Chapter 62

SUBMARINE WARFARE

The totals of the damage inflicted by submarines of the Central Powers on the merchant fleets of the Entente Allies during July, 1916, was not officially announced until August 16, 1916. On that day an official statement was published in Berlin to the effect that German and Austrian submarines and mines had destroyed during July, 1916, 74 merchantmen belonging to England and her allies. These ships had a total tonnage of 103,000 tons.

The activity of German and Austrian submarines increased considerably during August, 1916. According to an official German statement submarines or mines sunk 126 merchant ships, belonging to England and her allies, totaling 170,679 tons gross, as well as 35 neutral merchant ships, totaling 38,568 tons. These figures, however, did not agree with figures compiled in this country. The New York "Journal of Commerce" records only 93 ships of a total tonnage of 123,397 as having been sunk in August, 1916. The same authority also announced that in the period from August 1, 1914, to September 1, 1916, there had been destroyed, 1,584 merchant ships, aggregating 2,939,915 tons.

Among the ships sunk in August, 1916, was the Italian mail steamer _Letimbro_. She went to the bottom of the Mediterranean on August 4, 1916, and it was claimed that many of her 1,100 passengers were lost. Other ships of more than 2,000 tons which were lost in August, 1916, were:

British: _Tottenham_, 3,106 tons; _Favonian_, 3,049 tons; _Mount Coniston_, 3,018 tons; _Aaro_, 2,603 tons; _Trident_, 3,129 tons; _San Bernardo_, 3,803 tons; _Antiope_, 2,793 tons; _Whitgift_, 4,397 tons; _Britannic_, 3,487 tons; _Heighington_, 2,800 tons; and _Newburn_, 3,554 tons.

Italian: _Citta di Messina_, 2,464 tons; _Hermerberg_, 2,824 tons; _Siena_, 4,372 tons; _Teti_, 2,868 tons; _Nereus_, 3,980 tons; _Angelo_, 8,609 tons; _Sebastiano_, 3,995 tons; _Stampalia_, 9,000.

Other nations: _Ivar_, Danish, 2,139 tons; _Kohina Maru_, Japanese, 3,164 tons; _Tenmei Maru_, Japanese, 3,360 tons; _Tricoupis_, Greek, 2,387 tons; _Ganekogorta Mendi_, Spanish, 3,061 tons; _Pagasarri_, Spanish, 3,287 tons.

Of vessels smaller than 2,000 tons the losses to the various nations were as follows: Great Britain, 23; France, 6; Italy, 10; Russia, 4; Norway, 9; Sweden, 6; Holland, 2; Denmark, 3; Greece, 3.

A large discrepancy regarding the total number and tonnage of Allied and neutral merchantmen sunk by mines and submarines was again noticeable in the figures published in the United States newspapers and in official statements of the German admiralty.

The latter on October 26, 1916, announced that 180 ships with a total tonnage of 254,600 had been sunk, of which 141 of 182,000 tons belonged to Great Britain and her allies, and 39 of 72,600 tons to neutral nations. The New York "Journal of Commerce," on October 5, 1916, published a summary of merchantmen lost during September, 1916, which accounted only for 70 vessels of 150,317 tons, of which 25 were said to have belonged to Great Britain and 18 to neutral Norway, while France lost 4, Italy 4, Sweden 5, Denmark 4, Spain, Greece, and Holland each 2, and Belgium 1. Of all these the following were more than 2,000 tons:

British: _Duart_, 3,108 tons; _Strathalian_, 4,404 tons; _Swift Wings_, 4,465 tons; _Kelvinia_, 3,140 tons; _Torridge_, 5,036 tons; _Strathtay_, 4,428 tons; _Heathdene_, 3,541 tons; _Llangorse_, 3,841 tons; _Butetown_, 2,466 tons; _Bronwen_, 4,250 tons; _Strathe_, 2,500 tons; _Newby_, 2,168 tons; _Counsellor_, 4,958 tons; _Lexie_, 3,778 tons; _Swedish Prince_, 3,712 tons; _Roddam_, 3,218 tons; _Lord Tredegar_, 3,856 tons; _Dewa_, 3,802 tons.

Norwegian: _Elizabeth IV_, 4,182 tons; _Polynesia_, 4,064 tons; _Bufjord_, 2,284 tons; _Qvindeggen_, 2,610 tons; _Furu_, 2,029 tons; _Isdalen_, 2,275 tons.

Other nations: _Antwerpen_, Dutch, 11,000 tons; _Benpark_, Italian, 3,842 tons; _Gamen_, Swedish, 2,617 tons; _Luis Vives_, Spanish, 2,394 tons; _Assimacos_, Greek, 2,898 tons.

For the month of October, 1916, the New York "Journal of Commerce" placed its total figures of Allied and neutral merchantmen sunk by mines or submarines at 127 vessels of 227,116 tons, according to a compilation published on November 3, 1916. No official figures of the German Government for October, 1916, were available. Of the above-mentioned 127 vessels, Great Britain lost 38; Norway, 56; Sweden, 10; Denmark, 8; Greece, 5; Russia, 4; Holland, 3; France, Belgium, and Rumania, each 1. Of these the following were of more than 2,000 tons:

British: Franconia, 18,150 tons; _Alaunia_, 13,405 tons; _Welsh Prince_, 4,934 tons; _Rowanmore_, 10,320 tons; _Astoria_, 4,262 tons; _Cabotia_, 4,309 tons; _Midland_, 4,247 tons; _Cluden_, 3,166 tons; _Barbara_, 3,740 tons; _Framfield_, 2,510 tons; _Ethel Duncan_, 2,510 tons; _Sidmouth_, 4,045 tons; _Crosshill_, 5,002 tons; _Sebek_, 4,601 tons; _Renylan_, 3,875 tons; _Strathdene_, 4,321 tons; _West Point_, 3,847 tons; _Stephano_, 3,449 tons.

Norwegian: _Christian Knudsen_, 4,224 tons; _Risholm_, 2,155 tons; _Snestadt_, 2,350 tons; _Edam_, 2,381 tons; _Sola_, 3,057 tons; _Bygdo_, 2,345 tons.

Russian: _Tourgai_, 4,281 tons; _Mercator_, 2,827 tons.

Dutch: _Bloomersdijk_, 4,850 tons.

Greek: _George M. Embiricos_, 3,636 tons; _Massalia_, 2,186 tons; _Germaine_, 2,573 tons.

Rumanian: _Bistritza_, 3,668 tons.

More interest than ever before in submarine warfare was aroused in this country when the German war submarine _U-53_ unexpectedly made its appearance in the harbor of Newport, R. I., during the afternoon of October 7, 1916. About three hours afterward, without having taken on any supplies, and after explaining her presence by the desire of delivering a letter addressed to Count von Bernstorff, then German Ambassador at Washington, the _U-53_ left as suddenly and mysteriously as she had appeared.

This was the first appearance of a war submarine in an American port. It was claimed that the _U-53_ had made the trip from Wilhelmshaven in seventeen days. She was 213 feet long, equipped with two guns, four torpedo tubes, and an exceptionally strong wireless outfit. Besides her commander, Captain Rose, she was manned by three officers and thirty-three men.

Early the next morning, October 8, 1916, it became evident what had brought the _U-53_ to this side of the Atlantic. At the break of day she made her reappearance southeast of Nantucket. The American steamer _Kansan_ of the American Hawaiian Company bound from New York by way of Boston to Genoa was stopped by her, but after proving her nationality and neutral ownership was allowed to proceed. Five other steamships, three of them British, one Dutch, and one Norwegian, were less fortunate. The British freighter _Strathend_, of 4,321 tons, was the first victim. Her crew were taken aboard the Nantucket Shoals Lightship. Two other British freighters, _West Point_ and _Stephano_, followed in short order to the bottom of the ocean. The crews of both were saved by United States torpedo-boat destroyers which had come from Newport as soon as news of the _U-53's_ activities had been received there. This was also the case with the crews of the Dutch ship _Bloomersdijk_ and the Norwegian tanker _Christian Knudsen_.

On December 20, 1916, the German admiralty announced that the total losses inflicted on Allied and neutral merchantmen by submarines and mines during November, 1916, amounted to 191 vessels of 408,500 tons. Of these 138 ships of 314,500 belonged to Great Britain and her allies, and 53 ships of 94,000 tons to neutral countries.

On November 13, 1916, the Norwegian steamship _Older_, on passage from Newport to Gibraltar, was captured by a German submarine, which placed a prize crew on board her. For a time the submarine remained in company. Eventually, however, the _Older_ separated from the submarine, apparently with the intention of making for a German port. She was intercepted by a British ship of war, recaptured, and brought into a British port, and the prize crew were made prisoners of war.

The losses of Allied and neutral merchantmen sunk by submarines and mines during the month of December, 1916, according to the New York "Journal of Commerce," totaled 134 vessels of 251,750 tons, of which 53 vessels of 157,217 tons belonged to Great Britain and her allies, and 81 vessels of 84,533 tons to neutrals.

Among the largest of these were the following British boats: _King Malcom_, 4,351 tons; _Reapwell_, 3,417 tons; _Luciston_, 2,948 tons; _Moeraki_, 4,392 tons; _King Bleddyn_, 4,387 tons; _Couch_, 5,620 tons; _Tanfield_, 4,358 tons; _Avristan_, 3,818 tons; _Strathalbyn_, 4,331 tons; _Ursula_, 5,011 tons; _Bretwalda_, 4,037 tons; _Westminster_, 4,342 tons.

The French merchant marine, in addition to a number of smaller boats, lost: _Kangaroo_, 2,493 tons; _Emma Laurans_, 2,152 tons. One Belgian steamer of 2,360 tons, the _Keltier_, also was sunk.

Of neutrals, the Dutch lost the _Kediri_, 3,781 tons; the Norwegians the _Rakiura_, 3,569 tons; _Modum_, 2,942 tons; _Meteor_, 4,211 tons; _Manpanger_, 3,354 tons; the Greeks, _Salamis_, 3,638 tons; and the Danish, _Michail Ontchonkoff_, 2,118 tons.

The balance of the boats destroyed in December, 1916, was made up of vessels of less than 2,000 tons, among which there were Russian, Swedish, and Portuguese boats as well as ships belonging to the nations already mentioned. One American-owned was also included, the _John Lambert_, of 1,550 tons, owned by the Great Britain & St. Lawrence Transportation Company.

On December 4, 1916, a German submarine sank in the Mediterranean the former Anchor liner _Caledonia_, a steamer of 9,223 tons. The German version of this occurrence was as follows:

"On December 4, 1916, in the Mediterranean, the British liner _Caledonia_ attempted to ram one of our submarines without having previously been attacked by the latter.

"Just before the submarine was struck by the steamer's bows it succeeded in firing a torpedo, which hit and sank the _Caledonia_. The submarine was only slightly damaged.

"The captain of the steamer, James Blaikie, was taken prisoner by the submarine."

In January, 1917, the toll exacted by mines and submarines was especially large. The New York "Journal of Commerce" gave on February 6, 1917, the following figures: 154 vessels of 336,997 tons. Of these 87, of 229,366 tons, belonged to Great Britain and her allies, and 67, of 107,631 tons, to neutrals. No American boats were included.

On January 1, 1917, a German submarine sank the British transport _Ivernia_ in the Mediterranean while carrying troops. Four officers and 146 men as well as 33 members of the crew were reported missing.

The British battleship _Cornwallis_ was sunk on January 9, 1917, likewise in the Mediterranean. Thirteen members of the crew were reported missing. The _Cornwallis_, which was launched at Blackwell in 1901 and completed in 1904, had a displacement of 14,000 tons, length of 405 feet, beam of 75-1/2 feet, and draft of 26-1/2 feet. Her indicated horsepower was 18,238, developing a speed of 18.9 knots. She carried four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch, ten 12-pounder, and two 3-pounder guns, as well as four torpedo tubes. The complement of the _Cornwallis_ was about 750.

Two days later, January 11, 1917, the British seaplane carrier _Ben-Machree_ was sunk by gunfire in Kasteloxizo Harbor (Asia Minor). There were no casualties.

Among the larger boats (above 2,000 tons) sunk during January, 1917, were the following:

British: _Apsleyhall_, 3,882 tons; _Holly Branch_, 3,568 tons; _Baycraig_, 3,761 tons; _Lesbian_, 2,555 tons; _Andoni_, 3,188 tons; _Baynesk_, 3,286 tons; _Lynfield_, 3,023 tons; _Manchester Inventor_, 4,247 tons; _Wragby_, 3,641 tons; _Garfield_, 3,838 tons; _Auchencrag_, 3,916 tons; _Port Nicholson_, 8,418 tons; _Matina_, 3,870 tons; _Toftwood_, 3,082 tons; _Mohacsfield_, 3,678 tons; _Tremeadow_, 3,653 tons; _Neuquen_, 3,583 tons; _Tabasco_, 2,987 tons; _Matheran_, 7,654 tons; _Jevington_, 2,747 tons.

French: _Tuskar_, 3,043 tons.

Japanese: _Taki Maru_, 3,208 tons; _Chinto Maru_, 2,592 tons; _Misagatu Maru_, No. 3, 2,608 tons.

Russian: _Egret_, 3,185 tons.

Norwegian: _Britannic_, 2,289 tons; _Older_, 2,256 tons; _Fama_, 2,147 tons; _Esperança_, 4,428 tons; _Bergenhus_, 3,606 tons; _Jotunfjell_, 2,492 tons; _Myrdal_, 2,631 tons.

Dutch: _Salland_, 3,657 tons; _Zeta_, 3,053 tons.

Greek: _Evangelos_, 3,773 tons; _Demetrios Goulandris_, 3,744 tons; _Aristotelis C. Ioannow_, 2,868 tons; _Demetrios Inglessis_, 2,088 tons; Tsiropinas, 3,015 tons.

Spanish: _Valle_, 2,365 tons; _Manuel_, 2,419 tons; _Parahyba_, 2,537 tons.

Toward the end of January, 1917, the severity of submarine warfare was noticeably increased. Day by day the number of vessels sunk grew larger, and some of them were of especially large tonnage. On January 28, 1917, a French transport, carrying 950 soldiers to Saloniki, the _Amiral Magon_, was sunk in the Mediterranean with a loss of about 150 men.

Then came on January 29, 1917, the official announcement that the British Government had decided to lay new mine fields in the North Sea in order to cope more successfully with the ever-growing submarine menace. According to this announcement the British Government warned all neutrals that from this date the following area in the North Sea was to be considered dangerous to shipping:

The area comprising all the waters, except the Netherlands and Danish territorial waters, lying southwestward and eastward of a line commencing four miles from the coast of Jutland in latitude 56 degrees N., longitude 8 degrees E.

As a result of this new policy it was announced by Lloyd's that eleven vessels of about 15,000 tons were sunk on the first day of the blockade. During the first week of the blockade, February 1 to 8, 1917, according to British figures, which, however, were claimed by German officials to be much lower than the actual figures, there were sunk 58 vessels of 112,043 tons, of which 1 was American, 20 belonged to other neutrals, 32 to Great Britain, and 5 to the other belligerents.