CHAPTER XXXVI.
NORWAY RECOVERS HER INDEPENDENCE.
The indignation which the Peace of Kiel aroused in Norway was evidence that the Norsemen had awakened from their long hibernating torpor and meant to assert their rights. They were quite ready to give up their allegiance to Frederick VI., but contended that he had no right to dispose of it to any one else. Remembering how their country had without its own consent, contrary to law and treaties, become a dependency of Denmark, they held that the sovereignty, which Frederick renounced, reverted to the people who were thus in position to bestow it upon whom they chose. The viceroy, Christian Frederick, finding this sentiment very general, refused to abide by the decision of the powers and summoned several representative men to meet him at Eidsvold (1814). It had been his first intention to claim the crown of Norway by hereditary right and to govern as absolute monarch. But yielding to the advice of Professor Sverdrup and other patriotic men, he declared himself ready to accept the crown from the people and to govern in accordance with the constitution which the people should adopt. In order to explore the sentiment throughout the country, the prince had travelled in the middle of winter across the Dovre Mountain to Drontheim, and there were many who believed that it had been his intention to have himself crowned at once in the ancient city of kings. In Guldbrandsdale he stopped to read the inscription upon the monument, erected to commemorate the destruction of Sinclair and his Scottish mercenaries:
"Woe to the Norseman whose blood does not course more warmly through his veins when he looks upon this stone."
"Are you, too," he asked the peasants who had come to see him, "like your forefathers, willing to sacrifice life and blood for your country?"
The result of the deliberations at Eidsvold was the summoning of a diet, consisting of representatives of the people from all parts of the country. The place of meeting was again Eidsvold, and the number of representatives was 112, most of whom were officials. A constitution, which was extremely liberal in its provisions, was adopted May 17, 1814, and Prince Christian Frederick was elected king. Norway was declared to be a free and independent country, but there was a division of opinion as to whether it should seek a union with Sweden or maintain a king of its own. The so-called party of independence, which was led by Judge Falsen, Professor Sverdrup, and Captain Motzfeldt, largely outnumbered the friends of Sweden, prominent among whom were Count Wedel-Jarlsberg, Chamberlain Peder Anker, Iron-master Jacob Aal, and the Rev. Nicolai Wergeland. The latter were not desirous of surrendering the liberty of the country, believing, on the contrary, that liberty was securer in a union with a stronger power. The smallness of Norway and the inability of the people to maintain an army adequate for its defence would, in their opinion, ultimately make the country the prey of any foreign power that chose to pick a quarrel with it. The Norwegian constitution, which, slightly amended, is yet in force, provides that:
1. Norway shall be a limited, hereditary, monarchy, independent and indivisible, whose ruler shall be called king.
2. The people shall exercise the legislative power through their representatives.
3. The people shall alone have the right to levy taxes through their representatives.
4. The king shall have the right to declare war and to make peace.
5. The king shall have the right of pardon.
6. The judicial authority shall be separated from the executive and the legislative power.
7. There shall be liberty of the press.
8. The evangelical Lutheran religion shall be the religion of the state and of the king.
9. No personal or hereditary privileges shall, in future, be granted to any one.
10. Every male citizen, irrespective of birth, station, or property, shall be required, for a certain length of time, to carry arms in defence of his country.
The representatives at Eidsvold were not unaware that the step which they had taken involved war with Sweden. For Bernadotte would scarcely regard the resolutions of a deliberative assembly as an obstacle to the possession of the prize, which he had earned by assisting in the overthrow of Napoleon. In the meanwhile, it was a happy circumstance to the Norsemen, that this overthrow had not yet taken place, and that the emperor for several months kept the army of the allies busy, thereby preventing Bernadotte from turning his immediate attention to Norway. It was a surprise to him to find the Norsemen determined to defend their rights, as he imagined that their long dependence upon Denmark had accustomed them to obedience and subordination. A letter which Charles XIII. had sent them, previous to the diet at Eidsvold, offering them a constitution and a Swedish viceroy, had been received with indignation, but after the surrender of Paris (March 31st) and the abdication of the emperor, the Napoleonic drama seemed preliminarily at an end, and there were no more foreign complications to prevent the Swedes from enforcing the paragraph in the treaty of Kiel, relating to Norway. The intelligence now arrived that the great powers had promised Bernadotte to compel Norway to accept the treaty, and envoys were sent from the various courts, commanding the Norsemen forthwith to submit themselves unconditionally to the king of Sweden. This the Norsemen refused to do, and soon after a Swedish army under Bernadotte crossed the frontier. The newly elected king now began to waver, and, being destitute of warlike spirit, he ordered the surrender of the fortress Fredericksteen to the Swedish fleet, without having fired a shot in its defence. The Norwegian army, ill-provided though it was with food and ammunition, was eager for fight, but the faint-spirited king showed his generalship chiefly in retreating. A second division of the Swedish army under Gahn was beaten in Lier by the Norwegians, under Colonel Krebs, and after a second assault at Matrand was forced to retire across the frontier. It became obvious that, without bloodshed, the conquest of the country was not to be accomplished, and as the Swedes, after their German campaign, were no less desirous of peace than the Norsemen, an armistice was concluded at Moss (August 14, 1814), in accordance with the terms of which the king should summon an extraordinary _Storthing_ or Parliament, for the negotiation of a permanent peace. This _Storthing_, which met October 7th, accepted King Christian Frederick's renunciation of the Norwegian crown and elected Charles XIII. king, on condition of his recognizing the independence of Norway and governing it, in accordance with the constitution given at Eidsvold. These terms Bernadotte accepted, in behalf of the king of Sweden (November 4th), and swore allegiance to the constitution. The Swedish troops then evacuated the country, and Christian Frederick returned to Denmark, where, at the death of his cousin, he became king under the name of Christian VIII. The following year a convention was negotiated with Sweden, fixing the terms of the union (_Rigsakten_). The Bank of Norway was established in Drontheim, and a Supreme Court in Christiania.
To all appearances Norway had now regained her independence. Considering the desperate position in which the country was placed in 1814, resisting single-handed the decree of the powers, there can be no doubt that the terms of the union were more favorable than there was reason to expect. For all that, there was one feature of it which was incompatible with the idea of independence, and that was the presence in the capital of a Swedish viceroy (_Statholder_), representing the authority of the king. Bernadotte, who, at the death of Charles XIII. (1818), succeeded to the throne under the name of Charles XIV. John (1818-1844), scarcely regarded, at first, the independence of Norway seriously, but rather allowed the Norsemen to deceive themselves with an illusion of liberty, as long as their illusion was harmless. But he showed plainly his irritation when he found that the _Storthing_ began to oppose his measures, and to insist upon a stricter interpretation of the constitution. One of the first causes of contention was the question of the payment by Norway of a part of the Danish public debt which Charles John had guaranteed in the treaty of Kiel. The _Storthing_ was of opinion that, as Norway had never accepted the treaty of Kiel, it could not be bound by any of its stipulations. A compromise was finally effected by which the king renounced his civil list from Norway for ten years for himself and his son, the crown prince, and the _Storthing_ of 1821 agreed to pay about three million dollars. Simultaneously came the struggle about the abolition of the nobility. Three successive _Storthings_ passed a law, abolishing noble titles and privileges, and the king, who feared a conflict with the powerful nobility of Sweden, in case he sanctioned it, made repeated efforts to induce the _Storthing_ to abandon its position. He urged that Norway was watched by the powers of Europe, and that the democratic spirit which manifested itself in its legislative assembly would arouse suspicion and hostility abroad. The _Storthing_, however, remained inflexible, and finally the law was promulgated, though in a slightly modified form. Those of the privileges of the nobility which were in conflict with the constitution were forthwith abolished; their exemption from taxation and all personal privileges should cease on the demise of the nobles then living, and should not be inherited by their descendants. This postponed the final abolition of nobility for one generation.
A number of other laws and proposals for laws, concerning which the king and the _Storthing_ differed, caused ill-feeling and excitement during the reign of Charles John. And it is indeed marvellous, considering the comparative inexperience of the representatives in political life, that they dared present so bold a front and insist so strenuously upon their rights. To these intrepid men Norway owes the position she occupies to-day. For, if they had been meek and conciliatory, accepting gratefully what the king was pleased to grant them, their country would inevitably have sunk into a provincial relation to Sweden, as it had formerly to Denmark. The manly ring and fearless self-assertion, which resound through the debates of those early _Storthings_, show that the ancient strength was still surviving, and could, indeed, never have been dead. No inert and degraded nation can draw such representatives from its midst; and the fact that Norway has continued to draw them, up to the present time, shows that she is truly represented by manliness and fearless vigor--that she is worthy of the liberty she gained.
The attitude which the Norwegian _Storthings_ assumed toward the king is illustrated by the determination with which they resisted his efforts to extend the royal authority. Though he had been trained in the school of the French Revolution, Charles John was no believer in democracy or "the rights of man." He was an able ruler, a skilful diplomat, and a man of honorable intentions. But he had been too little in Norway to comprehend the spirit of the Norwegian people; and he was forced, in order to maintain his position among his brother monarchs, to sympathize with the reactionary tendencies which asserted themselves throughout Europe after the overthrow of Napoleon. In 1821 he proposed ten amendments to the constitution, which were unanimously rejected by the _Storthing_ of 1824. Among these amendments was one giving the king an absolute instead of, as formerly, a suspensive veto; another, conferring upon him the right to appoint the presiding officer of the _Storthing_, and a third, authorizing him to dissolve the _Storthing_ at pleasure. The former minister of state, Christian Krogh, gained great popularity by recommending the rejection of these propositions, and the king's persistence in bringing them up before several successive _Storthings_ did not secure them a more favorable reception.
An eminent figure in the political struggles of those days was the poet Henrik Wergeland, who, as the leader of the students, persisted in celebrating the anniversary of the constitution (May 17th) contrary to the king's command, instead of the anniversary of the union with Sweden (November 4th). The king exaggerated the importance of this demonstration and in 1829 called out troops, which dispersed, by force of arms, the multitude celebrating the national holiday. Wergeland, though he personally professed reverence for the king, did not evince the same reverence for his policy, and by his indefatigable activity in prose and verse nourished the defiant and aggressive patriotism of his countrymen. In an intoxication of patriotic pride he sang the praise of liberty and celebrated the beauties of forest, mountain, and fjord; and a chorus of minor poets declaimed about Norway's Lion, and the rocks of Norway which "defied the tooth of time." There was a good deal that was boyish and irrational in this enthusiasm; but it was wholesome and genuine and politically useful.
That Charles John did not only hold up the powers as a scarecrow, with which to frighten the Norsemen, but was himself restrained in his policy by a regard for their opinion, is obvious enough. The political ferment which, after the July Revolution (1830) in France, spread throughout Europe and also reached Norway, caused him much apprehension, and in order to intimidate the steadily progressing democracy, he suddenly dissolved the _Storthing_ of 1836. The _Storthing_, regarding this dissolution as contrary to law, indicted the Minister of State, Loewenskjold, before the high court of the realm (_Rigsret_), and sentenced him to pay a fine for not having dissuaded the king from violating the constitution. This boldness, instead of impelling the king to further measures of repression, induced him to make a concession. He conciliated the Norsemen by appointing their countryman, Count Wedel-Jarlsberg, as viceroy. This was a great step toward real independence and made the king justly popular. During the last years of his life, after he had given up the hope of stemming the tide of democracy, Charles John won the hearts of the Norsemen and he was sincerely mourned at his death (1844).
The remnants of subordination in Norway's relation to Sweden were one by one removed during the reign of Charles John's son, Oscar I. (1844-1859). He gave to Norway a flag of her own, carrying, as a symbol of the union, the blended colors of both countries in the upper corner; and what was more, he practically abolished the viceroyalty, though permanently it was not abolished until 1873. Peace and prosperity reigned in the land; the population increased rapidly, and all industries were in a flourishing condition. It had, hitherto, been chiefly the official and the mercantile class which had participated in the public life, but now the peasants, too, began to assert themselves and to send representatives from their own midst to the _Storthing_. The political awakening penetrated to all strata of society; and many sturdy figures appeared in the halls of the legislative assembly, fresh from the plough and the harrow. Eminent among these were Ole Gabriel Ueland and Soeren Jaaboek. A prudent moderation, coupled with a tough tenacity of purpose, is characteristic of these modern peasant chieftains. Good common-sense, incorruptibility, and a stern regard for the useful have enabled them to render valuable service to the nation. Eloquent they are not; nor are they, in the conventional sense, cultivated. But they have usually, by experience, accumulated a considerable store of facts, which in its application to the legislative business is more valuable than loosely acquired book-learning. Their struggles with a rough climate and a poor soil have made them economical; and they naturally apply their parsimonious habits to the business of state. Being the principal tax-payers of the country they have the right to influence its fiscal policy; and Norway has profited by their careful husbanding of her resources. They know, however, when to spend as well as when to save; and the many costly railroads, highways, schools, and other improvements, which have come into existence since the peasant party commanded a majority in the _Storthing_, give evidence of a prudent liberality and a well-balanced regard for the public weal, which one might scarcely have expected in people, whose chief experience is derived from the tilling of the soil. The majority of them, however, bring with them some practice in public life from home, as since the establishment of parish and municipal councils (_Formandskaber_), (1837), the management of local affairs is almost entirely in the hands of local tax-payers.
The first Sleswick-Holstein war, between Germany and Denmark, occurred during King Oscar's reign (1848), and induced him to make a military demonstration in Skaane; and during the following year, when the war, after an armistice, broke out anew, to occupy North Sleswick with Swedish and Norwegian troops, pending the negotiations for peace. In the Crimean War, King Oscar sided with England and France, which, by a treaty of 1855, guaranteed their aid, in case of hostilities with Russia.
King Oscar died at the age of sixty (1859), and was succeeded by his oldest son, Charles XV. (1859-1872). He was a chivalrous character, and endowed with literary and artistic talents. The same good-will toward Norway which animated his father had been inherited by him, and all efforts, on the part of the _Storthing_, to further the welfare of the land, were readily seconded. The Norwegian merchant marine, which is one of the largest in the world, carried the flag of Norway to the remotest ports; the lumber trade increased, and the wealth obtainable in manufactures and commerce stimulated the energy of Norse merchants, and quickened everywhere the pulses of life. Religious liberty was increased by the law concerning dissenters (1845), although there is, in this respect, yet much to be accomplished. In 1851, the paragraph of the constitution excluding Jews from the country was repealed, owing largely to the agitation commenced, some years before, by the poet Wergeland. The telegraph was introduced, and soon extended from the North Cape to Lindesness. In 1869, a law was passed, making the _Storthings_ annual, instead of, as hitherto, triennial.
Charles XV. died in the prime of life, and, having no sons, was succeeded (1872) by his brother, Oscar II., who is still reigning. The progress toward a more complete and consistent democracy, which had been going on, since the adoption of the constitution, has recently reached a crisis, which might have had disastrous consequences, if the king had not wisely made concessions to the parliamentary majority. There were really two points at issue, viz., the absolute veto in constitutional questions and the control of the government. As regards the former, the king held that the Norwegian constitution was a contract between him and the Norwegian people, prescribing the terms of the union. Accordingly, it could not be altered without the consent of both parties. He had, therefore, the right to insist upon the terms of the contract, and to forbid any alteration of it, that did not meet with his approval. There can be no doubt but that legally this point was well taken; and the faculty of law in the University sustained the king's position. Another question is, whether such a contract, if eternally enforced, would not cripple the nation's progress, and in time become as great a curse, as once it had been a blessing. If the framers of the constitution, when they submitted it to Charles John, failed to provide for its amendment, they committed a serious error, which may, perhaps, be binding upon their descendants, in point of law, but scarcely in point of equity. No constitution, however excellent, is fitting for all times; and the constitution of Eidsvold is no exception to the rule.
This struggle over the absolute veto was occasioned by the king's refusal to sanction a law, passed by three successive _Storthings_, admitting the cabinet ministers to participation in the debates of the house, so as to establish a closer _rapport_ between the people and the government. This seemed especially desirable, as long as the king and a division of the cabinet were resident in Stockholm, and, accordingly, were in danger of losing sight of the needs of the people whom they were governing. The king declared himself ready to sign this law, if the ministers were given the right to vote, and the right was granted him to dissolve the _Storthing_ at will. It seemed to him a disturbance of the balance of power to introduce one feature of English parliamentarism, giving an advantage to the legislature, without also granting the other, which enabled the executive to exert a restraining influence. The _Storthing_ was, however, unwilling to grant this right, being of opinion that there was no need of governmental restraint, where elections were triennial. The ministry, Selmer, which maintained the attitude here ascribed to the king, was impeached by the _Storthing_ before the high court of the realm, for having refused to promulgate the law concerning the participation of the ministers in the deliberations of the house, and for failing, in other points, to carry out the will of the _Storthing_.
The other phase of the question was scarcely less important. A certain antagonism had early developed itself between the official class, which had been accustomed to take the lead in public affairs, and the peasantry, which became every year more conscious of its power. The king, who is naturally conservative, chose his advisers from those, whose political views accorded with his own, irrespective of parliamentary majorities. The constitution did not limit his liberty of choice, and the _Storthing_ could scarcely do it, without passing an amendment, which he would be sure to veto. The conservative ministry, Stang, conducted the government for many years with a hostile majority in the _Storthing_, and the ministry, Selmer, which succeeded it (1880), had even less popular support. The result was a deadlock; legislative business threatened to come to a standstill. The impeachment and conviction of Mr. Selmer and his colleagues brought a fresh ministry of officials into power, which, after a few months, resigned. The king then sent for Mr. Sverdrup, the leader of the "left," or liberal party, and effected a compromise, in accordance with which he agreed to sanction the law in question, and to summon a ministry, representing the party of the majority, without, however, surrendering, in principle, his right to an absolute veto in constitutional questions. Since then the executive and the legislative power have worked together in harmony, and the former good relation between the king and the people has been in a measure re-established.
It will be seen from the above, that Norway has, through the conflicts of seventy years, gradually attained to perfect independence and equality with the brother kingdom. All attempts to amalgamate the two nations have failed, and have, long since, been abandoned. Politically, the person of the king expresses the union. He is king of Norway and he is king of Sweden, but he governs each country in accordance with its own laws and through distinct and separate ministries. Each country has its own parliament; no Swede holds office in Norway, and no Norseman in Sweden. The only offices which are open to citizens of both countries are those of the diplomatic and consular service. The general sentiment in Norway is opposed to a closer union. A stubborn insistence upon every feature of national distinctness has characterized the people, since the separation from Denmark.
Thus an effort has been made to get rid of the "union mark" in the Norwegian flag; because it seemed vaguely to hint at a provincial relation. A separate literature has sprung up in the Norse dialects (_Maalstraev_), because the Danish, which is yet spoken, with some modifications, by the cultivated classes, is a reminder of the period of degradation, and is not the language of the people. Popular high schools, aiming to build the intellectual life of the people upon a strictly national basis, have been started by devoted and patriotic men, in nearly all the provincial parishes, and have produced excellent results. The national literature, under the lead of men like Bjoernstjerne Bjoernson, and Henrik Ibsen, is moving in the same direction, its language being continually enriched from the dialects, and its themes largely drawn from the ancient sagas and the life of the people. The aggressive and declamatory patriotism of Wergeland, and the aesthetic and more cosmopolitan patriotism of his opponent, Welhaven, seem equally alien to the Norsemen of to-day. The frank national self-assertion of the present poets is that of a people, proud of its past, and secure in its national existence. The Norseman, having obtained what is his due, has cause for jealousy neither of Sweden nor of Denmark.
In an age when strength, bravery, and an adventurous spirit made a nation eminent, Norway played a great role upon the arena of the world, founding and destroying kingdoms, mingling her vigorous blood with that of other nations, and infusing her love of liberty, restrained by law, into their souls. Since powder and modern strategy have subordinated heroism to discipline and numbers, Norway must resign herself to the fate which her numerical weakness imposes upon her. A people of scarcely two millions can cut no very great figure in the world, as it is now constituted. It must either rest upon its laurels or win new ones in other fields. As the militant organization of society, with its needless bloodshed and oppression, slowly yields to the industrial, history will find another gauge of merit than that of Krupp guns and heavy battalions. Then, perhaps, there will again be a chance for small nations to assert themselves.
Norway has made a beginning in this direction by her contributions, during recent years, to science and literature. The astronomer Hansteen (d. 1873), the mathematicians Abel and Sophus Lie, the zooelogist Sars, the historians Munch, Keyser, Sars, and Storm, and the philologist Ivar Aason, have gained recognition, beyond the boundaries of their own country. The painters Tidemand (d. 1876) and Gude have interpreted in colors the poetry of Norse popular life and scenery. The musicians Ole Bull (d. 1880), Nordraak, and Grieg have made the melancholy strains of their native mountains resound through the concert-halls of Paris and London, and the poets Bjoernson, Ibsen, Jonas Lie, and Alexander Kielland have made Norway known to the world and the world known to Norway. They have broken down the wall which so long hedged in their country, and excluded it from the intellectual life of Europe.
INDEX
A
Aabo, 514
Aachen, 31, 32
Aake, the Yeoman, 58
Aal, Jacob, 518
Aale Hallvardsson, 373
Aaluf, 111
Aamunde Gyrdsson, 312
Aaros, 237
Aasa, 32
Aasa, Haakon Grjotgardsson's daughter, 60
Aasbjoern Sigurdsson, 211, 212
Aasbjoern of Medalhus, 92
Aasen, Ivar, 538
Aasgerd, wife of Egil Baldgrim's son, 78, 79
Aasta, mother of Olaf the Saint,182, 186, 187, 188, 199, 200,240
Aastrid, queen of Olaf the Saint,197
Aastrid, Olaf Tryggvesson's mother, 108, 109, 134, 135
Aastrid, Olaf Tryggvesson's sister,148
Aastrid, daughter of Thirik, 153
Aastrid, wife of Earl Sigvalde,163, 171
Aasulf of Austraat, 426
Abel, mathematician, 538
Absalon, Bishop, 330, 359, 379
Adalbert of Bremen, 272
Adeler, Kort, 500
Aeger, 23
Aelgifa, see Alfifa
Aesir, 13, 14
Africa, 32, 298
Agdeness, 294, 300
Agder, 32, 47, 147, 173, 324
Agmund Skoftesson, 288
Agnes, Queen of Denmark, 456
Agnes, daughter of Haakon Longlegs, 478
Agvaldsness, 95, 211
Aker, 416, 492
Akershus, 459, 481, 486, 503
Akron, 293
Albrecht of Mecklenburg, 463, 464, 467, 468, 469
Alexander Newsky, 430
Alexander IV., Pope, 430
Alexander I., Emperor of Russia,510, 514
Alexander III., King of Scotland,430, 442, 453
Alexius I., Comnenus, 293
Alexius III., Angelus, 360
Alf Askman, 100
Alf Erlingsson, 453-456
Alf Guldbrandsson, 207
Alfheim, 21
Alfhild, mother of Magnus the Good, 230
Alfifa, 225-229
Alfonso the Wise, 430
Alfvine, 137, 138
Allogia, see Olga
Almannagjaa, 439
Alsted, 248
_Althing_, 159, 436
Amboise, 34
America, 31, 179
Amsterdam, 474
Amund Sigurdsson Bolt, 473
Andres Skjaldarband, 399, 423
Andvake, 372
Anglesey, 288
Anglo-Saxon, 41, 138, 147
Anker, Peder, 518
Anna Kolbjoernsdatter, 503
Ansgarius, St., 32
Anund, 145
Anund Jacob, King of Sweden, 198, 213, 214, 217, 218
Apostles, Church of the, 294
Arctic Circle, 494
Arinbjoern Thoresson, 78, 82, 85
Armfelt, General, 504, 512
Arnbjoern Jonsson, 413, 424
Arnmodlings, 255
Aryans, 1, 2, 3, 5
Asaheim, 13
Asgard, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23
Asgeir, 36
Asia, 1, 13, 240
Ask, 18
Askatin, 442
Aslak Erlingsson, 179
Aslak Rock-Skull, 124
Astrid, Sverre's first wife, 380
Audhumbla, 16
Audun Hugleiksson, 451, 457
Aun the Old, 45
Aura-Paul, 364
Austrian, 498
B
Baard, steward of Erik Blood-Axe, 78, 79
Bagler, 360-401, 407, 413
Balder, 21, 22
Bald Grim, 57, 62, 63, 77, 78, 79
Baldwin, 293
Baltic, the, 94, 237, 277, 312, 463
Bank of Norway, 522
Beauvois, 36
Belts, the, 356
Bene Skindkniv, 401
Bengt Algotsson, 463
Beorthric, 41
Berg-Anund, 79, 80
Bergen, 280, 294, 307, 309, 316, 323, 324, 327, 328, 345, 346,347, 348, 349, 354, 356, 359,362, 365, 366, 375, 376, 388, 390, 392, 398, 410, 413, 417, 420, 422, 424, 428, 429,457,462, 465, 473, 478, 480, 488,492, 494, 506
Bergljot, 119, 178, 261, 264
Bergthor's Knoll, 158
Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, 513, 515, 519-528, 531
Bernsdorff, Andreas, 509
Bertrand of Tripolis, 293
Bevje-Aa, 320
Biadmuin, 289
Bifrost, 17
Birchlegs, 333-407, 414, 425, 426, 427
Birger, Earl of Goetland, 333, 336, 337
Birger Magnusson, King of Sweden, 456, 458, 459, 461
Bjarkemaal, 221
Bjarkoe, 211, 212, 451, 462
Bjarne Erlingsson, 451, 452
Bjarne Herjulfsson, 179
Bjelke, General, 498
Bjoergvin, see Bergen
Bjoern, King of Sweden, 196
Bjoern Egilsson, 311
Bjoern Ironside, 34
Bjoern, a peasant, 109
Bjoern the Merchant, 71, 182
Bjoern Stallare, 194, 195, 197, 218
Bjoernson, Bjoernstjerne, 535, 537, 538
Bjoern, the yeoman, 77, 78, 79
Black Death, the, 465, 466
Blanca of Namur, 462, 463
Blekinge, 463, 498
Boer, 16
Bogesund, 483
Bohemia, 1
Borg, see Sarpsborg
Borgar-_thing_, 253, 361, 445
Borghild, daughter of Olaf of Dal, 297
Bornhoeved, 417
Bornholm, 498
Brage, 22, 45, 120
Bratsberg, 155, 317
Breidablik, 21
Bremangerland, 339
Bremen, 147, 272
Brenn Islands, 231
Brigida, Harold Gille's daughter, 333
Brising, 23
Bristein, 354
Broemsebro, 496
Brunkeberg, 480
Brynjulf, 129
Bue the Big, 122-126
Bugge, Prof. Sophus, 153
Bull, Ole, 538
Bure, 16
Buris Henriksson, 330
Burislav, 136, 142, 154, 162
Buste, 110
Bute, 431
Byzantine, 360
C
Candor, Lay of, 234
Canterbury, 147
Cantire, 431
Cape Cod, 180, 181
Capercailzie, the, 505
Carolingians, 36
Carrara, 34
Catholic, 487, 489
Cecilia, second queen of Sigurd the Crusader, 304
Cecilia, daughter of Sigurd Mouth, 332, 336, 382
Celestin IV., Pope, 427
Charlemagne, 31, 32, 33, 230
Charles the Bald, 36
Charles the Simple, 64, 65
Charles Knutsson Peasant, 473, 478, 479, 480
Charles Sunesson, 312
Charles V., Emperor of Germany, 483
Charles IX., King of Sweden, 495
Charles X. Gustavus, 498
Charles XII., King of Sweden, 501, 502, 503
Charles XIII., 513, 520, 522
Charles XIV. John, see Bernadotte
Charles XV., King of Norway and Sweden, 530, 531
Christ-Church, 284, 428
Christian I., 478-481
Christian II., 481-487
Christian III., 487-492
Christian IV., 494-496
Christian V., 500, 501
Christian VI., 506
Christian VII., 508
Christian VIII., see Christian Frederick
Christian August, of Augustenborg, 512, 513
Christian Frederick, 515-522
Christiania, 256, 494, 503, 508, 522
Christiania Fjord, 46
Christiansand, 494
Christina, wife of Erling Skakke, 318, 322, 332
Christina, Sverre's daughter, 380, 381, 383, 384, 393
Christina, wife of Haakon Galen, 382, 384, 387, 395, 398, 410, 412
Christina, daughter of Haakon the Old, 430
Christopher I., King of Denmark, 430, 453
Christopher of Bavaria, 473, 474, 478
Christopher, Count of Oldenborg, 487
Churl's Head, the, 190, 191
Clement, St., 193, 227
Clyde, Firth of, 431
Constantinople, 240, 264, 293, 302, 376
Conqueror, see William the
Copenhagen, 219, 455, 459, 462,477, 498, 499, 506, 509, 510
Count's Feud, the, 487, 490
Cowlmen, see Kuvlungs
Crane, the, 157, 164, 165
Crimean War, the, 530
Crookmen, see Baglers
Curia, the Roman, 422, 452
Cuthbert, St., 42
D
Dagfinn Peasant, 375, 404, 405
Dalarne, 472
Dale-Guldbrand, 207, 208, 210
Dalsland, 288
Dannebrog, the, 502
Dannevirke, 116
Dav, 332
Delling, 17
Dingeness, 113
Ditmarsken, 481
Djursaa, 258, 330
Domesday Book, 63
Donald Bane, 285
Donmouth, 42
Dorchester, 41
Dorestad, 36
Dovre Mountain, 286, 294, 300, 517
Drontheim, 54, 91, 92, 118, 121, 140, 148, 189, 219, 220, 403, 465, 478, 479, 492, 498, 504, 508, 517, 522
Drontheim Fjord, 54, 71, 107, 140, 362
Dublin, 38, 40, 139, 238
Dumbarton, 40
Durham, see Simeon of
Dutch, 474, 485, 495, 498, 500
Dynekilen, 503, 504
E
Eadburg, 41
Eadgar the Etheling, 285
Eadwine, Earl, 268
Ecgfridh, 42
Edda, the Younger, 434
Edward the Confessor, 236
Edward I., 453
Egil Aaslaksson, 287
Egil, Bald Grim's son, 62, 77-84
Egil Woolsark, 96, 97
Eidsivia Law, the, 47, 210, 445
Eidskog, 337
Eidsvold, 70, 210, 414, 516, 518, 519, 520, 522, 532
Einar Thambarskelver, 162, 169, 170, 178, 179, 189, 190, 191, 192, 217, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 252, 254, 260, 261-265
Einar the Priest, 375
Eindride Einarsson, 238, 239, 264
Eindride the Young, 327, 328
Elgeseter, 426
Elivagar, 16
Ellisif, queen of Harold Hard-Ruler, 242, 235, 260, 272, 274
Elsinore, 455
Embla, 18
Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, 472, 473
England, 1, 12, 28, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 72, 79, 80, 81, 84, 88, 90, 91, 128, 137, 138, 139, 142, 147, 177, 179, 183, 184, 185, 207, 212, 213, 217, 228, 236, 268, 273, 276, 277, 278, 283, 287, 292, 347, 375, 443, 446, 447, 453, 454, 465, 509, 510, 512, 513, 514, 530
Enkoeping, 464
Erik, Archbishop, 358, 379, 387
Erik Blood-Axe, 68, 70-86, 88, 94, 95, 99, 102, 160, 182
Erik Eiegod, 288
Erik Eimundsson, 57, 58, 196
Erik Emune, 312
Erik Eriksson Lisp, King of Sweden, 412
Erik Glipping, 453, 454
Erik Gudroedsson, 32
Erik Haakonsson, Earl, 119, 121-127, 163-181, 184, 215, 254
Erik, King of Hoerdaland, 52
Erik Kingsson, Earl, 351
Erik Magnusson, Duke, 458, 459, 461
Erik Magnusson, son of Magnus Smek, 462, 463
Erik Menved, 455
Erik of Ofrestad, 108
Erik Plowpenny, 453
Erik of Pomerania, 467-474
Erik Priest-Hater, 451-456, 459
Erik the Red, Archbishop, 179, 181
Erik the Saint, 380
Erik the Victorious, King of Sweden, 152, 196
Erik the Younger, King of South Jutland, 68
Erlend of Husaby, 391
Erlend Haakonsson, 129, 130
Erling Eriksson, 106
Erling Haakonsson, 121, 123, 128
Erling Skakke, Earl, 318, 319,322-343, 350, 355, 357, 360
Erling Skjalgsson of Sole, 148, 162, 164, 174, 176, 178, 179, 190, 192, 210, 211, 212, 216, 217, 318
Erling Stonewall, 385, 386, 387, 390
Erling Vidkunsson, 462
Erne, Loch, 38
Ernst, Herzog, 242
Eskil Lawman, 412
Essex, 138
Esthonia, 135, 196
Estrid, daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard, 236
Ethelred II., 138, 139, 183
Ethelstan, 72, 73, 79, 80, 85, 150
Eugene III., Pope, 320
Euphemia of Arnstein, 457, 459
Europe, 465, 483, 523, 526, 527, 538
Eystein, Earl of Hedemark and Vestfold, 76
Eystein Erlendsson, 327, 347, 354, 357, 358
Eystein Haroldsson, 314-317
Eystein Magnusson, 291-301, 317, 329
Eystein Meyla, 333, 334, 336
Eystein Orre, 255, 270
Eyvind Kinriva, 154, 156, 157
Eyvind Lambe, 57, 59
Eyvind Scald-Spoiler, 98, 99, 100, 105, 154
Eyvind Skreyja, 79, 100
F
Faeroe Isles, 40, 43, 158, 159, 320, 333, 334, 336, 380
Falkoeping, 468
Fall River, 180
Falsen, Judge, 518
Falsterbro, 466
Fenris-Wolf, 21, 23
Fensal, 22
Finland, 196, 512, 513
Finmark, 74, 173, 495, 506
Finn Arnesson, 255, 265, 266, 267
Finn Eyvindsson, 170
Finns, 3, 50, 61, 67, 74, 278, 295
Fitje, 98
Fjoelne, 45
Flanders, 28
Flensborg, 472
Florsvaag, 356
Folden, 46, 190, 256, 320, 425
Folkvang, 23
Folkvid the Lawman, 332, 336, 382
Fontenelle, 36
Formentera, 292
Fors, 317
Forsete, 22
Fraedoee, 96
France, 1, 36, 43, 64, 137, 277, 430, 509, 527, 530
Fredensborg, 504
Frederick, Count Palatine, 487, 488
Frederick I., 485, 486
Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, 418, 430
Frederick II., King of Denmark and Norway, 492
Frederick III., 496-500
Frederick IV., 501, 502, 506
Frederick V., 508
Frederick VI., 509-516
Frederickshald, 500, 503
Frederickshamn, 513
Frederickstad, 492
Fredericksteen, 503, 504, 520
Freke, 20
Frey, 21, 45, 144, 150, 207
Freya, 22, 23
Freydis, 181
Fridkulla, 288
Frigg, 22
Frisian, 205
Frosta-_thing_, 88, 91, 92, 149, 359, 445
Frosten, 150, 189
Fulford, 268
Funen, 245, 455, 498
Fuxerne, 288
Fyrileiv, 307
G
Gahn, Colonel, 520
Gall, St., 32
Gallia Narbonensis, 32
Gamle Eriksson, 94, 97
Gardarike, see Russia
Gauldale, 129, 341
Gaule, 79
Gaul River, see Gula Elv
_Gauter_, see Goths
Gautland, 118, 152
Geira, 136, 162
Georgios Maniakes, 240, 242
Gerd, 21
Gere, 20
German, 3, 25, 31, 44, 430, 464, 468, 471, 480, 483, 488, 492, 494, 495, 496, 501, 506, 508, 521
Germany, 115, 277, 430, 457, 465, 496, 530
Ginnungagap, 16
Giske, 451, 462, 481
Gisla, wife of Duke Rollo, 65
Gissur the White, 127
Gissur the White, 158
Gissur Thorvaldsson, Earl, 440, 444
Gjallar Bridge, 21
Gjallar Horn, 21, 22
Gjeble Pedersson, Bishop, 490
Glommen, 194
Godfrey the Hunter, see Gudroed
Gold-Harold, 112, 113
Goldlegs, 356
Gorm the Old, 53, 86, 214
Goetha Elv., 231, 257, 259, 260
Goetland, 333
Gottland, 463, 473, 496
Goths, 3
Gran, 153
Great Northern War, the, 502
Greece, 137, 138
Greeks, 3, 44, 240, 293
Greenland, 158, 179, 180, 181, 320, 430
Gregorius Dagsson, 316, 317-320
Gregory IX., Pope, 421, 427
Grib, Peter, 504
Grieg, J., 538
Griffenfeld, 501
Grim, see Bald Grim
Grim Keikan, 423
Grimkel, Bishop, 207, 227
Grjotgard Haakonsson, 106
Gude, J., 538
Gudleik Gerdske, 278
Gudny Boedvar's daughter, 434
Gudolf of Blakkestad, 407
Gudrid, wife of Thorfinn Karlsevne, 181
Gudroed Bjoernsson, 88, 102, 105, 107
Gudroed Eriksson, 104, 107, 113, 160
Gudroed Haroldsson, 60
Gudroed the Hunter, 31, 32, 46
Gudroed, King of Hadeland, 199
Gudroed, King of the Hebrides, 320
Gudroed Ljome, 68, 69
Gudroed Meranagh, 286
Gudrun, daughter of Ironbeard, 152
Gudrun Lundarsol, 129
Gula Elv, 120, 465
Gula-_thing_, 79, 89, 210, 445
Guldberg, Ove, 508
Guldbrandsdale, 207, 208, 210, 245, 495, 517
Gungner, 20
Gunhild, Queen of Erik Blood-Axe, 74-86, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104-114, 130, 134
Gunhild, mother of Sverre, 334
Gunnar of Gimse, 311
Gunnar Grjonbak, 352
Gunvor, 153
Gustavus Adolphus, 495, 496
Gustavus IV., 512
Gustavus Trolle, 483
Gustavus Wasa, 484, 487
Guttorm, Archbishop, 400, 410, 411
Guttorm Eriksson, 94, 95
Guttorm Haroldsson, 60
Guttorm Ingesson, 395
Guttorm, son of Sigurd Hjort, 47, 48, 52, 53, 62
Guttorm Sigurdsson, 385, 387
Guttorm Sigurdsson, 199, 200
Guttorm Sindre, 71
Gyda, wife of Harold the Fairhaired, 52, 53, 59, 60
Gyda, wife of Olaf Tryggvesson, 137, 142, 228
Gyldenstjerne, Knut, 486
H
_Haakonarmaal_, 101
Haakon Eriksson, Earl, 178, 179,184-186, 215-218
Haakon Galen, 377, 382-398, 402, 410, 412, 414
Haakon Grjotgardsson, 56, 60
Haakon, Gunhild's emissary, 109
Haakon Haakonsson the Old, 391-433, 437-444
Haakon Ivarsson, 259, 264-268
Haakon Jonsson, Lord High Steward, 467
Haakon Longlegs, 451, 456, 457-461
Haakon Magnusson, son of King Magnus Haroldsson, 274, 285, 286
Haakon Magnusson, son of King Magnus Smek, 461-466
Haakon Paulsson, 287
Haakon Sigurdsson, Earl, 106, 107, 110-134, 139, 163, 166, 173, 254, 261
Haakon Sverresson, King of Norway, 370, 377, 379-385, 391, 404
Haakon the Broad-Shouldered, 316, 319, 320, 322-326
Haakon the Good, 72, 73, 80, 87-101, 105, 106, 150, 160, 294, 446
Haakon the Old, a Swedish Peasant, 110, 134
Haalogaland, 56, 60, 148, 154, 155, 158, 211, 366
Haarek Gand, 48
Haarek Haroldsson, 60
Haarek of Thjotta, 148, 154-156, 158, 233
Haavard the Hewer, 124, 127
Hadeland, 50, 51, 153, 199, 203
Hadrian IV., Pope, see Nicholas Breakspeare
Hadulaik, 121
Hafrs-Fjord, 59, 60, 63
Hagustald, 121
Hake, a Berserk, 47, 48
Haldor Brynjulfsson, 320
Halfdan Haalegg (Longlegs) 68, 69
Halfdan Sigurdsson, 199, 200
Halfdan the Swarthy, Gudroedsson, 32, 46-52, 318, 432
Halfdan the Swarthy, Haroldsson, 60, 71, 72, 76
Halfdan the White, 60
Halfdan Whiteleg, 46
Halland, 214, 266, 267, 273, 307, 418, 453, 454, 460, 462, 463, 498
Hallkel Agmundsson, 451, 452, 456
Hallkel Jonsson, 355, 356
Hall of the Side, 158
Hallvard Vebjoernsson, St., 256, 322
Hals, 258
Hamar, 321, 420, 421, 492
Hamburg, 32
Hampshire, 138
Hannibal's Feud, 496
Hans, King of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, 481, 482
Hans, son of Frederick I., 487
Hans Kolbjoernsson, 503
Hansa, see Hanseatic League
Hanseatic League, 453, 454, 455, 460, 464, 474, 480, 485, 490, 509
Hansteen, astronomer, 538
Hardeland, 41
Harold, Earl of the Orkneys, 355
Harold, grandson of Sigurd the Crusader, 332
Harold Bluetooth, 86, 94, 95, 110-120, 138, 161, 410
Harold Gille, 303-311, 313, 314, 320, 322, 333, 337, 346, 382, 386
Harold Godwineson, 268, 269, 272
Harold Greyfell, 94, 100, 102-114
Harold Groenske, 152, 182
Harold Hard-Ruler, 199, 200, 201, 221, 240-274, 278, 283, 286, 308
Harold Ingesson, 349
Harold the Fairhaired, 31, 49, 50-74, 87, 88, 99, 105, 130, 134, 139, 140, 152, 155, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183, 187, 188, 198, 201, 226, 231, 245, 251, 252, 256, 275, 276, 318, 350, 378, 433, 460
Harthaknut, 229, 231, 234, 236
Hasting, 34, 35, 36
Hastings, 272
Haug, 232
Hauk, 155
Haukby, 284
Hebrides, 40, 43, 63, 288, 311, 312, 394, 480
Hedemark, 48, 51, 76, 203, 210
Heidaby, 257
Heimdal, 22
Heimskringla, 13, 45, 433, 440
Hekla, 465
Heklungs, 345-348
Hel, 23, 24
Helge Hvasse, 396, 397
Helge-aa, 215
Helgeness, 237
Helgeoe, 413, 421
Helheim, 24
Hellenes, 1
Helluland, 180
Heming Haakonsson, 119
Henrik of Schwerin, 410
Henry I., King of England, 292
Hercules, Pillars of, 34
Heredhaland, 41
Herjedale, 496
Herlaug, King in Naumdale, 54
Herluf Hyttefad, 482
Hettesveiner, see Hood-Swains
Himinbjarg, 22
Hindoos, 2, 3
Hinsgavl, 455
_Hirdskraa_, 445
Hitterdale Church, 299
Hjalte Skeggesson, 194
Hjoerungavaag, 121, 122
Hlade, 127, 132, 148, 149, 152, 189
Hnos, 23
Hoeder, 22
Hoefudlausn, 85
Hoegne Langbjoernsson, 262, 263
Hoeland, 502
Hoenefoss, 371
Hoener, 18
Hoerda-Kaare, 318
Hoerdaland, 52, 98, 140, 147, 324
Hoergadal, 435
Holberg, Ludvig, 506
Holland, 485, 488
Holmengraa, 313
Holstein, 485, 496, 501, 515, 530
Holy Land, 171, 218, 292, 298, 308, 376
Hood-Swains, 329
Hornboresund, 312
Hornelen, 339
Hrimfaxe, 17
Hugditrich, 242
Hugin, 20
Humber, 81
Hvergelmer, 16
Hvitingsoee, 393, 400
Hyrning, 161, 162
I
Ibsen, Henrik, 535, 538
Iceland, 40, 44, 62, 63, 77, 79, 80, 85, 146, 158, 159, 202, 320, 430, 433-441, 443, 444, 465
Icolmkill, 38
Ida, plain of, 20
Idun, 22
Ilevolds, 296, 345
India, 2
Inga of Varteig, 391, 404, 405
Inge Baardsson, 284, 385-400, 402
Inge Crookback, 311-321, 323, 349, 353, 358
Inge, chief of the Baglers, 360, 361, 380, 421
Inge, King of Sweden, 288
Ingeborg, queen of Magnus Law-Mender, 451, 452, 453, 454
Ingeborg, daughter of Erik Priest-Hater, 456, 459
Ingeborg, daughter of Haakon Longlegs, 458, 459, 461
Ingegerd, daughter of Harold Hard-Ruler, 268, 272
Ingegerd, daughter of Olaf the Swede, 195, 197, 217, 218
Inger of Oestraat, 485
Ingerid, Queen of Harold Gille, 311, 314, 386
Ingjald Ill-Ruler, 45
Ingrid, queen of Olaf the Quiet, 274
Innocent III., Pope, 366, 379
Innocent IV., Pope, 429
Iona, 38
Iranians, 2
Ireland, 1, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 138, 228, 277, 287, 289, 295, 303, 309
Irishman, 303, 304, 313
Iron Ram, 169
Ironbeard, 149, 151, 152
Irp, Valkyria, 123
Isabella Bruce, queen of Erik Priest-Hater, 456
Isabella, queen of Christian II., 483
Italic tribes, 1, 3
Italy, 292
Ivar, King in Limerick, 40
Ivar Assersson, 307, 308
Ivar Darre, 348
Ivar of Fljod, 295
Ivar Steig, 349
J
Jaaboek, Soeren, 528
Jacob, Count of Halland, 454
Jaederen, 59
James III., King of Scotland, 480
Jaroslav, 217, 218, 240, 242
Jaxartes, 1
Jemteland, 194, 198, 294, 300, 459, 496, 498
Jerusalem, 233, 291, 293
Jews, 32, 44, 530
Joesse Eriksson, 472
Johannes, see Hans
Jomsborg, 120, 237
Jomsvikings, 120-128, 163
Jon Birgersson, Archbishop, 321
Jon, chief of the Kuvlungs, 353
Jon Kutiza, 345
Jon Loftsson, 434
Jon the Red, Archbishop, 448, 452
Jonvolds, 365
Juliana Maria, queen of Frederick V., 508
Jumieges, 36
Jutland, 41, 68, 95, 116, 236, 237, 257, 324, 330, 453, 485, 495, 496, 498
K
Kalf Arnesson, 217, 222, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 255, 265, 266
Kalfsund, 459
Kalmar, 301, 455, 467, 469, 470, 479, 495
Kalvskindet, 343, 344, 345
Karelen, 196
Kark, 130, 131, 132
Karlsevne, 181
Karlshoved, 190
Kelts, 1
Kent, 138
Ketil Calf, 190, 199
Keyser, Rudolf, 538
Kiel, 515, 516, 520, 523
Kielland, Alexander, 538
King's Mirror, 441
Kirkevaag, 432
Kjoegebugt, 502
Kjoelen, 4
Klerkon, 135, 136
Klypp Thorsson, 111
Knaeroed, 495
Knut Alfsson, 481
Knut Eriksson, King of Sweden, 358, 385
Knut Haakonsson (Squire K.), 396, 410, 416, 424, 425
Knut the Mighty, 179, 185, 212-218, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 236, 243, 261, 268
Knut Porse, 461
Knut VI., King of Denmark, 368
Kolbjoern Stallare, 171
Kolbjoern the Strong, 209
Konghelle, 152, 198, 274, 288, 310, 319
Kongsberg, 494, 503
Krebs, Colonel, 502
Kringen, 495
Krogh, Christian, 526
Krokaskogen, 313
Krummedike, Hartvig, 477
Krummedike, Henrik, 481, 482
Krupp, 536
Kruse, Colonel, 502
Kurland, 196
Kuvlungs, 353, 354
Kveld-Ulf, 56-63, 77
L
Laaka, 424, 425
Labrador, 180
Laerdal, 119
Landnama Book, 63
Laps 3, 495
Largs, 431
"Lars," 491
Latin, 378
Leif Eriksson, 179, 180, 181
Leipsic, 515
Lesoe, 257
Lie, Jonas, 538
Lie, Sophus, 538
Lier, 520
Limerick, 40
Lim Fjord, 258
Lindesness, 173, 179, 210, 531
Lindholm, 468
Lindisfarena, 42
Lodin, 135, 143
Lodur, 18
Loewen, Colonel, 563
Loewenskjold, 527
Lofoten, 315, 331
Loire, 34
Loke, 23
London, 73, 538
Long-Serpent, The, 162, 164-169
Lothair, 37
Louis the German, 32, 37
Louis the Pious, 32
Louis IX., 430
Louis XIV., 500
Luebeck, 457, 486, 487, 490, 495
Luna, 34
Lunge, Vincentz, 477, 485, 487, 488
Luther, 485, 486
Lutheran, 489, 490, 506, 519
Lutter and Barenberge, 495
Luetzow, General, 503
Lykke, Nils, 485
Lyrskogs Heath, 237
M
Maelsechnail, King of Meath, 38, 39
Magne, Bishop, 304, 305
Magnus Barefoot, 285-290, 295, 303, 308
Magnus Birgerson Barnlock, King of Sweden, 449, 455, 456, 458
Magnus Birgerson, the Younger, 459, 461
Magnus Eriksson Smek, King of Norway and Sweden, 461-465
Magnus Erlingsson, King of Norway, 323-349, 351, 355, 356, 385, 388, 401, 427, 428
Magnus Haroldsson, 273, 274
Magnus Law-Mender, 442-451, 453, 457, 494
Magnus the Blind, 297, 305-313
Magnus the Good, 218, 229-250, 251, 254, 255, 265
Maid of Norway, The, 453, 457
Malcolm, 285
Malmfrid, 302, 304
Man, island of, 288, 289, 320, 394, 442
Maniakes, see Georgios
Marcus of Skog, 326, 327
Margaret, see Maid of Norway
Margaret, queen of Magnus Barefoot, 288
Margaret, queen of Sverre, 358, 362, 381, 382, 383
Margaret, queen of Haakon the Old, 407, 413
Margaret, queen of Erik Priest-Hater, 452
Margaret, Reigning Queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, 462, 463, 466, 467-472
Margaret, daughter of Christian I., 480
Maria, relative of the Empress Zoe, 242
Maria, daughter of Harold Hard-Ruler, 268, 272
Maria, daughter of Harold Gille, 322
Markere, Earl, 268
Markland, 180
Massachusetts, 180, 181
Mathias, Bishop, 334, 335
Matrand, 521
Mecklenburg, 410, 463, 467, 469
Medalhus, 130
Mediterranean, 318
Michael, Church of St., 294
Military Academy, 508
Mimer, 18
Minne, 311
Mjoelner, 20
Mjoesen, 199, 321, 380, 408, 413, 421
Moliere, 506
Moennikhofen, Colonel, 495
Moere, 56, 59, 64, 69, 130, 150
Moors, 292, 300
Mora, 197
Moss, 521
Moster, 72, 140, 158, 167
Mosteroe, 167
Motzfeldt, Captain, 518
Muirkertach, 286, 289
Munch, P. A., Prof., 378, 538
Munin, 20
Munk, Erik, 492
Munk, Ludvig, 492
Munkeliv, 294, 480
Muspelheim, 16, 17
N
Nanna, Balder's wife, 21
Napoleon I., 510, 513, 515, 519, 520, 526
Naumdale, 54
Nessje, 190
New England, 181
Nicholas Arnesson, Bishop, 358-362, 365, 366, 374, 380, 386, 388, 390, 393, 407, 411, 413, 414
Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal, 320, 321
Nicholas, Church of St., 294
Nicholas Simonsson, 322, 324
Nid River, 140
Nidarholm, 308
Nidaros, 148, 156, 189, 192, 207, 213, 215, 227, 232, 253, 260, 262, 274, 284, 286, 294, 311, 320, 324, 334, 338, 341, 345, 347, 354, 361, 362, 366, 368, 369, 381, 384, 387, 389, 390, 392, 400, 404, 413, 416, 422, 424, 426
Nidhoegger, 16, 18
Niflheim, 16, 18
Nils Henriksson, 485
Nimwegen, 36
Nis-aa, 259-266 Njaal, 158
Njord, 21, 22, 23
Noatun, 21
Nordfjord, 339
Nordhoerdland, 309
Nordland, 363
Nordmoere, 96, 193, 287, 366
Nordness, 346
Nordraak, Richard, 538
Norefjord, 348, 349
Normandy, 64
Normans, 12
Norns, 18
Northampton, 225
North Cape, 411, 493, 531
North Sea, 184, 258, 336
Northumberland, 41, 80, 81, 137, 268, 269
Nortmannia, 31
Norway's Lion, 527
Norway's Welfare, Society for, 514
Nyborg, 498
Nykoeping, 459
O
Odd, 22
Oder, 120
Odin, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 45, 46, 84, 118, 123, 128, 144, 150, 205, 207
Oelve Nuva, 57, 59
Oelve of Egge, 207
Oerebro, 513
Oere-_thing_, 140, 229, 230, 246, 253, 322, 323, 334, 346, 380, 388, 395, 396, 400, 423
Offa, 41
Ofrestad, 108, 109
Oieren, Lake, 329
Olaf, son of Harold the Fairhaired, 76
Olaf, Chief of the Oyeskeggs, 355
Olaf of Dal, 297
Olaf Engelbrektsson, Archbishop, 488
Olaf Kvaran, 137
Olaf Magnusson, 291, 296, 301
Olaf Nilsson, Sir, 479, 480
Olaf the Quiet, 268, 272-285, 293, 294
Olaf the Saint, 49, 179, 182-224, 227-232, 248, 252, 255, 261, 267, 275, 278, 282, 293, 294, 318, 327, 357, 396, 400, 423, 428
Olaf the Swede, 152, 163, 166, 173, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197
Olaf Tryggvesson, 108, 130-174, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 195, 198, 205, 206, 218, 228, 318, 446
Olaf the Unlucky, 329, 332
Olaf the White, 40
Olaf the Woodcutter, 46, 57
Olaf the Young, 461, 466
Oldenborg, 475, 476, 478, 487, 494
Ole the Russian, 136
Olga, 136, 137, 142
Oplands, 88, 174, 188, 190, 199, 210, 267, 268, 285, 287, 329, 370, 393, 400, 413, 416, 422, 424, 445
Ordinance, the, 489, 494
Orient, the, 242
Orkdale, 54, 189
Orkhaugen, 279
Orkneys, 40, 43, 63, 69, 88, 113, 114, 127, 176, 233, 268, 272, 279, 288, 289, 308, 355, 394, 430, 432, 457, 481
Orm Jonsson, 437
Orm King's-Brother, 346, 349
Orm Lyrgja, 129
Oscar I., 528-530
Oscar II., 531-538
Oslo, 256, 306, 312, 320, 322, 323, 359, 361, 369, 370, 381, 383, 390, 411, 413, 414, 425, 426, 456, 459, 492
Ottar Birting, 302, 303, 314, 316
Otto I., Emperor of Germany, 115
Otto II., Emperor of Germany, 115
Oxus, the, 1
Oyeskeggs, 355, 356, 357, 360
P
Paderborn, 31
Paris, 36, 513, 520, 538
Paul, Bishop of Hamar, 420, 421
Paul, Earl of the Orkneys, 288
Persia, 2
Peter III., Emperor of Russia, 508
Peter Kolbjoernsson, 503
Peter of Husastad, 411
Peter Skulesson, 423
Peter, St., 427
Peter Steyper, 377, 381, 382, 388
Philip, Don, 430
Philip Simonsson, 386, 390, 393, 400, 401
Piraeus, 241
Poland, 498, 502
Pomerania, 163, 473, 513
Pontecorvo, 513
Prestebakke, 512
Protestantism, 487, 495
Prussia, 136, 163
Pultawa, 501
R
Rafnista race, 56
Raft Sund, 331
Ragnar, a viking, 36
Ragnar Lodbrok, 34, 198, 214, 231, 236
Ragnfred Eriksson, 113
Ragnhild, queen of Harold the Fairhaired, 68
Ragnhild, queen of Halfdan the Swarthy, 47, 48
Ragnhild, daughter of Magnus the Good, 265, 266, 267
Ragnvald, Earl of Moere, 56, 59, 64, 69
Ragnvald, son of Erik Blood-Axe, 80
Ragnvald Rettilbeine, 68, 71
Ragnvald, Earl of Vestergoetland, 195
Ran, 23
Ranafylke, 317
Randsfjord, 51, 108
Ranrike, 57, 173, 284
Ratibor, 310
Raud the Strong, 156, 157, 162
Raumarike, 46, 51, 173, 199, 210
Raumsdale, 193
Reas, 135
Ree, 327, 334, 338, 433
Reformation, the, 486
Reidar Grjotgardsson, 313
Reidar Messenger, 360, 361, 375, 376, 380
Reidulf, a Birchleg, 389
Rein, 416
Reinald, Bishop, 308
Revolution, the French, 509, 524
Revolution, the July, 527
Reykjaholt, 436, 440
Rhine, The, 37
Ribbungs, 407, 408, 412-416
Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, 65
Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy, 65
Rimul, 131, 140
Ring, King, 188
Ringeness, 190, 199
Ringerike, 47, 51, 183, 186, 199, 244, 503
Robert Bruce, 456
Robert Guiscard, 292
Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, 65
Robin Hood, 341
Roe, Bishop, 335, 380
Roerek, King, 188, 199, 201, 202, 206
Roerek, Viking, 36
Rogaland, 174, 324
Roger, Duke, 292
Rolf the Walker, see Rollo
Rollaug, King in Naumdale, 54
Rollo, Duke of Normandy, 56, 64, 65
Rome, 1, 31, 34, 36, 171, 214, 308, 359, 421, 422, 438
Roskilde, 498
Rostock, 469
Rother, King, 242
Rouen, 36
Rousseau, 508
Ruegen, 163
Russia, 1, 134-137, 142, 192, 217, 218, 229, 232, 239, 240, 277, 501, 502, 508, 509, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 530
Rydjoekel, 329
Ryfylke, 121
S
Saemund Jonsson, 436, 440
Saemund the Learned, 434
Saltoe Sound, 346, 361
Sandness, 61
Saracens, 240, 318
Sarpen, 194
Sarpsborg, 194, 197, 213, 391, 492
Sars, Prof., 538
Sars, J. E. Prof., 538
Saudung Sound, 185
Saurbygd, 337
Saxons, 31, 42, 146, 236
Scandinavia, 470
Schiller, Friedrich, 418
Sciences, Academy of, 508
Scotland, 40, 43, 80, 113, 114, 137, 268, 285, 287, 314, 431, 442, 443, 452, 456, 480
Seeland, 244, 248, 510
Sehested, Hannibal, 477, 496
Seine, The, 36
Sekken, 324
Selmer, Chr. August, Prime Minister, 532, 534
Selven, 71
Serpent, The, 157
Shetland Islands, 43, 176, 355, 430, 442, 481
Short-Serpent, The, 162, 165
Sicily, 240, 241
Side-Hall, 238
Sidon, 293, 299
Sif, 21
Sigar of Brabant, 405
Sigfrid, King of Nortmannia, 31
Sigfrid Haroldsson, 60, 76
Sighvat Scald, 230, 234, 260, 261, 262
Sighvat Sturlasson, 436, 440
Sigmund Brestesson, 158
Sigrid the Haughty, 152, 154, 161, 163, 169, 182
Sigrid, daughter of Earl Sweyn, 179
Sigrid, sister of Thore Hund, 212
Sigrid, wife of Ivar of Fljod, 295
Sigrid, wife of Haldor Brynjulfsson, 320
Sigtrygg, King in Waterford, 40
Sigurd, Bishop, 147, 157, 208, 211, 220
Sigurd of Haalogaland, 155
Sigurd Borgarklett, 362, 364
Sigurd the Crusader, 289, 291-305, 309, 310, 313, 318, 323, 329, 332, 427
Sigurd, Earl of Hlade, 87, 90, 93, 95, 98, 102, 105, 106
Sigurd Eriksson, 134, 135
Sigurd Haakonsson, 121
Sigurd Hjort, 47, 48
Sigurd Jarlsson, 355-357, 360, 362, 364, 365
Sigurd Jonsson, 473, 478
Sigurd Lavard, 370, 380, 385
Sigurd Marcusfostre, 326
Sigurd Mouth, 311-321, 326, 327, 332, 334, 335, 336, 351, 382, 387, 388
Sigurd, alleged son of Magnus Erlingsson, 355
Sigurd Ranesson, 295, 296, 297
Sigurd Ribbung, 407, 408, 410, 412, 414
Sigurd of Reyr, 323, 324, 326, 327
Sigurd Rise, 68
Sigurd Sigurdsson, 307
Sigurd Slembedegn, 308, 309, 311-314
Sigurd Sleva, 104, 111
Sigurd Syr, 182, 183, 186-190, 192, 199, 221, 240
Sigurd Tavse, Archbishop, 421, 422
Sigurd Wool-String, 287
Sigvalde, Earl, 120, 123, 163, 164, 171
Silgjord, 155
Simeon of Durham, 42
Simon Kaaresson, 354
Simon Skaalp, 317, 322
Sinclair, Colonel, 495, 518
Siric, Archbishop of Canterbury, 147
Skaane, 214, 242, 259, 463, 466, 468, 498, 502, 513, 530
Skade, 21
Skage Skoftesson, 119
Skagen, 324
Skara Stift, 464
Skegge Aasbjoernsson, see Ironbeard
Skinfaxe, 17
Skiringssal, 46, 51
Skraellings, 181
Skuld, 18
Skule Baardsson, Duke, 284, 395-427, 432, 437, 438, 440
Skule Tostigsson, 283
Slavs, 1, 237
Sleipner, 20
Sleswick, 31, 237, 257, 472, 495, 530
Slittungs, 401, 402, 404, 407
Smaaland, 301
Smaalenene, 11
Snarfare, 62
Snefrid, wife of Harold the Fairhaired, 67, 68, 71, 183
Snorre Sturlasson, 13, 45, 49, 52, 66, 72, 74, 160, 186, 254, 276, 421, 433-441, 444
Snorrelaug, 436
Soendmoere, 122, 193, 217, 324, 411, 495
Sogn, 119, 234
Sognefjord, 179, 210, 348, 349, 415
Sognesund, 228
Sognings, 348
Solveig, 438
Sonartorek, 85
Sotoness, 95
Sound, The, 118, 242, 453
Stamford Bridge, 268, 269, 272, 283, 287
Stang, F., Prime-Minister, 534
Stanger, 332
Stavanger, 59, 321, 358, 359
Steen Sture the Elder, 480, 481, 482
Steen Sture the Younger, 482, 483, 485
Steinker, 189
Steinkil, King of Sweden, 267
Stenbock, Magnus, 502
Stig, Marshal, 454
Stiklestad, 212, 221, 227, 232, 235, 240, 255
Stockholm, 464, 469, 480, 484, 485, 532
Storm, Prof. Gustav, 538
_Storthing_, 521-534
Strand, 121, 183
Strindsoe, 369
Struensee, 508, 509
Stub, Rev. Kjeld, 496
Stuf Katsson, 254
Sturla Sighvatsson, 421, 438, 440
Sturla Thordsson, father of Snorre Sturlasson, 434
Sturla Thordsson, nephew of Snorre Sturlasson, 45, 440, 442
Sturlungs, The, 433-441, 443
Styrbjoern, 214
Styrkaar Stallare, 270, 271
Supreme Court, 522
Surtur, 16
Sussex, 138
Suttung, 20
Svang, 408
Svanhild, daughter of Earl Eystein, 76
Svante Nilsson Sture, 482
Sverdrup, Prof, 516, 518
Sverdrup, John, Prime-Minister, 534
Sverke, King of Sweden, 368
Sverre Sigurdsson, 195, 333-379, 382, 385, 386, 388, 391, 393, 396, 404, 407, 423, 432, 446, 450
Svolder, 157, 163, 173, 178, 193
Sweyn, a pretender, 287
Sweyn Alfifasson, 225-229, 233, 287, 292
Sweyn Estridsson, 236, 237, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 257, 258, 259, 265, 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 276
Sweyn Forkbeard, 116, 118, 119, 138, 139, 154, 161-166, 168, 173, 177, 214
Sweyn Haakonsson, Earl, 119, 121, 122, 173-181, 186, 187, 189, 190-193
Sweyn, Roerek's servant, 201
T
Tacitus, 25
Taylor, Bayard, 491
Tegelsmora, 223
Telemark, 338, 340
Thamb, 162
Thames, The, 42
Thangbrand the priest, 146, 147, 158, 159
Thirty Years' War, 495
Thjostulf Aalesson, 311, 312
Thor, 20, 21, 22, 128, 144, 151, 204, 208, 209, 224
Thora, wife of Earl Haakon, 119
Thora, wife of Harold Hard-Ruler, 255
Thora Guttorm's daughter, 309
Thora Moster-Pole, 72
Thora of Rimul, 130
Thora Saxe's daughter, 308
Thoralf Lousy-Beard, 108, 109, 135
Thorbjoern Hornklove, 59
Thord Sturlasson, 436
Thore, Archbishop, 393, 395
Thore Herse, 77, 78
Thore Hjort, 148, 154, 156
Thore Hund, 211, 212, 222, 233
Thore Klakka, 139, 140
Thore Sel, 211
Thore of Steig, 245, 262, 274, 286, 287
Thorfinn Karlsevne, 181
Thorgeir, brother-in-law of Olaf Tryggvesson, 161, 162
Thorgerd, Valkyria, 123
Thorghaettan, 363
Thorgils Thoralfsson, 135
Thorgils, 224, 227
Thorgisl, 38, 39, 40
Thorgny the Lawman, 195, 196
Thorkell Dyrdill, 164, 165
Thorkell Leira, 124, 125, 126
Thorleif, Bishop, 480
Thormod Kolbruna-Scald, 221, 222
Thorolf, Bald Grim's son, 77, 78, 79
Thorolf, Kveld-Ulf's son, 57-60
Thorsberg, 362
Thorstein, a peasant, 109
Thorstein Kugad, 362, 366
Thorstein, son of Side-Hall, 238, 239
Thorvald Eriksson, 181
Thrond the Priest, 391
Thrudvang, 20
Thyra, queen of Olaf Tryggvesson, 154, 161, 168, 171, 214
Tiber, 34
Tidemand, Adolf, 538
Tiding-Skofte, 119
Tilly, General, 495
Tilsit, treaty of, 510, 512
Toke, a peasant, 246
Tordenskjold, 503, 504
Torstenson, General, 496
Tostig Godwineson, Earl, 269, 270, 283
Tours, 34
Toverud, 512
Trangen, 512
Travendal, 501
Troendelag, 54, 76, 80, 87, 88, 102, 106, 130, 140, 148, 177, 178, 189, 193, 220, 234, 255, 285, 287, 324, 327, 340, 352, 358, 366, 368, 398, 445
Troenders, 94, 95, 106, 107, 148, 149, 189, 193, 207, 227, 228, 232, 265, 285, 286, 311, 327, 328, 340, 368, 423, 498
Trollhaettan, 288
Tromsoe, 429
Tryggve Olafsson, son of Olaf Haroldsson, 76, 88, 94, 95, 102, 105, 107, 108, 144
Tryggve Olafsson, son of Olaf Tryggvesson, 228
Tunsberg, 201, 306, 324, 327, 334, 354, 375, 376, 380, 388, 390, 413, 449
Tunsberghus, 481
Turf-Einar, 69
Turges, 38
Turks, 2, 500
Tyr, 21
Tyrker, 180
U
Ueland, Ole Gabriel, 528
Ugerup, Erik, 485
Ulf Thorgilsson, Earl, 214, 215, 236
Ulf Uspaksson, 255
Uller, 22
Ulster, 289
Unas, 334, 335
University of Norway, 514
Upland, 223
Upsala, 45, 195
Urd, 18
Uroekja Snorresson, 440
Utgard, 17
V
Vaagen, 294, 299
Vaerdalen, 220, 221, 222, 232
Vagn Aakesson, 122-127
Valdalen, 217
Valdemar Atterdag, 462, 463
Valdemar Birgersson, King of Sweden, 449
Valdemar, the Great, 323, 327-330, 345
Valdemar Magnusson, Duke, 456, 458, 459
Valdemar the Victorious, 386, 387, 410, 417, 418
Valders, 52, 127
Valfather, 19
Valhalla, 19, 84, 101, 204
Valkendorf, Christopher, 490
Valkyries 19, 84, 123, 204
Vandals, 136
Vanir, 14, 21
Varangians, 240, 241
Varbelgs, 354, 355, 423, 425
Ve, 13, 16
Vebjoern, 256
Venice, 241
Venetian, 500
Venus, 22
Verdande, 18
Vermeland, 57, 58, 267, 332, 337, 412, 464
Versailles, 501
Vesteraalen, 331
Vestergoetland, 195, 267, 312, 464, 468, 481
Vestfjord, 331
Vestfold, 46, 51, 57, 76, 190, 412
Vestgoths, 268
Viborg, 485
Viborg-_thing_, 231, 237, 252
Vidar, 22
Vidrar, 84
Vige, 156
Vikar, Chief of the Varbelgs, 354, 423
Viken, 57, 64, 76, 88, 94, 102, 105, 107, 110, 118, 119, 143, 144, 147, 160, 213, 245, 256, 266, 273, 285, 307, 319, 323, 324, 327, 330, 332, 337, 345, 351, 356, 361, 370, 388, 391, 393, 400, 407, 408, 410, 411, 422, 425, 445, 498
Vile, 13, 16
Vingulmark, 57, 173
Vinland, 180, 181
Vinold, Archbishop, 467
Virgin Mary, The, 144, 146, 396
Visby, 463
Vitalie Brethren, 469, 473
Vladimir, 134, 136, 137, 142
Voltaire, 508
_Vornedskab_, 475
Vors, 111
W
Wallenstein, 418
Waterford, 40
Wedel-Jarlsberg, Count, 518, 527
Welhaven, J. S., 536
Wendland, 136, 142, 161, 162, 163, 168, 237, 330
Wends, 236, 237, 310, 312
Wener, Lake, 288
Wergeland, Henrik, 526, 531, 536
Wergeland, Rev. Nicolai, 518
Wessex, 41
Widukind, 31
William the Conqueror, 12, 56, 65, 272, 277, 283
William Longsword, 65
William of Sabina, Cardinal, 428
Wismar, 469
Wollin, 120
Y
Ygdrasil, 18
Ymer, 16, 17
Ynglings, 31, 40, 45, 57, 62
Yngve, 45
York, 81, 268
Yotun, 16, 17, 21, 23
Yotunheim, 17, 18, 21
Z
Zoe, Empress, 242
The Story of the Nations.
MESSRS. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS take pleasure in announcing that they have in course of publication a series of historical studies, intended to present in a graphic manner the stories of the different nations that have attained prominence in history.
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It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into the real life of the peoples, and to bring them before the reader as they actually lived, labored, and struggled--as they studied and wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the myths, with which the history of all lands begins, will not be overlooked, though these will be carefully distinguished from the actual history, so far as the labors of the accepted historical authorities have resulted in definite conclusions.
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THE STORY OF *ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. GEORGE RAWLINSON. " " " *CHALDEA. Z. A. RAGOZIN. " " " *GREECE. Prof. JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University. " " " *ROME. ARTHUR GILMAN. " " " *THE JEWS. Prof. JAMES K. HOSMER, Washington University of St. Louis. " " " *CARTHAGE. Prof. ALFRED J. CHURCH, University College, London. " " " BYZANTIUM. " " " THE GOTHS. HENRY BRADLEY. " " " *THE NORMANS. SARAH O. JEWETT. " " " *PERSIA. S. G. W. BENJAMIN. " " " *SPAIN. Rev. E. E. and SUSAN HALE. " " " *GERMANY. S. BARING-GOULD. " " " THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS. " " " HOLLAND. Prof. C. E. THOROLD ROGERS. " " " *NORWAY. HJALMAR H. BOYESEN. " " " *THE MOORS IN SPAIN. STANLEY LANE-POOLE. " " " *HUNGARY. Prof. A. VAMBERY. " " " THE ITALIAN KINGDOM. W. L. ALDEN. " " " EARLY FRANCE. Prof. GUSTAVE MASSON. " " " *ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. " " " THE HANSE TOWNS. HELEN ZIMMERN. " " " *ASSYRIA. Z. A. RAGOZIN. " " " *THE SARACENS. ARTHUR GILMAN. " " " TURKEY. STANLEY LANE-POOLE. " " " PORTUGAL. H. MORSE STEPHENS. " " " MEXICO. SUSAN HALE. " " " IRELAND. Hon. EMILY LAWLESS. " " " PH[OE]NICIA. " " " SWITZERLAND. " " " RUSSIA. " " " WALES. " " " SCOTLAND.
* (The volumes starred are now ready, April, 1887.)
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 27 AND 29 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 27 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND
_The first volume, comprising the Hebrew Story from the Creation to the Exile, is now ready. Large 12mo, cloth extra, red edges, $1.50._
_G. P. PUTNAM'S SON'S, New York and London._
THE SCRIPTURES
HEBREW AND CHRISTIAN.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.
EDITED BY PROFESSORS E. T. BARTLETT AND JOHN P. PETERS, OF THE P. E. DIVINITY SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA.
(For Description of the Work see Prospectus, Page 17.)
SOME OF THE COMMENTS RECEIVED:
_Extracts from Letters_:
FROM THE RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., NEW YORK.
"I congratulate you on the issue of a work which, I am sure, will find a wide welcome, and the excellent features of which make it of permanent value."
FROM THE REV. HOWARD CROSBY, D.D., NEW YORK.
"The 'Scriptures for Young Readers' is admirably conceived and admirably executed. It is the Bible story in Bible words.... It is the work of devout and scholarly men, and will prove a help to Bible study. I have examined it with great satisfaction, and have found on almost every page the marks of original investigation and wise judgment."
FROM PREST. JULIUS H. SEELYE, D.D., LL.D., AMHERST, MASS.
"Its excellence for its purpose has surprised me, and I give it my hearty commendation."
FROM PROF. HENRY THAYER, D.D., CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
"It more than meets my expectations; in fact, is so attractive that I have set myself to its perusal from end to end."
FROM PREST. M. B. ANDERSON, D.D., LL.D., ROCHESTER, N. Y.
"The work seems to me adapted to be useful in the education of the young in Biblical history and the great moral truths embodied in it."
FROM PREST. GEO. WILLIAMSON SMITH, D.D., TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD, CONN.
"I have carefully examined the first volume of the 'Scriptures for Young Readers,' and am deeply impressed by the learning and skill shown by the authors. They undertook a very difficult work, and have accomplished it in a scholarly manner. If interest in the book is an evidence of youth, many will find from reading this 'Introduction to the Study of the Bible' that they are not as old as they supposed they were."
* * * * *
** Transcribers Notes **
- minor punctuation errors corrected - minor spelling / printer typos corrected - spelling of fiord/fjord left intact
-Illustrations relocated to between paragraphs - list of illustrations may not point to exact page of relocated illustration
-Footnotes have, where possible, been placed immediately following the paragraph that refers to them
End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of Norway, by Hjalmar H. Boyesen