The Spirit Lake Massacre

[6] “The inferior power knows perfectly well that, if it does not accept the terms, it will ultimately be forced out of its domains, and it accepts. This comprises the elements...

[19] The Indian Chief Jagmani said of this treaty: “The Indians sold their lands at Traverse des Sioux. I say what we were told. For fifty years they were to be paid $50,000 per...

[33] This fort was established by Brevet Major Samuel Woods, Sixth Infantry, with Company E of the same, from Ft. Snelling, Minnesota. It was established by General Orders No. 1...

[56] Petition of R. B. Clark, et al, to Governor Hempstead, July 6, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa; Report of Major William Williams to Governor Hempstead, Septe...

[83] Gue’s _History of Iowa_, Vol. I, p. 292; Fulton’s _Red Men of Iowa_, pp. 300, 301; _The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldie...

[100] Hughes’s _Causes and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacre_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. XII, p. 271; Mrs. Sharp’s _History of the Spirit Lak...

[111] Some authors give only three, Robert Clark, Enoch Ryan, and Jonathan Howe, as accompanying them upon their return. There seems good evidence to support the claim that Asa...

[112] In spite of their villainous character the Sioux pitied the apparent misfortunes of the Inkpaduta band and explained their unhappy lot as follows: “Long ago some chiefs an...

[137] The strength of the band was not great. Originally it is said to have numbered one hundred fifty lodges, but this estimate appears to be too high. At the time it started u...

[141] Flandrau’s _Inkpaduta Massacre of 1857_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. III, p. 388; Mrs. Sharp’s _Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edition), p....

[149] John F. Duncombe’s _Spirit Lake Relief Expedition of 1857_ in the _Proceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898_, p. 38; Annals of Iowa (Third Series...

[151] _The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 893; Mrs. Sharp’s _Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 63,...

[160] _The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers_, Vol. VI, p. 894; Mrs. Sharp’s _History of the Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edi...

[164] Gue in his _History of Iowa_, Vol. I, pp. 301, 302, says that Marble fired first at the target, and when he went out to see what had been the result of his shot the Indian...

[168] Carpenter’s _The Spirit Lake Massacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 23; Mrs. Sharp’s _History of the Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 85-87; _The Spirit...

[175] This was the Barnard E. Bee who was later to win fame as a general of the South during the Civil War. During that conflict, he it was who fastened the sobriquet of “Stonew...

[188] The gold with which they paid for their purchases was presumably a portion of that which was taken from Marble’s body.--See Hubbard and Holcombe’s _Minnesota in Three Cent...

[192] Carpenter’s _The Spirit Lake Massacre_ in the _Midland Monthly_, Vol. IV, p. 23; Mrs. Sharp’s _History of the Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 94, 95; Hubbard and...

[203] Charles Aldrich in an address at the unveiling of a commemorative tablet in the Hamilton County Court House in Webster City, Iowa, on August 12, 1887, states that they sta...

[214] For information concerning the journey and findings of Howe, Wheelock, and Parmenter see _The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expedition_ in the _Roster and Record of Iowa...

[230] _A Paper by Michael Sweeney_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III, p. 539; _The Narrative of W. K. Laughlin_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III,...

[250] Carpenter’s _The Spirit Lake Expedition_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. III, p. 500; _Address of John N. Maxwell_ in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol...

[262] The reputed finding of the body of Joel Howe may well be questioned. The evidence presented tends to show that the headless skeleton found by Mr. Goodenough could not have...

[275] Captain Richards speaks of their attempt to secure supplies at the settlement upon their return as follows: “The settlers at the Colony were on short rations and could spa...

[287] Mrs. Sharp’s _History of the Spirit Lake Massacre_ (1902 edition), pp. 168-171. This stone is more familiarly known in mineralogy as catlinite--being so named from George...

[304] Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni was at this time the President of the Rev. Riggs’ Hazelwood Republic. This Republic was a rather unique attempt at self-government upon the part of Chris...

[335] This speech is one of the very few well-known oratorical efforts of a Siouan leader and as such it is here appended: “The soldiers have appointed me to speak for them. The...

[339] Letter of Governor James W. Grimes to the Iowa Delegation in Congress, January 3, 1855, in the _Annals of Iowa_ (Third Series), Vol. II, pp. 627-630; Letter of Governor Ja...

[360] Judge Charles E. Flandrau in _The Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857_ in the _Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society_, Vol. III, p. 399, has this to say of Mrs. Marble...