Part 1

THE STANDARD LIGHT OPERAS THEIR PLOTS AND THEIR MUSIC

_A Handbook_

By GEORGE P. UPTON AUTHOR OF "THE STANDARD OPERAS," ETC.

CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG & CO. 1902

Copyright A. C. McClurg & Co. 1902

Published September 13, 1902

TO MY FRIEND CHARLES C. CURTISS

PREFACE.

The present volume, "The Standard Light Operas," has been prepared not only with the hope that it may supply a popular want in these days when the light opera is so much in vogue, but also with the purpose of completing the series which the author has already compiled, including the opera, oratorio, cantata, and symphony. It has been somewhat difficult to select from the "embarrassment of riches" in the material offered by the profusion of operettas, musical comedies, and legitimate light operas which have been produced during the last few years, and which are still turned out with almost bewildering rapidity. Still more difficult is it to determine accurately those among them which are standard. A few of the lighter works which are contained in the original edition of the "Standard Operas" have been recast, as they properly belong in a work of this kind, and as they may answer the needs of those who have not the former volume. The opera comique and the opera bouffe are also represented by the best of their class, those whose text is clearly objectionable being omitted. The entire list of the characteristic and delightful operettas by the late Sir Alexander Sullivan is included, and some of the musical comedies which have a strong hold upon popular admiration. The operas have not been analyzed with that closeness of detail which characterizes the "Standard Operas," as they do not call for treatment of that kind, and in many cases the leading numbers are only suggested. They are described rather than criticised, and as they have been compiled solely for the use of the general public they have been presented as untechnically as possible. They are intended to heighten popular enjoyment rather than to supply information for musicians, and as a _vade mecum_ for the opera-goer rather than a reference for the musical student.

G. P. U.

Chicago, August, 1902.

CONTENTS

PAGE ADAM The Postilion of Lonjumeau 15 AUBER Fra Diavolo 19 The Crown Diamonds 22 AUDRAN Olivette 26 The Mascot 29 BALFE The Bohemian Girl 33 The Rose of Castile 36 BELLINI La Sonnambula 40 BENEDICT The Lily of Killarney 43 BOIELDIEU La Dame Blanche 47 CELLIER Dorothy 50 CHASSAIQUE Falka 52 DeKOVEN Robin Hood 57 Maid Marian 60 Rob Roy 63 The Fencing-Master 67 DELIBES Lakmé 70 DONIZETTI The Daughter of the Regiment 73 Don Pasquale 76 Linda 78 The Elixir of Love 81 EICHBERG The Doctor of Alcantara 84 FLOTOW Martha 87 Stradella 90 GENÉE Nanon 93 GOUNOD Mirella 97 HUMPERDINCK Hansel and Gretel 100 JAKOBOWSKI Erminie 103 LECOCQ Girofle-Girofla 106 La Fille de Madame Angot 109 LÖRTZING Czar and Carpenter 113 LUDERS King Dodo 116 The Prince of Pilsen 118 MASSÉ Paul and Virginia 121 Queen Topaze 124 The Marriage of Jeannette 126 MILLÖCKER The Beggar Student 128 The Black Hussar 131 NESSLER The Trumpeter of Säkkingen 134 NICOLAI The Merry Wives of Windsor 138 OFFENBACH The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein 141 La Belle Hélène 145 Orpheus 148 PLANQUETTE The Chimes of Normandy 152 RICCI Crispino 155 ROSSINI The Barber of Seville 158 SOLOMON Billee Taylor 161 SOUSA El Capitan 164 STRAUSS The Merry War 167 The Queen's Lace Handkerchief 169 Queen Indigo 171 Die Fledermaus (The Bat) 174 STUART Florodora 177 SULLIVAN Cox and Box 180 Trial by Jury 182 The Sorcerer 185 H. M. S. Pinafore 188 The Pirates of Penzance 193 Patience 196 Iolanthe 200 Princess Ida 203 The Mikado 206 Ruddygore 209 The Yeomen of the Guard 213 The Gondoliers 216 SUPPÉ Fatinitza 220 Boccaccio 224 The Beautiful Galatea 227 THOMAS Mignon 230 WALLACE Maritana 233 Lurline 236

THE STANDARD LIGHT OPERAS.

ADAM, ADOLPHE CHARLES.

The Postilion of Lonjumeau.

[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by De Leuven and Brunswick. First produced at the Opéra Comique, Paris, October 13, 1836.]

PERSONAGES.

Chapelou, postilion. Madeleine, mistress of the inn. Marquis de Courcy, opera manager. Bijou, village blacksmith. Boudon, chorus leader.

[Villagers, chorus singers, etc.]

The scene of the opera is laid in Lonjumeau, a French village, and Paris; time of Louis the Fifteenth.

The sprightly opera "The Postilion of Lonjumeau" is characterized by grace and elegance of treatment, fascinating rhythm, and odd contrasts in effects. Its plot is very dramatic, and affords ample scope for humorous action. The opening scene of the first act introduces us to the wedding of Chapelou, the postilion, and Madeleine, mistress of the inn. During the merriment which follows, the Marquis de Courcy, Superintendent of the Paris Grand Opera, whose carriage has broken down, makes his appearance, seeking the aid of a wheelwright. He hears Chapelou singing, and is so pleased with his voice that he offers him a position in the opera. Chapelou after some persuasion accepts, entreats Bijou, the village blacksmith, to look after Madeleine, and goes off with the Marquis in quest of artistic glory. Bijou informs Madeleine of Chapelou's baseness, and the act closes with her denunciations of him, in which she is enthusiastically assisted by the female members of the wedding-party.

The second act opens in Paris. Madeleine has inherited a fortune from an aunt, and makes her appearance in the gay city as a rich and noble lady, under the assumed name of Madame de la Tour. The Marquis de Courcy, who is in love with her, at her request brings Chapelou, who is now a famous tenor known as St. Phar, Bijou, the Lonjumeau blacksmith, who is primo basso under the name of Alcindor, and the operatic chorus to her château for a rehearsal. St. Phar, not wishing to sing, pleads a cold, but when he learns that he is in the apartments of Madame de la Tour he consents, and the rehearsal goes off finely. Left alone with his hostess, he proposes to her and is accepted, but as he is already married he arranges that Boudon, the chorus leader, shall play the part of priest. The Marquis, who overhears the conspiracy, informs Madame de la Tour, who sends for a real priest and accompanies St. Phar to the altar, where they are married for the second time.

In the third act St. Phar, who fears that he will be hanged for committing bigamy, finds a happy escape from his troubles. The Marquis, furious because he has been rejected by Madame de la Tour in favor of an opera singer, seeks revenge, but his plans are thwarted. A humorous scene ensues, in which St. Phar is tormented by Alcindor and the wedding-party, as well as by the Marquis, who is now reconciled. Finally, upon being left alone in a darkened room with Madame de la Tour, she also aggravates him by personating two characters, singing from different sides of the apartment in the voice of the Madame and that of Madeleine. The dénouement ensues when she appears to him as the veritable Madeleine of Lonjumeau, whither the joyous pair return and are happy ever after.

The principal music of the first act is a romanza for soprano, "Husband ever Dear," leading into a dance chorus; the famous Postilion's Song with whip-snapping accompaniment; and a balcony serenade by Madeleine. The second act opens with a long and well-written aria for soprano, which is followed by the rehearsal scene,--a clever bit of humorous musical writing. In the course of this scene the tenor has a characteristic aria, preceded by a clarinet obligato, and the basso also has one running down to G, in which he describes with much gusto the immunities of a basso with a "double G." A duet follows for soprano and tenor with a cadenza of extraordinary length, the act closing with a finale in the conventional Italian style.

The third act opens with a long clarinet solo, the refrain of which is heard in the close of the act. This is followed by a "Good Night" chorus in mazurka time. The tenor then has an aria followed by a comic trio, which in reality is a duet, as the soprano is personating two singers with different voices. A duet and finale close the opera, the music of which is of just the class to be popular, while the action is so sustained in its humor as to make the bright little opera a favorite wherever heard.

AUBER, DANIEL FRANÇOIS ESPRIT.

Fra Diavolo.

[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by Scribe. First produced at the Opéra Comique, Paris, January 28, 1830; in English, at Drury Lane Theatre, London, November 3, 1831; in Italian, at the Lyceum, London, July 9, 1857.]

PERSONAGES.

Fra Diavolo, leader of the brigands. Lord Allcash, English nobleman. Lady Allcash, his wife. Matteo, innkeeper. Zerlina, Matteo's daughter. Lorenzo, Zerlina's lover. Beppo, } Giacomo, } brigands.

The scene is laid at the village of Terracina, Italy; time, last century.

The first act of this universally favorite opera opens with the hurried arrival of Lord Allcash, a typical English tourist, and his wife, at the inn of Terracina, kept by Matteo, whose daughter, Zerlina, is loved by Lorenzo, a young soldier. The latter is about to start for the capture of Fra Diavolo, the leader of the bandits, when the action of the opera begins. The English tourists have been robbed on their journey by the band of this same Fra Diavolo, who has followed them in the disguise of a marquis and has been very attentive to the susceptible Lady Allcash. Lord Allcash has a quarrel with his wife on this account in a humorous duet, "I don't object." Fra Diavolo learns that the travellers have saved the most of their valuables, and lays his own plans to secure them. In an interview with Zerlina, she, mistaking him for the Marquis, sings him the story of Fra Diavolo in a romanza, "On Yonder Rock Reclining," which has become a favorite the world over. To further his schemes he makes love to Lady Allcash in a graceful barcarole, "The Gondolier, Fond Passion's Slave." In the finale of the act Lorenzo and his carbineers return, and not finding Fra Diavolo at the inn, where they had hoped to surprise him, resume their search, leaving him to perfect his plans for the robbery.

In the opening scene of the second act Zerlina is in her chamber, preparing to retire. Before doing so, she lights Lord and Lady Allcash to their room. During her absence Fra Diavolo and his companions, Beppo and Giacomo, conceal themselves in her closet, Fra Diavolo having previously given them the signal that the coast was clear by singing a serenade, "Young Agnes," in violation of every rule of dramatic consistency. Zerlina returns, and after singing a simple but charming prayer, "Oh! Holy Virgin," retires to rest. In attempting to cross the room they partially awake her. One of the bandits rushes to the bed to stab her, but desists from his purpose as he hears her murmuring her prayer. Then follows a trio by the robbers, sung pianissimo, which is very dramatic in its effect. At this point the carbineers return again, and the house at once is in an uproar. Lord and Lady Allcash rush in to find out the cause, followed by Lorenzo, who came to greet Zerlina. A sudden noise in the closet disturbs them. Fra Diavolo, knowing that he will be discovered, steps out into the room, and declares he is there to keep an appointment with Zerlina, whereupon Lorenzo challenges him. He accepts the challenge and coolly walks out of the room. One of his comrades is captured, but to secure his liberty agrees to betray his chief.

The opening of the third act finds Fra Diavolo once more among his native mountains. He gives expression to his exultation in a dashing, vigorous song, "Proudly and wide my Standard flies," followed by the pretty rondo, "Then since Life glides so fast away." As he joyously contemplates a speedy meeting with Lord and Lady Allcash and the securing of their valuables, villagers arrayed in festival attire in honor of the approaching nuptials of Lorenzo and Zerlina enter, singing a bright pastoral chorus, "Oh, Holy Virgin, bright and fair." The finale of the act is occupied with the development of the scheme between Lorenzo, Beppo, and Giacomo to ensnare Fra Diavolo, and the final tragedy in which he meets his death at the hands of the carbineers, but not before he has declared Zerlina's innocence. The text of the opera is full of vivacity and humor, and the music so bright and melodious and yet artistically scored that it made Auber's reputation at the Opéra Comique.

The Crown Diamonds.

[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by Scribe and St. George. First produced in Paris in 1841; in English, at the Princess Theatre, London, May 2, 1844.]

PERSONAGES.

Count de Campo Mayor, Minister of Police. Don Henrique, nephew of the Count. Don Sebastian, friend of Don Henrique. Rebelledo, chief coiner. Catarina, leader of the coiners. Diana, cousin of Don Henrique.

The scene is laid in Portugal; time, 1777.

The story of "The Crown Diamonds," one of the most melodious of Auber's works, is as follows: Don Henrique, nephew of the Count de Campo Mayor, Minister of Police at Coimbra, on his way to participate in the coronation ceremonies and at the same time to sign a marriage contract with his cousin Diana, daughter of the Minister of Police, is overtaken by a storm in the mountains and seeks shelter in a ruined castle near the monastery of St. Huberto. While there he espies Rebelledo, the chief coiner, and two of his comrades examining the contents of his trunk. The latter, discovering him in turn and thinking him a spy, rush upon him, but he is saved by Catarina, the leader of the gang, who returns him his trunk and allows him to depart upon condition that he shall not mention what he has seen for a year. He consents, but before he leaves, the gang is surrounded by soldiers led by Don Sebastian, a friend of Don Henrique. They make their escape, however, disguised as monks, while Rebelledo and Catarina disappear through an underground passage, carrying with them a mysterious casket of jewels.

The second act opens in the Château de Coimbra, and discloses Don Henrique in love with the mysterious Catarina and Diana with Don Sebastian. As Diana and Don Henrique are singing together, Don Sebastian announces that an accident has happened to a carriage and that its occupants desire shelter. Catarina and Rebelledo enter and accept the proffered hospitality. When Diana begins to read the account of a robbery containing a description of Rebelledo and his companions, that worthy vanishes, but Catarina remains in spite of Don Henrique's warning that she is in the house of the Minister of Police. He declares his love for her, and begs her to fly with him; she refuses, but gives him a ring as a souvenir. At this point the Count enters, and announces that the crown jewels have been stolen and Don Henrique's ring is recognized as one of them. Catarina is saved by Diana, who promises Don Henrique she will send her away in the Count's carriage if he will refuse to sign the marriage contract. He consents, and Catarina makes her escape.

The last act opens in the anteroom of the royal palace at Lisbon, where the Count, Don Henrique, and Don Sebastian are present, and Diana awaits an audience with the Queen. While they converse, Rebelledo enters, announced as the Count Fuentes, and an usher brings him word that the Queen will have private audience with him. While awaiting her, Rebelledo in a monologue explains that the real crown jewels have been pledged for the national debt, and that he has been employed to make duplicates of them to be worn on state occasions until the genuine ones can be redeemed. The Queen enters, declares she is satisfied with the work, and makes Rebelledo Minister of Secret Police. Count de Campo Mayor then announces to her the decision of the Council that she shall marry the Prince of Spain. She declares she will make her own choice, and when the Count remonstrates she threatens to confiscate his property for allowing the crown jewels to be stolen, and orders him to arrest his daughter and nephew for giving shelter to the thieves. Diana, suddenly entering, fails to recognize her as Catarina, and implores pardon for her connivance in the escape. Then Don Henrique still further complicates the situation. He recognizes Catarina, and declares to Diana he will seize her and fly to some distant land. His purpose is thwarted by his arrest for treason upon the Queen's order. He rushes forward to implore mercy for Catarina, when the Queen reveals herself and announces that she has chosen Don Henrique for her husband and their King.

The principal musical numbers of the opera are Rebelledo's rollicking muleteer's song, "O'er Mountain steep, through Valley roaming," the rondo, "The Young Pedrillo," with chorus accompaniment, and the lugubrious chorus of the pseudo monks, "Unto the Hermit of the Chapel," in the first act; the nocturne, "The Brigand," closing in gay bolero time, "In the Deep Ravine of the Forest," Catarina's bravura aria, "Love! at once I break thy Fetters," the duet, "If I could but Courage feel," and the beautiful ballade, "Oh! whisper what thou feelest," in the second act; the usually interpolated air, "When Doubt the Tortured Frame is rending," originally written for Louisa Pyne, who really made the first success for the opera, and the charming cavatina, "Love, dwell with me," sung by the Queen in the last act.

AUDRAN, EDMUND.

Olivette.

[Comic opera, in three acts; text by Chivat and Duru. First produced at the Bouffes Parisiens, Paris, November 13, 1879; first American production, New York, January 7, 1881.]

PERSONAGES.

Captain de Mérimac, of the Man of War "Cormorant." Valentine, his nephew, officer of the Rousillon Guards. Duc des Ifs, cousin of the Countess. Coquelicot, his foster brother. Marvejol, Seneschal to the Countess. Olivette, daughter of the Seneschal. Bathilde, Countess of Rousillon. Veloutine, the Seneschal's housekeeper. Moustique, Captain's boy on board the "Cormorant."

[Nobles of the Court of Rousillon, the watch of Perpignan, citizens, gossips, wedding-guests, sailors, etc.]

The scene is laid at Perpignan on the Mediterranean Sea; time of Louis the Fourteenth.

Following the English version of the opera, at the opening of the first act the villagers of Perpignan are greatly excited over the approaching marriage of Olivette, the Seneschal's daughter, and De Mérimac, an old sea-captain. Olivette, however, just out of a convent, is in love with Valentine, a young officer and the Captain's nephew. In the mean time the Countess of Rousillon is also in love with Valentine and has come to Perpignan to see him. She is at the house of the Seneschal, and is surprised there by Valentine, who has climbed her balcony expecting to find Olivette. The old Captain, who is making slow progress with his suit, writes to the Countess demanding Olivette's hand. Valentine seizes his opportunity, passes himself off as the Captain, and marries Olivette at the request of the Countess herself.

The second act opens with a ball which the Countess gives in honor of the wedding, at which Valentine is forced to personate both himself and the Captain. The latter appears upon the scene, and is heartily congratulated as the bridegroom. When Valentine also appears as the old man, De Mérimac resolves he will have the bride whom Valentine has secured by the use of his name. By a little craft Olivette rids herself of her elderly suitor only to encounter fresh trouble, for the Countess declares she will marry the soldier. A plot is formed, the result of which is an order sending the Countess out of the kingdom.