CHAPTER XX
THE ARMY AS IT IS
Few changes have been made in the drill or manœuvres of the army since 1880, except in the direction of reducing the number of the latter, and simplifying and giving freedom of action in the former. Greater attention is now paid to practical instruction, and to the value of continued training in marching, coupled with care for the soldiers’ feet, after the day’s march, and clothing. Thus the truth of Wellington’s remark is recognised, that “battles are as much won by feet as by arms.”
Examinations for promotion are more searching, selection for appointments to command the rule rather than the exception; while every possible care is taken to ensure the retention of men who know their work. Sir Evelyn Wood bears evidence that “in tactical skill, officers of all ranks have improved to a very great degree; but the improvement in military spirit, in eagerness to learn, and to submit cheerfully to great physical discomforts is even more remarkable, and this spirit reacts naturally on the lower ranks.”
The armament of all arms is altering. In the cavalry the front ranks of all heavy and medium regiments are armed with the lance, as well as sword and carbine, and only the hussars retain the two latter for both ranks. Every effort is being made to lighten the enormous weight a cavalry horse has to carry.
The artillery re-armed with a steel breech-loading, chambered, 12-pounder gun, has a very high velocity, and hence a very flat trajectory. This, for many purposes admirable, lessens the “searching” effect of artillery fire, and in foreign armies howitzer batteries and even field-mortar batteries are being experimented on.
Quick-firing guns are openly advocated for field service, and high explosives will render iron or steel turrets and stone fortifications both vulnerable, and dangerous to the defenders. Of late years, not only has Shoeburyness continued its useful work as the great centre of experimental work with large and small guns, but Okehampton has been utilised as a practice-ground for field artillery under conditions approximating to those of actual war.
The use of smokeless powder has changed in many ways the tactical application of the three arms. It is no longer easy to estimate exactly the extent of front of a battery of guns, nor even its exact position, nor can the fact of its fire being diminished by loss be so readily ascertained as when the smoke gave the information wanted. So, throughout the field generally, there is no smoke screen to hide the assailants from view, and greater exposure may involve more serious loss in attack. Similarly, the length of the enemy’s line of battle, and the extent to which it is occupied, will so far perplex the attacking commander, that unnecessarily wide turning movements may be expected, with consequent loss of time. Furthermore, the friction caused by the velocity of the cordite gas, with its naturally chemically corrosive action, tends to destroy barrels, and so render, earlier than heretofore, the weapon inaccurate. As regards the infantry, they have been armed with a Lee-Mitford small-bore rifle, with a calibre of ·303 inch, and having a muzzle velocity with cordite of 2000 feet a second, and a consequent range of 1900 yards. The long bayonet has been replaced by a short dagger, not unlike the first pattern of “plug-bayonet” which fitted into the muzzle of the arquebus. The weapon has an extremely flat trajectory, but it is improbable that the small diameter of the bullet would stop an Arab rush unless it found its billet in a vital part. Its penetration into wood is such that simple stockades, or even old brick walls, would be vulnerable before the new rifle. The number of rounds carried in the magazine is ten. Much stress is now laid on “field-firing” against targets with unknown ranges, arranged as far as possible under service conditions.
Long-ranged fire, even up to 3000 mètres, has been tried in France, but in England there is a tendency, with many officers, to deprecate the use of small-arm ammunition at extreme ranges.
The general direction of the improvement in firearms is to lessen the size of the bore and increase the flatness of the trajectory. Thus the high-angled fire of the Snider, converted from the muzzle-loading Enfield, was changed for the Martini-Henry, in every way a more deadly weapon, and this, as has been already remarked, has given way to an even smaller bored rifle. And with the increased rapidity of fire and the larger number of rounds of the lighter ammunition that can be carried, the bayonet, that was lengthened in 1878, was reduced to its present dimensions.
Muzzle-loading guns have been replaced by breech-loaders, and the steel muzzle-loading guns used in Abyssinia by screw guns, which can be put together and fired within a minute from the time the two mules, which carry the parts, halt.
Machine guns, such as the Gatling, Gardner, and Nordenfeldt, will probably give way to the automatic Maxim.
Since the campaign of 1870 to 1871, greater attention has been paid to visual signalling by flag or flash, and the field telegraph is much more actively employed, and accompanies, as far as possible, the army up to the point of attack.
In England, considerable attention has been paid to night marching and night attacks, as being the only method under favourable circumstances of crossing, unseen, the fire-swept zone now so much more extended than formerly.
Balloons, captive and free, form part of the equipment of an army corps, and officers are trained both in their use and in reconnoitring from them. They were employed in the operations round Suakin, but are difficult to manage in windy weather, as they found on that occasion.
Uniform has altered little, but helmets were issued in 1877 to all but Highland and Fusilier Regiments; and since that date the Rifle headdress has been restored, as well as the peculiar shako of the Highland Light Infantry. Badge and rank chevrons were formerly worn by all light infantry regiments on both arms, but this was abandoned, though the old 43rd still wore them up to 1881.[72] The abolition of purchase in 1872 rendered the army possibly more professional, but certainly not, as was imagined, less expensive. It destroyed, however, the “right” claimed by officers who had purchased to different treatment from that which would naturally follow under a non-purchase system. Curiously enough, the alteration was hardest on the poor man who rose from the ranks, as he, on his retirement, frequently received a large sum for the “regulation” and “over regulation” price of his commission.
* * * * *
But the two greatest changes have been the introduction of short service, and the territorialisation of the regiments of the army; both of which measures have opponents as well as friends.
There is much misconception about the former, certainly. Its enemies quite forget that there was practically no alternative, that we are living in the end of the nineteenth century, not the beginning. The so-called Long Service Act of 1847, with its ten years’ service for the first period with the colours, and the right, if of good character, to extend it to twenty-one years for pension, did not provide sufficient recruits for a meagre army, and, as the Crimea proved, gave not only an insufficient number of men, but no reserves at all. When peace was signed, we had boy soldiers in the ranks much as we have now, many of the older men having perished; yet they fought well, as they always have done. Outside the first line there were foreign legions and militia, and that was all. The times even then were past since an army of 25,000 men was considered a respectable command for a serious European war; and the change in the conditions is even greater now, with all Europe an armed camp, and the armies themselves counting as many thousands as they did hundreds “when George the Third was king.” Nor was the longer service Act of 1867 any better. It gave twelve years with the colours and nine of re-engaged time to obtain pension. But the army then was more under its proper strength annually than before.
The plain fact is, that an army of even the dimensions of our own cannot attract a sufficient number of recruits for so long a period as ten or twelve years. You can get enough men to do so for a force a few thousands strong, like the Royal Marine Corps, but not for an army which has to put in fifteen or sixteen years in such climates as some parts of India or Burmah.
Short service was inevitable, and since its introduction the army has rarely, I believe never, been below its numerical strength. The question of reserves, important as that is, and of good non-commissioned officers is quite beside the question. Neither would be worth a row of pins without a sufficient number of men, however young, in the ranks. Besides, if serious war comes, the same method will be adopted that was in vogue in the much-belauded long service days. Battalions were weeded then as they are now, and though they had permanently a larger proportion of older men in the ranks to stiffen the regiments, the same stiffening can always be got from the reserves whenever it is wanted. Our previous system gave us nothing, absolutely nothing, to fall back on; our present system gives us, if we want them, some 100,000 old soldiers whom we can claim as a right.
No one prefers boy soldiers to stout men. No one for choice would take very young men for sergeants. But if the State will not offer greater inducements, if the nation will not pay the cost, then you must do the best you can with the materials you can purchase in the open labour markets of this country.
Lord Wolseley, whose experience of war in all its aspects is second to none, has always expressed himself in terms of the strongest approval of our young soldiers, who have done their duty so well, and without a murmur, and yet are maligned by those who ought to know better.
In his last despatch from the Nile, in June 1885, he thus refers to the lads who had undergone the severe strain of the campaign, and with comparatively so little loss. “It is a source of great pride to me as a soldier, and of satisfaction as a British subject, that upon each fresh occasion when I am brought in contact with Her Majesty’s troops in the field, I find the army more efficient as a military machine than it was the last time I was associated with it on active service. This improvement is evident in all grades and in all arms and departments, but it is, I think, more marked in the rank and file. Military spirit--the essence of military efficiency--is now established in our army in a higher form and on a sounder basis than formerly. I attribute the improvement in moral tone that undoubtedly exists, in no small degree, to the abolition of flogging, and I believe that amongst the officers who have lately had practical experience in the field, even those previously in favour of retaining the lash as a punishment on active service, now fully recognise that many advantages have resulted from its total abolition. The soldier is prouder of himself and of his calling than he used to be, and his self-esteem has also been raised by the healthy feeling of liberty arising from the knowledge that if the army does not suit his tastes, he can easily quit it, instead of being bound to it for ten or twelve years. Our rank and file are morally better, and militarily more efficient, than formerly. The general conduct and bearing of our men in the Sudan left nothing to be desired, and was not only creditable to the British army, but should be also a just source of pride to the British nation.”
Nor in comparison with foreign armies equally on a peace footing is there anything to complain of as regards the length of service of the men serving, for out of battalions of between 500 and 600 men there were in British battalions 245, in German 59, and in French but 23 men of three years’ service and upwards. Similarly, the Continental recruit ranges in height from 5 feet to 5 feet 1½ inches, with a chest measurement of 30.8 inches, but with an age of 20 years; while our “boys” of 18 have a height of 5 feet 4 inches, with a chest of 33 inches.
Even the cry that reservists cannot find employment is an exaggeration, as the report of Lord Wantage’s Committee shows; for it was proved that of 32,700 reservists, 75 per cent. were in regular employ.
Turning to the territorialisation of the regiments, there again must be necessarily conflicting opinions. Those who think regimental prestige is lost with a name, must have a very poor opinion of what prestige really is. Have the navy no _esprit de corps_? And yet theirs is for their _profession_, not for H.M.S. _Bacchante_ or the _Melpomene_. It must not be forgotten, too, that many of the existing regiments have borne other numbers. Has their efficiency been lessened because they had to put 82 instead of 83 on their forage caps in past years? Doubtless it is not worth while changing for changing’s sake; but when administration is simplified, the working of the short service system (which is in a sense forced on us) and recruiting improved, then those who object must show a better case than that of objection merely because they don’t like it.
There is the strongest evidence that the bulk of the men not only don’t care about the dead and gone numbers, but prefer the territorial title. In the presence of some officer, whose enthusiasm clings like ivy round the past glories of the “Onety-oneth,” they may, for obvious reasons, express themselves differently; but, when alone, they do as everybody else does, outside a small and decreasing group of men who live, as archæologists do, in a dead past, and use the local name, which to them has a more distinct meaning.
Of course it is to be regretted that the army is not strong enough to do the foreign service it is called upon to perform; that of the two battalions, now tied together as they were formerly linked, one cannot always be at home. But that simply comes from the numerical weakness of the army, and has nothing to do with the system. True, the home battalion is practically a secondary depôt, and why not? So long as the foreign, and often active service, battalion is strong, what does it matter?
So the army in 1881 was territorialised, as it had previously been linked. The linking was less symmetrical than the new plan, for two battalion regiments like the 17th were formerly linked with a single battalion like the 45th. As far as possible, too, battalions that had during their regimental history been formed in the same or neighbouring districts were joined under the same designation. There were of course difficulties, and ludicrous ones at times, as when the 100th Royal _Canadians_ are united with the 3rd _Bombay_ European Regiment to form the _Leinster_ Regiment; but these are of no great moment now, and will be quite forgotten in another fifty years.
But more than grouping battalions of the regular army together is the uniting in one common bond the other parts of our fighting strength. The addition of militia to the regiment, and of the volunteers to the same, both promotes a real and wider _esprit de corps_, and facilitates recruiting in every way. To hear a Hampshire volunteer say he is leaving his volunteer battalion to “join our fighting battalion,” meaning thereby the 1st regular battalion then on foreign service, expresses very fully the union that, given time and patience, will eventually exist between all branches of our fighting strength.
Hence, therefore, rightly or wrongly, as opinions differ, the army is divided into English regiments with white facings, Scotch (4 Battalions) with yellow facings, and Irish (1 Battalion) with green facings; but the Royal Irish and the Scottish Rifles have dark green, all Royal Regiments blue, the East Kent Regiment buff, the Rifle Brigade black, and the King’s Royal Rifles scarlet facings. Similarly the garrison artillery are partially territorialised, but the cavalry are not so.
The latest change in the administrative branches is the conversion of the formerly noncombatant “Commissariat and Transport Department” into the combatant “Army Service Corps,” and the officering of that force by selected officers after a searching course of training and examination.
Much more serious attention is paid, too, to the food of the soldier and military hygiene generally. A quarter of a century ago the ration of bread and meat was eked out by a grocery ration limited both in dimensions and variety. Now, without extra cost to the soldier, and solely by better management and better cooking, he fares not as well as, but better than, many a family in civil life of presumably a better position. Thus the weekly dietary, in a company of a line regiment at Aldershot not long since, comprised for breakfast a selection (every day having a fresh combination) from tea, cocoa, porridge and milk, bloaters, rissoles, bacon, brawn, corned beef, and cold boiled bacon; for dinner, pea soup, roast meat stuffed, potatoes, Irish stew, plain suet pudding, barley soup, meat pies, brown curry and rice, currant rolls, lentil soup, baked meat, haricot beans, sea pies, rice pudding and Yorkshire pudding; and for tea, marmalade, dripping, soused herrings, cheese, kippers, and jam. Not only is the dietary therefore more varied and appetising, but the men trained at the cookery school are fully qualified to cook it properly.
In other respects the army has altered little. The profession is naturally conservative, and does not care to try new armour unless it has proved it. But the story of the army tells this--that in two hundred years it has increased from 3000 men to nearly 667,000 putting aside local colonial troops and our admirable Indian army. This number is composed of
Regular Army 216,688 Army Reserve 80,000 } Militia Reserve 30,000} 110,000 Militia 75,000 Volunteers 255,000 Yeomanry 9,500
Of this force, about 110,000 of the regular troops are serving abroad and the remainder at home; while, though no new regiments have been added since 1870, the army has increased in number by 29,000 men, and this without the faintest opposition. All the former dread of it, whether real or affected, has passed away. In place of it has grown up the feeling that it has won the nation’s affection, and has earned and holds its confidence.
Meanwhile, in many a small matter of daily life there is a survival of long-forgotten military ideas. The acts of courtesy of removing one’s hat or shaking hands with an ungloved hand are, after all, but baring the unarmoured head and using the unmailed, and therefore friendly, hand. With the soldier’s salute, the dropping of the sword-point is exposing the unguarded breast, the “present arms” but offering the power of firing the weapon to the person saluted. Passing right hand to right hand is but being on one’s guard, and having the power of easily standing on the defensive. Even the two useless buttons on the back of the man’s coat may be but the survival of the means whereby the sword-belt was kept up.
In the names of bachelor, esquire, and soldier live those of _bas chevalier_ (inferior knight), _escuyer_, and _solde_, or pay. In the expression “pulling the long bow” survives the spirit of some of the tales told by stout yeomen over strong ale. In the fantastic flourishes that surround the helmet and shield in the painted coat-of-arms is seen still the mantling that covered the tilting _heaulme_.
The army is as much part of the social and national life of England as its commercial marine, or its police force. It does the same duty on a large scale for the former as do the latter on a smaller scale in civil life. It protects the commercial enterprise of our merchant princes, finds new outlets for our manufacturers. It guards our seaports at home and abroad; it assists the civil police against the proletariat, and that without creating real hostility.
It represents the fighting spirit that has made the nation what it is and has enlarged its boundaries. It has given us what without its aid would have been impossible--external and internal safety.
And, most of all, it has preserved unsullied our national honour. Where the flag flies over British fighting men, there our lads behave as becomes true Englishmen, and face death fearlessly. The spirit that braced the nerves of the men of Lincelles, Albuhera, and Inkerman lives still in their descendants, and those who fought and fell before the Arab rush at Abu Klea may well stand in the nation’s esteem side by side with our heroes of the past.
APPENDIX I
THE PRINCIPAL CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES IN WHICH THE BRITISH ARMY HAVE BEEN ENGAGED SINCE 1658.
Aboukir 8th March 1801 Abu Klea, Sudan 17th January 1885 Abu Kru, Sudan 19th January 1885 Abyssinia 1867-68 Aden 19th January 1839 Afghanistan 1841-42 Afghanistan 1878-80 Agra 17th October 1803 Ahmedabad 12th August 1780 Ahmednuggur 12th August 1803 Ahmed Kehl 19th April 1880 Albuhera 16th May 1811 Alexandria 21st March 1801 Ali Musjid 21st Nov. 1878 Aliwal 28th January 1846 Alkmaar 6th October 1799 Allyghur 4th Sept. 1803 Alma 20th Sept. 1854 Almanara 28th July 1710 Almanza 14th April 1707 Almaraz 19th May 1812 Almeida 26th August 1810 Amboyna 17th Feb. 1810 America 1775-81 Amoaful 31st January 1874 Antwerp 5th May 1814 Arcot 31st August 1751 Arcot 31st October 1780 Argaum 29th Nov. 1803 Arnee 2nd June 1782 Arroyo des Molinos 28th October 1811 Ashanti 1874 Assaye 23rd Sept. 1803 Asseerghur 8th April 1819 Aughrim 12th July 1691 Ava 24th Feb. 1826
Badajos 6th April 1812 Balaklava 25th October 1854 Baltimore 11th Sept. 1814 Banda 8th March 1810 Bangalore 21st March 1791 Barcelona 1705 to 8th May 1706 Barrosa 5th March 1811 Bayonne 22nd Feb. to 14th April 1814 Belleisle 7th June 1761 Benevente January 1809 Beni-Boo-Ally 2nd March 1821 Bergen 19th Sept. 1799 Bergen-op-Zoom 8th March 1814 Bhurtpore 2nd April 1805 Bhurtpore 18th January 1826 Bidassoa 7th October 1813 Bladensburg 24th August 1814 Blenheim 13th August 1704 Bothwell Brig 22nd June 1679 Bouchain 13th Sept. 1711 Bourbon 21st Sept. 1809 Boyne 1st July 1690 Brandywine 11th Sept. 1777 Brooklyn 27th August 1776 Brunx 28th October 1776 Buenos Ayres 28th June 1806 Buenos Ayres 5th July 1807 Bunker’s Hill 17th June 1775 Burmah 1824-26 Burmah 1852-53 Burmah 27th Sept. 1810 Bushire 10th Dec. 1856 Buxar 23rd October 1764
Cabool 12th October 1842 Camden 16th August 1780 Campen 15th October 1760 Campo-Mayor 25th March 1811 Candahar 10th March 1842 Candahar 1st Sept. 1880 Canton 5th Jan. 1858 Cape of Good Hope September 1795 Cape of Good Hope 9th January 1806 Cape of Good Hope 1846-47; 1850-53; and 1877-79 Carthagena April 1741 Cateau 26th April 1794 Cawnpore 17th July 1857 Caya 7th May 1709 Central India 1857-58 Charasiah 5th October 1879 Chateaughay 26th October 1813 Cherbourg 5th August 1758 Chillianwallah 13th January 1849 China 1840-43 China 1856-60 Chrystler’s Farm 11th Nov. 1813 Ciudad Rodrigo 19th January 1812 Condore 8th December 1758 Coomassie 4th Feb. 1874 Copenhagen 2nd April 1801 Copenhagen 8th Sept. 1807 Corbach 10th July 1760 Corsica 17th June 1794 Corunna 16th January 1890 Crimea 1854-55 Crabbendam 10th Sept. 1799 Cuddalore 13th July 1783 Culloden 16th April 1746
Deig 13th October 1804 Delhi 11th Sept. 1803 Delhi 20th Sept. 1857 Denkern 15th July 1761 Detroit 16th August 1812 Dettingen 16th June 1743 Dominica 22nd Feb. 1805 Douay 25th June 1710 Douro 12th May 1809 Dunkirk 17th Sept. 1793
Egmont-op-Zee 2nd October 1799 Egypt 1801 Egypt 1882 El Bodon 25th Sept. 1811 El Teb 29th Feb. 1884 Emsdorf 16th July 1760
Famars 23rd May 1793 Ferozeshah 22nd Dec. 1845 Flushing 15th August 1809 Fontenoy 30th April 1745 Freehold 28th June 1778 Fuentes d’Onoro 5th May 1811
Germantown 3rd October 1777 Ghent 30th Sept. 1708 Ghuznee 23rd July 1839 Ghuznee 6th Sept. 1842 Gibraltar 10th March 1705 Gibraltar 22nd Feb. 1727 Gibraltar 5th February 1783 Ginghilovo 2nd April 1879 Goojerat 21st February 1849 Grenada 24th March 1796 Guadaloupe February 1810 Gueldermalsen 8th January 1795 Guildford 15th March 1781
Hashin 25th March 1885 Havannah 14th August 1762 Helder 27th August 1799 Hulst 5th May 1747 Hyderabad 24th March 1843
Ingogo 8th Feb. 1881 Indian Mutiny 1857-59 Inkerman 5th November 1854 Ionian Islands 12th October 1809 Isandula 22nd Jan. 1879
Java 18th Sept. 1811 Jellalabad 7th April 1842
Kambula 29th March 1879 Kassassin 28th Aug. 1882 Khelat 13th Nov. 1839 Kirbekan 10th Feb. 1885 Kirkee 5th Nov. 1817 Kooshab 8th February 1857
Laing’s Nek 28th Jan. 1881 Leswaree 1st Nov. 1803 Lexington 19th April 1775 Liège 23rd October 1702 Lincelles 18th August 1793 Lisle 23rd October 1708 Llerena 11th April 1812 Louisburg 26th July 1758 Lucknow July to Nov. 1857 Lucknow 21st March 1858
Maestricht 2nd July 1673 Magdala 13th April 1868 Maharajpore 29th Dec. 1843 Maheidpore 21st Dec. 1817 Maida 4th July 1806 Maiwand 17th July 1880 Majuba Hill 27th Feb. 1881 Malavelly 27th March 1799 Malplaquet 11th Sept. 1709 Malta 5th Sept. 1800 Mandora 13th March 1801 Mangalore September 1783 Manilla 5th October 1762 Marabout 21st August 1801 Martinique 5th February 1762 Martinique 16th March 1794 Martinique 7th March 1809 Masulipatam 1769 Matagorda 22nd April 1810 Mauritius 2nd Dec. 1810 Meeanee 17th Feb. 1843 Miami 5th May 1813 Minden 1st August 1759 Minorca 1708 Minorca 29th June 1756 Minorca 5th February 1782 Minorca 15th Nov. 1798 Monte Video 3rd February 1807 Moodkee 18th Dec. 1845 Mooltan 2nd January 1849 Morales 2nd June 1813 Moro (Havannah) 14th August 1762
Nagpore 24th Dec. 1817 Namur 20th August 1695 Neer-Hespen 18th July 1705 Neer-Landen 19th July 1693 New Orleans 13th January 1815 New Zealand 1861-63 Niagara 1814 Nieuport 24th October 1793 Nile 1884-85 Nimeguen 8th Nov. 1794 Nive 9th to 13th December 1813 Nivelle 10th Nov. 1813 Nundydroog 18th October 1791
Orthes 27th February 1814 Oudenarde 11th July 1708
Pegu 21st Nov. 1852 Pekin 12th October 1860 Peninsula 1808-14 Persia 1856-57 Perak 1875 Pewar Kotal 2nd Dec. 1878 Plassy 23rd June 1757 Plattsburg 11th Sept. 1814 Pondicherry 23rd August 1793 Porto Novo 1st July 1781 Prestonpans 21st Sept. 1745 Punniar 29th Dec. 1843 Pyrenees 2nd August 1813
Quatre Bras 16th June 1815 Quebec 13th Sept. 1759 Queenstown 13th October 1812
Ramillies 23rd May 1706 Rangoon 5th May 1824 Rangoon 14th April 1852 Rediuha 11th March 1811 Reshire 9th December 1856 Roliça 17th August 1808 Rolicund Rorke’s Drift 22nd Jan. 1879 Rosetta 21st April 1807 Roucoux 1st October 1746
Sabugal 3rd April 1811 Sahagun 21st Dec. 1808 Salamanca 22nd July 1812 San Sebastian 31st Aug. 1813 Saragossa 20th August 1710 Savendroog 21st Dec. 1791 Schellenburg 2nd July 1704 Scylla 17th January 1809 Sedgmoor 6th July 1685 Seringapatam 15th May 1791 Seringapatam 6th February 1792 Seringapatam 4th May 1799 Sevastopol 8th Sept. 1855 Sholingur 27th Sept. 1781 Sillery 28th April 1760 Sobraon 10th Feb. 1846 Steenkirk 24th July 1692 Stillwater 19th Sept. 1777 St. John’s 13th Nov. 1775 St. Lucia 28th Dec. 1778 St. Lucia 4th April 1794 St. Lucia May 1796 St. Lucia 22nd June 1803 St. Sebastian 31st August 1813 St. Vincent 14th February 1797 Suakin 1885 Surinam 30th April 1804
Taku Forts 21st August 1860 Talavera 27th and 28th July 1809 Tamai 13th March 1884 Tangier 1680 to 1683 Tarbes 20th March 1814 Tarifa 31st Dec. 1811 Tel el Kebir 13th Sept. 1882 Ternate August 1810 Ticonderoga 8th July 1758 Tofrik April 1885 Tongres 10th May 1703 Toulon 19th Dec. 1793 Toulouse 10th April 1814 Tournay 10th Sept. 1709 Tournay 18th May 1794 Transvaal 1881
Ulundi 4th July 1879 Umbeylah or Ambela 1865
Val 20th June 1747 Valenciennes 28th July 1793 Venloo 23rd Sept. 1702 Villers en Couche 24th April 1794 Vimiera 21st August 1808 Vittoria 21st June 1813
Walcourt 25th August 1689 Wandewash 22nd January 1760 Warbourg 31st July 1760 Waterloo 18th June 1815 Wilhelmstahl 14th June 1762 Wynendale 28th Sept. 1708
York Town 19th October 1781
Zululand 1879
APPENDIX II
LIST OF REGIMENTS, WITH THEIR FORMER NUMBERS AND THEIR PRESENT TITLES, IN ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
--------------------+------------------------+-------------------------- NAME. | FORMER TITLE.[73] | PRESENT TITLE. --------------------+------------------------+-------------------------- _Cavalry._ | | | | The Life Guards. | First and Second | The same The Royal Horse | The “Blues” | ” Guards | | 1st Dragoon Guards | The King’s | ” 2nd ” | Queen’s Bays | ” 3rd ” | Prince of Wales’s | ” 4th ” | Royal Irish | ” 5th ” | Princess Charlotte of | ” | Wales’s | 6th ” | Carabiniers | ” 7th ” | Princess Royal’s | ” 1st Dragoons | Royal | ” 2nd ” | Royal North British | Royal Scots Greys | (Scots Greys)[74] | 3rd Hussars | The King’s Own | The same 4th ” | The Queen’s Own | ” 5th Lancers | Royal Irish | ” 6th Dragoons | Inniskilling | ” 7th Hussars | The Queen’s Own | ” 8th ” | The King’s Royal Irish | ” 9th Lancers | The Queen’s Royal | ” 10th Hussars | The Prince of Wales’s | ” | Own Royal | 11th ” | Prince Albert’s Own | ” 12th Lancers | The Prince of Wales’s | ” | Royal | 13th Hussars | None | None 14th ” | The King’s | The same 15th ” | The King’s | ” 16th Lancers | The Queen’s | ” 17th ” | None | The Duke of Cambridge’s | | Own[75] 18th Hussars | ” | None 19th ” | ” | Princess of Wales’s Own 20th ” | ” | None 21st ” | ” | ” | | _Infantry._ | | | | Grenadier Guards | 1st, 2nd, and 3rd | The same | Battalions | Coldstream ” | 1st and 2nd Battalions | ” Scots Fusilier[76] ”| 1st and 2nd Battalions | ” 1st Regiment | The Royal | The Royal Scots (Lothian | | Regiment) 2nd ” | The Queen’s Royal | (Royal West Surrey | | Regiment) 3rd ” | East Kent--The Buffs | (East Kent Regiment) 4th ” | The King’s Own Royal | (Royal Lancaster | | Regiment) 5th ” | Northumberland | The same | Fusiliers | 6th ” | Royal 1st Warwickshire | The Royal Warwickshire | | Regiment 7th ” | Royal Fusiliers | (City of London Regiment) 8th ” | The King’s | (Liverpool Regiment) 9th ” | East Norfolk | The Norfolk Regiment 10th ” | North Lincolnshire | The Lincolnshire Regiment 11th ” | North Devonshire | The Devonshire Regiment 12th ” | East Suffolk | The Suffolk Regiment 13th ” | Prince Albert’s Light | The Prince Albert’s | Infantry | (Somersetshire Light | | Infantry) 14th ” | Buckinghamshire | The Prince of Wales’s Own | | (West Yorkshire | | Regiment) 15th ” | Yorkshire East Riding | The East Yorkshire | | Regiment 16th ” | The Bedfordshire | The Bedfordshire Regiment 17th ” | Leicestershire | The Leicestershire | | Regiment 18th ” | The Royal Irish | The Royal Irish Regiment 19th ” | 1st Yorkshire North | The Princess of Wales’s | Riding | Own[77] (Yorkshire | | Regiment) 20th ” | The East Devonshire | The Lancashire Fusiliers 21st ” | Royal North British | Royal Scots Fusiliers[78] | Fusiliers | 22nd ” | The Cheshire | The Cheshire Regiment 23rd ” | Royal Welsh Fusiliers | The same 24th ” | The 2nd Warwickshire | The South Wales Borderers 25th ” | The King’s Own | The King’s Own Scottish | Borderers | Borderers _N.B_--All these regiments had two battalions. 26th Regiment | The Cameronian | 1st Cameronians (Scottish | | Rifles) 27th ” | Inniskilling | 1st Royal Inniskilling | | Fusiliers 28th ” | North Gloucestershire | 1st Gloucestershire | | Regiment 29th ” | Worcestershire | 1st Worcestershire | | Regiment 30th ” | Cambridgeshire | 1st East Lancashire | | Regiment 31st ” | Huntingdonshire | 1st East Surrey Regiment 32nd ” | Cornwall Light Infantry| 1st Duke of Cornwall’s | | Light Infantry 33rd ” | Duke of Wellington’s | 1st West Riding Regiment 34th ” | Cumberland | 1st Border Regiment 35th ” | Royal Sussex | 1st Royal Sussex 36th ” | Herefordshire | 2nd Worcestershire | | Regiment 37th ” | North Hampshire | 1st Hampshire Regiment 38th ” | 1st Staffordshire | 1st South Staffordshire | | Regiment 39th ” | Dorsetshire | 1st Dorsetshire Regiment 40th ” | 2nd Somersetshire | Prince of Wales’s | | Volunteers, 1st South | | Lancashire Regiment 41st ” | The Welsh | 1st Welsh Regiment 42nd ” | Royal Highland (Black | 1st Black Watch (Royal | Watch) | Highlanders) 43rd ” | Monmouthshire Light | 1st Oxfordshire Light | Infantry | Infantry 44th ” | East Essex | 1st Essex Regiment 45th ” | Nottinghamshire | 1st Sherwood Foresters | (Sherwood Foresters) | (Derbyshire Regiment) 46th ” | South Devonshire | 2nd Duke of Cornwall’s | | Light Infantry 47th ” | Lancashire | 1st Loyal North | | Lancashire Regiment 48th ” | Northamptonshire | 1st Northamptonshire | | Regiment 49th ” | Princess Charlotte of | 1st Royal Berks Regiment | Wales’s (Herts) | 50th ” | The Queen’s Own | 1st Royal West Kent | | Regiment 51st ” | 2nd Yorkshire, West | 1st King’s Own (Yorkshire | Riding (the King’s | Light Infantry) | Own Light Infantry) | 52nd ” | Oxfordshire Light | 2nd Oxfordshire Light | Infantry | Infantry 53rd ” | Shropshire | 1st The King’s | | (Shropshire Light | | Infantry) 54th ” | West Norfolk | 2nd Dorsetshire 55th ” | Westmoreland | 2nd The Border 56th ” | West Essex | 2nd Essex 57th ” | West Middlesex | 1st Duke of Cambridge’s | | Own (Middlesex) 58th ” | Rutlandshire | 2nd Northamptonshire 59th ” | 2nd Nottinghamshire | 2nd East Lancashire 60th ” | King’s Royal Rifle | The same (4 battalions) | Corps | 61st Regiment | South Gloucestershire | 2nd Gloucestershire 62nd ” | Wiltshire | 1st Duke of Edinburgh | | (Wilts) 63rd ” | West Suffolk | 1st Manchester 64th ” | 2nd Staffordshire | 1st The Prince of Wales | | (North Staffordshire) 65th ” | 2nd Yorkshire, North | 1st York and Lancaster | Riding | 66th ” | Berkshire | 2nd Princess Charlotte of | | Wales’s (Royal Berks) 67th ” | South Hampshire | 2nd Hampshire 68th ” | Durham Light Infantry | 1st Durham Light Infantry 69th ” | South Lincolnshire | 2nd Welsh 70th ” | Surrey | 2nd East Surrey 71st ” | Highland Light | 1st Highland Light | Infantry | Infantry 72nd ” | Duke of Albany’s Own | 1st Seaforth Highlanders, | Highlanders | Ross-shire Buffs (The | | Duke of Albany’s) 73rd ” | Perthshire | 2nd Black Watch (Royal | | Highlanders) 74th ” | Highland Regiment | 2nd Highland Light | | Infantry 75th ” | None[79] | 1st Gordon Highlanders 76th ” | None | 2nd Duke of Wellington | | (West Riding) 77th ” | East Middlesex | 2nd Duke of Cambridge’s | | Own[80] (Middlesex) 78th ” | Highland Regt. | 2nd Seaforth Highlanders | (Ross-Buffs) | (Ross-shire Buffs), | | The Duke of Albany’s 79th | Cameron Highlanders | Queen’s Own Cameron (1 battalion)[81] | | Highlanders[82] 80th Regiment | Staffordshire | 2nd South Staffordshire 81st ” | Loyal Lincoln | 2nd Loyal North Lancaster | Volunteers | 82nd ” | Prince of Wales’s | 2nd Prince of Wales’s | Volunteers | Volunteers (South | | Lancaster) 83rd ” | County Dublin | 1st Royal Irish Rifles 84th ” | York and Lancaster | 2nd York and Lancaster 85th ” | Bucks Volunteers | 2nd The King’s | (King’s Light | (Shropshire Light | Infantry) | Infantry) 86th ” | Royal County Down | 2nd Royal Irish Rifles 87th ” | Royal Irish Fusiliers | 1st Princess Victoria’s | | (Royal Irish Fusiliers) 88th ” | Connaught Rangers | 1st Connaught Rangers 89th ” | Princess Victoria’s | 2nd Princess Victoria’s | | (Royal Irish Fusiliers) 90th ” | Perthshire Volunteers | 2nd Cameronians | (Light Infantry) | (Scottish Rifles) 91st ” | The Argyleshire | 1st Princess Louise’s[83] | Highlanders | (Argyle and Sutherland | | Highlanders) 92nd ” | Gordon Highlanders | 2nd Gordon Highlanders 93rd ” | Sutherland Highlanders | 2nd Princess Louise’s | | (Argyle and Sutherland) 94th ” | None | 2nd Connaught Rangers 95th ” | Derbyshire | 2nd Sherwood Foresters | | (Derbyshire) 96th ” | None | 2nd Manchester 97th ” | Earl of Ulster’s | 2nd Queen’s Own (Royal | | West Kent) 98th ” | None | 2nd Prince of Wales’s[84] | | (North Staffordshire) 99th ” | Lanarkshire | 2nd Duke of | | Edinburgh’s[85] (Wilts) 100th ” | Prince of Wales’s | 1st Prince of Wales’s | Royal Canadians | Leinster (Royal | | Canadians) 101st ” | Royal Bengal Fusiliers | 1st Royal Munster | | Fusiliers 102nd ” | Royal Madras ” | 1st Royal Dublin | | Fusiliers 103rd ” | Royal Bombay ” | 2nd Royal Dublin | | Fusiliers 104th ” | Bengal Fusiliers | 2nd Royal Munster | | Fusiliers 105th ” | Madras Light Infantry | 2nd King’s Own (Yorks | | Light Infantry) 106th ” | Bombay ” | 2nd Durham Light Infantry 107th ” | Bengal Infantry | 2nd Royal Sussex 108th ” | Madras ” | 2nd Royal Inniskilling | | Fusiliers 109th ” | Bombay ” | 2nd Prince of Wales’s | | Leinster (Royal | | Canadians) Rifle Brigade | The Prince Consort’s | The same (4 battalions) | Own | --------------------+------------------------+--------------------------
APPENDIX III
LIST OF BADGES, MOTTOES, AND GENERAL NICKNAMES OF THE ARMY.
---------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------ NAME. | BADGE. | MOTTO. | NICKNAMES. ---------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------ 1st Life Guards| The Royal Arms | | “Cheeses,” “Piccadilly 2nd Life Guards| ” | | Butchers,” “The Tin | | | Bellies,” “Patent | | | Safeties” Royal Horse | ” | | “Blue Guards,” “Blues,” Guards | | | “Oxford Blues” 1st Dragoon | Royal Cipher | | “K. D. G.’s,” “The Guards | within Garter| | Trades Union” 2nd ” | ” | | “The Bays,” “The Rusty | | | Buckles,”[86] “The | | | 2nd Horse” 3rd ” | Plume of Prince| | “The Old Canaries” | of Wales | | | within Garter| | | crowned. Red | | | Dragon and | | | Rising Sun | | 4th ” | Irish Harp | “_Quis separa- | “The Blue Horse,” | within Garter| bit?_”[87] | “Godfrey’s Horse,” | crowned. Harp| | “The Royal Irish” | and Crown and| | | Star of St. | | | Patrick | | 5th ” | V. D. G. | “_Vestigia | “The Green Horse,” | in Garter | nulla | “Green Dragoon | crowned | retrorsum_” | Guards,” “Cog’s | | | Horse” 6th ” | Crossed | | “The Carbs,” | Carbines | | “Tichborne’s Own,” | within a | | “9th Horse” | Garter | | | crowned | | 7th ” | 7. D. G. in | | “The Black Horse,” “The | Garter | | Blacks,” “Virgin | crowned | | Mary’s Guard,” | | | “Strawboots” 1st Dragoons | Crest of | “_Spectamur | | England | agendo_” | | within Garter| | | crowned, and | | | Eagle | | 2nd ” | Thistle within | “_Second to | “Scots Greys,” “Old | a Garter | None_” and | Greys,” “Grey | crowned. | “_Nemo me | Dragoons,” “Scots | Eagle with | impune | Regiment of White | “Waterloo” | lacessit_” | Horses,” “Bubbly | | | Jocks” 3rd Hussars | White Horse | “_Nec aspera | “Lord Adam Gordon’s | within Garter| terrent_” | Life Guards,” | crowned | | “Bland’s Dragoons” 4th ” | V. R. within | | “Paget’s Irregular | Garter | | Horse” | crowned | | 5th Lancers | V. R. within | “_Quis | “Royal Irish,” “The | Garter | separabit_” | Daily Advertisers,” | crowned. Harp| | “The Red Breasts” | and Crown | | 6th Dragoons | Castle of | | “The Black Dragoons,” | Inniskilling,| | “The Old | with the S. | | Inniskillings,” “The | George’s | | Skillingers” | colours | | | within Garter| | | crowned | | 7th Hussars | V. R. within | | “Old Straws,” “Black | Garter | | Horse,” “Young Eyes,” | crowned | | “Strawboots,” “The | | | Lilywhite Seventh,” | | | “The Old Saucy | | | Seventh” 8th ” | Harp within | “_Pristinæ | “St. George’s,” “The | Garter | virtutis | Cross-Belts,” “The | crowned. | memores_” | Dirty 8th,”[88] “The | Harp crowned | | King’s” 9th Lancers | V. R. within | | “Wynne’s Dragoons,” | Garter | | “The Delhi Spearmen,” | crowned | | “The Queen’s” 10th Hussars | Prince of | | “Baker’s LightBobs,” | Wales’s Plume| | “The Chainey Tenth,” | within Garter| | “Don’t Dance | crowned. The | | Tenth”[89] | Prince of | | | Wales’s | | | Plume. The | | | Red Dragon. | | | The Rising | | | Sun | | 11th ” | Sphinx in | “_Treu und | “The Cherry Pickers,” | Garter | fest_” | “The Cherubims” | crowned. | | | Sphinx with | | | “Egypt.” | | | Prince | | | Consort’s | | | Crest | | 12th Lancers | Prince of | | “The Supple Twelfth” | Wales’ Plume | | | in Garter | | | crowned. Red | | | Dragon. | | | Rising Sun. | | | Prince of | | | Wales’s | | | Plume. Sphinx| | | and “Egypt” | | 13th Hussars | V. R. in Garter| “_Viret in | “The Green Dragoons,” | crowned | æternum_” | “The Ragged Brigade,” | | | “The Evergreens,” | | | “The Geraniums,” | | | “Gardiner’s | | | Dragoons,” “Great | | | Runaway | | | Prestonpans”[88] 14th ” | Royal Crest in | | “Hamilton’s Runaways,” | Garter | | “Ramnuggur Boys,” | crowned. | | “The Emperor’s | Prussian | | Chamber maids” | Eagle | | 15th ” | Royal Crest in | “_Merebimur_” | “Fighting Fifteenth,” | Garter | | “Elliot’s Light | crowned | | Horse” 16th Lancers | V. R. within | “_Aut cursu aut| “The Red Lancers,” | Garter | cominus | “The Queen’s” | crowned | armis_” | 17th Lancers | Skull and Cross| Death’s Head | “Death or Glory Boys,” | bones within | “_or Glory_” | “Skull and Cross | a Garter | | Bones,” “Bingham’s | crowned | | Dandies” 18th Hussars | V. R. within | “_Pro Rege, pro| “Drogheda Light Horse” | Garter | Lege, pro | | crowned | Patria | | | conamur_” | 19th ” | V. R. within | | “The Dumpies” | Garter | | | crowned. | | | Elephant | | 20th Hussars | V. R. within | | “The Dumpies” | Garter | | | crowned | | 21st Hussars | ” | | ” Royal Artillery| Royal Arms and | “_Ubique._” | “The Gunners” | Supporters. | “_Quo fas et | | A field gun | gloria | | with rammer | ucunt_” | Royal Engineers| Royal Arms and | ” | “The Mudlarks,” “The | Supporters | | Sappers” Grenadier | A grenade. | | “Sandbags,” Guards | Also, 1st | | “Coal-heavers,” “Old | battalion, | | Eyes,” “Bermuda | the Crown; | | Exiles” | 2nd | | | battalion, | | | Royal Cipher | | | crowned; 3rd | | | battalion, | | | same as 2nd, | | | but with a | | | pile wavy | | Coldstream | The Star of the| | “Nulli Secundus Club,” Guards | Garter, for | | “Coldstreamers” | 1st | | | battalion; | | | 2nd | | | battalion, | | | Eight-pointed| | | Star within | | | Garter | | | crowned | | Scots Guards | The Thistle. | “_En! Ferus | “The Jocks” | Sphinx with | Hostis._” | | “Egypt.” 1st | “_Unita | | battalion, | Fortior_” | | Royal Arms of| | | Scotland | | | crowned; 2nd | | | battalion, | | | Union Badge | | | crowned | | Royal Scots | V.R. within St.| | “Douglas’s Ecossais,” (1st) | Andrew’s | | “Pontius Pilate’s | Collar | | Bodyguard” | crowned. The | | | Star of the | | | Thistle. The | | | Sphinx with | | | “Egypt” | | The Queen’s | The Paschal | “_Pristina | “Kirke’s Lambs,” “The (2nd) | Lamb. The | virtutis | Sleepy Queen’s,” “1st | Royal Cipher | memor._” | Tangerines” | within the | “_Vel exuviæ | | Garter. The | triumphant_” | | Sphinx with | | | “Egypt” | | The Buffs | Rose and Crown.| “_Veteri | “Buff Howards,” “Old (3rd) | Dragon. | frondescit | Buffs,” “The | White Horse | honore_” | Nutcrackers” | of Kent | | The King’s Own | V.R. within the| | “Resurrectionists,” (4th) | Garter. The | | “Barrel’s Blues,” | Lion. Rose | | “The Lions” | and Crown | | Northumberland | St. George and | “_Quo fata | “The Shiners,” “The Old Fusiliers | the Dragon on| vocant_” | Bold Fifth,” “The (5th) | a grenade. | | Fighting Fifth,” | St. George | | “Lord Wellington’s | and Dragon | | Bodyguard,” “The Old | alone. Rose | | and Bold” | and Crown | | Royal Warwick | Bear and Ragged| | “Guise’s Geese,” “The (6th) | Staff. | | Warwickshire Lads,” | Antelope. | | “The Saucy Sixth” | Rose and | | | Crown | | Royal Fusiliers| The united Red | “_Nec aspera | “Hanoverian White (7th) | and White | terrent_” | Horse,” “Elegant | Rose within | | Extracts” | the Garter | | | crowned.[90] | | | White Horse | | The King’s | White Horse | “_Nec aspera | “King’s Hanoverian (8th) | within the | terrent_” | White Horse” | Garter | | | crowned. V.R.| | | within the | | | Garter | | | crowned. | | | Sphinx with | | | “Egypt” | | Norfolk | Britannia over | | “Holy Boys,” “Fighting (9th) | a castle with| | Ninth,” “Norfolk | three towers | | Howards”[91] Lincolnshire | Sphinx and | | “The Springers,” “The (10th) | “Egypt” | | Lincolnshire | | | Poachers” Devonshire | Castle of | “_Semper | “The Bloody Eleventh,” (11th) | Exeter | fidelis_” | “One and All” Suffolk | Castle and Key | “_Montis | “Old Dozen,” “The (12th) | with | insignia | Minden Boys” | “Gibraltar” | Calpe_” | Somersetshire | Mural Crown | | “Yellow-banded Light | with | | Robbers,” Infantry | “Jellalabad,”| | “Bleeders,” (13th) | over a Bugle | | “Jellalabad Heroes,” | stringed with| | “The Illustrious | a Sphinx and | | Garrison.” (Sergeants | “Egypt.” The | | wear sash on left | Sphinx and | | shoulder) | “Egypt.” | | West Yorkshire | Prince of | “_Nec aspera | “The Old and Bold,” (14th) | Wales’s | terrent_” | “Calvert’s Entire,” | Plume. White | | “The Powo’s”[91] | Horse. Royal | | | Tiger | | East Yorkshire | White Rose in | | “The Snappers,” “The (15th) | an | | Poona Guards.” (One | eight-pointed| | of Wolfe’s Regiments) | Star | | Bedfordshire | The United Red | | “The Old Bucks,” “The (16th) | and White | | Peacemakers,” “The | Rose | | Feather Beds”[92] Leicestershire | Royal Tiger | | “The Lilywhites,” “The (17th) | with | | Bengal Tigers,” “The | “Hindostan” | | Tigers,” “The Green | | | Tigers” Royal Irish | Harp crowned | “_Virtutis | “The Namurs” (18th) | with | Namurcensii | | Shamrock. The| præmium_” | | Dragon with | | | “China.” | | | Sphinx with | | | “Egypt.” The | | | Lion of | | | Nassau on | | | shield | | Yorkshire | White Rose. | | “Green Howards,” Regiment | Princess of | | “Howard’s Garbage,” (19th) | Wales’s | | “Howard’s Greens” | Cipher | | | crowned | | Lancashire | Sphinx with | | “Two Tens,” “Minden Fusiliers | “Egypt.” The | | Boys,” “Kingsley’s (20th) | Rose. Sphinx,| | Stand” | and “Egypt” | | | laurelled on | | | a grenade | | Royal Scots | St. Andrew with| “_Nemo me | “Earl of Mar’s Fusiliers | Thistle | impune | Greybreeks” (21st) | wreath. The | lacessit_” | | Royal Arms on| | | a grenade. | | | The Thistle. | | | V.R. crowned | | Cheshire | The united Red | | “The Two Twos,” “The Regiment | and White | | Red Knights” (22nd) | Rose | | Royal Welsh | Rising Sun. Red| “_Ich Dien._” | “Nanny Goats,” “Royal Fusiliers | Dragon. | “_Nec aspera | Goats” (23rd) | Prince of | terrent_” | | Wales’s Plume| | | on grenade. | | | White Horse. | | | Sphinx and | | | “Egypt” | | South Wales | Sphinx and | | “Howard’s Greens,” Borderers | “Egypt” | | “Bengal Tigers” (24th) | | | King’s Own | White Horse. | “_Nec aspera | “Leven’s Regiment,” Scottish | Castle of | terrent._” | “The Edinburgh Borderers | Edinburgh. | “_Nisi | Regiment,” “The (25th) | The Royal | Dominus | Borderers,” “Sevens,” | Crest. The | frustra._” | “The Brothers” | Sphinx and | “_In | | “Egypt” | veritatis | | | religionis | | | confido_” | Cameronians | Sphinx and | | (2nd battalion) “The (26th and | “Egypt,” | | Greybreeks,” “The 90th) | Dragon and | | Cameronians” | “China,” | | | Bugle within | | | a Thistle | | | wreath | | | crowned | | Royal | Castle of | “_Nec aspera | “The Lamps,” “The Old Inniskilling | Inniskilling | terrent_” | Muster,” Fusiliers | with St. | | “Inniskillings.” (27th and | George’s | | 108th) | colours on a | | | grenade. The | | | Sphinx and | | | “Egypt.” | | | White Horse | | Gloucestershire| Sphinx and | | “Old Braggs,” “The (28th and | “Egypt” (worn| | Slashers” “The Right 61st) | back and | | Abouts,”[93] (2nd | front) | | battalion) | | | “Whitewashers” Worcestershire | The united Red | “_Firm_” | “The Vein Openers,” (29th and | and White | | “The Old and Bold,” 36th) | Rose | | “Star of the Line,” | | | (2nd battalion) “The | | | Saucy Greens” East Lancashire| Sphinx and | | “Triple X,” “The Three (30th and | “Egypt.” The | | Tens,” (2nd 59th) | Rose | | battalion) “The | | | Lilywhites” East Surrey | United Red and | | “Young Buffs,” “Glasgow (31st and | White Rose | | Greys,” “Murray’s 70th) | | | Bucks” Duke of | Red and White | | “The Docs,” “The Cornwall’s | Rose. Bugle | | Surprisers,” (2nd Light | crowned | | battalion) “The Red Infantry | | | Feathers,” “The (32nd and | | | Lacedemonians” 46th) | | | West Riding | Elephant with | “_Virtutis | “Havercake Lads,” “Duke (33rd and | “Hindostan” | fortuna | of Wellington’s Own,” 76th) | Crest of Duke| comes_” | (2nd battalion) “The | of Wellington| | Immortals,” “The | | | Pigs,” “The Old Seven | | | and Sixpennies” Border (34th | Laurel Wreath. | | (2nd battalion) “The and 55th) | Dragon with | | Two Fives” | “China” | | Royal Sussex | United Red and | | Belfast Regiment, “The (35th and | White Rose | | Orange Lilies” 107th) | | | Hampshire | Royal Tiger in | | (2nd battalion) “Royal (37th and | Laurel Wreath| | Tigers” 67th) | with “India” | | South | Sphinx and | | “Pump and Tortoise,” Staffordshire| “Egypt” | | (2nd battalion) (38th and | | | “Staffordshire 81st) | | | Knots” Dorsetshire | Sphinx and | “_Montis | “Lankey’s Horse,” (39th and | “Marabout.” | Insignia | “Green Linnets,” 54th) | The Castle | Calpe._” | (2nd battalion) | and Key | “_Primus in | “The Flamers” | | Indis_” | South | Sphinx and | | “Excellers,” “The Lancashire | “Egypt.” | | Fighting Fortieth” (40th and | Prince of | | 82nd) | Wales’s Plume| | Welsh | Rose and | “_Gwell augau | “1st Invalids,” (41st and | Thistle | neu | “Wardour’s Regiment,” 69th) | within the | Chwilydd_” | (2nd battalion) “Old | Garter. | | Agamemnons,” “Ups and | Prince of | | Downs” | Wales’s Plume| | Royal | V.R. within | “_Nemo me | “Black Watch.” Highlanders | Garter. St. | impune | “_Sauvages (42nd and | Andrew. The | lacessit_” | d’Ecosse._” 73rd) | Sphinx and | | | “Egypt” | | Oxfordshire | United Red and | | “Light Bobs,” “Light Light | White Rose. | | Brigade” Infantry | Bugle | | (43rd and | | | 52nd) | | | Essex Regiment | Castle and Key | “_Montis | “The Two Fours,” (44th and | with | insignia | “Little Fighting 56th) | “Gibraltar.” | Calpe_” | Fours,” (2nd | Sphinx and | | battalion) “The | “Egypt” | | Pompadours,” “Saucy | | | Pompeys” The Sherwood | The United Red | | “Old Stubborns,” Foresters, | and White | | “Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire | Rose | | “Nottingham Hosiers,” Regiment) | | | (2nd battalion) (45th and | | | “Sweeps” 95th) | | | North | The Red Rose | | “Cauliflowers,” Lancashire | | | “Lancashire Lads,” (47th and | | | “Wolfe’s Own,” (2nd 81st) | | | battalion) “Loyal | | | Lincoln Volunteers” Northamptonshire| Castle and Key | “_Montis | “The Steelbacks,” (48th and | with | insignia | “Heroes of 58th) | “Gibraltar.” | Calpe_” | Talavera” | Sphinx and | | | “Egypt” | | Royal Berkshire| Dragon with | | (2nd battalion) “Green (49th and | “China” | | Howards,” “Two Sixes” 66th) | | | Royal West Kent| Sphinx and | “_Quo fas et | “Blind Half Hundred,” (50th and | “Egypt” | gloria | “Dirty Half Hundred,” 97th) | | ducunt_” | “The Devil’s Royal,” | | | “The Gallant | | | Fiftieth,” (2nd | | | battalion) | | | “Celestials” Yorkshire Light| The White Rose | “_Cede nullis_”| “The Kolis” Infantry | | | (51st and | | | 105th) | | | Shropshire | The United Red | “_Aucto | “Brickdusts” “Old Five Light | and White | splendore | and Threepennies,” Infantry | Rose. A Bugle| resurgo_” | (2nd battalion) (53rd and | with K. L. I.| | “Elegant Extracts” 85th) | | | Middlesex (57th| Prince of | | “Steelbacks” “The and 77th) | Wales’s | | Die-hards,” (2nd | Plume. Duke | | battalion) “The | of | | Pothooks” | Cambridge’s | | | Coronet and | | | Cipher in | | | Laurel Wreath| | King’s Royal | Maltese Cross | “_Celer et | “Royal Americans,” Rifle Corps | crowned, with| audax_” | “_Sanguinary_ Sweeps” (60th--4 | Bugle and | | battalions) | 60th in | | | centre, with | | | names of | | | battles | | Wiltshire (62nd| Duke of | | “The Springers,” and 99th) | Edinburgh’s | | “Splashers” | Cipher and | | | Coronet | | Manchester | Sphinx and | | “Bloodsuckers” (63rd and | “Egypt” | | 96th) | | | North | Prince of | | Staffordshire| Wales’s | | (64th and | Plume. Dragon| | 89th) | and “China” | | York and | Union Rose. | | Lancaster | Royal Tiger | | (65th and | and “India” | | 84th) | | | Durham Light | United Red and | | “Faithful Durhams” Infantry | White Rose. | | (68th and | The Bugle | | 106th) | | | Highland Light | Elephant and | | “Glasgow Light Infantry | “Assaye.” | | Infantry,” “The (71st and | Bugle | | Glesca’ Keelies,” 74th) | crowned, with| | (2nd battalion) “The | H.L.I. inside| | Assaye,” “Pig and | | | Whistle Light | | | Infantry” Seaforth | Elephant and | _Cuidich’n | “The Macraes,” (2nd Highlanders | “Assaye.” | Righ_ (”Help | battalion) “King’s (72nd and | Late Duke of | the King,” | Men” 78th) | York’s Cipher| the motto of | | and Coronet. | the | | A Stag’s Head| Mackenzies) | Gordon | Royal Tiger and| | “Strada Reale Highlanders | “India.” | | Highlanders” (75th and | Sphinx and | | 92nd) | “Egypt” | | Cameron | Thistle | | “Cia mar tha’s” Highlanders | crowned. | | (79th) | Sphinx and | | | “Egypt” | | Royal Irish | Harp crowned. | “_Quis | “Fitch’s Grenadiers,” Rifles (83rd | Sphinx and | separabit?_” | (2nd battalion) and 86th) | “Egypt.” | | “County Downs,” | Bugle | | “Shropshire | | | Volunteers” Royal Irish | Prince of | | “Old Fogs,” Fusiliers | Wales’s | | “Faugh-a-Ballagh (87th and | Plume. Harp | | Boys,” 89th) | crowned. | | “Eagle-takers,” (2nd | Sphinx and | | battalion) “Blayney’s | “Egypt.” | | Bloodhounds,” “The | Eagle with | | Rollickers” | Laurel wreath| | | on grenade. | | | Princess | | | Victoria’s | | | Coronet | | Connaught Rgrs.| Elephant. | “_Quis | “Devil’s Own,” (2nd (88th and | Sphinx and | separabit?_” | battalion) “Garvies” 94th) | “Egypt.” Harp| | | crowned | | Argyle and | Princess | “_Ne oblivis- | (2nd battalion) Sutherland | Louise’s | caris_” | “The Thin Red Line,” Highlanders | Cipher and | “_Sans peur_” | “The Rories” (91st and | Coronet. A | | 93rd) | Boar’s Head | | | in a Myrtle | | | wreath. A Cat| | | in a Broom | | | wreath | | Leinster | Prince of | | “Royal Canadians,” (2nd (100th & | Wales’s Plume| | battalion) “The 109th) | in a circle | | German Legion.” “The | crowned with | | Crusaders.” “The Wild | Maple Leaf | | Indians.” “The | wreath. A | | Centipedes.” “The Old | Maple Leaf | | Hundredth.” “The | | | Colonials.” “The | | | Maple-leaves”[94] Munster | Royal Tiger. | | “The Dirty Shirts” Fusiliers | Shamrock | | (101st & 104th)| | | Dublin | Elephant with | “_Spectamur | “The Lambs,” (2nd Fusiliers | “Carnatic” | agendo_” | battalion) “The Old 102nd & 103rd)| and “Mysore.”| | Toughs” | Royal Tiger | | | with | | | “Plassey” and| | | “Buxar” | | Rifle Brigade | Bugle. Rose. | | “The Sweeps” (4 battalions)| Maltese | | | Cross, | | | laurelled and| | | crowned | | West Indians | Broken Column | | “Buckmaster’s Light | with Ivy | | Infantry” Royal Marines | Globe and | “_Per mare, | (Infantry) “The Joeys,” | Laurel. Royal| per terram_” | “The Jollies,” “The | Cipher | | Little Grenadiers” | crowned. | | (Artillery) “Blue | “Gibraltar” | | Marines,” “Water | | | Gunners” Royal Malta | Maltese Cross | | Artillery | within a | | | Garter. Royal| | | Cipher. | | | Egypt, 1882 | | | | | Ordnance Store | | | “Sugarstick Brigade” Corps | | | Army Service | | | “London Thieving Corps | | | Corps,” “Murdering | | | Thieves,” “Moke | | | Train,” “Muck | | | Train”[95] Army Medical | | | “Pills,” “Linseed Department | | | Lancers,” “Poultice | | | Whollopers”[94] | | | | | | Chaplains | | | Department | | | | | | Army Veterinary| | | Department | | | | | | Army Pay | | | Department | | | ---------------+----------------+----------------+------------------------
FOOTNOTES
[1] Polybius.
[2] One of the latter was exhumed some years since on the field of Hastings.
[3] _History of the Conquest of Granada._
[4] _Atlas des Batailles_, Kausler.
[5] The rates of pay, per day, at this time were:--
Knight 2s. Esqr. and Captain 1s. Mounted Archer 6d. Foot Archer 3d. Gunner 12d. 3d. Welsh Foot 2d.
[6] Mr. Hereford B. George gives 1200 to 1600 men-at-arms and 3000 archers.
[7] _The Battles of English History_, by Hereford B. George, p. 62.
[8] The site of the first battlefield of St. Albans is situated south-east of the town, on its present immediate outskirt at “Keyfield.” It evidently was fought across the London Road, one force (the Yorkists) trying to debouch the other (the Lancastrians), to prevent its advance. The ground was undoubtedly grass land leading down to a small brook, and sparsely crossed by fences, which were probably plainer then than now. A row of poor cottages called “Key Terrace,” marks probably the centre of the fight.
That of the second battle is north of the town, on land that is still open heath more or less. It is slightly undulating clay land, dotted with thin scrub and bramble, and probably was always so, fences being even now rare. There was no well-defined “position” in either case, a common fault on such soils, and here again, a force advancing from the north drove in a force occupying the town, and based on London, and which met its antagonist for battle on the northern road.
[9] The weight of the man and his armour, trappings, etc., in 1560 amounted to twenty-five stones.
[10] _The Parliamentary Generals of the Great Civil War._ Major N. L. Walford.
[11] Walford, p. 128.
[12] Judge O’Connor Morris.
[13] Spriggs.
[14] Foot received 1s.; horse 2s. 6d. per day.
[15] Macaulay.
[16] Military Papers. State Paper Office.
[17] Lovat’s Life.
[18] In 1703, apparently, there were in England about sixteen troops of cavalry, with seven regiments of infantry, in all about seven thousand men; and in Scotland, about ten troops of cavalry, and six regiments of infantry, or about four thousand men.
[19] _Affairs of Europe from the Peace of Utrecht to 1723._ Earl Russell.
[20] _Battles of English History._ Hereford B. George.
[21] Farquhar.
[22] _Encyc. Brit._
[23] Fonblanque.
[24] The total available fighting strength of the clans was reputed to be about 40,000.
[25] Not the present 48th, which was the 49th. The above mentioned disappeared in 1748.
[26] Carlyle.
[27] Gleig.
[28] Schomberg’s _Naval Chronicles_.
[29] _Scots Magazine._
[30] Stocqueler.
[31] Stocqueler.
[32] Stocqueler.
[33] The late Sir G. Pomeroy Colley.
[34] _Childe Harold._
[35] Napier.
[36] Sir E. Hamley.
[37] Robinson.
[38] Napier.
[39] Wellington Despatches.
[40] Napier.
[41] At Inkerman, later, Captain Stanley roused the courage of his men by calling out, “Die hard! Remember Albuhera.”
[42] Southey.
[43] Napier.
[44] See p. 204.
[45] _Life of Lord Lynedoch_ by Captain A. Delavoye.
[46] Chesney.
[47] Hereford B. George.
[48] _The British Army_, Sir S. D. Scott.
[49] The South African wars will be dealt with separately.
[50] Sir E. B. Hamley.
[51] Hereford B. George.
[52] Von Moltke.
[53] Hamley.
[54] Hamley.
[55] _Decisive Battles of India_, p. 279. Malleson.
[56] _Decisive Battles in India_, p. 311. Malleson.
[57] Macfarlane.
[58] Another tradition has it that the custom arose after the battle of Culloden.
[59] General W. F. P. Napier.
[60] Sir H. Smith’s despatch.
[61] _Annual Register._
[62] _Calcutta Review._
[63] Malleson.
[64] Sir C. Napier.
[65] _British Battles by Land and Sea._ Grant.
[66] _Relief of Chitral._ Younghusband.
[67] _Macmillan’s Magazine._
[68] Correspondent, _Daily Telegraph_.
[69] _The Ashantee War_, by the _Daily News_ Special Correspondent.
[70] _From Korti to Khartum_, by Sir Charles W. Wilson.
[71] _From Korti to Khartum._
[72] An amusing card was anonymously printed after this deprivation, a copy of which appears in the Regimental Chronicle. It runs as follows:--
“In memory of Left-Arm Chevrons, 43rd Light Infantry, last surviving offspring of the late General S. PRIT DE CORPS, of the Light Division, cut off by the hand of envy at Thayetmyo, July 1881.
“Also of BADGES, _Relict of the above_, destroyed by the Great Flood at Poona, October 1886.
“_Cursed is he that removeth his neighbour’s landmark._”
[73] 1868. _N.B._--Where the old title is retained it is not added to the new title.
[74] Altered to “Royal Scots Greys” in 1877.
[75] Granted in 1876.
[76] Altered to “Scots Guards” in 1877.
[77] Granted in 1875.
[78] Granted in 1877.
[79] “Stirlingshire” granted in 1862.
[80] Granted in 1876.
[81] Second battalion authorised, and in course of formation (1897).
[82] Granted in 1873.
[83] Granted in 1872.
[84] Granted in 1876.
[85] Granted in 1874.
[86] _Nicknames and Traditions of the British Army._
[87] _British Army._ Laurence Archer.
[88] _Nicknames and Traditions of the British Army._
[89] _The Regiment._
[90] _Army List._
[91] _The Regiment._
[92] _Nicknames and Traditions_, etc.
[93] _The Regiment._
[94] _The Regiment._
[95] _Nicknames and Traditions of the Army._
INDEX
Abercrombie, 164.
Abu Klea, 391.
Abyssinia, 374.
Admiral’s Regiment, 129.
Advice to Volunteers, 166.
Afghanistan, 282, 326.
Albuhera, 193.
Aliwal, 291.
Almanza, 82.
André, 119.
Armour, 23, 35.
Arms, 4, 37, 85, 241, 239, 262, 349.
Army in Africa, 126, 354.
” in America, 107.
” of Charles II., 5, 7.
” in the Far East, 336.
” in India (1600-1825), 264.
” in India (1825-1858), 277.
” in India (1858-1896), 318.
” of the King, 55.
” in North Africa, 374.
” of the Nobles, 14.
” of the People, 15.
” in Spain, 187, 199.
” at Sea, 128.
Arroyo des Molinos, 195.
Artillery, 19, 29, 38, 396.
Assaye, 271.
Ashantee, 385.
Ashdown, 4.
Assirghur, 275.
Badajoz, 196.
Baggage trains, 49.
Baird, 269.
Balaklava, 252.
Barnet, 28.
Barrosa, 188.
Basing House, 45, 46.
Bayonet, 397.
Beginning of true strategy, 41.
Bernadotte, 267.
Bhoteas, 322.
Bhurtpore, 275.
Bladensburg, 122.
Blenheim, 76.
Blucher, 227.
Boers War, 367, 372.
Bonaparte, 143, 160.
Boston, 114.
Bowmen, 15.
Boxtel and Wellesley, 161.
Brussels Ball, 211.
Buffs, 346.
Bunker’s Hill, 114.
Burmah, 336.
Burmese stockades, 339.
Busaco, 187.
Bushire and Reshire, 296.
Candahar, 333.
Cawnpore, 302, 310.
Cetewayo, 364.
Chevalier de St. George, 75.
Chillianwallah, 293.
China, 343.
Chitral, 339.
Chivalry, 20.
Colours, 330.
Colonel Vassall, 145.
Convention of Cintra, 176.
Crawford, 186.
Crecy, 16.
Crimea, 236, 297.
Cromwell, 44, 47, 49, 51.
” in Ireland, 47.
Cromwell’s men, 52.
Delhi, 272, 305.
Dettingen, 101.
Diamond Rock, 138.
Douro, 182.
Dragoons and Dragoon Guards, 127.
Drill Books, 157, 239.
Drummer of the 43rd, 202.
Duelling and Flogging, 240.
Duke of Cumberland, 98.
” of York, 238.
Early Battalions, 36, 37.
Early Companies, 24.
Education of officers, 277.
Edward IV., 28.
Egypt, 163, 378.
El Bodon, 195.
Embers of the Civil War, 87.
Enlistment, 88.
Facings, 403.
Famars, 160.
Ferozeshah, 289.
First Afghan War, 282.
Fontenoy, 103.
Forbes Mitchell, 309.
French armies, 39, 50.
Frontier wars, 320.
Fuentes d’Onoro, 191.
General Wade, 93.
George II., 75, 102.
Gibraltar, 131.
Gneisenau and Wellington, 212.
Gujerat, 295.
Hal, 217.
Hardinge, 290.
Hastings, 6, 7.
Highland regiments, 230.
” tactics, 91.
Hodson, 307.
Infantry, 24.
Ingogo, 370.
Inkerman, 258.
Isandhlwana, 360.
Ismailia, 380.
Jowakis, 325.
Kaffir Wars, 353, 359.
Kambula, 362.
Kassassin, 381.
Knighthood, 21, 22.
Laing’s Nek, 369.
Lake, 272.
Lincelles, 160.
Lord Wolseley, 355, 363, 380, 389, 394, 401.
Lucknow, 307, 312.
Lushari, 324.
Magdala, 376.
Maharajahpore, 287.
Maiwand, 329.
Majuba, 371.
Malplaquet, 75.
Maori defences, 348.
Marines, 130, 137.
Marlborough, 82.
Meanee, 285.
Militia, 243.
Minden, 107.
Minorca, 140.
Monte Video, 145.
Moodkee, 289.
Moore, 173, 180.
Moyse of the Buffs, 346.
Naseby, 43.
Neill, 309.
New Zealand, 347.
Nile Expedition, 389.
Norman names, 11.
” rule, end of, 13.
O’Connor Morris, 48.
Oudenarde, 75.
Pandy, 301.
Peninsular army, 173.
Perak, 340.
Plassy, 266.
Pottinger, 296.
Prestonpans, 96.
Prince Alamayu, 377.
” Napoleon, 363.
Puritan army, 35.
Puritan host, 35.
Quatre Bras and Ligny, 209.
Quebec, 111.
Queen Margaret, 27.
Ramillies, 75.
Range of firearms, 167.
Rangiriri, 348.
“Retreat to Corunna,” 178.
Richard of York, 25.
Roberts, 332.
Roliça, 174.
Romans, 313.
Rorke’s Drift, 361.
Sabugal, 187.
Salamanca, 197.
Sandhurst and Staff College, 315.
San Sebastian, 201.
Saratoga, 117.
Sebastopol, 253.
Second Afghan War, 325.
Sekukuni, 366.
“Sergeant Matcham,” 203.
Seringapatam, 269.
Short service, 399.
Sir C. Wilson, 391.
Sir Herbert Stewart, 390.
Sir John Moore, 159, 164.
Sir R. Buller, 362, 393.
Smokeless powder, 397.
Sobraon, 291.
Soult, 203.
St. Albans, 26.
Suakin, 385.
Sudan, 385.
Survivals, 405.
Swords, 231.
Tactics, 8, 29, 33, 36, 43, 44, 50, 79, 250.
Talavera, 104.
Tel el Kebir, 382.
Territorialisation, 402.
The “Birkenhead,” 151.
The Buffs and the Athleta, 153.
The “Charlotte,” 152.
The Colours of the 9th, 117.
The Delaware, 116.
The English “Hulks,” 204.
The Irish Brigade, 104.
The Light Division, 184.
The Mutiny, 297.
The Normans, 10.
The Peninsular army, 155.
The Red and White Rose, 25.
The Rising of 1715, 90.
The Rising of 1745, 94.
The Saxon army, 3.
The “self-denying ordinance,” 42, 51.
The Spaniards, 183.
The Stuarts, 40.
The V.C., 261.
The 13th, 284.
The 14th at Famars, 160.
The 28th, 164.
The 29th, 123.
The 39th, 265.
The 50th, 175.
The 52nd, 193.
Tofrik, 388.
Umbeylah, 321.
Uniform, 104, 125, 229.
Vellore, 297.
Vimiera, 175.
Vittoria, 200.
Volunteers, 30, 166, 243, 316.
Walcheren, 162.
Wars of Roses, 25.
Warwick and his death, 31.
Waterloo, 206, 218.
Wellesley, 171, 174, 181.
Wellington, 244, 274.
West Coast of Africa, 355.
Wolfe, 99, 111.
Yeomen of the Guard, 32.
York Town, 121.
Zulu War, 361.
PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Ditto marks in the Table of Contents and List of Illustrations have been replaced by the words above them. Ditto marks in Appendices II and III have been retained.
Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been renumbered and moved to the end of the main text, just before the Index.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Page 45: “follow-effect” was printed that way.
Page 63: The closing right parenthesis in ‘“Men of Harlech”);’ was added by the Transcriber.
Page 115: “Benedek Arnold” was printed that way.
Page 161: “Egmont-op-Zee on the 2nd October 1799” was misprinted as 1779; corrected here.
Page 145: “43th” was printed that way.
Page 231 (illustration of “Spears & Swords” facing this page): The right-hand part of the upper caption was ambiguous, likely due to lack of space. Transcriber modified it so that “Halberd” appears twice in this eBook: once for Geo. II and separately for Geo. III.
Page 279: The opening quotation mark for “a minimum of £60” was added by the Transcriber; it may be in the wrong place.
Page 325: “attached a British outpost” probably is a misprint for “attacked”.
Page 408: “Balaklava 25th October 1854” was missing the “4”.
Page 409: No date was printed for “Rolicund”.
Page 425: No page numbers given for index entry “Army in Africa”. Transcriber added them based on examination of the text.
Page 426: No page numbers given for “O’Connor Morris”, “The Saxon army” or “The self-denying ordinance”. Transcriber added them based on examination of the text.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of the British Army, by C. Cooper King