CHAPTER VIII
_Walks and Excursions near Prague_
To those visitors to Prague who have acquired some interest in the history of the country no excursion will appeal more than that to the White Mountain, 'the Chacronaea of Bohemia,' as it has been aptly called. Leaving the Malá Strana by the now-demolished Strahov gate (near the monastery of that name), we soon reach the White Mountain. Factories built in modern times have considerably altered the aspect of the ground. The plateau, which the Bohemian army occupied on the evening of November 7, 1620, and where earthworks were hastily thrown up, and the battle-field of the following day can, however, still be clearly distinguished. The Bohemian lines extended from the village of Repy to the 'Star' Park and the village of Liboc. The last and fiercest lighting took place immediately outside the park. Dr. Krebs[54] writes: 'The south-eastern angle of the "Star" Park became the grave of the national independence of Bohemia. Every Bohemian who passes this spot should remember, "It is holy ground on which I tread."' The Star Park is now a favourite summer resort of the citizens of Prague, who, perhaps wisely, appear to be intent rather on present pleasure than on gloomy memories of the past.
'Little they think of those stout limbs That moulder deep below.'
After the battle the Bohemian troops that still occupied the Royal hunting lodge at the 'Star' capitulated, and the victorious Duke of Bavaria spent there the night that followed the battle. Somewhat to the south of the 'Star' is the Church of St. Mary, built in 1706 in commemoration of the great defeat of the Bohemians. It is said that when the Emperor Joseph II. visited this church he expressed his displeasure, and he is said to have characteristically remarked 'that he wished to reign over men, not over brutes,[55] who celebrated their own defeat.' It must be added that the pilgrimages to this church on November 8 have now entirely ceased.
From the village of Liboc the traveller can by rail reach in half an hour the romantic valley of the Sarka.
Of the many walks in the immediate neighbourhood of Prague we may mention that to the Petrin Hill, which has already been referred to. An outlook tower has recently been built here. Favourite summer resorts of the citizens of Prague are the Crown Prince Rudolph Park and the adjoining Belvedere Gardens, and the Stromovka or Baumgarten.
Those who wish to visit the village of Sterbohol, where the Battle of Prague (in 1757) principally raged, should start from the Francis Joseph Station and leave the train at Hostivár, the second station. The spot where General Schwerin fell is marked by a monument erected in 1824; a second monument was erected in 1838 by King Frederick William III. of Prussia.
From the State Railway Station the traveller can in half an hour reach the station of Roztok, a place much frequented by the Praguers in summer because of the beautiful scenery. Close to here is Levy Hradec, historically interesting as the site of the most ancient Christian church in Bohemia; it was built by Borivoj in 871. No traces of the original building now remain.[56]
A somewhat more distant excursion, but perhaps the most interesting, is that to the Karlstyn Castle. It is reached in little more than an hour from the Smichov Station of the western railway. The Karlstyn was built by Charles IV. as a refuge for the Royal Family in time of war, and also as a safe spot where the crown jewels and the treasury could be deposited. It was built in a manner that rendered it for the time almost impregnable, and it successfully resisted the attacks of Sigismund Korybut during the Hussite Wars. In consequence of the importance of the treasures the castle contained, the custodian (burgrave) of the Karlstyn became one of the great dignitaries of Bohemia. Among the last to hold this office was Count Thurn, afterwards celebrated as the originator of the defenestration. His immediate successor, Martinic, one of the victims of the defenestration, was the last to hold the office of burgrave of the Karlstyn. With the autonomy of Bohemia the title was naturally in abeyance after the Battle of the White Mountain. The castle was built with great splendour, but many of the treasures it contained were either dispersed or transported to Vienna. The present Emperor of Austria--always a true friend of Bohemia--has lately (1901) given the order that several of the pictures that formerly were in the Karlstyn should be sent back there. The most valuable part of the building is the Chapel of the Cross, that contains some interesting early Bohemian paintings. Quite recently the Karlstyn has to a great extent been restored in a manner that has not on the whole pleased the critics.
NOTE
As the names of the streets, squares, etc., at Prague are now only written in the national language, I have thought that a short list of the most necessary Bohemian words would be welcome. It will be very useful when using the plan of Prague that accompanies this book. It is scarcely necessary to say that English is spoken in the principal hotels of Prague. Those who feel inclined to learn the Bohemian language which, though difficult, is philologically of the highest interest, will find an able guide in Professor Morfill's _Grammar of the Bohemian or Cech Language_.
Divadlo = theatre. Hora = mountain; thus Bilá Hora, the White Mountain. Chram or Kostel = church. Na levo = to the left. Na pravo = to the right. Nábrezi = quay. Nádrazi = railway station. Námesti = square, market-place (the French 'place'). Nové Mesto = the new town. Malá Strana = the small 'side' or quarter of Prague. Most = bridge. Ostrov = island; thus Zofinsky Ostrov, Sophia's Island. Radnice--town hall. Staré Mesto = the old town. Trh = market. Trida = street. Ulice = street.
It may be useful to the traveller to know that the different districts of Prague are numbered, and that since Vysehrad in 1883, Holesovic-Bubna in 1884, and Liben in 1901 have become parts of Prague the numbers run thus--
I. Staré Mesto. II. Nové Mesto. III. Malá Strana. IV. Hradcany. V. Josefské Mesto (Joseph's, formerly the Jews' town). VI. Vysehrad. VII. Holesovic-Bubna. VIII. Liben.
The suburbs Karlin, Smichov and Vinohrady ('the vineyards') do not as yet form part of the city of Prague.
APPENDIX
The history of Prague is to so great an extent that of Bohemia, that if I attempted to give a full list of my authorities, I should be obliged to enumerate the works of the principal modern Bohemian historians, as well as those of many older chroniclers and writers of history. In a work where compression has been necessary on every page I could attempt no such bibliographic study. Of historical writings, I mention only Dr. Tomek's monumental work. I give the names only of a few books that deal with the city of Prague and its architectural monuments. I have left unnoticed the numerous monographs referring to Prague and the publications of the Bohemian Museum, the Bohemian Scientific Society and the Bohemian Academy. It is hardly necessary to state that I have also used my own previous works on Bohemia.
AUTHORITIES
_Branis Dejing umeni stredovekcho v Cechách_ (History of Mediæval Art in Bohemia). 2 vols. 1892-1893.
_Dolensky's Praha._ I have only been able to use the first parts of this publication, which has just begun to appear.
_Herold and Oliva Malebné cesty po Praze_ (Picturesque Walks through Prague). 4 vols. 1866-1896.
_Lebner, Monsignor._ Dejini umeni naroda ceského (History of the Art of the Bohemian Nation); begun 1900, not yet completed.
_Neuwirth, Dr._ Geschichte der christlichen Kunst in Böhmen. 1 vol. 1888.
_Redel, Dr._ Das Sehenswürdige Prag. 1 vol. 1710.
_Svátek._ Culturhistorische Bilder aus Böhmen. 1 vol. 1879.
_Svátek._ Ze staré Prahy (of ancient Prague), 1 vol.
_Tomek, Dr._ Dejepis Mesta Prahy (History of the Town of Prague) 1855-1901. The twelve volumes that have already appeared contain the history of Prague up to 1608.
PRINCES OF BOHEMIA.
Krok. Premysl and Libusa. Nezamysl. Mnata. Vojen. Unislav. Kresomysl. Neklan. Hostivit. Borivoj I. Spitihnev I. Vratislav I. Wenceslas I. 926-935 Boleslav I. 935-967 Boleslav II. 967-999 Boleslav III. 990-1002 Vladivoj 1002-1003 Jaromir 1003-1012 Ulrich 1012-1037 Bretislav I. 1037-1055 Spytihnev II. 1055-1061 Vratislav II. (King) 1061-1092 Bretislav II. 1092-1110 Borivoj II. 1110-1120 Vladislav I. 1120-1125 Sobeslav I. 1125-1140 Vladislav II. (as King I.) 1140-1173 Sobeslav II. 1173-1180 Frederick 1180-1189 Conrad Otho 1189-1191 Wenceslas II. 1191-1192 Premysl Ottokar 1192-1230
KINGS OF BOHEMIA
Wenceslas I. 1230-1253 Premysl Ottokar II. 1253-1278 Wenceslas II. 1278-1305 Wenceslas III. 1305-1306 Rudolph of Habsburg 1306-1307 Henry of Carinthia 1307-1310 John 1310-1346 Charles I. (IV.) 1346-1378 Wenceslas IV. 1378-1419 Sigismund 1436-1437 Albert of Habsburg 1437-1439 Ladislas Posthumus 1439-1457 George of Podebrad 1458-1471 Vladislav II. 1471-1516 Louis I. 1516-1526 Ferdinand I. 1526-1564 Maximilian 1564-1576 Rudolph II. 1576-1612 Matthias 1612-1619 Frederick of the Palatinate 1619-1620 Ferdinand II. 1619-1637 Ferdinand III. 1637-1657 Leopold I. 1657-1705 Joseph I. 1705-1711 Charles II. (VI.) 1711-1740 Maria Theresa 1740-1780 Charles of Bavaria 1741-1745 Joseph II. 1780-1790 Leopold II. 1790-1792 Francis 1792-1835 Ferdinand IV. (I.) 1835-1843 Francis Joseph 1848
I have continued the list of the rulers of Bohemia (many of whom were Roman, and more recently Austrian Emperors) up to the present day, as the title of King of Bohemia has always been retained by these princes.
INDEX
A
Albert, Archduke of Austria, crowned king, 77; short reign and death, 77.
Albik, Archbishop of Prague, 38.
Albrecht Dürer, his 'Madonna,' 103, 156-159.
" 'Madonna and Child,' attributed to, 160.
Ales of Riesenburg, Regent of Bohemia, 69.
Archduke Ferdinand of Styria, succession of, to throne opposed by Protestants, 108.
Archduke Leopold, Bishop of Passau, invades Bohemia, 107.
Archiepiscopal Palace destroyed by Praguers, 44.
_Articles of Prague_, the, 56, 64.
Artists, confraternity or guild of, founded by Charles, 18.
Austrian War of Succession, 132.
B
Bartos, 'the Writer,' quoted, 88-89.
Belvedere, erected by Ferdinand I., 90.
Benatky, ill-famed buildings known as, destroyed by Milic, 22.
Benes of Weitmil, old chronicler, quoted, 15-16, 17.
Bethlehem Chapel, 31, 174.
Bezalel, Rabbi Löwi, mysterious interview with Rudolph II., 11.
Bishopric of Prague, foundation of, 5.
" countries forming part of, 5-6.
Bohemia, national language of, temporary extinction of, 123; its revival, 135-136.
Bohemia, national songs of, 136, 137.
" ancient constitution of, negotiations with Austria for restitution of, 138.
" Queens of, right of crowning, 194.
Bohemian Brethren, 99.
" Museum, 134, 164-166.
" nation, permanent supremacy of, at University secured by decree of Wenceslas IV., 35.
Bohemians resent favour shown to Germans, 11-12.
Boleslav I., Prince of Bohemia, 5.
Boleslav II., Prince of Bohemia, 5-6.
Borivoj, first Christian ruler of Bohemia, 5; dedicates church to Virgin, 5.
Broumov, Protestant church of, closed, 108.
C
Campanile, 180.
Carolinum, becomes centre of University, 18.
" meeting at, beginning of Hussite struggle, 32.
" _disputatio_ at, concerning crusade against King of Naples, 37.
" Synod of Bohemian clergy at, 64.
" truce meeting at, 67; its connection with career of Hus, and present condition of, 178.
Chapel of St. Martin, romanesque, 182-183.
Chapel of the Holy Cross, romanesque, 174.
Charles IV. (I. as King), 15 ff.; founds new city of Prague, 15; speech concerning the founding of the University, 17; rebuilds St. Vitus's Cathedral, 18.
Charles Bridge, or Bridge of Prague, 12, 173, 187-193; statues on, 189-193.
Christianity, introduction of into Bohemia, 4.
Churches--St. George, 194.
" St. Nicholas, 156.
" St. Peter and St. Paul, legend in connection with, 183-185.
" St. Vitus, 149-155.
" Tyn Church, the, 155-156.
" Karlov, or Church of the Ascension, 185-186.
Cities, the three, 22, 70; united into one municipal corporation, 132-133.
Civic Museum, 179-180.
Clock, ancient, at Town Hall, 168.
Clementinum, Jesuit College, 173.
_Compacts_, the, 70; sanction of, brought to Prague, 74; stolen and recovered, 78.
Confederacy of Strakonic, the, 80.
_Confessio Bohemia_, 100, 106.
Conrad of Vechta, Archbishop of Prague, joins national Church, 64.
Conrad Waldhauser, forerunner of Hus, effect of preaching of, 19-20.
Cosmas of Prague, quoted, 1, 3.
Council of Basel, 65, 68, 70.
Council of Constance, 41.
Count Thurn, leader of Protestant Estates, 108 ff.
_Crusaders_, 49, 51, 55, 57.
_Crusade_, the New, failure of, 66.
D
Dalibor, 195.
Daliborka and Mikulka (white and black towers), 8, 195.
Dalimil, old chronicler, quoted, 11-12.
Dee, Dr. John, at Prague, 104
Defenestration (traditional death for traitors), 43, 110-113.
E
Ebendorf of Haselbach, quoted, 55.
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 117; her unpopularity, 117-118.
Ernest of Pardubic, first Archbishop of Prague, and first Chancellor of the University, 16.
Eschenloer, chronicler, quoted, 81.
Estates, meeting of, at Prague, 17, 81, 82, 85, 89,93; meeting of, summoned without consent of King, 95; bloody Diet convoked, 99; Diets under Maximilian, 99, 100; under Rudolph, 105; presided over by Budova, 106.
" accept Archduke Ferdinand of Styria as heir to the throne, 108.
" Protestant, meeting of, 108, 109.
" summoned to Hradcany Palace, 109.
" secret meeting of, at Smiricky Palace, 109.
" decide to throw Royal councillors from windows of Hradcany Palace, 109-110.
" carry out resolution, 110-113.
" institute provisional Government, 113.
" meeting of general Diet, 113; crown offered to Count Palatine, 113.
" assembly of Bohemian Diet, 138.
Excursions round Prague, 197-200.
F
Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke, elected King, 90; coronation and festivities, 90; strengthens Royal prerogative, 93; his Bohemian subjects refuse to arm, 93-95; his punishment of town, 96-99; death, 99.
Ferdinand Street, Fruit Street, and Graben, main thoroughfare of Prague, 177.
Foges, Mr., quoted, 8, 11.
Fountain, designed by Tertio of Bergamo, 196.
Francis Joseph, King of Bohemia, his descent from Premysl, 3.
Frederick, Count Palatine, accepts crown of Bohemia, 117; reception and coronation, 117; his short-lived popularity, 117; deserts his army, 118; his behaviour on receiving news of Battle of White Mountain, 123.
Frederick the Great storms Prague, 133; encamps on White Mountain, 133; Battle of Prague, 134.
G
Gallus Cahera, preacher of the Tyn Church, 90.
German character of old town of Prague, 6-7.
German immigrants in Prague favoured by the Sovereigns, 6, 11-12.
German masters and students leave Prague, 35.
Graben, the, origin of name, 7.
H
Hajek of Libocan, chronicler, quoted, 4, 26-27.
Harnack, Dr., quoted, 32.
Henry of Plumlov, Captain of Moravia, 58-59.
Hollar, Wenceslas, engravings by, 173.
Hradcany Castle, held by Royal troops, 44 ff; truce meeting at, 67; stormed by Wallenstein, 128; seized by General Königsmark, 131.
Hradcany Hill, site of old foundation of Prague, 3; old castle on, 4, 142; later buildings, 142; early Christian church built on, 4, 5; fortifications of, 8.
Hrob, Protestant church at, destroyed, 108.
Hus, John, 30 ff.; forerunners of, 19; sermon as a young preacher, 25-26; begins preaching at Bethlehem Chapel, 31; his teaching, 32; protest against his preaching, 32-33; his letter to the Archbishop, 35; excommunicated, 36; attacks the use of indulgences, 37; flees from Prague, 37; attempts made during his absence to assuage religious differences, 38; proceeds to Council of Constance, 41; imprisonment and death, 41; indignation among Bohemian nobles caused by, 41-42.
Hus and Hieronymus, bells known as, 155-156.
Hynek Krusina, Utraquist nobleman, 51, 57, 59.
J
Jerusalem, building erected on site of Benatky, 22.
Jewish Colony of Prague, 8-9.
Jewish quarter, Joseph's Town, 172.
John Augusta, head of Bohemian Brethren, arrest and torture of, 99.
John Kolda of Zampach, rises against Sigismund, 74.
John of Carvajal, Papal envoy, 77-78; carries off the Compacts, 78.
John of Luxemburg, becomes king, 15; his campaigns, invitation to knights of Europe, and death at Crecy, 15.
John of Pomuk, or Nepomuk, conflict of, with Wenceslas, 26-29; death, 29.
John of Sadlo, Utraquist noble, 65.
John Rohác of Duba, cruelty of Sigismund to, 73-74.
Joseph Tyl, composer, 136.
K
Karlov, the, built by Charles, 18.
Kelley, Edward, at Prague, 104.
Keppler, astronomer, guest of King Rudolph, 103.
Konopist, treaty of, 66.
Korybut, Prince Sigismund, chosen as ruler by Utraquist nobles, 66; his downfall, 67; returns to his own country, 68.
Kraluv Dvor, King's Court, 167.
Krok, or Crocus, Sovereign of Bohemia, 1.
Kunstat Hr, war-cry, 79.
Kutna Hora, decrees of, 35.
L
Ladislas, King of Naples, crusade against, 36-37.
Ladislas Posthumus, crowned king, 81; premature death, 81.
_League of the Lords_, 24.
Lechler, Dr., quoted, 35.
_Letter of Majesty_, 106.
Levy Hradec, earliest building devoted to Christian worship, 5.
Libussa, youngest daughter of Krok, description of by Cosmas of Prague, 1; her powers as a soothsayer, 2, 3; her choice of husband, 2; foundation of town ascribed to, 3.
Lipan, great battle of, 69-70.
Louis, succeeds Vladislav as King, 88; killed in battle, 89.
M
Magister Pribram, leader of moderate party, 67.
Malá Strana, 4, 22; fortified, 8; attacked by Hussites, 44; town hall of, destroyed by Royalists, 44; stormed by Wallenstein, 128; seized by General Königsmark, 131.
Manifesto of Praguers after battle of Vysehrad, 60.
Maria Theresa crowned at Prague, 132.
Market-place, 168.
Martini, Royal councillor, thrown from window, 110-113.
Matthias, his perfidy towards King Rudolph, 104-105; succeeds Rudolph, 107; death, 113.
Maximilian, succeeds Ferdinand I. as King, 99; his concessions to the Protestants, 100; death, 103.
Milic, forerunner of Hus, his preaching, etc., 20-22.
Mlada, Princess, convent built by, 194.
Monasteries--Mount Sion or Strahov, 156-157.
" Capuchin, 159-160.
" Emaus, 160-161.
Monstrelet, quoted, 52.
Morley, Mr. John, quoted, 53.
Mühlberg, defeat of Protestants at, 96.
N
Nicholas of Pelhrimov, Bohemian envoy, 68.
O
Orebites, 57.
Ottokar II., King, 7-8; his departure on last campaign, 11-12; news of his death, 12.
P
Palaces--Nostic, 140.
" Kinsky, 140.
" Count Clam Gallas, 140-141.
" Royal Castle of Hradcany Hill, history of, 142-144; description of, as it stands, 144-147.
" Waldstem, 148.
" Morzin, 148.
" Schwarzenberg, 148.
" Counts Oswald and Francis Thurn, 148.
Palacky, quoted, 5, 6, 18, 23, 26, 55, 70, 87.
Papal Schism, reform movement brought to a crisis by, 36-37.
Pappenheim, General, tomb of, 156.
Pasek and Hlavsa dispute supremacy at Prague, 86-87, 88.
Peter Payne, leader of advanced party, 67-68.
Podebrad, George, head of national party, 75, 76; takes possession of town, 77; governor of Prague, 78; crowned King, 82; reign and death, 83.
Poric Street, houses formerly on site of, 4.
Prague, origin of name, 3; ancient record of foundation, 3; uncertain date of same, 4; Bishopric of, 5; becomes an Archbishopric, 6, 16; elements composing population of, 6, 7; new town founded, 6; old town enclosed, 7; fortifications, 8; new city founded, 15; special privileges enjoyed by, 16; University founded, 16; division of town in time of Charles I., 22; besieged, 25; constitution of after the battle of Vysehrad, 63; besieged during war of Austrian Succession, 132; stormed by Frederick the Great, 133; battle of Prague, 134; occupied by Prussians, 138.
Praguers, as distinguished from Romanists and Taborites, 63; civil war with Taborites, 66.
Prasná Brana (Powder Tower), 7, 167.
Premysl, husband of Lubissa, 2, 3.
Premyslide dynasty, extinction of, 12-15.
Prokop the Great, leader of Taborites, 69.
_Protestatio Bohemorum_, 41-42.
Ptacek, head of national party, 77.
R
Rokycan, afterward Utraquist Archbishop of Prague, preaches at the Tyn Church, 66; leader of advanced party, 67; at Council of Basel, 68; elected Archbishop, 73; dispute with Bishop Philibert of Constance, 73; leaves Prague, 74; returns, 80; hostility of Ladislas to, 81; death, 85.
Rubes, composer, 136.
Rudolph, son of Maximilian, coronation of, 100-101; his embellishment of Prague and collection of art treasures, 103, 131, 143-144; perfidy of his brother Matthias, 104-105; signs _Letter of Majesty_, 106; forced to abdicate, 107; death, 107.
Rudolphinum, 172.
Ruppa, head of provisional government, 113.
S
Sadeler, engravings of Prague by, 103.
St. George, statue of, 193.
St. Nicholas, monastery of, destroyed by Royal troops, 44.
St. Vitus, arm of, sent to Wenceslas, 5.
" cathedral of, first buildings on site of, 5.
" style of early church, 5.
" remains of Wenceslas conveyed to, 5; rebuilt and enlarged, 18; altar and paintings of, removed by Frederick, 117; history of, 149-152; description of, as it stands, 152-155.
Sigismund, King of Hungary, arrives in Bohemia, 47; his reception of Praguers, 47; incites Pope to issue bull calling to arms against the heretics, 48; nation rises against him, 48; his reception of envoys, 50-51; marches on Prague, 51-52; attack on town and defeat, 54-55; crowned King of Bohemia, 56; breaks up camp and retires, 57; returns to Prague, 57; is defeated and flees, 59; recognised as King by the Bohemians, 70; entry into Prague, 70; dies on return journey to Hungary, 74.
Sixt of Ottersdorf, historian, 96.
Skála ze Zhore, his description of the defenestration, 110-113; of last moments of prisoners, executed after battle of White Mountain, 125-126.
Slavata, royal councillor, thrown from window, 110-113.
Slavic Congress, 137-138, 177.
Slavic balls at Prague, 136.
Smiricky Palace, 109.
Sophia, Queen, as Regent, 43-44.
Sophia's Island, 177.
Spitalské Pole (hospital field), meeting at, 66-67.
Staré Mesto (old town), and Nové Mesto (new town), 4, 22; antagonism between, 69.
Star Palace, arrival of Frederick at, 117.
Star Park, 119.
_Suburbium Pragense_, 4.
T
Taborites, 47.
Tauss, defeat of Royal troops at, 68.
Thietmas, first Bishop of Prague, 6.
Tomek, Professor, quoted, 4, 11, 18, 24, 41, 64, 73.
Towers, ancient, on Hradcany Hill, 194-196.
Town Hall, 168-172.
Treaty of Westphalia, 131.
Tycho Brahe and Tennagel, King Rudolph's guests, 103; latter a prisoner, 196.
Tyn Church, the, rectors of, 21, 22.
U
U Halanko, ancient house known as, 174-175.
University of Prague, founded, 16, 17; modelled on that of Paris, 17; lectures at, 17-18; recognised as supreme authority in matters of doctrine, 42.
Utraquists, 2-43, 49; truce of, with Praguers, 47.
V
Velica Obec, great assembly of Prague, 63.
Victor of Podebrad, 57.
Vladislav II., elected King, 86; riots at Prague during his absence, 87; death, 88.
Vojtech, Bishop of Prague, 6.
Vratislav II., Prince, 6.
Vysehrad, earliest inhabited spot, 1, 3; church built on, 5; fortress of, carried by assault by Hussites, 44; siege of, by citizens, 57-59; porm of, by Zeyer, 182.
W
Wenceslas I., Prince of Bohemia, 4; receives tonsure, 5; churches built by, 5; murdered, 5.
Wenceslas I., King of Bohemia, 7.
Wenceslas IV., King of Bohemia, successor to Charles I., 23 ff.; his favour towards Hus, and foreign policy, 23-24; his popularity with the citizens, 24; animosity to, of Bohemian nobles, 24; made prisoner and released, 25; again imprisoned and escapes, 26; his conflict with John of Pomuk, 26-27; his decrees of Kutna Hora, 35; his support of reform party, 38; his decree reinstating priests deprived of their livings, 42; death, 43.
Wenceslas of Budova, 105, 106.
Wenceslas Chapel, 90.
White Mountain, battle of, 31, 42, 43; leaders on either side, 114; account of, 118-120; complete change in condition of Bohemia caused by, 123; arrest and executions after defeat of Protestants at, 124-126.
Wycliffe, works of, burnt, 36.
Z
Zbynek Zajic of Hasenburg, Archbishop of Prague, 32; letter of Hus to, 35.
Zelivo, John of, leader of Utraquists, 43; denounces Sigismund, 48; suggests meeting of defenders of Utraquist cause, 49; his popularity and influence, 63; heads democratic party, 64, 65; sudden arrest of, and decapitation, 65.
Zeyer, poet, 182; monument to, 185.
Zizka, 43, 47; arrives with his men at Prague, 51; his heroism, 54.
Zizka's Hill, victory of, 54, 55.
Zizkov, 180.
_Colston & Coy. Limited, Printers, Edinburgh._
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The hill near Prague still known as the Petrin, or in German 'Laurenziberg.'
[2] In Bohemian 'prah.'
[3] These will be found at the end of this volume.
[4] _See_ Chapter VIII.
[5] It may not be unnecessary to caution English readers against confusing the name of this prince with that of the town of Stará Boleslav; in German, Alt Bunzlau.
[6] In his _Alterthümer der Prager Josefstadt_ (_i.e._, Jewish town). This very curious little book, dedicated to the late Sir Moses Montefiore, who visited Prague on his way to Palestine, contains a great deal of little-known information concerning the Jewish colony at Prague.
[7] _See_ note, p. 3. The Petrin was the place where the executions generally took place.
[8] The yet more ancient author of the Alexandreis also expressed fear that 'soon no Bohemian would any longer be seen on the bridge of Prague.' Hus also refers to the bridge when he states 'that it would be easier to find a stag with golden antlers on the bridge of Prague than a worthy priest.'
[9] His disciple, Matthew of Janov, writes: 'Ipse Milicius, filius et imago domini Jesu Christi, apostolorumque ipsius similitudo prope expressa et ostensa.'
[10] _Dogmengeschichte_, Vol. III., pp. 434-435.
[11] Dubravius, _Historia Bohemiæ_.
[12] Laurence of Brezov.
[13] The German names are Schlan and Leitmeritz.
[14] _i.e._, Heretic.
[15] Their contents will be found in my _Bohemia: An Historical Sketch_, p. 164.
[16] _See_ Chapter VII.
[17] The Orebites were a military community similar to that of Tabor. Their centre was a hill near Kralové Hradec (Koniggratz), to which they had given the Biblical name of Oreb.
[18] Contrary to what has often been written, he was no relation of John Hus.
[19] In Bohemian, 'cep.' Specimens of this formidable weapon can be seen in the Bohemian Museum.
[20] Printed in Palacky's _History of Bohemia_.
[21] Laurence of Brezov writes of him that 'veritatem communionis Utriusque specici fideliter promovendo omnes deordinationes in lege Domini non fundatas quantum valuit persequebatur.'
[22] O Zajeti Sigmunda Korybuta.--_Vybor z Literatury Ceské_, I.
[23] In German 'Brünn' and 'Jglau.'
[24] _i.e._, The old town, new town, and 'small quarter.'
[25] The Corpus Christi Chapel was destroyed in 1798. The tablets are now preserved in the Bohemian Museum.
[26] George was Lord of Kunstat as well as of Podebrad.
[27] A painting by the great Bohemian artist Brozik, representing this event, can be seen in the town hall.
[28] It is of interest to quote in the original the bishop's words: 'Recogitate providi viri qualis vestra Praga fuit olim inclita civitas quando sub hoc pontificatu fideliter stetit; quales habuit cives et incolas ditissimos Utriusque status ditissimos; nec fuit Pragae similis urbs in multis nationibus non Norberga, non Vienna, non Wratislawia neque inclita Colonia illi aliquando poterant comparari; nescimus an Roma, Venetia aut Florentia aut alia quaecunque sub coelo civitas Pragae tunc similis fuit.'
[29] I have referred to Bartos in my _History of Bohemian Literature_, pp. 299-303. Mr. Denis has given a good account of the antagonism between Pasek and Hlavsa in his brilliant _Fin de l'Indépendance Bohême_.
[30] For Sixt of Ottersdorf _see_ my _History of Bohemian Literature_, pp. 303-304.
[31] It appears that the conduct of Charles V., Ferdinand's brother, who had in 1539 deprived the city of Ghent of all its ancient privileges, contributed largely to rendering the citizens of Prague suspicious.
[32] The adventures of these two English alchemists in Bohemia are fully described in Mr. Svátek's (German) _Culturhistorische Bilder aus Böhmen_.
[33] A village on the outskirts of Prague that has in the present year--1901--been incorporated with the town.
[34] _See_ p. 100.
[35] The size of this book obviously excludes all controversial matter. I have entered fully into the question in my _Bohemia: A Historical Sketch_, pp. 301-308.
[36] This palace is traditionally identified with the house known as 'U Montagu,' between the Malostranské Námesti and the Nerudova Ulice. A tablet stating that the defenestration had been planned here was placed on this house, but almost immediately removed.
[37] Dr Krebs, _Die Schlacht am Weissen Berge_.
[38] _See_ Chapter VIII.
[39] _See_ Chapter VIII.
[40] 'Clamore mulierum horrendo rex perterritus arcem repetebat.'--Andreas ab Habernfeld Bellum Bohemicum.
[41] I have translated a small portion of this account in my _History of Bohemian Literature_, pp. 342-344. The account above is also abridged from Skála.
[42] Not 100, as stated in Murray's Guide Book.
[43] 'Ecclesiam Sancti Viti quam Sanctus Wenceslaus construxerat ad similitudinem Romanae ecclesiae rotundam.'--_Cosmas Pragensis._
[44] The old chronicler Cosmas always calls it 'Sanctorum Martyrum Viti, Wenceslai atque Adalberti ecclesia.'
[45] This legend forms the subject of a very fine poem by the gifted Bohemian poet, Svatopluk Cech. It has been admirably translated into German by the late Professor Albrecht.
[46] Dr. Podlaha and Mr. Sittler have in the present year (1901) published a beautifully illustrated notice of the Loretto Treasury.
[47] Rudolph was a great collector of Albrecht Dürer's pictures; this perhaps accounts for this picture being--undoubtedly wrongly--attributed to Dürer.
[48] _See_ my _History of Bohemian Literature_, p. 93.
[49] _See_ Professor Léger's _L'Evangile de Rheims_.
[50] There are two churches of St. Nicholas at Prague; the one mentioned above, and another in the Malá Strana.
[51] As a writer on Prague must almost assume ignorance of the national language on the part of his readers, I may mention that an excellent German translation of this poem by Mrs. Malybrok-Stieler has recently been published by Mr. Rivnác at Prague.
[52] In his _Hundert Tage in Oesterreich_. I quote from the English translation, published by Messrs. Chapman & Hall in 1844.
[53] _See_ my _Bohemia: A Historical Sketch_.
[54] In his _Die Schlacht am Weissen Berge_.
[55] In German 'Bestien.'
[56] Some remains of the ancient structure appear to have existed in comparatively recent times. In his _Phosphorus Septicornus_ Pesina (1629-1680) writes of the 'castellum Hradec uno atque medio infra Pragam milieri' that 'castelli hujus rudera hodique spectantur in quorum medio templum ... adhuc integrum.'
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Vaclavské Namesti=> Vaclavské Námesti {pg xviii}
Mala Strana (small quarter)=> Malá Strana (small quarter) {pg 4}
Ovocna ulice=> Ovocná ulice {pg 7}
Staromestske Námesti=> Staromestské Námesti {pg 24}
Celetná ulice=> Celetna ulice {pg 24}
the Wyclefites=> the Wycleffites {pg 48}
Celetna Ulice=> Celetná Ulice {pg 95}
to re-establish Protestanism=> to re-establish Protestantism {pg 128}
the Matternich period=> the Metternich period {pg 136}
was orginally a chapel=> was originally a chapel {pg 155}
the seventeeth century=> the seventeenth century {pg 156}
'Ehrermietglied' the name of 'Von Göthe, Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenachser, Staatsminister and Geheimer Rath. This was not corrected to=> 'Ehrenmitglied' the name of 'Von Göthe, Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenacher, Staatsminister und Geheimer Rath. {pg 164}
Jerome Lutzow=> Jerome Lützow {pg 164}
Mr. Svatek writes=> Mr. Svátek writes {pg 187}
renders Mr. Svatek's=> renders Mr. Svátek's {pg 187}
_Redel, Dr._ Das schenswürdige Prag. 1 vol. 1710. This was not corrected to=> _Redel, Dr._ Das Sehenswürdige Prag. 1 vol. 1710. {pg 204}
Skala ze Zhore=> Skála ze Zhore {pg 211}
End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Prague, by Count Francis Lützow