, 29

Zeebrugge Harbor, blocking of, 470-473

Transcriber's notes: Obvious printer's errors have been silently corrected. Hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised, all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has been maintained. Other corrections are listed below:

The corrected word is given between brackets.

Page 89: "Scarcely have they touched the soil of this putrified [putrefied] Europe when they already are forcing their way into Germany."

Page 112: "Included in the work of Congress was final agreement on a war revenue measure after six months of debate (with wide divergence of taxation plans between the House and Senate) estimated to produce $2,534,870 [$2,534,870,000], of which $851,000,000 was to be levied on incomes, and $1,000,000,000 on excess profits."

Page 209: "But compared with their losses of the two preceeding [preceding] weeks, the present losses were slight and showed a decided revival of the Italian resistance and a slowing up of the Austro-German advance."

Page 216: "On the morning of October 27, 1917, the Turks made a strong reconnoissance toward Karm from the direction of Kauwukah, two regiments of calvary [cavalry] and two or three thousand infantry, with guns, being employed."

Page 226: "Between the foot of the spur of the main range and the costal [coastal] plain is the low range known as the Shephelah."

Page 237: "Farther south a post at the village of Obeid was attacked by 700 of the enemy, who surrounded it and fired 400 shells into the monastery, but the Middlesex men, who were the garrison of the post, held out, their casualities [casualties] being trifling."

Page 308: "In the Rheims sector the crown prince's forces occupied the northern parts of La Neuvillete [Neuvillette] and Betheny, a mile nearer to Rheims on the northwest and northeast."

Page 378: "Flashes and war-splitting [ear-splitting] crashes came from batteries put in position just far enough off the roads to avoid the traffic."

Page 448: "The cooperators, however, realize the danger from German economic cont [control]