The Story of the "Britannia" The training ship for naval cadets. With some account of previous methods of naval education, and of the new scheme of 1903.

PART II.

Chapter 205,453 wordsPublic domain

(_One only to be taken._)

6. Latin (easy passages for translation from Latin into English, and from English into Latin, and simple grammatical questions).

7. A second modern language (of which, if not French or German, notice must be previously given), or an advanced examination in the language selected under Part I.

8. Experimental science (easy questions with the object of testing practical knowledge and powers of observation).

On passing this examination candidates will be sent to the training establishments for four years.

Instruction will comprise an extension of the present _Britannia_ course, and a thorough elementary instruction in physics, marine engineering, etc., including the use of tools and machines. Instruction will also be carried out in small vessels attached to the establishment.

Examinations will be held during the second and fourth year of training. Cadets who fail to pass will be withdrawn. Parents or guardians are required to sign a declaration on the admission of a cadet to the training establishment to the effect that he shall be immediately withdrawn on the receipt of an official intimation of his being considered unfit for the Navy.

After leaving the training establishment cadets will go to sea, and will then be instructed in seamanship, navigation, pilotage, gunnery, mechanics, and engineering by the specialised officers of the ship.

After three years, each midshipman who has passed the qualifying examinations will become an acting sub-lieutenant.

Acting sub-lieutenants go to Greenwich Royal Naval College and to Portsmouth for final instruction in the subjects they studied while midshipmen at sea.

On conclusion of their examination in these subjects, having reached the age of 19 or 20, sub-lieutenants will be distributed between the executive and engineer branches of the Navy and the Royal Marines. No sub-lieutenant will be required to join any branch for which he did not enter as a boy when applying for a nomination.

Such are, briefly, the regulations under which--simultaneously with those who, between 14-1/2 and 15-1/2 years of age, are going in for the last of the old system--cadets are now being entered.

The training establishments alluded to consist of the colleges at Dartmouth and Osborne, with such steam vessels as may be necessary for instruction afloat.

The Dartmouth College is, however, very far from being completed, but our illustration gives a truthful picture of its future appearance.

It is reproduced from an original drawing, kindly lent by Mr. Aston Webb, R.A., the architect.

The Dartmouth College has some pretensions, as has been seen, to artistic merit in appearance, and will, in fact, be a very handsome and effective building on its commanding site.

Those who look for anything of this nature at Osborne will, however, be grievously disappointed. The College in the Isle of Wight is utilitarian to the last degree; so much so as to render any criticism of the buildings from an artistic point of view quite out of the question.

There is a reason for this, however; and the reason is that it had to be prepared for the reception of the first batch of cadets under the new scheme in July, 1903; and at the beginning of that year it had literally no existence.

Having decided upon the adoption of this scheme, and deeming it imperative that it should be brought into operation as speedily as possible, the Admiralty had no option but to "rush" the College into existence; and the King having sanctioned its erection at Osborne, it was rushed accordingly. Sir John Fisher, who had this arrangement in hand, and very much at heart, is perhaps better qualified for getting the maximum amount of work done in the minimum time than any officer in the Service.

The stables at Osborne House formed the nucleus of the new building; and in close proximity to these--which were promptly adopted for various purposes--there were run up a series of bungalow erections--dormitories, officers' quarters, and so on--constructed of timber and a kind of hard plaster known as "uralite."

The illustrations give a correct idea of their general appearance; and though, as has been observed, they are utilitarian rather than ornamental, they are very well fitted in every way, and quite up to date. There are twenty-five beds in a dormitory, and room for a few more if necessary; each cadet's chest stands at the foot of his bed, and a wash-stand beside it; there is a plunge bath, with three ordinary ones, at the end of the dormitory, and a capital lavatory besides, for use in the daytime.

The officers' quarters are very comfortable and well furnished, and the cabins are of sufficiently liberal dimensions to be dignified by the name of rooms.

The whole establishment is lit by electric light, the current being brought from Newport at a high voltage, and transformed at East Cowes, so as to be delivered at 240 volts.

The playing fields are very large in extent--much larger than those at Dartmouth--and though they are now somewhat in the rough, they will in time be excellent, the subsoil being gravel and the drainage consequently very good.

The officers of the Osborne College are to be found in the "Navy List" under our old friend the _Racer_, formerly attached as a rigged cruising vessel to the _Britannia_, but now denuded of her yards and sails, and used as an instructional ship for the College.

Captain R. E. Wemyss is in command at Osborne, and his staff comprises a commander, four lieutenants, two engineer lieutenants, and an engineer sub-lieutenant, a captain Royal Marine Artillery, chaplain, staff surgeon, surgeon, staff paymaster, and assistant paymaster, besides some warrant officers and petty officers for instructional and disciplinary purposes.

There are also eight masters for studies, who do not, however, at present reside in the College, but have a comfortable sitting-room appropriated to them.

More dormitories, etc., are in course of construction, in anticipation of a considerable increase of numbers in the near future.

This does not, however, include the whole establishment, for down by the river-side, about three-quarters of a mile distant, there is an excellent workshop, with all necessary machines of the latest description, run by electric motors. This was also run up in record time, but is built of brick, and in every respect most workmanlike and suitable for its purpose.

There are--in October, 1903--about eighty cadets, whose course is in full swing, and who appear to be thoroughly happy and comfortable, and keen about work and play alike.

The workshop appears to possess a tremendous attraction for them; and, judging by the eagerness with which they race for their places and tackle the tools, practical mechanics is not going to be a difficulty in the new scheme.

A substantial pier is being constructed on the river, and various improvements are being rapidly carried out.

How the course is to be apportioned between the two Colleges is not precisely settled at present; but it is almost certain that the cadets will commence at one--probably Osborne--and, after two years or so, be transferred to the other to complete their course.

Such is briefly the educational arrangement for our future naval officers; the scheme excited a good deal of adverse comment when it was announced, and only experience, of course, can demonstrate its merits and defects. It has been inaugurated with a great deal of energy, and certainly appears to promise well, at any rate in the probationary stage. With later developments, which some people predict will bring a certain degree of failure, we are not concerned just now. It is obvious, however, that some radical change was necessary, and half measures are seldom successful; so it is as well, perhaps, that the authorities have "taken the bull by the horns," and had the courage of their convictions.

APPENDIX I.

_RULES AND ORDERS FOR THE NAVAL ACADEMY (issued from the Admiralty, November 1st, 1773)._

Article I.

Sons of noblemen and gentlemen only are eligible for admission, not under twelve or over fifteen; except fifteen sons of commissioned officers of H.M. Fleet, who are to be educated at the public expense, and (by Order in Council of October 8th, 1773) may be admitted from eleven to fourteen years of age.

Article II.

Every scholar is to pass a preliminary examination, to show that he is qualified to enter upon the plan of education adopted at the Academy.

Article III.

The master, ushers, and scholars are to be appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who may dismiss them at any time.

Article IV.

The Commissioner of the Dockyard for the time being is to be governor of the Academy.

Article V.

The master is to reside in quarters provided in the building.

Article VI.

Teachers are also to reside in the building, provided there is room, and are to furnish their quarters at their own expense.

Article VII.

The scholars are to have separate chambers, and to board with the master, who is to receive £25 per head per annum, and no more; to keep a decent table, find washing, fire, candles, towels, table and bed linen, and necessary utensils.

Article VIII.

The master is to keep a register of the scholars, showing the day of their first appearance, times absent, and day of discharge.

Article IX.

The master is to treat all scholars alike, and to see that the teachers do likewise, except in the matter of such encouragement as may be due to those who distinguish themselves by diligence.

Article X.

No scholar is to keep a servant, but is to content himself with the attendance provided.

Article XI.

Every scholar is to be provided yearly, at his own expense, with a new suit of blue clothes against his Majesty's birthday, conformable to a pattern lodged with the master, except sons of sea officers, who are to be allowed £5 to provide the said suit.

Article XII.

The master is to see that the scholars are neat and decent in dress, and that they pay due respect to the officers of the yard when they meet.

Article XIII.

The scholars are to be instructed in writing, arithmetic, drawing, navigation, gunnery, fortification, and other useful parts of mathematics; also in French, dancing, fencing, and the exercise of the firelock. The master is to settle a plan for a regular course of studies, subject to the approval of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XIV.

The hours are to be the same as those of the shipwrights, except half an hour for breakfast and one and a half hour for dinner; no intermission or holiday being allowed except such as are observed in the Dockyard, and Saturday afternoon.

Article XV.

The scholars are constantly to go to church on Sundays and other days of public worship.

Article XVI.

A complete set of arms and accoutrements is to be provided for each scholar at his Majesty's expense, to be kept by the fencing master until issued.

Article XVII.

After one year scholars are to be taught fencing and the use of the firelock.

Article XVIII.

The fencing master is to see that the arms, etc., are kept in good order.

Article XIX.

If any of the scholars shall lose or spoil their arms or accoutrements, the master is to provide others for them at their parents' expense, and to give them due correction.

Article XX.

Scholars when at drill are to wear their blue clothes, unless dispensed by the Governor.

Article XXI.

The Commissioner is to visit and inspect the studies and behaviour of the scholars and methods of instruction, and report to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXII.

No scholar is to be allowed out of the Dockyard without the Commissioner's leave, after obtaining written permission from the master to apply for it. A second offence against this rule is to be reported to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXIII.

During the first year punishments shall consist of the rod, task, or confinement, at the discretion of the master. More serious faults to be punished by expulsion by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXIV.

After one year punishments shall consist of task or confinement by the master, confinement under sentry's charge by the governor, loss of time for passing, or expulsion.

Article XXV.

A scholar who has been expelled shall never be admitted into the Royal Navy.

Article XXVI.

The Commissioner, upon application of parents or guardians, may give leave either at Christmas or Whitsuntide for three weeks. Any scholar who absents himself at other times, even by leave, or breaks his leave, shall lose the time. Absence without leave shall be punished by expulsion or otherwise by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXVII.

After one year scholars shall be excused from school two afternoons in each week, and the Commissioner shall direct one of the masters attendant to carry them one afternoon into the rigging house, storehouses, and sail lofts, and to take them afloat, etc.

Article XXVIII.

On another afternoon the master shipwright is to instruct them in ship construction, etc.

Article XXIX.

The Commissioner may order a vessel of small size to be placed near, and make the scholars rig and unrig her; and two guns are to be placed on board, with powder and shot and all accessories, with an experienced gunner from a ship-in-ordinary to instruct them.

Article XXX.

No scholar is to remain less than two, or more than three, years, except the sons of sea officers, who must remain three, and may remain five, years, unless they have finished their plan sooner and their parents desire them to go to sea. But they are not in any case to remain beyond the age of seventeen. In the first week of March each year an account of the qualification of each scholar is to be sent in, with a view to sending him to sea if qualified.

Article XXXI.

On a scholar being discharged to sea the master is to give a certificate of the time spent in the Academy, deducting times of absence (except three weeks each year), and time forfeited as punishment.

Article XXXII.

A scholar on leaving is to leave his arms with the fencing master.

Article XXXIII.

On scholars leaving, vacancies are to be filled and numbers kept up in each class.

Article XXXIV.

Scholars on joining his Majesty's ships shall be kept to the duties of seamen, but with the privilege of walking the quarter-deck, and shall be allotted a proper place to lie in, but no cabins; and shall be rated on the ship's books as "Volunteers by Order," and receive able seaman's pay.

Article XXXV.

The captain shall make Volunteers keep journals, and draw the appearance of headlands, coasts, bays, and such like; and the master, boatswain, and schoolmaster shall instruct them.

Article XXXVI.

After two years at sea the captain shall rate them midshipman ordinary--or midshipman, if qualified.

Article XXXVII.

Scholars shall have liberty while at Portsmouth to visit the Academy and be instructed there, and in the yard, gratis.

Article XXXVIII.

On returning from a foreign voyage they shall bring their journals to the master of the Academy for his inspection, and he will also examine them and represent to the Secretary to the Admiralty how he finds they have improved.

Article XXXIX.

The captain shall give a certificate on their leaving the ship as to sobriety, obedience, diligence, and skill; and also of the time they have served as Volunteer or midshipman.

Article XL.

When a Volunteer by Order is paid off, upon bringing his certificate of good behaviour to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty they may, if he desires it, give orders for him to have free use of the Academy.

Article XLI.

Volunteers educated in the Academy, and sent from thence by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to serve in his Majesty's ships, shall be qualified, in point of time, for lieutenants after so many years' service at sea as, together with the time specified in the certificate given them upon leaving the Academy (not exceeding three years for the sons of sea officers before mentioned) shall complete the term of six years, provided they have served two years thereof as mates, midshipmen, or midshipmen ordinary in his Majesty's ships, and are not under twenty years of age, but shall pass the usual examination of their abilities before they can be preferred.

APPENDIX II.

_ADMIRALTY CIRCULAR of February 23rd, 1857 (in so far as it relates to Naval Cadets)._

I. A naval cadet must, on nomination, be not less than thirteen or more than fifteen years of age.

II. He must undergo the examination at the Royal Naval College within three months of the date of nomination.

III. He must produce a certificate of birth, or a declaration of the date of birth, made before a magistrate.

IV. He must be in good health, free from impediment of speech, defect of vision, rupture, etc.

V. The subjects in which a cadet is required to pass are as follows:--

Between thirteen and fourteen years of age:

(1) To write from dictation legibly and correctly.

(2) To read, parse, and translate an easy passage from some Latin or French author (the use of a dictionary is allowed).

(3) To have a satisfactory knowledge of the leading facts of Scripture and English history.

(4) Modern geography, including the principal countries, capitals, mountains, and rivers, etc.; and to be able to point out a place on the map if the latitude and longitude are given.

(5) Arithmetic, including the four first rules, proportion, and a fair knowledge of vulgar and decimal fractions.

(6) Algebra, including fractions.

Above the age of fourteen, in addition to the above:

(1) The use of the globes, correct definition of latitude, longitude azimuth, amplitude, and other circles.

(2) Vulgar and decimal fractions.

(3) Algebra, simple equations.

(4) The first book of Euclid.

(5) Plane trigonometry and its application to the solution of easy problems.

A knowledge of drawing is recommended.

VI. A cadet on passing will be appointed to a training ship at Portsmouth or Devonport for at least three months.

VII. Quarterly examinations will be held on board the training ship, and any cadet who considers that he is competent may present himself for examination in sheet No. 1 and seamanship. If found qualified, he will be sent to a sea-going ship.

VIII. Any cadet who fails to pass his examination within the periods stated below will be rejected:--

14 years 6 months on joining The second quarterly examination. 14 years and under 6 months The third quarterly examination. Under 14 years The fourth quarterly examination.

Any cadet of indifferent conduct will be reported by the captain to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who may dismiss him summarily.

IX. No cadet will be allowed to count more than three months in the training ship towards sea-time.

BOOKS, ETC. REQUIRED ON ENTRY.

Sextant, box of mathematical instruments, spyglass, French grammar and dictionary (including sea terms), a book on navigation, Euclid's Elements, geography, book on the use of mathematical and nautical instruments, book on the steam engine, Colenso's Arithmetic and Algebra, Jeans' Trigonometry.

The examination on leaving the training ship is to include all the subjects of the examination on entry except Latin, and the following in addition:--

Arithmetic: involution, extraction of square root.

Algebra: simple equations.

The elements of geometry.

Plane trigonometry, including the solution of practical and useful problems.

Spherical trigonometry: solution of triangles, and application to nautical astronomy.

Navigation: day's work--meridian altitude, longitude by chronometer, to be able to explain and use the sextant, azimuth compass, artificial horizon, and theodolite.

French: any selection from the first fifty lessons in Ollendorf, and to read, parse, and translate a passage.

A certificate must be obtained from the captain and the master of proficiency in rigging, seamanship, etc.; also one of conduct and attention from the naval instructor.

APPENDIX III.

_ADMIRALTY CIRCULAR, August 3rd, 1869._

The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having decided--

I. To increase the time during which naval cadets will be under training;

II. To introduce the system of limited competition for naval cadetships;

III. Still further to reduce the number of naval cadets entered annually;

have been pleased to make the following regulations:--

(1) These regulations will take effect after the examination in August, 1869.

(2) Two examinations for naval cadetships will be held annually, under the direction of the Admiralty Director of Education--viz. on the third Wednesday in June and the last Wednesday in November; but the appointments as cadets of the successful candidates will date from July 15th and January 15th.

(3) The first examination under these regulations will take place in November, 1869.

(4) No candidate will be eligible for examination whose age will not be within the prescribed limits on January 15th following; nor for examination in June whose age will not be within the prescribed limits on July 15th following.

(5) The limits of age for examination in November, 1869, will be not less than 12 or more than 14; for June, 1870, 12 to 13-1/2; and subsequently 12 to 13.

(6) The number to be entered at each examination is 37, and twice that number will be nominated.

(7) Every candidate will be required to pass a medical examination.

(8) Every candidate must produce a certificate of birth, or declaration before a magistrate; also of good conduct from his former school, or from his tutor or clergyman.

(9) Every candidate will be required--

Marks. (_a_) To read a passage from a modern English author with intelligence 100

(_b_) To write English correctly from dictation 100

(_c_) To read, translate, and parse a passage from some French author 100

(_d_) To be acquainted with the first four rules in arithmetic, and vulgar and decimal fractions 150

(_e_) To have a fair knowledge of Scripture history 100

No candidate will be allowed to compete unless he obtain four-tenths of the maximum marks in each subject, or 250 marks in the aggregate.

(10) Candidates so qualified will be examined in the following subjects, as they may select:--

Marks. (_f_) Arithmetic: miscellaneous examples 100

(_g_) Algebra: first four rules, and fractions 100

(_h_) Euclid, to Book I., proposition xxii. 100

(_i_) Translate English into French 100

(_k_) Latin: to translate a passage from Cæsar or Virgil, and a passage of English into Latin 100

(_l_) English history: James I. to the present day 100

(_m_) Outlines of modern geography 100

(_n_) Any living language except French 100

(_o_) Elementary drawing 100

No marks amounting to less than one-sixth in voluntary subjects will be counted towards the total.

(11) Candidates obtaining the necessary number of marks for passing, but who are not successful, will be allowed a second trial without a fresh nomination.

(12) Candidates who are rejected for the first time in August, 1869, will be allowed a second trial, but they must compete with the others on the same terms, and will be allowed no further trial.

(13) Candidates who fail to appear at the next examination after nomination must obtain a fresh nomination, unless they are certified as unfit to appear by a doctor, in which case non-appearance will be considered equivalent to one failure, and they will be allowed a second trial.

(14) Every flag officer (except an admiral superintendent of a dockyard) will, on hoisting his flag, be allowed three nominations for competition; commodores of the first class, two nominations; captains appointed to a ship of any class (except captains of stationary ships, captain superintendents of dockyards or victualling yards, and the captain of the Royal yacht), one nomination; but no officer will be allowed to exercise this right a second time within three years. And no captain appointed to a ship during her commission will be allowed a nomination if the right has been exercised within one year by the previous captain.

(15) Seven nominations will be allowed annually to the Colonies.

(16) Cadets will be required to pay £70 per annum while in the _Britannia_, and £50 for the twelve months in the sea-going training ship; but a number, not exceeding twelve, of sons of Royal Naval or Royal Marine officers, or of civil officers under the Board of Admiralty, may be selected by the Admiralty for a payment of £40 per annum.

(17) Successful cadets will be appointed to the _Britannia_.

(18) The date of entry of those who pass in June is to reckon from July 15th following, and of those who pass in November from January 15th following.

(19) The period of training will be, as now, four terms, but there will be two terms in each year instead of three--viz. from February to July, and from August to December.

(20) An examination will be held at the end of each term, and an intermediate one at Easter for cadets in their first year.

(21) Cadets who join in August, and pass an unsatisfactory examination in December, will be warned that they will be discharged at Easter if they do not improve. Cadets entered in January who pass unsatisfactorily at Easter will be similarly warned for July. Any cadet who passes badly at a subsequent examination will be discharged.

(22) Notice will be given of the minimum number of marks which must be obtained at each examination.

(23) At the fourth term examination cadets will be classified according to their merits in seamanship, study, and conduct, and will be allowed time for their service in the _Britannia_ as follows:--

Study. Seamanship. Conduct. First class 6 months 3 months 3 months. Second class 3 months None 3 months. Third class None None 3 months.

(24) The examination and rating of cadets as midshipmen in the sea-going training ship is to be regulated according to the time noted on their certificates:--

12 months' time Become midshipmen at once. 9 months' time Serve 3 months. 6 months' time Serve 6 months. No time Serve 12 months.

(25) After passing their examination in the _Britannia_, cadets will be appointed to a sea-going training ship for one year.

(26) Any cadet or midshipman who may during the three years' probation have become subject to any physical defect likely to render him unfit for service will be discharged.

(27) After six months in the sea-going training ship an examination will be held, and again after twelve months. Any midshipman or cadet failing at either will be discharged.

APPENDIX IV.

(_From "BRITANNIA" REGULATIONS, 1876._)

REGULATIONS RESPECTING CADETS WHILE UNDER TRAINING.

(1) The naval cadets who join the _Britannia_ are allowed four terms (two in each year) to complete their course of study, at the expiration of which they go up for final examination.

(2) The terms are from about February 1st to July 15th, and from about August 31st to December 20th; and the vacations will be six weeks at midsummer, five weeks at Christmas, and two weeks at Easter, the dates of commencement of vacation depending upon the completion of the examinations by the President, Royal Naval College, Greenwich.

(3) The friends of the cadets must be prepared to receive them during all the vacations.

(4) The following payment will be required from the parents or guardians of each cadet while in the _Britannia_:--Before the commencement of each term, £35, except in the case of those received at the reduced rate of £40 a year, whose half-yearly payments will be £20 only.

(5) The payments are to be made according to instructions which will be given in the half-yearly claim that will be made by the Accountant-General upon the parents or guardians of the cadets.

(6) Great inconvenience having been experienced from these payments not having been punctually made, cadets, although received until their friends are communicated with, will not be considered as entered for tuition until the amounts due have been received.

(7) All travelling expenses for cadets will be advanced by the paymaster of the _Britannia_, who will charge the same to the cadet's personal account at the end of each term.

(8) The cadets have a weekly allowance, and all expenses attending their amusements are paid for by the ship. It is, therefore, requested that their friends do not give them any money except on joining or on their return from the vacations, and then the amount must not exceed ten shillings. It is particularly requested that this regulation be adhered to. Such money as may be required by a cadet for any special circumstances will be advanced by the paymaster under the authority of the captain of the _Britannia_.

(9) It is particularly requested that the cadets bring their linen clean and clothes and boots in good order when they join the ship, and also when they return from leave, and that the outfit as required be complete.

(10) Cadets are not permitted to open an account with tradesmen. Parents and guardians are, therefore, requested to pay no bills that may be sent to them.

(11) Should there have been any infectious disease in the house where the cadets have been staying during their holidays, notice of the circumstance is to be given to the commanding officer of H.M.S. _Britannia_; and they are not to join until they have received a communication from him to that effect.

(12) All letters relative to the cadets should be addressed as follows:--"The Commanding Officer, H.M.S. _Britannia_, Dartmouth."

(13) Should cadets bring valuable gold watches or chains with them to the training ship, they will be taken from them and placed in security until they return to their homes. Silver watches will be allowed to be used.

(14) Parents or guardians of cadets must in all cases of permanent change of residence communicate the same to the captain of the training ship without delay.

ROUTINE FOR CADETS (SUMMER).

5.25 a.m. Turn out cadets for No. 2 punishment, etc. 5.30 a.m. Punishment No. 2 fall in. 6.30 a.m. Bugle call. Cadets turn out. Baths. Wednesday and Saturday, bathe from shore if weather permits. 6.35 a.m. Dismiss No. 2 punishment cadets. 7.5 a.m. Warning bugle. 7.15 a.m. Muster and drill. 7.50 a.m. Bugle dismiss drills. 8.0 a.m. Prayers. Breakfast. 8.40 a.m. Bugle for cadet defaulters. Defaulters seen. 8.50 a.m. Muster. Studies as ordered. 10.20 a.m. Warn studies. Captains' reports. Defaulters seen. 11.55 a.m. Studies dismissed. Bugle wash hands, etc. 12.10 p.m. Dinner. 1.40 p.m. Muster. Studies as ordered. 4.5 p.m. Dismiss studies. Messroom muster (except Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays). 4.20 p.m. Cadets land. Defaulters drill. Bathe if weather permits. 6.45 p.m. Return on board. 7.0 p.m. Warning bugle. 7.10 p.m. Muster and dismiss. 7.15 p.m. Tea. 8.0 p.m. Evening study. 9.0 p.m. Dismiss evening studies. 9.15 p.m. Prayers. 9.45 p.m. Cadets turn in. Officer of the day goes round. Saturdays, at noon, muster for payment.

ROUTINE FOR CADETS (WINTER).

5.25 a.m. Turn out cadets for No. 2 punishment, etc. 5.30 a.m. Punishment No. 2 fall in. 6.30 a.m. Bugle call. Cadets turn out. Baths. 6.35 a.m. Dismiss No. 2 punishment cadets. 7.5 a.m. Warning bugle. 7.15 a.m. Muster and drill. 7.50 a.m. Bugle dismiss drills. 8.0 a.m. Prayers. Breakfast. 8.40 a.m. Bugle for cadet defaulters. Defaulters seen. Warning bugle. 8.50 a.m. Muster. Studies as ordered. 10.20 a.m. Interval of ten minutes. Captains' reports. 12.0 a.m. Studies dismissed. Bugle wash hands, etc. 12.15 p.m. Dinner. Cadets land. Defaulters muster and drill. 2.45 p.m. Return on board. Shift clothing and boots. 3.5 p.m. Messroom muster. 3.15 p.m. Warning bugle. 3.20 p.m. Muster. Studies as ordered. 4.50 p.m. Interval of ten minutes. 6.0 p.m. Dismiss studies. 6.30 p.m. Tea. 7.40 p.m. Evening study. 8.45 p.m. Study ceases. 9.0 p.m. Prayers. 9.30 p.m. Cadets turn in. Officer of the day goes round. Wednesdays and Saturdays, return on board 5 p.m.

APPENDIX V.

H.M.S. "BRITANNIA." COURSE OF STUDIES.