CHAPTER XII
ISLAM AND THE CHRISTIAN
'So while the World rolls on from change to change And realms of thought expand, The letter stands without expanse or range, Stiff as a dead man's hand. While as the life-blood fills the glowing form, The spirit Christ has shed Flows through the ripening ages, fresh and warm, More felt than heard or read,' MILNES' 'PALM LEAVES' (quoted in Stanley's _Eastern Church_).
[Sidenote: The Story of Islam.]
We have reached the end of the telling of our story. Let our minds move over it again once more. Thirteen hundred years ago in Arabia, an insignificant, untamed, untaught 'Land of the Desert,' there arose an Arab man who, forsaking idols, believed utterly in God. His followers poured forth into the world with a Faith that carried all before them. That Faith broke the great imperial civilizations of its day, and bore down the timid standards of a corrupt and palsied Church. Occupying {189} the Mediterranean countries and the sites of the ancient empires, it established itself as the greatest ruling force the world had ever known. In spite of the rise of younger nations, the magnificence of medieval Europe, the growth of science and the arts of civilization and of war, in spite of many rival empires in the modern 'scramble for the world,' Islam still holds with its tenacious grip the thoughts and hearts of men. It dominates to-day one-seventh of mankind, moving still to fresh conquests of the Faith. We have traced that Faith in history and seen it settling like a deadly blight upon the nations, chilling and paralyzing the moral life of man. We have examined it in its essential meaning and significance.
Islam rises up before us in its tremendous rugged strength, leagued with the wild nature of 200 millions of our fellow-men, and overshadowing Christendom.
[Sidenote: The Challenge of Islam.]
'The only one of the great religions to come after Christianity: the only one that categorically denies the truth of Christianity: the only one that has in the past signally defeated Christianity: the only one that seriously disputes the world with {190} Christianity: the only one which, in several parts of the world, is to-day forestalling and gaining on Christianity.'[1]
[Sidenote: Isaiah.]
In another Eastern land 1,200 years before Mohammed, there lived another Prophet. The country that he loved with a passionate devotion was in sore straits. Two mighty kingdoms, one on either side, were driving their highways across it, and threatening to overwhelm it. The very religion which had been the secret of its greatness was challenged and endangered. Men's hearts were full of fear. To one man was given a vision of hope. He alone among his people pierced the clouds that overcast the sky, and saw the light, and believed with all his soul in the vision that he saw--the vision of the kingdom that should be, the rule of righteousness and joy and peace, whose ensign should be Holiness to the Lord. And seeing the future till to him it was present, he worded it thus:--
UNTO US A CHILD IS BORN, UNTO US A SON IS GIVEN; AND THE GOVERNMENT SHALL BE UPON HIS SHOULDER: {191} AND HIS NAME SHALL BE CALLED WONDERFUL, COUNSELLOR, MIGHTY GOD, EVERLASTING FATHER, PRINCE OF PEACE. OF THE INCREASE OF HIS GOVERNMENT AND OF PEACE THERE SHALL BE NO END ... TO ESTABLISH IT AND TO UPHOLD IT WITH JUDGMENT AND WITH RIGHTEOUSNESS FROM HENCEFORTH EVEN FOR EVER.
And St. John upon the summit of a later day painted with a fuller glory the vision of the City that shall be:--
AND I SAW NO TEMPLE THEREIN: FOR THE LORD GOD THE ALMIGHTY, AND THE LAMB, ARE THE TEMPLE THEREOF. AND THE CITY HATH NO NEED OF THE SUN, NEITHER OF THE MOON, TO SHINE UPON IT: FOR THE GLORY OF GOD DID LIGHTEN IT, AND THE LAMP THEREOF IS THE LAMB. AND THE NATIONS SHALL WALK AMIDST THE LIGHT THEREOF: AND THE KINGS OF THE EARTH DO BRING THEIR GLORY INTO IT. AND THE GATES THEREOF SHALL IN NO WISE BE SHUT BY DAY (FOR THERE SHALL BE NO NIGHT THERE): AND THEY SHALL BRING THE GLORY AND THE HONOUR OF THE NATIONS INTO IT: AND THERE SHALL IN NO WISE ENTER INTO IT ANYTHING UNCLEAN, OR HE THAT MAKETH AN ABOMINATION AND A LIE: BUT ONLY THEY WHICH ARE WRITTEN IN THE LAMB'S BOOK OF LIFE.
It is the purest form of the old-world vision of the 'Golden Age,' and our hearts acclaim it still.
[Sidenote: Christ's Kingdom.]
Here upon this present, prosaic earth to-day, God is laying by human hands the foundations, broad and deep and true, of {192} that City yet to be. To this world, where sin threw down the gage of battle, the Child was born. Here He fought and triumphed, and upon this earth was raised His cross, the token of the final victory. Here among men in _this_ present world, the battle must be waged, the Kingdom comes.
Every sin, every falsehood, every injustice, every cruelty, every wrong, may challenge but they do not deny that Kingdom--Islam does.
Bringing its ideals down to the level of our nature, it denies the best in man, and denies the Christ of God--the One who alone has triumphed and in whose triumph lies man's only hope. Give the world to Islam, and man's highest vision is gone for ever.
[Sidenote: Christian and Moslem.]
And so we go to meet the Moslem, and he stands before us strong, fearless, brave, determined. What have we Christians that we can say to him? What can we give? What has he already got?
First, he has God, God all-powerful, all-knowing, Master of the Universe and Lord of men. He has a Prophet, human also as himself, to be at the last day, so he says, his mediator in God's presence, pleading there {193} man's weakness before God.[2] Behind him, with him, around him, stands that great Moslem brotherhood of the 'believers' transcending all race, proud and isolated, mysterious in its kindling warmth and strange fanaticism. For himself, and for them he has his book--his Korân--the final word of God. In it he finds his simple rule of conduct, the things that he must do, his prayer, his almsgiving, the blessing of the pilgrimage, the rules for all his life--nothing impossible in them from first to last, no entanglement of conscience or of principles, no insistence upon the spirit in which they must be carried out. He has his call to service too, for the honour of the Prophet and the advancement of the Faith. And on beyond--his Paradise, the more attractive because so very like this earth without its pains.
What can we say? Talk about compromise between these two religions? Ask him, ask any Moslem, ask the Korân. The two are essentially, absolutely, and for ever, mutually contradictory and mutually exclusive. The Hindu and the Chinese {194} may indeed set Christ in their Pantheons. But a Moslem set Christ beside the Prophet? _Never!_
[Sidenote: The Proof of Christ.]
What then have we to offer? Must we Christians cringe in shame and weakness before his grim unthinking faith and rugged earnestness? It is a searching question. Superior knowledge, or as we think a more complete philosophy of things, does not give us a right to interfere with his belief. He starts with an inherent and determined disbelief in the claim of Christ, it is the very core of his religion. He will not listen to our story. He wants _the proof_ of Christ.
And where shall the proof of Christ be found? There is one only answer, Christ the Son of God, the Son of Man, staked all upon the Christian--His Spirit in the Christian,--all that story, wrought out in suffering and tears, and the shedding of His blood, His triumph over death, His ascension on high, to be told and retold and told again _in the life_ of the Christian. It was always so, He meant it to be so; it was His plan, part of the eternal purpose of God for the Redemption of the World.
[Sidenote: The Commission.]
And so the commission to teach all {195} nations[3] and the promise of the Spirit stand together--two things which God hath joined--the Witness and the Spirit.
In the power and fulness of that Spirit, the little company of weak and vacillating fishermen with their few companions went out fearlessly to win the world for Christ. They dared to believe what He had said--that 'greater works' remained for them to do _because_ He had gone to the Father.
What mattered then the frowning mask of things, the deadness of the decadent old world, the hateful lust of Grecian cities, the murderous gladiatorial games, scourgings, imprisonments, death? They never doubted the final triumph. Let St. Paul speak out his mind--the secret of the final triumph:
HAVE THIS MIND IN YOU, WHICH WAS ALSO IN CHRIST JESUS: WHO, BEING IN THE FORM OF GOD, COUNTED IT NOT A PRIZE TO BE ON AN EQUALITY WITH GOD, BUT EMPTIED HIMSELF, TAKING THE FORM Of A SERVANT, BEING MADE IN THE LIKENESS OF MEN; AND BEING FOUND IN FASHION AS A MAN, HE HUMBLED HIMSELF, BECOMING OBEDIENT EVEN UNTO DEATH, YEA, THE DEATH OF THE CROSS. WHEREFORE ALSO GOD HIGHLY EXALTED HIM, AND GAVE UNTO HIM THE NAME WHICH IS ABOVE EVERY NAME; THAT IN THE NAME OF JESUS EVERY KNEE SHOULD BOW, OF THINGS IN HEAVEN AND THINGS ON EARTH AND THINGS UNDER THE EARTH.
{196}
Hear St. Paul again, revealing the secret of his own life, 'I live: yet not I, but CHRIST LIVETH IN ME.'
We may answer the Moslem just in proportion as that is true of us--made true by the Holy Spirit.
What else was it in Raymund Lull that made him the one apostle of the Moslems of his day? Whence else came Henry Martyn's quiet, dauntless faith? What else was the source of Ion Keith-Falconer's heroic devotion? To the deadness of Islam, they brought the living Christ: 'The Life was the Light of men.'
The Moslem has blessed us by asking us the question, by forcing us to ask it of ourselves!
The age of the apostles is not a closed chapter of history, like the departed glory of Athens or the Elizabethan age. God still moves amid His Church.
[Sidenote: The Stirring of the Nations.]
We have been called to live in this twentieth century amid the most tremendous events--save one--the world has ever known. Let us remind ourselves that before the guns of the Great War rolled their terrible thunder, things had been happening in Asia and the East, and particularly in the {197} Moslem world, which were of hardly less importance than the war itself.
The great nations of Asia awoke, as though shaken from an age-long sleep by some mighty galvanic shock. One after another the customs, traditions, and beliefs of centuries have been cast aside. Everywhere is felt the pulse of new ambitions and the desire to get abreast of the modern peoples of the world. Hence mighty and sweeping movements for education and reform, showing themselves hardly less in Turkey and Egypt than in China and India, in this twentieth century, creating a new desire to learn, a deeper sense of need, a readiness to consider and weigh new propositions, and an altogether new opportunity for preaching the eternal Gospel of life, the only true foundation upon which men and nations can build.
And now we are passing through times such as Britain has never known before. The whole nation is pouring out its best, giving them, as it believes, as sacrifices for the world's freedom and the life of generations to come.
The war will be over some day, and those who survive it and those who come {198} after will not forget their glorious dead. They will realize that these lives were given to redeem Britain's opportunity.
It will lie with the present generation of Britain's schoolboys to see to it that they did not purchase that opportunity in vain. To you for whom this book has been written, and for whom it has been revised in barracks, will come the nobler opportunity of the truly holy war--the rebuilding of the world's waste places, the healing of its sores, the substitution of truth and purity where now there is falsehood and wrong. It is the opportunity of the ages. What can we say of it all but this--'God fulfils Himself in many ways'? It is God, God moving behind and shaping history towards its goal.
'For I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns.'
[Sidenote: The Call of Christ.]
Christ walks to-day upon our streets, He is with us in our homes, He draws near to our great schools, He stands over us as we kneel in prayer, seeking for young knights of His cross, weak enough to lean {199} on His great strength; dependent enough to trust with childlike faith; willing to be made pure enough to see God; true enough to reveal His love to men; brave enough to make a great adventure for His sake; utterly His, that in them for the sake of the great needy Moslem world He may fulfil His word:
VERILY, VERILY, I SAY UNTO YOU, HE THAT BELIEVETH ON ME, THE WORKS THAT I DO SHALL HE DO ALSO; AND GREATER WORKS THAN THESE SHALL HE DO; BECAUSE I GO UNTO THE FATHER.
AND WHATSOEVER YE SHALL ASK IN MY NAME, THAT WILL I DO, THAT THE FATHER MAY BE GLORIFIED IN THE SON.
'O may Thy soldiers, faithful, true, and bold, Fight as the Saints who nobly fought of old, And win with them the Victor's crown of gold, Alleluia!'
[1] C. M. S. Day of Opportunity pamphlets, _The Moslem Menace_, by W. H. T. Gairdner.
[2] Cf. Illingworth, _Christian Doctrine of the Trinity_, Appendix.
[3] Acts i. 8.
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APPENDICES AND INDEX
Some Books on Islam (A)
Chronological Table (B)
Moslem Population of the World (C)
Political Survey of Moslem World (D)
Index
{203}
APPENDIX A
SOME BOOKS ON ISLAM
The following books will be found very valuable by those who, as leaders or members of Missionary Study Bands or in private reading, desire to pursue further the fascinating Story of Islam.
Only a few of the smaller and less expensive books are included in this list.
THE REPROACH OF ISLAM.* By W. H. T. Gairdner. (2_s._ net.) The 'Senior Study Book' of this series is an invaluable companion to the 'Story of Islam.'
MAHOMET AND ISLAM.* Sir. Wm. Muir. (Religious Tract Society, 2_s._ 6_d._) An epitome of the Author's larger standard works.
THE RELIGION OF THE CRESCENT. W. St. Clair Tisdall, D.D. (3rd edition, 1910, S.P.C.K., 4_s._ net.) Scholarly and accurate.
MUHAMMAD AND HIS POWER. P. de Lacy Johnstone. (T. & T. Clark, 2_s._ 6_d._ net.) An excellent, fair, and well-written biography.
MOHAMMED AND THE RISE OF ISLAM. By Professor D. S. Margoliouth. ('Heroes of the Nations' Series; Putnam, 5_s._ net.) A popular biography.
THE PREACHING OF ISLAM.* T. W. Arnold. A standard work giving a very favourable account of the rise of Islam.
* Out of print, but obtainable from Libraries.
RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD. G. M. Grant. (Black, 6_d._ net.) The essay on Mohammedanism in this valuable little book is full of reliable history and suggestive thought.
EASTERN CHURCH. Dean Stanley. (Dent, 1_s._ net.) Several chapters in this standard history deal with the rise of Islam in relation to the Christian Church. See also Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' Vols. V. and VI., and Draper's 'History of the Intellectual Development of Europe.'
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ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA AND IN THE FAR EAST. E. M. Wherry. (Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 4_s._ net.) An invaluable study of Islam in India, both in history and as it may be seen to-day.
THE GOSPEL IN NORTH AFRICA. By J. Rutherford and E. H. Glenny. (North African Mission, 1_s._.) A thrilling account of the founding and work of the gallant North Africa Mission.
RAYMUND LULL, FIRST MISSIONARY TO THE MOSLEMS. By S. M. Zwemer. (Funk & Wagnalls, 3_s._)
D. M. THORNTON. The Preacher Prophet. (C.M.S., 1_d._)
RIVER, SAND AND SUN, by M. O. Gollock (O.M.S., 2_s._ net), gives many vivid pictures of Islam as seen in Egypt.
MARY BIRD IN PERSIA. By Clara C. Bice. (C.M.S., 3_s._ 6_d._) A striking account of work amongst Persian women.
MOHAMMEDANISM. HAS IT ANY FUTURE? C. H. Robinson. (S.P.G., 9_d._ net.) Some most valuable essays on Islam as seen in Hausaland.
THE MOSLEM WORLD. (Christian Literature Society for India, 1_s._ net.) A quarterly review of current events and the progress of Christian missions in Moslem lands.
The following books would form a valuable addition to School Libraries:
AMONG THE WILD TRIBES OF THE AFGHAN FRONTIER. Dr. T. L. Pennell. (Seeley, 5_s._ net.)
D. M. THORNTON. A STUDY IN MISSIONARY IDEALS AND METHODS. W. H. T. Gairdner. (Hodder, 3_s._ 6_d._ net.)
HENRY MARTYN. By Geo. Smith, C.I.E. (R.T.S., 6_s._)
HON. ION KEITH-FALCONER. By Robert Sinker, D.D. (Bell & Co., 7_s._ 6_d._)
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APPENDIX B
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE STORY OF ISLAM
A.D.
570 Birth of Mohammed. 595 Marriage with Khadîjah. 610 Mohammed's first 'Revelation.' 620 Deaths of Khadîjah and Abu Talib. 622 The Hegira or Flight to Medina. 624 The Battle of Badr. 630 Capture of Mecca. 632 Death of Mohammed--Abu Bakr, Caliph. 634-637 Conquest of Syria. 635-642 Conquest of Persia. 640 Conquest of Egypt. 651-750 The Caliphs of Damascus. 700-800 Islam spreads in Central Asia and China. 711 Moslem rule in Spain. 732 Battle of Tours--Europe saved from Islam. 749-1258 The Caliphs of Baghdad. 1019 Mahmoud of Gazni enters India. 1096 The First Crusade. 1147 The Second Crusade. 1100-1200 Islam spreads to Western Soudan. 1200-1300 Mongols overrun Central Asia--Jenghis Khan. 1235-1315 Raymund Lull. 1299-present time. Turkish or Ottoman dynasty. 1369-1405 Timerlane, Mogul conqueror in India. 1453 Constantinople captured by the Turks. 1492 Battle of Grenada ends Moslem rule in Spain. 1507 Islam spreads in East Indies. 1500-1552 Francis Xavier. 1527-1707 Mogul Empire in India. 1683 Turks defeated before Vienna. 1750 Islam begins to spread in Negro Africa. 1757 Battle of Plassey--British rule in India. 1806-1812 Henry Martyn in India, Persia and Armenia. 1868 Imad-ud-Din ordained at Amritsar. 1873 Death of Livingstone at Ilala. 1880 Founding of North Africa Mission. 1881 Rise of the Mahdi (Khartoum). 1882 British occupy Egypt. 1885 Death of General Gordon--Fall of Khartoum. 1887 Death of Ion Keith-Falconer at Aden. 1889 Arabian (American) Mission organized, 1898 Fall of Mahdi--British occupy Eastern Soudan. 1899 Hausaland Mission founded. 1900 British Protectorate over N. Nigeria and Hausaland. 1907 Turkey's 'Bloodless Revolution.' 1908 Growth of Reform Party in Persia.
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APPENDIX C
MOSLEM POPULATION OF THE WORLD
Asia-- Total Mohammedan ---- Population. Population.
India 308,965,933 65,955,886 Dutch East Indies 38,216,979 35,308,996 Russian Empire (including Bokhara and Khiva) 167,003,400 20,000,000 Turkey in Asia 19,705,200 12,278,800 Chinese Empire 427,135,305 8,421,000 Afghanistan 5,900,000 5,000,000 Persia 5,000,000 4,500,000 Arabia 2,500,000 2,500,000 Ceylon 4,105,535 276,361 Rest of Asia -- 2,449,067 ---------- _Total for Asia_ -- 156,690,110 ===========
Africa-- ------
Egypt 11,287,359 10,269,445 Rest of Africa -- 31,769,904 ---------- _Total for Africa_ -- 42,039,349 ==========
Europe-- ------
Turkey in Europe 2,000,000 1,000,000 Balkan States 17,000,000 699,637 Great Britain 45,369,090 1,000 Rest of Europe (not including Russia) -- 673,039 ---------- Total for Europe (not including Russia) -- 2,373,676 =========
America 174,061 ------- =======
Australia 19,500 --------- ======
TOTAL FOR MOHAMMEDAN WORLD, 201,296,696 ===========
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APPENDIX D
POLITICAL SURVEY OF THE MOSLEM WORLD
Moslems under Christian Rule or Protection.
Great {_in Africa, 22,606,344_} Britain {_in Asia, 67,871,767_} 90,478,111 France {_in Africa, 15,085,000_} {_in Asia, 232,000_} 15,317,000 Germany, _in Africa_ 1,480,000 Italy, Portugal, Spain, _in Africa_ 1,825,000 United States, _in Asia_ 277,547 Nether- {_in Africa, 60,000_} lands {_in Asia, 35,308,996_} 35,368,996 Russia, _in Europe and Asia_ 20,000,000 Europe 1,373,676 America 174,000 Abyssinia and Liberia 780,000 ---------- Total under Christian Rule 167,074,330 ===========
Under Moslem Rulers.
Turkey {_in Asia, 12,278,800_} {_in Europe, 1,000,000_} 13,278,800 Afghanistan 6,000,000 Persia 4,500,000 Arabia 2,500,000 ---------- Total under Moslem Rule 25,278,800 ==========
Under Non-Christian Rulers other than Moslem.
Africa 203,005 Chinese Empire 8,421,000 Siam 300,000 Japan and Formosa 200 Tibet 28,600 ---------- Total under Non-Christian and Non-Moslem Rulers 8,952,705 =========
NOTE.--The above figures have been taken from the Statistical Survey by Professor Westermann and Rev. S. M. Zwemer, D.D., given in _The Moslem World_, April 1914.
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INDEX
A
Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 86
Abdallah, father of Mohammed, 2
Abdallah, fanatic follower of Mohammed, 76; breaker of sacred truce, 76, 77
Abdalrahman, Caliph, his confession, 117
Abdul Masih, Indian Christian, 176
Abdurahman Wad en Nejumi, follower of the Mahdi, 164; his death, 165, 166
Abd ul Muttalib, grandfather of Mohammed, 2, 3
Abu Bakr, first propagandist of Islam, 39, 40, 41; father of Ayesha, 59; in flight to Medina, 62-4; at death of Mohammed, 90; first Caliph, 40, 96, 100, 205
Abu Jahl, slain at Badr, 82, 83
Abu Talib, uncle of Mohammed, 4, 6, 7, 22; opposes Mohammed, 46; protects him, 47; death of, 58, 205
Abyssinia, a Christian kingdom, 12; shelters Moslem refugees, 55, 56
Aden, and Ion Keith-Falconer, 185, 205
Afghanistan, Moslems in, 99, 158
Africa (_see also under various divisions_), the 'pagan continent, ' 161; the problem of, 162; spread of Islam, 205
Akbar, Mogul Emperor, 157
Al Amin, a name for Mohammed, 17
Al Arkam, house of Mohammed, 48, 54
Al Caswa, Mohammed's favourite camel, 66, 68, 86
Alexandria, taken by Moslems, 109, 205
Ali, the Peter of Islam, 51, 52; adopted son of Mohammed, 52
Allah (see under _Creed_, _Islam_, _Teaching of Mohammed_)
Almsgiving, a Moslem ordinance, 70
Al Safa, 44
American Missions, Arabia, 205
Antioch, in Moslem power, 109
Arabia 'Land of the Desert, ' 1, 188; divided and idolatrous, 12, 13, 19; connection with sacred history, 20; civil war in, 79; united by Mohammed, 87; a Moslem military depôt, 102; its rapid development, 105; present degradation, 124; Ion Keith-Falconer's work and vision, 184-6, 205
Arabs, descent from Ishmael, 4; compared to wild ass, 5; truce and fairs of Ukaz, 18; germ of belief in one true God, 20, 21; common ancestry, 21; common tongue, 21
Arafat, Mount, scene of Mohammed's shepherd life, 4, 6
Armenia, Christians in, 121, 126, 146
Asia, the Moslem problem in, 175
Asia Minor, conquered in the eleventh century, 99; peasantry ruined, 120; under Moslem dominion, 160
Aurungzeb in India, 157
Awakening of the East, 153, 154, 196-8
Ayesha, betrothed to Mohammed, 59; established at Medina, 68; at Mohammed's death, 90
Azhar, Al, Moslem University in Cairo, 174, 175
B
Badr, on caravan route, 80; battle of, 80-4, 100, 205
Baghdad, seat of the Caliphs, 111, 205; home of learning, 111, 112, 117; palace described, 113; life of Caliphs in, 111, 116, 117
Balkans, Islam in, 99
Baluchistan, a Moslem state, 158
Bedouin, desert life, 3, 5, 64
Bible, unknown to Mohammed, 9; translated into Arabic and Hindustani, 172, 176; read by Imad-ud-Din, 180
Bilâl the first muezzin, 69; calls from the Kaaba, 86
Bishop Tugwell, in West Africa, 171, 205
Black Stone, described, 11; brought by Gabriel, 11; re-laid under Mohammed's direction, 26-9; revered to-day, 154
Blood Feuds in Arabia, 13, 15, 16
Bokhara, struggles against Islam, 110; a Moslem stronghold, 158
Bosworth Smith, quoted, 120, 121
Bugia, place of Raymund Lull's death, 146
Buhaira, a Christian monk, 8
Byzantium (see also _Constantinople_), besieged by Moslem armies, 31; opposed to science, 112
C
Caliph, Abu Bakr, the first, 40, 100, 205; Omar, the second, 100, 205; at Damascus, 111; at Baghdad, 111, 112; life described, 111-13; Abdalrahman quoted, 117; date of, 205
Caravan, Mohammed joins, 7; Mohammed conducts for Khadîjah, 22, 23; attacked by Moslems, 74-6; at gorge of Nakhla, 76-8; at Badr, 79
Carthage conquered, 109
Central Asia, Moslems in, 119, 154, 158, 205
Challenge of Islam, 134, 140, 192
Character of Mohammed, developed by desert life, 6; not courageous, 16; as a citizen, 17, 18, 31; in face of opposition, 47, 48; lack of foresight, 66; stolid patience, 68; as a conqueror, 82-6
Characteristics of Mohammed, meditation, 3, 6, 34; personal appearance, 16, 17; appearance during visitations, 41, 42; mannerisms, 48, 49; in his last days, 89, 90
Charles Martel repulses Saracens, 105, 205
China, Islam reaches in eleventh century, 99, 205; Moslems in, 156
Christ, teaching of, compared with that of Mohammed, 136-40
Christendom finds new centres, 109
Christian churches conquered by Moslems, in Syria, 87, 109, 140, 205; in North Africa, 109; in Mesopotamia, 109; in Egypt, 109, 205; in Spain, 109; in Constantinople, 109, 205; in Bokhara, 109, 158; threatened by Moslems in Livingstonia, 100, 170; in Nyassaland, 100, 170; in Uganda, 100, 170
Christians, seem to Mohammed men of learning, 7, 8; teaching of, in Mohammed's day, 9, 10
Church Missionary Society, in Uganda, 170; in Hausaland, 171-4
Commission of the Christian Church, 194
Constantinople (see also under _Byzantium_) conquered by Moslem Turks, 109, 205; under Moslem rule, 120, 121; political centre of Islam, 159, 160
Converts to Islam, Khadîjah, 37; Abu Bakr, 40; Zaid, 40; Ali, 51-2; Omar, 52-4; Abdallah, 76
Creed of Mohammed, 32, 39, 67, 101, 107, 156, 158, 179
Crete, visited by Raymund Lull, 146
Crusade, the new Crusade of Love, 150
Crusades, good and bad points, 140, 141; a mistake, 147; date of, 205
D
_Daily Telegraph_ and Stanley, 170
Damascus, former seat of Caliphs, 111
Davidson, Professor, quoted, 30
Death, the Moslem view of, 103
Desert, influence of, on thought, 6; scene of legends, 7
Dutch East Indies, Moslems in, 155; Missions in, 182
E
East Indies, Islam in, 155; Missions in, 182
Education, of Mohammed, 4; in Moslem schools, 108; Baghdad, a centre of, 111, 112, 117; of Imad-ud-Din, 177-80; in Al Azhar, 174, 175
Egypt, 99, 109, 114, 161; date of Moslem conquest, 99, 205
Europe in thirteenth century, 142
Extent of Islam, 31, 32, 39, 69, 70, 99, 111, 114, 125-6, 154, 189
F
Fairs in Arabia, 14, 18
Fakirs in India, 177
Freeman, Professor, quoted, 120
Friday service, the first, 65; a Moslem institution, 68, 108
G
Gabriel, bringer of Black Stone, 11; first appearance to Mohammed, 35, 36; suras inspired by, 42, 93; fights at Badr, 81
Ghenghis Khan, see _Jenghis Khan_
Gierku, a Christian outpost, 172
God, Moslem idea of (see under _Creed_, _Islam_, _Teaching of Mohammed_)
Governments and Missions, 151, 163
H
Hadesi, or town-dweller, 6, 21
Hagar, and Well of Zemzem, 2; supposed aid in rebuilding Kaaba, 12
Hall Caine, quoted on Morocco, 123
Hanîfahs, reformers in Mecca, 30
Hausa, convert, 172, 173; states, 171; Mission, 205
Hawazin tribe, fights Koreish, 15, 16; conquered, 79-84
Hegira, or Flight to Medina, 62-5, 205
Henry Martyn, his life, 175, 176, 205; his sole convert, 176, 182; the secret of his faith, 196
Hindus compared with Moslems, 157, 158
Hira, Mount, scene of Mohammed's first 'revelation, ' 34
Hobal, tribal god of the Koreish, 11
I
Imad-ud-Din, his autobiography, 177-82; his self-sacrifice, 181, 205
India, spread of Islam into, 99; Moslem invaders, 156, 157; Moslem rulers, 157; Henry Martyn goes to, 175, 205; Moslem converts to Christianity in, 177
Influence of Mohammed, enthusiasm of first converts, 70; strengthened by institution of brotherhood, 71; character reproduced in followers, 91; magic of his name, 92, 93; partly due to smallness of demands, 104, 105
Inspiration, Mohammed's, 33; Mohammed three years without, 38; Mohammed's claim to, 42, 50, 51; Moslem view of, 93
Ion Keith-Falconer, his life, 184-86; his death, 185, 186, 203; the source of his devotion, 196
Isaiah, quoted, 190, 191
Islam (see also under _Challenge_, _Extent_, and _Spread_), at first a secret society, 40; slow initial progress, 40; early converts, 40, 41, 70; its doctrines not new, 43; a persecuted sect, 47, 55; House of Al Arkam, home of, 48; its religious observances, 68-70; state after Mohammed's death, 96; does not examine motives, 104, 111, 130; simplicity of, 104; failure to raise men, 104, 105, 114, 136; its fruits to-day, 105, 118-126; signs of awakening, 197; its propaganda, 163, 164; denies the Golden Age, 191, 192; internal decay, 188-90
J
Jenghis Khan, 157, 205
Jerusalem, used as centre of Moslem worship, 69, 73; conquered by Moslems, 111; sacred places in Moslem hands, 140
JESUS, and Mohammed, 132, 136, 140, 160, 193
Jethro, and Arabia, 20
Jews, on the road to Syria, 8; in Medina, 71; Mohammed seeks alliance with, 71, 72; hostility of Islam to, 71; Mohammed breaks with, 73; subjugated, 87, 109
Jihâd, or Holy War, a Moslem duty, 70, 102
Job, and Arabia, 20
John, Saint, quoted, 191
K
Kaaba, description of, 11; legendary history of, 12; destroyed and rebuilt, 27-9; secret of Mecca's greatness, 45; Mohammed removes idols from, 86; consecrated as centre of Islam, 86, 154
Kano, 171
Kashmir, Islam in, 99, 157
Khadîjah, Mohammed's employer, 22, 23; wooing of, 23-5; marriage to Mohammed, 21, 25, 205; cousin of Warakah, 25; comforts Mohammed, 36; tests the spirits, 37; death of, 58, 205
Khâlid, on death, 103
Kinana, the ancestors of the Koreish, 15
Korân quoted, 34, 35, 37, 38, 50, 51, 57, 128; how compiled, 42; delivered by Gabriel, 42, 93; fifty-third sura retracted, 57, 58; suras collected, 93; Moslem view of inspiration, 93; the law of the land, 108; teachers appointed, 108; influence in Arabia, 124; names of God in, 127, 128; Moslem commentator on, 128; its teaching on prayer, 130, 131
Koreish, the premier tribe of Arabia, 2; Hobal, their tribal god, 11; at war with Hawazin tribe, 14-16; relay the Black Stone, 27-9; infuriated by Mohammed's teaching, 44-6; persecutors of first Moslems, 55, 56; defeated at Badr, 80-4; besieged Medina, 84; re-instated as guardians of Kaaba, 86
Krapf, and his chain of Missions, 171
L
Lagos, Islam reaches, 100, 163, 164
Lâ ilāha iliâ 'llâhu, 39
Lât and Uzza, 45, 57, 86
Legends, concerning Mohammed's youth, 10; Black Stone, 11; Hegira, 63
Livingstone, found by Stanley, 168; his influence on Missions, 152, 162, 205
Livingstonia, Church threatened in, 100, 171; Mission at, 170
M
Magistrates appointed by Moslems, 108
Mahdi, fall of, 205
Mahmoud of Ghazni in India, 157, 205
Mahmoud, Sultan, his reforms, 120, 121
Mallams in Hausaland, 172, 173
Marriage of Mohammed, 21, 25, 205; after Khadîjah's death with Zainab, 88
Martel, Charles, repulses Saracens, 105, 205
Martyn, Henry, 175, 176, 182, 196, 205
Mecca, site of, 2; its idolatry and riches, 30, 45; prayer towards, 69, 155, 158, 161; pilgrimage to, 70, 85, 193; caravan trade attacked, 74-8, 79, 80; pivot of Arabia, 85; conquered by Mohammed, 85, 205; influence in Arabia, 125; evil influence to-day, 155
Medina, Moslem converts from, 61; flight of Mohammed to, 62-4; the City of the Prophet, 64; establishment of Islam in, 66, 67; besieged by Koreish, 84
Mesopotamia, Moslems in, 109
Michael the Angel, fights at Badr, 81
Miller, Dr. Walter, quoted, 172-74
Mogul Empire in India, 157, 205
Mohammed (see also under _Character_, _Characteristics_, _Influence_, _Khadîjah_, _Teaching_, _Motives_), birth and parentage, 2, 205; early childhood, 3, 4; shepherd life, 5; first caravan journey, 7; takes part in tribal war, 14-16; love and wooing, 21-5; marriage with Khadîjah, 21, 25, 205; relays Black Stone, 27-9; first 'revelation, ' 34-6, 205; public avowal to Meccans, 43-5; dwells in house of Al Arkam as a Prophet, 48, 49; marriage to Saudah and Ayesha, 59, 68; expedition to Taif, 59, 87; disciples from Medina, 61, 62; the Hegira, 62-5, 205; incites to caravan robbery, 74, 76; defeats Koreish at Badr, 80-4, 205; captures Mecca, 85, 205; marries Zainab, 88; his death, 90, 91, 105, 205
Mongols, in Central Asia, 205
Morocco, Moslem misrule in, 123, 124; Hall Caine on, 123; Joseph Thompson on, 124
Moscow, reached by Islam, 140
Moses, 20
Moslems, as conquerors, 87, 96-100; in India compared with Hindus, 157, 158
Moslem conquests, some reasons for, 100-7
Moslem faith, summarized, 192, 193
Moslem population, distribution of, 206
Moslem world, political survey, 207
Mosque, the first, 68; Mosque of Omar, 108; to be accompanied by school, 112; beside Pagan temple in West Africa, 161
Mothanna, a Moslem general, 103
Motives appealed to by Mohammed, 49; love of happiness, 52; love of plunder, 74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 102, 103; conviction concerning One God, 101; joys of Paradise, 102, 103; patriotism of the Arab, 105, 106
Muezzin, Bilâl, the first, 69; calls from Kaaba, 86
N
Nakhla, gorge of, 76
Nigeria, 162, 205
Nile Valley, Moslems in, 100
North Africa, conquered by Moslems, 99, 140, 161
North Africa Mission founded, 205
Nyassaland, Church in, 100, 170
O
Omar, conversion of, 52-4; suggests call to prayer, 69; present at Mohammed's death, 90; second Caliph, 100; Mosque of, 108
Ottoman dynasty, date of, 205
P
Palestine, conquered, 99; under Moslem rule, 160, 161, 205
Paradise of the Moslems, 78, 102-4, 133
Patriotism appealed to by Mohammed, 21, 105, 106
Paul, Saint, quoted, 195, 196
Persia, Chosroes, king of, 99; conquered by Moslems, 99, 205; battle against, 99, 103; Zoroastrians easily converted, 108; Moslem rule in, 119, 121, 159; a traveller's impression of, 122-3; sects of the Shiahs in, 122; lack of communication, 122; moral rottenness, 123; present condition, 159; Henry Martyn in, 175, 205; Medical Missions in, 182, 183; Christian converts in, 182-84; Reform party in, 205
Pilgrimage, Arabian custom, 4, 6, 12, 45, 85; instituted by Mohammed, 70, 193
Plassey, battle of, 205
Pledge of Acaba, 61, 62
'Pledge of Women, ' the, 61
Political survey of Moslem World, 207
Population, Moslem, distribution of, 125, 206
Prayer, Mohammed retires for, 34; to Uzza and Lât, 45; Mohammed's prayer for Omar's conversion, 54; five stated times of, 69, 179; call to, instituted, 69; call to, sounded from Kaaba, 86; for Mohammed, a Moslem duty, 92; Mohammed's teaching on, 130, 131, 138; of Raymund Lull, 148
Prisoners, treatment by Mohammed, 82, 83
R
Ramadân, Mohammedan retires for, 34; a Moslem fast, 70, 108
Raymund Lull, his life-work, 142-47, 205; quoted, 143, 144, 148; his death, 146; his motto, 147; secret of his life, 196
Reform Movement, of Sultan Mahmoud, a farce, 120, 121; in Turkey to-day, in Persia to-day, 205
Rejeb, truce of, broken, 76-8
'Revelations' of Mohammed, 35, 41, 205
Revolution, Turkey's bloodless, 205
S
Sakîneh a Persian Christian, 182, 183
Saracens in Spain, 110
Saudah, married by Mohammed, 59; established at Medina, 68
Shah Jehan, in India, 157
Sheba, Queen of, 20
Shiahs, Moslem sects in Persia, 122
Siberia, 159
Sierra Leone, Islam reaches, 100
Soudan, Moslems in, 99, 205
South Africa, threatened by Islam, 100, 171
Spain, Moslems in, 99, 112, 140, 205; marks of Moslem influence in, 112; end of Moslem rule, 205
Speer, Robert E., on Persia, 122-3
Spread of Islam, in 7th century, 99, 111, 205; in 11th century, 99, 205; in 18th and 19th centuries, 99, 205; to-day, 100, 162; in South and West Africa, 100, 162, 171; in Nigeria, 162
Stanley, finds Livingstone, 168; letter to _Daily Telegraph_, 169, 170
Sultan Mahmoud, his so-called reforms, 120, 121
'Sword of God, ' 101
Syria, visited by Mohammed, 7; conquered by Moslems, 87, 99, 205
Syrian Church, preaching in Arabia, 8; degradation of, 8, 9; deserted by whole tribes, 109; Jerusalem and Antioch conquered, 109, 111; Damascus, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Olivet, now Moslem, 160, 161
T
Taif, Mohammed's expedition to, 59; subdued, 87
Teachings of Mohammed, his master-truth, 38, 44; his creed, 39, 67; not new, 43; described by his followers in Abyssinia, 56; sometimes retracted, 57, 58, 89; as shown by the 'Pledge of Women, ' 61; on religious observances, 68-71; caravan raids sanctioned, 74-8; loses its earnestness, 88; its scope, 88, 89, 93, 94; God is great, 127; God is not love, 127-9; Allah is Will, 128; on man, 129-31; on prayer, 130, 131; on woman, 131-3; on Paradise, 133, 134; compared with the teaching of Christ, 132, 136-40
Thompson, Joseph, on Morocco, 124
Timur (or Timerlane) in India, 157, 205
Tours, battle of, 105, 205
Truce of Rejeb, broken, 76-8
Tugwell, Bishop, in West Africa, 171, 205
Turkestan, a Moslem stronghold, 99, 158
Turkish Empire, misrule of, 120; a Moslem power, 120, 159, 160; character of its capital, 121
Tûr, Mount, Mohammed concealed in, 63
U
Uganda, Church in, threatened by Islam, 100; founded after Stanley's message, 170; statistics of, 170
Ugba, Moslem general, 106, 107
Ukaz, fairs of, incident at, 15; their influence in Arabia, 18, 19
Universities' Mission to Central Africa, 170
Utba, colloquy of Mohammed with, 49-51
Uzza and Lât, gods of Mecca, 45, 57; destroyed, 86
V
Vienna, Moslems defeated before, 203
Viziers appointed, 108
W
Wad en Nejumi, follower of the Mahdi, 164; his death, 165, 166
Warakah, a cousin of Khadîjah, 25, 30; opinion on Mohammed's 'revelations, ' 36, 37
Washings, a Moslem religious duty, 68
Wingate, Sir Reginald, describes a Moslem foe, 164-6
Woman, teaching of Mohammed on, 24, 131-3, 138
X
Xavier, Francis, 149, 205
Y
Yathreb (see _Medina_)
Z
Zaid, Khadîjah's slave, 40; husband of Zainab, 88; present at Mohammed's death, 90; collects suras, 93
Zainab, married to Mohammed, 88
Zanzibar, 161; cathedral on site of slave market, 170
Zaria, 173
Zemzem, well of, 2, 4
Zoroastrians, at Fair of Ukaz, 19; converted to Islam, 108, 159
Zwemer, Dr., quoted, 92, 93
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