Chapter 20

P. 77 (cpr. 110). It is worth observing here, that Thorvald, son of Asgeir Madpate the younger, dwells at As in Waterdale, about 1013, when Thorgils Makson was slain. When Grettir played, as a youth, on Midfirth-water (or cca . 1010), he dwelt at Asgeirsriver. We mention this because there has been some confusion about the matter. On the slight authority of the Þáttr af Isleifi biskupi', Biskupa Sögur I. 54, it has been maintained that he dwelt at Asgeirsriver even as late as cca . 1035, when his daughter Dalla was wooed by Isleif the Bishop. G. Vigfússon, Safn til Sögu Islands, I. 337. On the other hand, the statement of Hungrvaka that he farmed at As ( i.e. , at the Ridge), at the time aforesaid, has given rise to the conjecture that thereby must be meant Valdar-As, a farm in Willowdale, near Asgeirsriver, the manor of the Madpate family. G. Vigfússon, in Biskupa Sögur, I. 61, note 2. It seems there is no need of setting aside the clear statement of our saga, that the As was As in Waterdale ( see Index), and not Valdarás in Willowdale at all, or that Thorvald had, by 1013, moved up to the neighbouring country-side of Waterdale, and settled among the kin of his great-grandmother.

P. 114, 1. 1. 'The men of Meals,' is a close translation of the original, which, however, is incorrect; for the men of Meals were Grettir's kin-in-law, and natural allies. The saga means the men of Meal, Kormak and his followers, and the original should be either, þeir Mel-menn, or Mels-menn, or þeir Kormakr frá Mel.

P. 129, 1. 10, 11. We have purposely altered the text from: en þú öruggr í einangri, i.e. , 'but thou stout in danger,' into: en þó, i.e. , 'but stout in danger none-the-less.' The former reading seems barely to give any sense, the last a natural and the required one.

P. 169. Hallmund. Our saga is one among the historic sagas of Iceland which deals with traditions of ancient belief in the spirits of the unknown regions of the land that are interested in the well-being of the mere men who dwell near them. Hallmund and the giant Thorir are the representatives of these powers in our saga. Of these Hallmund is the more interesting of the two, both for his human sympathies, his tragic end, and the poetry ascribed to him. At one time or other he has had a great name in the Icelandic folk-lore among the spirits of the land, the so-called land wights (land-voetir) , and there is still existing a poem of ancient type, the refrain of which is closely similar to that of Grettir's song on Hallmund, but which is stated to be by some cave-wight that lived in a deep and gloomy cavern somewhere in Deepfirth, on the north side of Broadfirth. In the so-called Bergbúaþáttr or cave-dweller's tale (Edited by G. Vigfússon in Nordiske Old-skrifter, xxvii., pp. 123-128, and 140-143, Copenhagen, 1860), this song is said to have been heard by two men, who, on their way to church, had lost their road, and were overtaken by the darkness of night, and, in order to escape straying too far out of their way, sought shelter under the lee of a sheer rock which chanced to be on their way. They soon found a mouth of a cave where they knew not that any cave was to be looked for, whereupon one of the wayfarers set up a cross-mark in the door of the cave, and then with his fellow-traveller sat down on two stones at the mouth of the cave, as they did not dare to risk themselves too far in the gloomy abode away from the cross. When the first third part of the night was spent they heard something come along from within the cave doorwards out to them.[20] They signed themselves with the sign of the cross, and prayed God's mercy to be on them, for they thought the doings within the deep of the cavern now grew big enough. On looking into the darkness they saw a sight like unto two full-moons, or huge targets, with some monstrous figure (unreadable in the MS.) between them. They thought this was nothing but two eyes, and that nowise narrow of face might he be who bore such torches. Next they heard a chanting of a monstrous kind and in a big voice. A lay there was sung of twelve staves, with the final refrain of each twice repeated.

[Footnote 20: Innan eptir , as here rendered, is the reading of the MS. from which Bergbua páttr is edited. Innar eptir , as the aforesaid edition of the tale has it, is wrong.]

The poem seems to be a death-song over the cave-kin of the country by the new change of thought brought in by Christianity.

P. 189. 'Grettir lay out that summer on Madderdale-heath, and in sundry places, and at whiles he was at Reek-heath.' A corroboration of the saga has been clearly set forth by the discovery of a Grettir's-lair, in Axefirth-peak, in 1862. True the saga passes over Grettir's doings on these vast eastern wildernesses, but tradition has preserved the name for the place, and it shows by its construction and position that it must have been constructed by one skilled in choosing a good fighting stand, and a good and wide view at the same time. An Icelandic farmer has thus given an accurate and reliable description of Grettir's lair:

'In the summer of 1850, when I came north to Axefirth, I heard talk of a Grettir's lair upon Axefirth-peak.... Many who had seen it made a slight matter of it, which brought me to think it must have few peculiarities of antiquarian interest to show. But on the 7th of September, this summer (1862), I went with the rape-ruler Arni Jónsson of Wood-stead to inspect the lair. Walking up to it from the level ground below took us three minutes. The lair stands in the lower part of a slip of stones beneath some sheer rocks between a sandstone rock, called the carline, and the stone slip from the peak. It is built up of stones, straight as a line, and runs, 4-3/4 ells in length, 10 inches broad, and is, within walls, 7/8 of an ell deep. The half of it is deftly covered in with flat stones, the longest of which are 2 ells 9 inches long, and about half an ell in thickness, and a little more in breadth. Small thin fragments of stone are wedged in between these where their junctures do not close tight, and so firmly are they fixed, that without instruments they may not be removed. One stone in the south wall is so large that we deemed it fully the task of from four to six men to move it when loose. The north side wall is beginning to give way, where the room is covered in. On the outside it is overgrown with black scurf and grey moss. The head end we deemed was the one which is turned to the rock and is not covered in, and evidently has been open from the beginning. Here the floor is overgrown with moss, grass, thyme, ferns, crow-foot, and lady's-mantle. In all likelihood the inmate has closed that part of the room in with hides, when needful. On sitting up, all who went to and fro on the road below, must have been within view; not only those who came from the north of Foxplain (Melrakkaslètta) and Nupa-sveit, but also far toward the north he had a view even unto the open sea, nay, even unto Budluga-haven. Looking southwards, he must have seen all who came up from the outer firth; for from the lair there is a clear view even unto Burn-river, past which the high-road goes. A popular tradition says, too, that all who must needs pass this way, when Grettir was in the Peak, had taken at last to going over the top of the Peak, where there was no road, but the sheep-wilds of the Axefirthers. The lair-bider, even if he was set on by an overwhelming force, was not easily won, and least of all a man of such prowess as Grettir, except by shot; for he might at a moment's notice take his stand in the rock above his head, where one side only gives the chance of an onset, and where there is an ample supply of loose stones, large and small, on the Peak side of the rock to defend oneself; on three sides sheer rocks hem in the position, and those overhead are many times the height of a man's.'

P. 208. Knave-game. Perhaps the truer rendering would have been 'nut-game,' if indeed 'hnet tafl' here stands not for 'hnef-tafl,' as we at first supposed. It is undoubtedly true that among the early games of Iceland the 'hettafl,' 'hnottafl,' was a distinct kind of game, as was also the 'hneftafl,' 'hnefatafl,' knave-game. If we follow the text as it stands, the game that Thorbiorn played is supposed to have borne some resemblance to what is now called in Iceland 'refskák,' fox-play, anglice 'fox and geese,' the aim of which is, by twelve pieces, called lambs, to bring the fox into such a position as to leave him no place to move, whichso way he turns.

P. 240. Pied-belly we call the Ram, although the saga seems to mean that he was called Autumn-belly, which is a name of little, if of any, sense at all. We suppose that haus-mögóttr , p. 169, and haust-magi , p. 184, is one and the same thing, the t having spuriously crept into the text from a scribe's inadvertence.

P. 243 (cpr. 207, 225, 272). 'In such wise Grettir lost his life, &c.' The hardest thing to account for, or to bring to an intelligible issue in Grettir's saga, is the incongruity between the statements as to his age at his death and the number of years of his outlawry, as compared with the truthful account of the events told in the saga itself. From the time when Grettir slew his first man, all the events of the saga may be traced clearly year for year up to his death, and their truthfulness is borne out whensoever they chance to run parallel to events mentioned in other trustworthy sagas, and they fall in with the right time nearly without an exception. But the statement on the page referred to above, that he was fourteen years old when he slew Skeggi, that he was twenty when he dealt with Glam; twenty-five when he fell into outlawry, and forty-four when he was slain, is utterly confuted by the chronology of the saga itself.

These numbers given above are obviously made to fall in with the story in page 225 about the talk of the time of his outlawry at the Thing. The question is stated to have been this: whether he had been a fraction of the twentieth year an outlaw, his friends hoping that in such case a part might count pro toto . But the truth of the matter was that he had neither been an outlaw for a fraction of the twentieth year, nor even for anything like nineteen years. He was outlawed at the Thing held in 1016, his year of outlawry dated from Thing to Thing; this talk befell in 1031, consequently he had been full fifteen years and no fraction of a year in outlawry. The story, therefore, of the twenty years, or nineteen years and a fraction, of outlawry falls utterly to the ground when brought to the test of the actual facts as recorded in the saga.

But, despite of this, it is not to be supposed that this episode at the Thing in 1031 is brought in at random and without any cause. There are two obvious reasons for assigning twenty years to the length of Grettir's outlawry, and for bringing into the tale a discussion on that subject just where it is done. The one we may call the reason of traditional belief, the other the reason of dramatic effect. Grettir was indisputably for all reasons the greatest of Icelandic outlaws, and the fond imagination of his biographers at all times urged them to give the longest endurance to the time of his outlawry above all outlaws, without inquiring closely as to whether it agreed with the saga itself or not. The other, or the dramatic motive, lies in bringing in the discussion on this long outlawry just at this particular Thing of 1031; for it was obviously the teller's object to suggest to the reader the hope of the great outlaw's legal restoration to the cherished society of man just before the falling of the crushing blow, in order to give an enhanced tragic interest to his end, and he undoubtedly succeeds in doing this. To these reasons, besides others less obvious, we imagine this main inconsistency in Grettir's saga is to be ascribed.

Nevertheless, it is worth observing that blunders of scribes may have in a measure been at work here. If we are not mistaken most of the existing MSS. of our saga state that when he fell (p. 243) 'he was one winter short of-- var hánum vetri fátt á '--whatever number of years they give as his age. And we venture the suggestion that originally the passage ran thus: var hánum vetri fátt á hálf iv{tugum},[21] i.e. , he lacked one winter of thirty-five years, when he was slain. If a subsequent scribe committed the easy blunder of dropping I before V, the reading of our original (Edition, 53) would be the natural result, and an offspring of that same blunder would also as easily be the other reading, common to one class of the Grettir MSS.: var hánum vetri fátt í v{tugum} or í hinum v. tug, by dropping the syllable 'hálf.'

[Footnote 21: A man of twenty, thirty, forty, &c., is in the Icelandic expressed by the adjective tvítugr, prítugr, fertugr ; a man twenty-five, thirty-five, &c., is hálf-prítugr, hálf-fertugr , &c.; the units beyond the tens are expressed by the particle um , a man of twenty-one, thirty-seven, or forty-nine, is said to have einn ( i.e. , vetr. winter) um = beyond, tvítugt, sjö um þrítugt, níu um fertugt, &c.]

If the whole passage on page 243, beginning with the words quoted in the commencement of this note, be not indeed a later interpolation, we believe that all that follows the words, 'till the time when he dealt with Glam, the Thrall,' must, indeed, be taken as an interpolation of later commentators.

Our suggestion recommends itself in this at least, that it brings about full harmony between the statements, here treated of, and the saga itself, for when Grettir left the land in 1011 he was fourteen years of age, and twenty years later, or 1031, he fell. How far his age thus given agrees or not with the decrepitude of his father, who died in 1015, having been apparently already a bedridden man for some time, is a matter of itself, and need not affect the accuracy of our suggestion, which, however, we only put forth as a conjecture, not having within reach the MSS. of Grettir's saga. A critical examination of these might, perhaps, allow of a more positive discourse on this vexed point, which to all commentators on Grettir has hitherto remained an insoluble riddle.

P. 251, 1. 12. The original makes Asdis daughter of Skeggi the Short-handed. This is here corrected agreeably to Landnáma, and other records of her family.

INDICES.

INDEX I.

* * * * *

PERSONAL NAMES.

Air (Loptr), alias Hallmund, the mountain sprite, 160, 161, 162 Aldis Konal's-daughter, called A. from Barra, 5, 18, 19 Aldis, Ufeigh Grettir's daughter, 5, 27 Alf a-Dales, 5, 27 Ali, an house-carle of Thorbiorn Oxmain's, 130, 131, 132 Alof Ingolf's-daughter, wife of Eric Snare, 20 Angle. See Thorbiorn Angle. Ari Marson, 80 Arinbiorn. See Arnbiorn. Arnbiorn, kinsman of Thorfinn of Haramsey, Grettir's companion, 70, 71 Arngeir Berseson, father of Biorn Hitdale-champion, 170 Arni Jónsson, 277 Arnor Thorbiornson, 140-143 Arnor Thordson, called Earls' skald (Jarlaskáld), 178, 179, 180 Arnor Thorodson, called Hay-nose (heynef, or hýnef, Landnáma), 89 Arnora, Thord Yeller's daughter, 225 Asa, Ufeigh Grettir's daughter, first wife of Onund Treefoot, 5, 6, 18, 19 Asbiorn, Ufeigh Grettir's son, 5 Asbrand Thorbrandson, 129 Asdis, Bard Jokulson's daughter, the mother of Grettir Asmundson,27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 40, 112, 133, 139, 142, 143, 204, 205, 246, 247, 251 Asdis Gamli's-daughter, 251 Asgeir Audunson the older, called Madpate (son of Audun Skokul, al. Onund Treefoot), 20, 79, 83 Asgeir Audunson the younger, grandson of the preceding, called Madpate 34, 77, 83, 151 Asgrim Ellida-Grimson, 16, 159 Asgrim Ondottson, 13, 14, 15, 16 Asmund from Asmund's-peak, 25 Asmund Ondottson, 13, 14, 15, 16 Asmund Thorgrimson, called the Greyhaired (haerulángr), the father of Grettir the Strong, 25-27, 28-33, 35-36, 39, 40, 77-79, 81, 82, 90, 112, 113, 125, 126, 273 Asmund Ufeigh's-son, called the Beardless (skegglauss), 5 Asny Vestar's-daughter, wife of Ufeigh Grettir, 5 Asta Gudbrand's-daughter, mother of Olaf the Saint, King of Norway, 1 Asvor, Ufeigh Grettir's daughter, 5 Atli Asmundson, Grettir's brother, 28, 29, 30, 36, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 111, 112, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130-133, 135, 139, 140, 143, 144, 150, 162 Atli Ulfson, called the Red (hinn rauði), 80 Aud ( alias Unnr) the Deeply Wealthy,18, 19, 79 Audun, Asgeir Madpate's son, 83 Audun Asgeir's-son, of Audunstead, 34, 35, 38, 83, 84, 85, 86, 104 Audun Goaty (geit), an Earl in Norway, 13, 14 Audun Skokul (skökull), 20 Audun, goodman of Windham in Haramsey, 46, 47, 48

Balk Blaengson of Sotaness, 1, 4, 10, 170 Bard Jokulson,27, 104 Bard, the mate of Haflidi's ship, 40 Bardi (al. Slaying-Bardi) Gudmundson, of Asbiornsness, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 104 Bessi Balkson, called the Godless (goðlauss), 170 Bessi Skald-Torfa's-son, 34, 71, 73, 74, 75 Biarni, See Biorn, the settler of Biornfirth. Biarni of Dog-dale, 81 Biarni of Jorvi in Flysia-Wharf, 179, 277 Biarni Thorsteinson, the Sage (hinn spaki), 11 Biorn Arngeirson, called Hitdale-Champion, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 182 Biorn, settler of Biornfirth, 17, 273 Biorn, kinsman of Thorkel in Salft, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 Biorn of Meadness, 208, 237, 238, 245 Biorn Rolfson, father of Eyvind the Eastman, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12 Biorn Ufeigh's-son, 208 Bloeng of Sotaness, 1 Bodmod, 25 Bodvar of Bodvar's-knolls, 89 Bork the Fat, 201 Botulf, grandfather of Thorir of Garth, 115 Brand, a fisherman, one of Thorgeir Bottleback's house-carles, 20 Brand, one of Thorbiorn Angle's followers at the slaying of Grettir, 238 Bundle-Torfi, 81

Crow-Hreidar. See Hreida.

Dalla Thorvald's-daughter, wife of Bishop Isleif, 77 Dromund. See Thorstein Dromund.

Egil Audunson, 104 Eid Skeggison, from the Ridge,184 Eilif Ketilson, 5 Einar, a bonder in Jadar, 122 Einar of Combe, 22 Einar Olvirson, 5 Ellida-Grim Asgrimson, 16, 159 Eric Alefain (ölfúss), of Sorreldale, 14, 15 Eric Hakonson, Earl of Norway, 50, 51 Eric Hroaldson, of God-dales, 208, 237 Eric Snare (snara), 17, 20, 23 Eric Starrison, 208 Eyulf, brother-in-law of Slaying-Bardi, 94 Eyolf of Fairwood, 179, 181 Eyulf Egilson, 104 Eyulf Gudmundson, 104 Eyvind Biornson, called the Eastman (austmaðr), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 Eyvind (Herraudson), settler of Eyvind's-firth, 20

Finnbogi Thorgeirson, 179, 180 Flosi Ericson, of Arnes, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Frederick the Bishop, 26 Fridgerd Thord's-daughter, 79 Fridmund of Shady-vale, 95 Frodi, the King, 5

Gamli Skeggison, 251 Gamli, the Vendlander or Widelander (Viðlendingr, Vindlendingr) 29, 90, 273 Gamli Thorhallson, of Meals, 29, 90, 126, 128, 143, 144, 151, 246, 248, 250, 273 Gaut Sleitason, 82, 83 Geirlaug, goodwife of Broadlair-stead, 202 Geirmund Helskin (heljarskinn), king of Hordaland, 2, 4 Geirmund Hiuka-timber, 25 Gerd Bodvar's-daughter, 89 Gerpir, 25 Gisli Thorsteinson, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177 Glam from Sylgsdales, afterwards a ghost, 96-110, 243 Glum Uspakson, 29, 128, 246 Grettir Asmundson, called the Strong, 28-33, 34-35, 36-39, 40-45, 46-59, 60-62, 63-76, 83-87, 88-89, 90-91, 92-94, 95, 104-110, 112-114, 116-121, 122-123, 124-125, 133-134, 135-140, 141-143, 144, 145-148, 149, 150, 151, 152-157, 158-159, 159-162, 163-164, 165-167, 168-170, 171, 173-178, 179-180, 181-183, 187, 189-191, 192-199, 200, 201, 202-203, 204-207, 209-210, 210-212, 213-217, 218, 219-220, 220-222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228-229, 230, 231, 232, 233-235, 238-243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 272 Grim Gamlison, 29 Grim Kolbiornson, a hersir in Norway, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14 Grim the Northlander, an outlaw and hired assassin, 163, 164 Grim Thorhallson, of Thorhall-stead in Shady-vale, 95 Grim Thorhallson, grandson of the preceding, 95 Grim Thorhallson of Meals, afterwards of Gilsbank, 90, 126, 128, 129, 130, 138, 139, 159, 162, 163, 168, 182 Grim, son of the Widow of Kropp, 184, 185, 188, 200, 201 Grimulf, 25 Gudbiorg Ufeigh's-daughter, 1 Gudbrand Ball (kúla), 1 Gudbrandr Vigfússon, 275, 276 Gudmund the Rich (hinn ríki), of Maddervales, 200, 204 Gudmund Solmundson, 85, 92 Gudrun, wife of Thorhall Grimson of Shady-vale, 95 Guest (= Grettir Asmundson), 192, 193, 194, 212-214 Gunnar, Court-owner in Tunsberg, 71, 72, 73 Gunnar Thorirson, of the Pass, 90, 91, 126, 127, 128 Gyda, wife of Ingiald the Trusty, 13 Gyrid Einar's-daughter, 122

Haeng, father of Vestar, 5 Haering, 222, 223, 224, 230 Haflidi of Reydarfell, a skipper, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 Hafr Thorarinson, 212, 214, 215 Hafr Thordson, 212 Hakon, Earl of Norway, 50 Hakon Ericson, an Earl of Norway, 50 Haldor Thorgeirson of Hof in Head-strand, 208, 215, 236, 237, 238, 240, 249, 278 Haldora Steinmod's-daughter, 5 Halfdan the Black (hinn svarti), 2 Hall Gudmundson of Asbiornsness, 86 Hall of Kropp, 136, 137 Hallmund, a mountain sprite, 169, 170, 182, 184, 185-188, 200, 276 Hallstein Horse (hestr), 14, 15 Hallvard Sweeping (súgandi), 1, 4, 10, 15 Hamund, a fisherman, one of Thorgeir Bottleback's household, 20 Harald Halfdanson, called the Unshorn (lúfa) and the Fair-hair (hárfagri), King of Norway, 2, 3, 4, 5 Harald Ring, 129 Harald Sigurdson, Varangian chief, afterwards King of Norway, 257, 260, 267, 268, 269 Harek, a king's farmer in Norway, 12, 13 Head-Thord = Thord of Hofdi, 79, 208 Hedin, a Skald. Hedin of Soknadale, 13 Helga Ondott's-daughter, second wife of Biorn Rolfson, and mother of Thrand, 5 Helga Thorkel's-daughter, of Fishbrook, 115 Helga Thorir's-daughter, from Boardere, 90 Helgi of Bathstead, 152, 153 Helgi Eyvindson, called the Lean (hinn magri), 6, 16 Hjalti Thord Scalp's-son, 207 Hialti Thordson, of Hof, 207, 209, 211, 215, 216, 217, 237, 241, 251 Hiarandi, Earl Svein's man, 69, 70, 71 Hlif Rolfs-daughter, the first wife of Biorn Rolfson, 5 Holmgang-Starri. See Starri Ericson. Hoskuld, father of Olaf Peacock, 152 Hrefna Asgeir's-daughter (d. of Asgeir Madpate the Younger), 156 Hreiðar, called Crow-Hreiðar (Kráku-H.), 208 Hroald Geirmundson, 208

Illugi Asmundson, 112, 126, 162, 200, 204, 205, 211, 217, 219, 220, 223, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251 Ingiald the Trusty (tryggvi) of Hvin, 13 Ingiald Frodison, an Earl, 5 Ingimund Thorsteinson, called the Old (hinn gamli), 27, 92 Ingolf (Herraudson), of Ingolf's-firth, 20 Ingolf Ornsorn, 24 Jokul Bardson, 104, 105 Jokul Ingimundson, 27 Isleif Gissurson, first Bishop of Skalholt, 77, 250, 275 Ivar Kolbeinson, 22, 23 Ivar Smiter (beytill), 1

Kalf Asgeirson, of Asgeir's-river, son of Asgeir Madpate the younger, 34, 35 Kari Solmundson, called Singed-(sviðu)-Kari, 19 Karr, one of Thorbiorn Angle's followers in the slaying of Grettir, 238, 240 Karr the Old, a ghost, 46, 47, 48, 56 Ketil the Huge (raumr), 27 Ketil the Onehanded (hinn ein-hendi), 57 Kiarlak of Skridinsenni, 29 Kiartan Steinson, of Isledale-river, 191, 201 Kiarval, a sea-king, 1 Kiarval, king of Ireland, 6, 10 Kiotvi the Wealthy (hinn auðgi), 2 Knut the Mighty, king of England, 50, 173 Kolbein (of Rogaland), 12, 15 Kolbiorn the Abasher (sneypir), 5 Konal Steinmodson, 5 Kormak of Meal in Midfirth, 34, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 111

Leif Kolbeinson, 22, 23

Magnus the Good, king of Norway, 268 Mar Atlison, 80 Michael Katalak, 'king' of Constantinople, 253 Midfirth-Skeggi, 19, 24, 25

Narfi, kinsman of Kormak and Thorgils of Meal, 90 Noise. See Thorbiorn Noise.