CHAPTER XXI

THE REVOLUTION--THE DICTATORSHIP--THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC

Every intelligent man in Brazil had long recognised the force of the permanently working causes which were undermining the empire. Affonso Celso, in 1902 considered the ablest advocate of restoration, and the son of the last Prime Minister of the empire, said, in 1886, from his place as national deputy, that the empire maintained itself only through the tolerance of its enemies. Neither one of the two great parties of office-holders was really monarchical, although the members of both co-operated with the Emperor for the sake of the patronage. But the Brazilian masses were too apathetic to take any violent measures for the overthrow of the worn-out institution without some definite stimulus. This was furnished by the "military question" in 1889.

The teachings of Benjamin Constant, a professor of the military school at Rio, had thoroughly impregnated the younger officers of the army with republican doctrine. The officers were extremely sensitive about their professional rights, and a spirit of disaffection and insubordination was rife among them. In 1886 there was great indignation in the army because an officer, who had engaged in an undignified newspaper controversy with a deputy, was reprimanded by the secretary of war. A little later another officer insisted on attacking through the press a pension law advocated by the war department, and his cause was taken up by the highest generals with the Marshal Deodoro de Fonseca at their head. This general was transferred from his post to a less desirable one, and a new outburst of indignation among the officers agitated army circles. The ministry thought it best not to push the matter. In 1888 the bad feeling was further exacerbated by the police arresting some officers for disorderly conduct in the streets. Again the army demanded satisfaction, and again it was given. The favourite champion of military dignity, Deodoro, was sent off to Matto Grosso in the spring of 1889, and this was taken as equivalent to a punishment for his activity in maintaining the privileges of his profession. Again the government thought it prudent to yield, and he was allowed to return.

In the meantime, the Emperor's health had grown more feeble and the Princess Isabel was in power. Herself unpopular, her parsimonious husband, the Comte d'Eu, was bitterly disliked by most Brazilians. The rumour gained credence that there was a plan to have the sick Emperor resign in her favour. Though the general feeling was that so long as the old man lived and reigned he ought not to be disturbed, the hot-headed republican officers were in no humour to allow the princess to succeed to the throne. The Conservative Cabinet had been met with a flat refusal from the army when they ordered it to assist in capturing fugitive slaves. The government's hand was thus forced on the slavery question. John Alfredo's Cabinet succeeded to Cotegipe's, but was no happier in its dealings with the "military question." The princess determined to call in the Liberals, and their hard-headed leader, Ouro Preto, was made Prime Minister. By many this was believed to be a part of the plot for an abdication--that the princess's friends wanted a strong man at the head of affairs when the _coup d'etat_ came.

Ouro Preto took charge of the government in June, 1889, and shortly dissolved the Chamber after some bitter debates in which, for the first time in Brazil, the cry of "Viva a Republica!" was heard on the floor of Parliament. The new ministry had no trouble in controlling the elections, and the new Chamber that met in August was Liberal. Ouro Preto felt strong enough to undertake to reduce the malcontents to submission. He began by strengthening the police force and the national guard, and removing certain regiments from the capital. But in September Deodoro returned from the remote wilds of Matto Grosso and was received with great demonstrations by his comrades. Secret meetings of officers were held, and they pledged themselves to sustain at all hazards the prestige of the military class. Professor Constant, whose influence with the younger officers was predominant, openly threatened the ministry.

Early in November still another battalion was ordered off from the capital to the north of Brazil, and this was the immediate occasion for the formation of a military conspiracy in which Professor Constant and Deodoro were the original chiefs. They determined to make an alliance with the republicans and invited the co-operation of Quintino Bocayuva, the chief of the militant republicans; of Aristides Lobo, a republican editor of Rio; of Glycerio, one of the republican chiefs in Sao Paulo; of Ruy Barbosa, a great lawyer and editor, whose attacks on the government had been very effective, though he had not yet declared himself a republican; and of Admiral Wandenkolk, who was expected to secure the help of the navy.

Deodoro and Constant could absolutely count upon one brigade--the second--and were well assured of the sympathy of all the regular forces in Rio. Of course the plan could not be kept secret from the government police, though the public seems to have known nothing of the gravity of what was going on. On the 14th of November, the rumour spread that Deodoro and Constant would be arrested. Orders had, in fact, been given for the transfer of the disaffected brigade, and the ministers were warned that it was preparing to resist. That night the members of the Cabinet did not sleep, and the morning found them still in anxious council at the War Department, which faces the great square of Rio. Constant had ridden out to the quarters of the Second Brigade, and early in the morning led it to the square and drew up in front of the War Department. Deodoro took command of the insurgent troops, sending an officer to demand the surrender of the ministers. Ouro Preto called upon the adjutant-general, Floriano Peixoto, to lead against the revolters the troops which were in the general barracks. Floriano, after a little hesitation, refused, and it is doubtful whether the troops would have followed him had he consented. There was no one to raise a hand for the ministers. They surrendered and sent their resignations by telegraph to the Emperor at Petropolis, twenty-five miles away in the mountains. Their impression seems to have been that the insurrection was simply a military mutiny and that its object was solely to secure their own downfall. But the fact that Constant, Bocayuva, and others had been let into the inside enabled these republicans to direct the movement so that a permanent change in the form of government was possible.

The troops in the barracks joined the Second Brigade and all together marched through the centre of the city cheering for the army, for Deodoro, and the republic, amid the astonishment of the people, most of whom knew nothing of any trouble until they saw the parade. No resistance was offered, and when the Emperor reached the city at three o'clock in the afternoon the revolution was an accomplished fact. The chiefs of the revolt had met and organised a provisional government, naming themselves ministers. They at once took possession of their different departments and the public buildings. A decree was issued announcing that henceforth Brazil was to be a federal republic. The feeble old Emperor was visited by a few friends, but there was no one to raise a hand or strike a blow for him or the dynasty. He himself would have shrunk from being the occasion for the shedding of the blood of any of his people.

When night fell, the provisional government formally announced to the Emperor his deposition, and that he and his family would be compelled to leave the country, though their lives would be guaranteed and ample pecuniary provision be made for them. The palace was guarded and no one allowed to enter, though there were no indications of any counter-revolution. The municipal council of the city promptly gave its adherence to the new order of things, and telegrams were coming in hourly from the provinces to the effect that the latter were universally satisfied and that republican sympathisers were taking possession of the local governments without opposition. During the night of the 16th, the Emperor and his family were placed on board ship and sent off to Lisbon.

The new government was, in fact, a centralised military dictatorship, but the names of most of its members were guarantees that the promises of the establishment of a republic would be carried out. In all the provinces the new situation was accepted peacefully. The Rio government named new governors by telegraph, and the imperial authorities turned things over to them without resistance. Persons known to have been advocates of republican principles were preferred, and a rapid displacement of the old governing classes ensued.

The provisional government continued in power for fourteen months, and in that time promulgated a series of laws touching almost every subject of social or political interest. The provinces were organised into states after the model of the members of the North American Union; universal suffrage was established; Church and State were entirely separated; civil marriage was introduced; a new and humane criminal code was adopted; the judicial system was reorganised after the American fashion; and, in general, monarchical characteristics were removed from the statutes, and the most modern reforms enacted. A project for a constitution was carefully framed, and this was submitted to a congress, which had been summoned to meet early in 1891. This congress was composed of 205 deputies, elected by states and not by districts, and of three senators from each state. Acting as a constituent assembly, it adopted with few modifications the constitution proposed. The members of the constituent congress had been almost universally selected from among those who had been prominent in connection with the new government, or had given it an enthusiastic adhesion. With few exceptions, the new constitution is a copy of that of the United States. The only important difference is that in Brazil the enactment of general civil and criminal law is a federal and not a state attribute. The revenues of the newly created states were made much larger than those of the imperial provinces, principally by transferring to them the duties on exports.

Though the constitution of February 24, 1891, nominally went into effect at once, as a matter of fact the government continued military. Deodoro was elected president, and Marshal Floriano Peixoto vice-president, and the dictatorship was effective, except so far as it was managed and controlled by a few leaders who had power in the army, navy, or financial world. The provisional government had conceded to banks in every important centre of the country the right to issue circulating notes. The markets were flooded with money; credit was easy; an extraordinary speculative boom set in; values rose tremendously. The last years of the empire had been prosperous and exchange had gone to par. Within three years after the empire was overthrown, the amount of paper money in circulation was more than tripled, but though exchange had fallen tremendously, no ill effects were yet apparent. The nation was drunk with suddenly acquired wealth. Companies of all sorts were granted government concessions--railroad companies, mining companies, harbour improvement companies, banks, factories, and even sugar and coffee plantation companies. The price of coffee and rubber was rising in gold, while the cost of production was falling with the depreciation of the currency. The flood of Italian immigration which had been going to the Argentine was largely diverted to Brazil. Rio, Para, and Sao Paulo were the centres of the prosperity. Business men from the provinces swarmed into these cities, and the fortunate owners of plantations emigrated to Paris to spend their easily acquired wealth.

During 1891 and 1892 Deodoro became involved in disputes with republican leaders. To these political difficulties were added quarrels over the government concessions which were expected to make every one rich. Deodoro offended the moneyed powers by not granting such concessions as freely as was desired by many influential persons. Finally Deodoro found that he could no longer count on a majority in Congress, so he arbitrarily dissolved it. But revolutions broke out in the different states against the governors who stood by the dictator, and he also found that he could not rely upon the unquestioning support of the army. The navy was decidedly disaffected. After some hesitation he yielded to the signed demand of a powerful junta and resigned in favour of the vice-president, whom the speculators and promoters thought they could easily control. They were grievously disappointed in Floriano. The radical republicans found him more to their liking than did the wealthier classes and the bureaucrats. The navy has always been recruited among the aristocrats and looked down upon the army and soon developed a dislike for the plebeian and illiterate president. An effort was made to pass and put into effect a law expelling Floriano from office before the expiration of the four-years' term for which Deodoro and he had been elected, but he flatly announced that he would serve out the term to which he believed himself constitutionally entitled.

In the meantime a rebellion had broken out in Rio Grande do Sul against Julio de Castilhos, the radical republican governor. Gaspar Silveira Martims, the local leader of the old Liberal party, had been banished, but from Montevideo he organised the insurrection. The adherents of the two historical imperial parties and the gauchos of the southern part of the state joined the movement enthusiastically. Presently the pampas were swept from one end to the other by bands of federalists, under dreaded leaders like Gomercindo Saraiva, a ranchman from near the Uruguayan border. The republicans stood firm, and Pinheiro Machado and other gaucho chiefs showed that they, too, possessed the fighting qualities which have always distinguished the hard-riding, meat-eating Rio Grandenses. With the aid of federal troops the republicans had decidedly the upper hand, but the federalists kept the field for three years, while the country was harried and the most frightful destruction of life and property took place.

Meanwhile the intriguers against Floriano at Rio took advantage of this formidable complication. The mercantile classes, the Conservatives, the moderate republicans, and those who regretted the empire were opposed to him. The navy was ready to revolt at any time. A number of powerful men had bluffed Deodoro into resigning, and they thought that they could easily do the same with Floriano. A majority in Congress was against him and he seemed to be almost isolated. But he had no thought of yielding or withdrawing. His subsequent actions show that he certainly was not actuated by any vaulting personal ambition. His was rather the instinct of a soldier who stands where he is and fights to the last without reasoning why. The real crisis in the establishment of the Republic had, in fact, arrived. Floriano's overthrow would have meant anarchy and disintegration, government by pronunciamento, short-lived administrations established and overthrown by military force.

Early in September, 1893, the entire navy, under the lead of Admiral Mello, revolted. The guns of the fleet commanded the harbour and seemed to make the city untenable. Floriano acted with great energy. The army stood by him and he recruited vigorously. The fleet would not seriously bombard the city, full of sympathisers with the revolt, and Floriano held the fortifications around the bay so that it was difficult for Mello to obtain supplies. Though the European naval forces, which quickly assembled, sympathised with the insurgents, they could hardly give any efficient help so long as Floriano held the capital. Mello hesitated about attempting to establish a blockade. At first the insurgents disclaimed any intention of re-establishing the empire, but soon the revolt began to take on a frankly monarchical character. The friends of the old regime, however, nowhere showed the same energy and conviction as the republicans who stood by Floriano.

In Rio harbour matters came to a stand. Neither side could deal a decisive blow to the other, but in the end Floriano and the land forces were sure to win, because without a base of supplies the fleet could not maintain itself indefinitely. It was necessary for Mello to start a fire in the rear and to open communication with the Rio Grande federalists. He escaped through the harbour entrance with one of his ironclads, and went to Santa Catharina, where he established the seat of the revolutionary government. Gomercindo Saraiva, the able federalist chief, eluded the superior republican forces in the north of Rio Grande and attempted an invasion of Santa Catharina, Parana, and Sao Paulo, where it was hoped that the monarchical plantation owners would rise. But he was vigorously pursued and his forces defeated and scattered. The failure of this daring expedition was the death-knell of the revolt. Mello returned to Rio and there his position fast became untenable. The final crisis came with the refusal of the American admiral to permit him to establish a commercial blockade. This took away his last hope of being able to coerce Floriano to terms. The naval revolt collapsed in March, 1894: some of the ironclads escaped from Rio harbour and fled to Santa Catharina, where they were captured by the republicans. The Rio Grande federalists kept up a partisan warfare for a few months longer, but by 1895 they were completely stamped out.

Floriano was supreme, but instead of establishing a permanent military dictatorship he declined to be a candidate for re-election, and selected Prudente Moraes as his successor for the term beginning in 1894. Prudente had been one of the two republican deputies elected from Sao Paulo in 1886, and had acted as president of the Constitutional Assembly which framed the new constitution. Moderate and conservative in his opinions and methods, his selection was a recognition of the advisability of civil government and an abandonment of the system of military dictatorship. With his assumption of office the Republic may be said to have been at last definitely established.

The state governments were now functioning regularly, and their governors soon began to assume a great importance in the political system. These executives are selected by local cliques instead of by the central government, as in imperial times; their command of the police and state patronage enables them to control elections, name their own successors, and exercise a predominant influence in the choice of deputies and senators to the national Congress. They are the chief instruments through which the president's control of politics is exercised.

The majority in Congress, composed of the leaders of the republican movement, and known as the Federal Republican party, supported Prudente in the early part of his administration, but he was too liberal to suit the Radicals in drawing into participation in public affairs capable Brazilians of other antecedents. This policy and the jealousies that always arise in a dominant party brought about a rupture between him and the leader of the House majority. In the trial of strength which followed, the Federal Republican party was split, and though the president was victorious by a small margin, his position became very precarious.

The Republic had started out on a scale of unprecedented extravagance. The old provincial governments had been given only the fragments from the imperial table, but the republican constitution multiplied the revenues of the new states many fold. The issues of paper money, the high prices of coffee and rubber, and the speculative boom gave both state and federal government for a while plenty of money to spend. The Union and the states vied with each other in multiplying employees, in making loans, in spending money on public edifices, and in building and guaranteeing railroads. The larger the deficits grew the more paper money was issued, and exchange fell with sickening rapidity. A larger and larger proportion of the paper revenue had to be devoted to the purchase of gold bills for the payment of the interest on the foreign debt. The deficits increased in geometrical progression. By 1895 signs of the coming trouble were apparent, though the business of the country was still prosperous. In 1896 came an outbreak of religious fanaticism in the interior of Bahia, which grew into an armed revolt--small, it is true, but which cost much money to suppress. The necessity for retrenchment was evident; railroad building was interrupted; schemes to rehabilitate the currency were brought forward and discussed.

The governments of the poorer states looked for help to the impoverished federal treasury, and some of the stronger states showed impatience at being hampered by an unprofitable connection with their weak sisters. The president was not on sympathetic terms with the victorious Radicals in Rio Grande, and the uncompromising republicans all over the Union felt that they were not sufficiently favoured. In the fall of 1897 an attempt was made in broad daylight to assassinate Prudente, and prominent opposition politicians were strongly suspected of complicity in the plot. A state of siege was declared, but the country remained quiet, and no serious opposition was apparent when Prudente announced that his support would be given to Campos Salles as his successor in office and presumably the continuer of his policies.

A great drop in the price of coffee began, and the financial situation of the government grew worse and worse. Brazil grows about two-thirds of the world's coffee and her crop was enormously increasing. Consequently the production of coffee was outrunning the world's consuming capacity. The enormous profits of preceding years and the abundant supply of good Italian labour had stimulated planting beyond all reason. New and fertile districts were opened up in the interior of Sao Paulo, with which the older plantations of Rio and the coast regions could not compete. The poorer districts were reduced to poverty, while even the more fertile could not hold their own.

In government finances the lowest point was reached in 1898. The paper money had fallen to seventy-nine per cent. below par and it had become clearly impossible to continue payments on the foreign debt. The last act of Prudente's administration was to make an agreement by which the foreign creditors consented to waive the receipt of their interest for three years and the government pledged itself to reduce the volume of paper currency and to accumulate a fund for the resumption of interest payments.

No contest was made against Campos Salles's election in the spring of 1898. He took office finding an empty treasury, a government without financial credit, and the country in the midst of a severe commercial crisis. He showed great shrewdness in maintaining an ascendancy over the politicians and controlling a majority in both branches of Congress, and, through his minister of finance, relentlessly followed the policy of contracting the currency and increasing taxes. In 1901 the payment of interest on the foreign debt was resumed, and though that debt had been increased fifty million dollars the currency had doubled in value and become relatively stable. The state governments are more dependent on the Union than in the days of their wealth; there is little present danger of disintegration; no real sentiment for the re-establishment of the empire exists. The same habits of political subordination which have kept Brazil together so long are increasing rather than diminishing in force.

The commercial crisis and the high taxes have created great discontent among merchants. Coffee-planters and rubber-gatherers have still further suffered by the rise of the currency. Immigration has practically ceased, and there is little water left in speculative enterprises. The great Bank of the Republic failed in 1900, dragging down many industrial concerns and ruining thousands of small investors, and the government's connection with the bank caused much scandal. Other banks, which had too much extended their agricultural and industrial credits, have also failed, and there is great want of confidence among investors. However, capital is slowly accumulating, and a healthful tendency toward industrious habits and the employment of reasonable and moderate methods in exploiting the great untouched natural resources of the country is evident.

Rodrigues Alves, the third civil president of the Republic, was peaceably elected in the spring of 1902, and took his seat on November 15th, the thirteenth anniversary of the Republic. Like both his predecessors he is from Sao Paulo, and was virtually named by his immediate predecessor. His policy is expected to be the same as Campos Salles's--that is, to keep expenses within revenue and to maintain the political _status quo_.

Leaving out immigration, the Brazilian people have shown a steady natural increase of nearly two per cent. per annum during this century. The total population has multiplied from less than three to more than eighteen millions. Not a fiftieth part of the territory is cultivated; its resources have never been studied, much less developed; the positive checks hardly exist; the preventive checks are yet indefinitely remote. Modern altruism makes wars of extermination unthinkable; the colonial experiences of the last century have demonstrated that races possessing a reasonably efficient industrial organisation do not tend to disappear, even though nations whose physical force is greater may reduce them to political subordination. The Brazilians have the additional advantage of inheriting directly a European civilisation. They are too firmly established, too numerous and prolific, and possess a too highly organised and deeply rooted civilisation to be in danger of expulsion or political absorption. Immense immigration into South America is inevitable, as soon as the pressure of population is strongly felt in Western Europe and North America. This may transform Brazil economically, but the new conditions will have to fit themselves into the political and social framework already in existence.

INDEX

A

Absolutism, of King of Castile in America, 53; of Francia, 192; of Lopez, 199, 201; of John II., 293; of Pombal, 397; of Pedro I., 421, 424; revolt against, 411, 412

"Adelantados," 23, 34, 166

Affonso Celso, 492

Agassiz, Louis, 306

Agricultural methods, 338, 394, 406, 467

Alagoas, 309, 355, 405

Albuquerque, Jeronymo de, 343, 345, 354, 355

Alcacer-Kibir, battle of, 322, 342

Alvarengo Peixoto, poet, 399

Alvarengo, Silva, poet, 399

Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires, 96, 102; exiled, 103; in battle of Ituzaingo, 120, 261, 429; Montevideo surrenders to, 255

Amazon, the, estuary discovered, 301; extent navigable, 308; explored, 344, 371; settlements along, 374; Upper, 382, 392

Amazonas, state of, 405, 490

Anchieta, Padre, 329, 336

Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina, 34, 86, 267; in Uruguay, 267; in Brazil, 396, 417, 423, 426, 432, 433, 439, 442, 455

Araguaya River, 310, 392

Arawak Indians, 300

Architecture, 341

Argentina, 37-161; settlement of, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 43; rainfall in, 40; agriculture and grazing in, 40, 43; climate in, 41; area of, 43; prosperity of, 45, 144, 148; exports of, 49, 148, 159; population of, 79, 131, 143, 147, 185; national colours of, 90, independence of, 90, 96, 100, 104; revolt of May 25, 1810, 90, 188, 252, 407; federalism in, 94, 115, 130, 132, 136, 138, 148, 255; proposals to make it a monarchy, 104; civil wars in, 115 _et seq._; war with Brazil, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462; constitution of, 134, 137, 138; industrial development in, 141, 160; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 189, 200, 206-219, 276, 471; finances of, 149-153, 156, 157, 160; war with Chile threatened, 156; war with Uruguay, 255, 267

Arroyo Grande, battle of, 268

Artigas, Jose, 92, 105, 252-258, 407, 408

Assassinations, 277, 281, 379, 508

Asuncion, 22, 33; founded, 25, 165; way opened to, 143; in possession of Brazil, 475

Audiencia, of Charcas, 16, 53, 61, 176; of Buenos Aires, 84

Ayohuma, battle of, 97

Azores, 8, 292, 346, 387, 412

B

Bahia (city), early settlement of Brazil, 320; military and naval post, 322; population, 324; industries, 324, 393; growth, 347; captured by the Dutch, 351; captured by the Portuguese, 352; place of refuge, 355; siege of, 357; held by Portuguese, 358, 418; guerrillas obtain arms in, 362; ecclesiastical capital, 399; reception of the Prince Regent, 404; deposes governor, 412, 436; garrison re-enforced, 419; expulsion of Portuguese garrison from, 420

Bahia (province), position, 310; Jesuits in, 328; population, 338; cattle-raisers of, 372; insurrections in, 375; gold-fields in, 391; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; separatist movement in, 444

Balboa, Nunez de, 12

Basques, 4, 5, 26, 30

Beckman's rebellion, 375

Belgrano, Manuel, Creole leader, 89, 93; expeditions to Paraguay, 91, 92, 188-190; expedition to Tucuman, 93, 94, 96; invasion of Bolivia, 97; commission to Spain, 104; in Uruguay, 253

Beresford, General, 83

Blancos, 126, 129, 266, 272 _et seq._

_Blandenques_, 248

Bohorquez. _See_ Huallpa Inca.

Bolivar, Simon, 101, 111, 112

Bolivia (Upper Peru), irrigation in, 14; silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233; division of, 75; gold in, 78; inhabitants of, 80; resists revolutionary movement, 91; Spanish power in, 100; Rondeau's effort to conquer, 104; route to, 315

Bom Jesus stockade, 354, 355

Bonaparte, Joseph, 87, 251

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 86, 89, 402

Bonifacio de Andrada, Jose, and independence of Brazil, 416, 421; made prime minister, 418; letters to Pedro, 419; and brothers, 423, 432, 439, 446, 449

Borda, Juan Idiarte, 280, 281

Botacudo (Aymore) Indians, 300, 321

Boundary questions, between Spain and Portugal, 66-68, 72, 77, 172, 181, 233, 239, 244, 245, 342, 372, 376, 387; between Argentina and Chile, 156, 158; between Brazil and Paraguay, 203, 208; between Paraguay and Brazil and Argentina, 222; of Brazil, 407, 468

Brazil, 287-512; settlement of, 23, 316, 318, 319, 321, 323, 336, 342, 372-374, 387, 397; war with Argentina, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462; war with Uruguay, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; area of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 314; climate, 305, 308-313; rainfall in, 306, 309-313; population, 310, 314, 336, 347, 374, 397, 405, 480, 511; Spanish possession of, 342; efforts to establish republic in, 381, 399, 409, 476, 479, 482, 488, 492, 495; independence of, 416, 417, 419, 426, 427; Constituent Assembly of, 419, 422, 423; constitution of, 422-424, 439, 444, 500; Congress of, 427, 430, 432, 440, 443, 447, 449, 451, 464, 466, 475, 486, 500, 507; regency in, 436 _et seq._; hegemony of, 463, 468, 476; republic established in, 497, 503, 506

Brazil-wood, 302-304, 317, 321, 322

Brazilian Creoles, at war with Spanish Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242, 245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 408

Brazilian states, power of governors of, 507

Brazilians, character and habits, 294, 318, 319, 323, 339, 359, 368, 376, 396, 399, 406, 407, 459, 460, 464, 467, 479, 492, 512

Brown, William, Admiral, 103, 120, 255, 261, 428

Buenos Aires (city), founded, 24, 25, 30-32, 168; foreign commerce forbidden to, 50; smuggling, 60; prosperity, 72; commercial centre, 75, 78; captured by the British, 83; captured by the Argentine Creoles, 84; battle of, 85; hegemony of, 90, 103; blockades of, 120, 125, 132, 262, 269, 270; detached from province, 148

Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina, 34; independent, 61; Indians exiled to, 63; intendencia, 75, 79

C

Cabeza de Vaca, 26

Cabildos, in Buenos Aires, 32, 90; organisation and functions, 53-56; nationality of members, 57; influence of, 78, 119; in Montevideo, 252

Cabot, Sebastian, 22, 165, 233, 317

Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 295

Cacao, 78

Cagancha, battle of, 268

Calabar (guerrilla chief), 355, 356

Calchaquie Indians, 63

Callao, 49

Camarrao (guerrilla chief), 355, 362

Campos (city), 347

Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de, 488, 508-510

Canary Islands, 7, 8, 242, 292, 329

Cape Horn, 48

Cape Verde Islands, 8, 292

Captaincies, 53, 319

Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay, 182

Carib Indians, 300

Caseros, battle of, 129, 271, 463

Castilhos, Julio de, 502

Catamarca, 15, 63, 154

Cattle industry, in Argentina, 17, 29, 40, 71, 131, 148; in Uruguay, 238, 268, 273; in Brazil, 310, 371-373, 390, 393, 406

Caudillos, 116, 119, 138, 144, 255

Caxias, Marshal, 143, 218, 452, 453, 475

Cayenne, 407

Ceara, location, 309; settlement in, 345; Dutch control of, 357; devastated, 363; separated from Brazil, 371; surplus of cattle in, 373; decline of cattle business in, 393; adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425; anarchy in, 438

Cerrito, battle of, 254

Chacabuco, battle of, 108

Chaco, the, 37, 58, 213, 237; plains of, 166, 186; matter of arbitration, 222

Charles IV. of Spain, 86

Charrua Indians, 71, 235, 244, 247, 265

Chile, 15, 42, 78, 100, 110

Cholera in Brazilian army, 216

Cisplatine Province, 258, 408

City life, taste for, 56

Claudio (poet), 399

Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral, 111, 420, 425

Coelho, Duarte, 319, 328

Coffee, productiveness, 306, 313; districts of cultivation of, 310, 312, 313, 406; increased production of, 448, 458, 466, 479, 489, 509; plantation companies, 501; trade affected by rise of currency, 511

Colombia, 434

Colonia de Sacramento, founded, 68, 240, 376; held by Portuguese, 70, 72, 234, 240; taken by Spaniards, 77, 246, 388, 389; port, 230; attacked, 245

Colonial governors, corruption of, 56, 64, 65, 393

Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed, 48, 49, 63; evil effects of, 49, 52; how enforced, 50, 65, 71; removed, 78, 88, 404; among colonies, 82; of Brazil with Portugal, 287, 336, 342, 373, 393

Colorados, 126, 129, 266, 272 _et seq._

Columbus, Christopher, 8

Commercial routes to Pacific, 21, 47, 48

Concepcion (Argentina), 116

"Confederation of the Equator," 425

Constant, Benjamin, General, 492, 495-497

Contraband trade, in Argentina, 51, 52, 63-66, 69, 75; at Colonia, 240, 377; and Thomas de Souza, 329; in Brazil, 347, 373, 394

Copper, 78

Copper-pan amalgamation process, 16

Cordoba (city), founded, 30; rainfall in, 40; on trade route, 50, 51; prosperity of, 62, 63

Cordoba (province), Spaniards pass through, 14; settled, 15; intendencia, 75; Indian stock in, 80; revolution in, 91, 154; military state, 121; governor expelled, 123

Corrientes (city), founded, 33; defence of, 58; desire for independence, 116

Corrientes (province), flourishing, 34; ravaged by war, 130, 135; troubles in, 154; missions in, 186; Belgrano in, 188; invasion of, 210; relations with Artigas, 255; alliance with Rivera, 267

Cortes, Hernando, 12, 20

Cortes (Portuguese Parliament), 291, 412, 415, 416, 418

Cotegipe, Baron of, 490, 491

Cotton, cultivation of, 14, 41, 309, 310, 371, 448; manufacture, 170, 371, 406; trade, 405

Council of the Indies, 53

Cromwell, Oliver, 366

Cruelties in war, 91, 93, 276, 384

Cuestas, Juan L., 281

Curitiba, 172

Curupayty, battle of, 142, 215, 475

Cuyaba, 391

Cuyo, province of Argentina, 15, 64; industries in, 17; political dependency, 17, 33; detached from Chile, 74; products of, 78; inhabitants of, 102; ruler of, 121, 123

Cuzco, 41

D

December 27, 1868, battle of, 219

Democracy, 56, 81, 83, 432, 437

Diamond mining, 392, 397

Dias, Henrique, 355, 362

Diaz, Bartholomew, 293

Discoveries, 8, 12, 19, 296

Drake, Sir Francis, 47

Drugs, 49

Duarte Coelho. _See_ Coelho, Duarte.

Duguay-Trouin, Admiral, 384

Durao, Santa Rita. _See_ Santa Rita Durao.

E

Education, popular, 73; lack of, among Brazilians, 396; encouraged in Brazil, 398; schools, 404, 406, 448; desire for, 409

Elections, in Argentina, 140, 143, 146, 154; in Uruguay, 280; in Brazil, 464, 475, 478, 485-487, 489, 495, 507

Emancipation of slaves, in Paraguay, 199; in Brazil, 456, 461, 476, 479, 481, 482, 490, 491

Emboaba rebellion, 379

Encomiendas, 165

Entre Rios, province of Argentina, 34; Indians in, 62, 71, 74, 186; gauchos in, 92, 236, 244, 254, 255; governor of, 128; revolutionary movement in, 188; independent, 270; ruler of, 471, 472

Espirito Santo, 310, 333, 338, 347

F

Federalist party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263

Feijo, Padre, Regent of Brazil, 432, 433, 437, 440, 443

Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 87, 90, 93, 96, 411

Fernandes Vieira, 361 _et seq._

Flores, Venancio, leader of revolutionists in Uruguay, 208, 468; ruler of Uruguay, 212, 273; government of his own, 274; in war against Paraguay, 276; death, 277

Fonseca, Deodoro da, 493-497, 500, 501

Foreign debts, of Argentina, increased, 144, 160, how met, 149, 152, 157, 160, 161; of Uruguay, doubled, 277, 280; of Brazil, increased, 464, 474, 509, how met, 480, 489, 510

France, intervenes in Uruguayan civil war, 269; poaches, 304, 317; French traders in Brazil, 322, 329, 343; settlement at Rio, 333; measures to expel, from Rio, 335; attempts to colonise Maranhao, 345; takes Rio, 383; ministers of, with Pedro I., 434

Francia, Jose Gaspar, 190-197, 256, 258

Franciscans, 58, 169, 182

Free Masonry, 409, 415, 484

French Revolution, 82

G

Gama, Basilio da, poet, 399

Gama, Vasco da, 295

Garay, Juan de, founder of Buenos Aires, 30-33, 58, 237

Garcia, Aleixo, 316

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 270, 442

Gauchos, origin of, 81; element in Argentine army, 94, 116; defend Bolivian frontier, 101, 104; in Entre Rios, 236, 244; Uruguayan, 248, 279, 442; in Rio Grande do Sul, 502

Glycerio, Francisco, 495

Goes, Zacarias de, 466

Gold, in Africa, 8; in Hayti, 10, 12; Spain's desire for, 49; value of, 50; in Peru, 78; in Brazil, 310, 378-380, 391-393, 397, 405

Gonzaga, poet, 399

Goyaz, 310, 313, 348, 372

Great Britain, fleet of, before Montevideo, 83-86; gunboats of, hold Paraguayan flagship, 204; captured Buenos Aires, 248; besiege Montevideo, 250, 251; blockade Buenos Aires, 269; filibustering of, along Brazilian coast, 343; importations of, into Brazil, 405, 459; ministers of, 434; relations with Brazil, 456

Guarany (Tupi), Indians, 42, 297

Guararapes, battle of, 364

Guayabos, battle of, 255

Guayaquil, 112

Guayra cataract, 171, 178, 179

Guayra province, 173, 177, 180

H

Hayes, Rutherford B., 222

Hayti, 10, 12

Henry the Navigator, 292

Hernandarias Saavedra, 58, 174, 237

Heyn, Piet, Admiral, 352

Hides, 49, 60, 78, 148, 241

Holland, 309, 343, 350 _et seq._

Horses, 32, 33, 43, 131, 238

Huallpa Inca (Bohorquez), 63

Huaqui, battle of, 92, 253

Huguenots, 334, 345

Humaita, 207, 212-218, 475

I

Iguassu River, 67, 180

Ilheos, 320, 344

Immigration, into Argentina, 45, 130, 136, 141, 144, 159; into Paraguay, 222; into Uruguay, 268, 276, 278; into Brazil, 339, 346, 404, 408, 463, 490, 501, 512

Incas, 13, 14, 41, 42

Indian corn, 41, 306, 310

Indian language, 18, 166, 300, 331

Indian wars, with Guaranies, 29; with inferior tribes, 43; with Andean, 58, 59; in Argentine, 62, 124, 145; in Uruguay, 62, 232, 234, 237; with Calchaquies, 63; Paulistas' raids, 67, 72, 170, 173, 348; with Charruas, 71, 244; in the plains of the Chaco, 166; with Aymores, 321, 335; with Tamoyos, 331; in Brazil, 333, 343, 373

Indians, flourishing communities, 18; Irala's dealing with, 27; Andean and inferior tribes 42; Jesuits and, 73, 74, 173, 331; civilised, 168, 405; evangelisation of, 170, 173, 327; social status of, 184; employment, 185; Cabral and, 297; relations with the French, 333, 335; Brazilian, 298-300

Indigo, 405

Intendencias, 75

Intermixture with Indians, in coast provinces, 18; in Argentina, 45, 80; in Paraguay, 166, 192; in Jesuit Republic, 187; in Brazil, 318, 346, 398

Irrigation, 14, 42

Isabel, Princess of Brazil, 456, 457, 484, 490, 494

Itamarica, 317, 319, 355, 363

Ituzaingo, battle of, 120, 261, 429

J

Januaria, Princess of Brazil, 445, 446

January 19, 1811, battle of, 189

Jesuits, their work in Paraguay, 34, 170-176; republic, 60, 73, 74, 177; and Bohorquez, 64; and Paulistas, 66-68, 72, 347, 348; their work in Uruguay, 71, 238, 245; their work in Brazil, 169, 326 _et seq._; missions in northern Brazil, 374; missions on Amazon, 374, 382, 392; Pombal and, 397

Jews, 353, 358

John VI. of Portugal and Brazil, his troops defeat Artigas, 105; withdraws troops from Uruguay, 254; relations with Napoleon, 402; flight to Rio, 403, 404; Brazil's foreign relations under, 407; called back to Portugal, 411; unsupported by Brazil, 412; in fear of the people, 413; news of his death, 428

Jujuy, 15, 94

Juncal, battle of, 120, 262

L

Labour, enforced, 194, 201

Laguna, 386

Land grants, 56, 338, 390, 406

Las Piedras, battle of, 92, 253

Latorre, Lorenzo, 277

Lautaro society, 96

Lavalle, General, 268

Lavalleja, General, 256, 259, 261, 262

Lima, 16, 51

Liniers, General, 83, 85, 87, 91, 251

Local self-government, strong sentiment in favour of, 34; right of, 115; struggles for, 380; effected, 401, 402, 439, 454; impaired, 444

Lopez II., unnatural cruelties of, 221

Lopez, Carlos Antonio, President of Paraguay, 199-205

Lopez, Francisco Solano, 141, 204-221, 274, 470

Lynch, Madame, 206

M

Madeira Islands, 8, 37, 292, 361, 412

Madeira River, 314, 391, 392

Magellan, Fernando, 20, 21, 232

Magellan, Strait of, 21, 47

Maldonado, 230, 242, 250

Mandioc, 41, 306, 310, 371

Maranhao, location of, 309; French attempt to colonise, 345; captured by the Brazilian Creoles, 346; occupied by Maurice, 357; revolt in, 362, 375; new state, 371; Jesuits in, 374; development hindered, 393; takes a new start, 397; Portuguese expelled from, 420; not represented in Constituent Assembly, 422; adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425; civil war in, 438; revolution in, 446, 452

Maria Gloria of Portugal, 428

Mascate rebellion, 381

Matte (Paraguayan) tea, 78

Matto Grosso, seized by Lopez, 142, 210; at the mercy of Lopez, 208; location of, 314; beginning of the state, 391; expedition against, 471; safety of, assured, 476

Maurice of Nassau, 356

Mello, Admiral, 504, 505

Mem da Sa, 335, 337

Mendoza, Pedro de, 23, 165, 236

Mendoza (city), 15, 41, 64, 106

Miguel, pretender to Portuguese crown, 428, 439

Military operations among uncivilised Indians, 18, 26

Minas Geraes, location of, 310, description of, 311, 313; gold in, 379, 391, 392, 397; population of, 397; literature in, 399; attitude of, toward Pedro I., 433, 438; revolution in, 453

Missions, negotiations concerning, 72, 77, 186, 245, 246, 388, 390; attacked, 105; established in Paraguay, 180; conquered by Rio Grandenses, 248; loyal to Artigas, 255; invaded, 407

Mitre, Bartolome, resistance of Rioja to, 64; historian, 98; established civil government in Buenos Aires, 126; on Argentine constitution, 137; in Paraguayan war, 141, 142, 153, 160, 471; party leader, 154

Mohammedanism, 325

Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants, 48, 50, 51, 82; Portuguese, 374, 393; abolished, 397, 404

Montevideo, harbours, 31, 241; taken by the Spanish, 70; population of, 78; sieges of, 92, 250, 253, 254, 269; captured by the patriots, 103, 255; captured by the Portuguese, 105, 408; named, 232; fortified, 242; captured by the British, 250; blockaded, 276; founded, 386; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420

Montoya, Father, 178

Moors, 3-5, 288, 290

Moraes, Prudente, President, 488, 506, 507, 508

Mules, trade in, 63

Municipal government, characteristic of Spain, 3, 53; adaptation of, 44; Spanish form of, 54; in Portugal, 290, 291; of Bahia, 325; granted to Brazilian towns, 374; character of, 424

N

Nabuco, Joaquim, 481

Napoleon Bonaparte. _See_ Bonaparte, Napoleon.

Natal, 344

Negroes, 102, 105, 311, 375, 405

New Granada, 100

Nobrega, Padre Manuel, 326, 328, 330

O

Office-holding, 52, 409, 459

O'Higgins, Bernard, 109, 111

Ojeda, Alonso de, 301

Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 344

Oribe, Manuel, retreat of, 256; president of Uruguay, 265; leader of party, 265, 267, 461; defeated Argentine unitarians, 268; surrendered, 271

Oruro, 16

Ouro Preto, Viscount of, 494, 495, 497

Ouro Preto (city), 399

P

Pacific, Spanish control of, 21

Pampas, explored, 32; character of, 38; description, 40, 41; expedition over, 58

Pampean sea, prehistoric, 229

Panama, Isthmus of, 12, 21, 48, 49

Paper currency, in Argentine, 149, 150, 157, 160; in Paraguay, 223; in Uruguay, 282; in Brazil, 458, 463, 464, 466, 473, 479, 480, 501, 507, 509, 510

Para, Indians in, 346, 405; Portuguese possession of, 358; part of Maranhao, 371; Jesuits in, 374; development hindered, 393; takes a new start, 397; cotton trade in, 405; coffee in, 406; expedition from, to Cayenne, 407; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420; and Constituent Assembly, 422; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; action of troops in, 436, 441; production of rubber in, 490; prosperity of, 501

Paraguay (country), 165-224; settlement of, 25, 27; Jesuit missions in, 34; Indians in, 42, 80; separate province, 61; intendencia, 75; population, 75, 220; products of, 78; attitude toward revolutionary movement, 91; war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; independence of, 184, 189, 190, 222, 476; commercial isolation of, 192, 197; Brazilian protectorate of, 221; Paulistas in, 348

Paraguay River, the, explorations along, 22, 26; settlement on, 33; watershed of, 37; description of, 38; free navigation on, 200, 464, 471, 476

Paraguayan army, discipline in, 214

Parahyba do Norte, location, 309; population, 338; Spaniards take possession of, 343; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425

Parahyba do Sul, 312, 347, 373

Parana, Marquis of, 463, 464, 465

Parana (Brazilian state), 313, 377, 405

Parana (city), 134

Parana River, the, explorations of, 14, 22, 26, 30, 31, 165; settlements on, 27, 33, 34, 62, 134, 168; description of, 38; Jesuit missions on, 60, 171; Paulistas on, 67; open only to Argentine vessels, 200; free navigation on, 202, 270, 464; European navies enter, 269; valley of, 312, 313, 377

Patagonia, 40, 41, 43, 146

Paulista pioneers, 318, 348

Pavon, battle of, 64, 137

Paysandu, capture of, 210

Pedro I. of Brazil, 412-416, 421-435, 439

Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy, 433, 444, 446; assumes imperial functions, 447; emperor, 449-457; power of, 478; declining health, 488, 494; speech of, 490; deposition, 498, 499

Peixoto, Floriano, 497, 500, 502-505

Pepper, 406

Pernambuco (city), founded, 319; nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320; Nobrega visits, 328; architecture of, 340; population of, 347; advantageous position of, 351; taken by the Dutch, 353, 354; taken by the Brazilian Creoles, 367; military revolts in, 438

Pernambuco (province), location of, 309; population of, 338, 347; rich planters of, 339; Jews in, 358; civil war in, 380; sugar industry in, 393; revolution in, 409; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison in, 418; garrison expelled from, 419; and Constituent Assembly, 422, 424; action of troops in, 436; conservative governor of, 455

Peru, Pizarro in, 12, 13, 23; irrigation in, 14; silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233; gold in, 78; Spanish power in, 100; war against, 111

Philip II. of Spain, 342

Piauhy, 309, 372, 393, 422

Pilocomayo River, 222

Pinheiro Machado, General, 503

Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, 301

Pitagoares Indians, 344

Pizarro, 13, 23, 316

Polygamy, 220

Pombal, Marquis of, 396

Pope's division of the world, 12, 19, 21, 319

Porto Seguro, 320, 338, 347

Portugal, separated from Leon, 4; and Granada united, 6; joined to Spanish crown, 47; general survey of the history of, 288-292; Philip II., of Spain on the throne of, 342; separated from Spain, 361; war with Spain, 382; revolt of 1820 in, 411

Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio, 403

Portuguese discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 292; in South America, 19, 67, 68, 77, 302

Potatoes, 41

Potosi, 16, 51

Press, freedom of, in Brazil, 410, 430, 448, 460, 482; restricted, 422, 424

Printing-press in Brazil, 404, 408, 409

Provincial organisation, 54, 61, 74, 77, 405

Q

Quicksilver mines, 16

Quintino Bocayuva, 495, 497

R

Race elements in population, 405

Railways, mileage in Argentina, 148; source of wealth, 161; building of, in Brazil, 463, 466, 490; building of, interrupted, 508

Ramalho, John, pioneer, 316, 318

Religious lay brotherhoods, 484

Religious sentiment, in Spain, 5; in Argentina, 81; in Portugal, 290; of Count John Maurice, 356, 358; in Brazil, 359, 361; of Fernandez Vieira, 369

Riachuelo, battle of, 210, 474

Rice, 78, 306, 405

Rio Branco, Baron of, 482, 485

Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port, 51; population of, 347, 397; prosperity of, 373, 501; attacked and taken by the French, 383; its reception of the Prince Regent, 404

Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named, 302; description of, 312; nucleus of the settlement of Brazil, 320; French occupation of, 333 _et seq._; captured by the Portuguese, 336; population of, 338; uprising in, 413

Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards, 388; by the Brazilian Creoles, 389

Rio Grande do Norte, location, 309; nucleus of, 344; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; Indians subdued in, 373; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425

Rio Grande do Sul (city), 387

Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in, 72, 180; held by the Portuguese, 77, 244; people of, 247; Brazilian province, 270; and Uruguay, 284; description of, 313, 314; Brazilian possession of, 377; settled, 397; Spanish Constitution in, 412; Argentine invasion of, 429; rebellions in, 441, 442, 454, 502, 504; Paraguayan invasion of, 473, 474

Rioja, 15, 63, 64

Rio Negro, 392

Rio Real, 338

Rivadavia, Bernardino, 104, 119, 120, 262

Rivera, Fructuoso, 255, 259, 261-269, 461

Roca, Julio, General, successes of, 145; candidate for president, 147, 157; his first administration, 150; party leader, 153; took command of army, 155; his second administration, 158, 160; his followers, 160

Rodrigues, Alves, President, 511

Rojas, Diego de, 14

Rondeau, Jose, General, 254, 263

Rosario, 40, 63, 136, 155

Rosas, Juan Manuel, laudation of, 114; federalist leader in Buenos Aires, 122 _et seq._, 266; growth of his power, 200; and Montevideo, 268; relations with Entre Rios, 270; and Oribe faction, 461

Rubber, 490, 501, 511

S

Sabara, 378, 391

Saldanha Marinho, 482

Salta, province of Argentina, 15; intendencia, 75; social conditions in, 80; Buenos Airean army passes through, 91; warfare in, 94; rebellion in, 155

San Ildefonso, treaty of, 246, 389

San John d'El Rei, 400

San Juan, 15, 40, 64, 137

San Luiz, 64, 155

San Martin, Jose, General, 77, 96-114

Santa Catharina, 19, 26; captured by Spain, 77, 246; description of, 313; exploration of, 316; Brazilian possession of, 377; settlement of, 386, 397; captured by the Spaniards, 389; restored to Portugal, 390; invasion of, 446, 504, 506; seat of revolutionary government, 504

Santa Fe, Argentina (city), Spanish settlement of, 29; desire of, for independence, 116; founded, 168

Santa Fe, Argentina (province), governor of, sent Indians and supplies to Buenos Aires, 31; Indians in, 63, 130; a part of intendencia of Buenos Aires, 75; invasion of, 121; Brazilian army in, 129; Congress held in, 131; revolution in, 155; Creoles of, defeat Charruas, 242; loyal to Artigas, 255

Santa Luzia, battle of, 453

Santa Rita Durao (poet), 399

Santiago de Chile, 42, 51, 107

Santiago del Estero (Argentina), 14, 15, 63, 121, 154

Santo Amaro, 319

Santos, 51, 316, 318

Sao Francisco River, the, why so named, 302; valley of, 310, 311; Pernambucos on, 344; military raids near, 357; cattle-raisers established on, 372; gold around headwaters of, 378

Sao Paulo (city), menaced by Indians, 333; prosperity of, 501, the home of Rodrigues Alvez, 511

Sao Paulo (province), opposition to the extension of Spanish dominions, 66; Jesuits in, 169, 328, 330, 347, 374; description of, 313; conditions of, for settlement, 318; nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320; inhabitants of, 322; spread of Indians in, 332; not a sugar-raising province, 338; profits by secret trade, 373; gold in, 378; depopulated, 393; an Englishman in, 407; revolution in, 453; representation of, in Chamber of Brazil, 488; coffee in, 489

Sao Vicente, 23, 318

Saraiva, Aparcicio, 280

Saraiva, Gomercindo, 503, 504

Saraiva, Jose Antonio, 486, 488

Sarandi, battle of, 120, 260, 427

Schouten, 48

Sea-power, of England, 82, 269, 366; of Spain, 93, 103, 111, 255; of France, 269; of Brazil, 426, 462; of Argentina, 428

Sergipe, 310, 343, 344, 357

Seville Junta, 88, 251

Sheep-raising, 131, 148, 278

Silver mining, in Bolivia and Peru, 16, 22, 78, 233; Spain's desire for, 49; value of, 50

Sipe-Sipe, battle of, 104

Slavery, Indian, in Argentine provinces, 17, 33; tendency of, 56; Hernandarias opposed to, 59; forbidden by Spanish Government, 60, 175; under Spaniards, 165; Paulistas and, 174, 322, 347; forbidden by Portuguese Government, 321; Jesuits fought against, 327; Mem da Sa and, 335; Pombal and, 398

Slavery, negro, 82, 324, 458; encouraged, 328, 335; increased, 398; proportion of slaves in population of Brazil, 405. _See_ Emancipation of slaves.

Solis, Juan Diaz de, 19, 230

Soracaba, 373, 453

Soriano, first settlement in Uruguay, 238, 241

Souza, Thomas de, 323, 329

Spain, war with Portugal, 382; revolt of 1820 in, 411

Spanish authority unquestioned, 52

Spanish Creoles at war with Brazilian Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242, 245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 409

Spanish discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 12-15, 301

Spanish monarchy, structure of, 4, 7, 20

Spanish possession of Portugal and Brazil, 342

Spanish treasure fleet, capture of, by the Dutch, 353

Street-car tax riots, 485

Sucre (Charcas), 16, 33, 89, 182

Sugar, districts of cultivation of, 78, 309, 310, 312, 321, 343, 371; first cultivation of, 317, 321; industry prosperous, 321, 324, 336, 448: annual production of, 338; trade, 351; price, 361, 392, 397; industry decadent, 393; staple production, 405; comparative cultivation, 458; plantation companies, 501

Suipacha, battle of, 91

T

Tabocas, battle of, 362

Tamoyo Indians, 331, 335

Tandil Mountains, 237

Tapajos River, 314

Taxation, 338, 393

Theresina Christina, Empress of Brazil, 457, 498

"Thirty-three," the, 259

Tierra del Fuego, 41

Tiete River, 347

Tiradentes, 400

Tobacco, 78, 310, 393, 405, 448

Tocantins River, 310, 392

Tucuman, battle of, 94

Tucuman (city), founded, 15; Congress at, 105; Paz's army in, 123, 124

Tucuman (province), Spanish rule in, 15, 17; political dependency, 17, 33, 61; thriving towns in, 62, 63; revolt in, 155; missionary work in, 182

U

Unitarian party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263

United States of America, and Lopez, 202, 203; arbitrator, 222; influence of, on Brazil, 399, 500; recognises Brazil's independence, 426; does not support Pedro, 434; prevents commercial blockade, 506

Urquiza, Justo Jose, General, defeats allied unitarians and colorados, 126; governor of Entre Rios, 128; forms alliance with Brazil and colorado faction in Uruguay, 129, 462, 472; favours federal constitution, 131-134; first president of Argentine Republic, 135; his term expires, 137; refuses to revolt against Buenos Aires, 142; revolt against, 144; his friendship with Lopez, 200; general-in-chief, 271; successes in Uruguay, 271, 462; Lopez angry with, 471

Uruguay, 34, 75, 227-284; Indians in, 62, 71, 74; first settlement, 68; Spanish territory, 77, 100; Portuguese troops in, 110; war with Brazil, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; area of, 229; settlement of, 238, 239, 242, 386; population of, 247, 265, 273, 278; war with Argentina, 255, 267; independence of, 255, 259, 260, 263, 430, 461, 463, 476; Brazilian occupation of, 258, 408; constitution of, 264; Brazilian intervention in, 270, 274, 407, 462; Paulistas in, 348; rebellion against Pedro, 427; Brazilian protectorate of, 468

Uruguay River, the, explored, 22; harbours, 31; course of, 38; Jesuit missions along, 60, 68; navigation of, 134, 464

Uruguayana, capture of, 212

Uspallata Pass, 106

V

Vasco da Gama. _See_ Gama, Vasco da.

Vasconcellos, Bernardo, in Congress of Brazil, 430, 446; absent from Rio, 433; result of work, 440, 441, 443; death, 461

Veiga, Evaristo da, 430, 433

Venezuela, 100

Vespucci, Amerigo, 302, 306

Viceroyalties, divided into provinces, 53; Peru, 61, 74, 176; Buenos Aires, 74, 75, 80; Atlantic slope of Spanish South America, 246

Victoria, 311, 320, 378

Vidal, guerrilla chief, 362

Vieira, Antonio, 374

Vieira, Fernandes. _See_ Fernandes Vieira.

Vilapugio, battle of, 97

Villegagnon, French adventurer, 334

Visigoths, 3, 290

W

_Water Witch_, incident, 203

Wheat, 148, 159, 278, 340

Whitelocke, General, 85

X

Xingu River, 314

Y

Yellow fever, 461

Z

Zeballos, Pedro de, 77

* * * * *

_A Selection from the Catalogue of_ G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Complete Catalogues sent on application

The Story of the Nations

In the story form the current of each National life is distinctly indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes are presented for the reader in their philosophical relation to each other as well as to universal history.

It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into the real life of the peoples, and to bring them before the reader as they actually lived, labored, and struggled--as they studied and wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the myths, with which the history of all lands begins, are not overlooked, though they are carefully distinguished from the actual history, so far as the labors of the accepted historical authorities have resulted in definite conclusions.

The subjects of the different volumes have been planned to cover connecting and, as far as possible, consecutive epochs or periods, so that the set when completed will present in a comprehensive narrative the chief events in the great STORY OF THE NATIONS; but it is, of course, not always practicable to issue the several volumes in their chronological order.

_For list of volumes see next page._

GREECE. Prof. Jas. A. Harrison. ROME. Arthur Gilman. THE JEWS. Prof. James K. Hosmer. CHALDEA. Z. A. Ragozin. GERMANY. S. Baring-Gould. NORWAY. Hjalmar H. Boyesen. SPAIN. Rev. E. E. and Susan Hale. HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vambery. CARTHAGE. Prof. Alfred J. Church. THE SARACENS. Arthur Gilman. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole. THE NORMANS. Sarah Orne Jewett. PERSIA. S. G. W. Benjamin. ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. Mahaffy. ASSYRIA. Z. A. Ragozin. THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley. IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless. TURKEY. Stanley Lane-Poole. MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA Z. A. Ragozin. MEDIAEVAL FRANCE. Prof. Gustave Masson. HOLLAND. Prof. J. Thorold Rogers. MEXICO. Susan Hale. PHOENICIA. George Rawlinson. THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern. EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church. THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole. RUSSIA. W. R. Morfill. THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W. D. Morrison. SCOTLAND. John Mackintosh. SWITZERLAND. R. Stead and Mrs. A. Hug. PORTUGAL. H. Morse-Stephens. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. C. W. C. Oman. SICILY. E. A. Freeman. THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. Bella Duffy. POLAND. W. R. Morfill. PARTHIA. Geo. Rawlinson. JAPAN. David Murray. THE CHRISTIAN RECOVERY OF SPAIN. H. E. Watts. AUSTRALASIA. Greville Tregarthen. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Geo. M. Theal. VENICE. Alethea Wiel. THE CRUSADES. T. S. Archer and C. L. Kingsford. VEDIC INDIA. Z. A. Ragozin. BOHEMIA. C. E. Maurice. CANADA. J. G. Bourinot. THE BALKAN STATES. William Miller. BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. R. W. Frazer. MODERN FRANCE. Andre LeBon. THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Alfred T. Story. Two vols. THE FRANKS. Lewis Sergeant. THE WEST INDIES. Amos K. Fiske. THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND. Justin McCarthy, M.P. Two vols. AUSTRIA. Sidney Whitman. CHINA. Robt. K. Douglass. MODERN SPAIN. Major Martin A. S. Hume. MODERN ITALY. Pietro Orsi. THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. Helen A. Smith. Two vols. WALES AND CORNWALL. Owne M. Edwards. MEDIAEVAL ROME. Wm. Miller. THE PAPAL MONARCHY. Wm. Barry. MEDIAEVAL INDIA. Stanley Lane-Poole. BUDDHIST INDIA. T. W. Rhys-Davids. THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Thomas C. Dawson. Two vols. PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND. Edward Jenks. MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND. Mary Bateson. THE UNITED STATES. Edward Earle Sparks. Two vols. ENGLAND: THE COMING OF PARLIAMENT. L. Cecil Jane. GREECE TO A. D. 14. E. S. Shuckburgh. ROMAN EMPIRE. Stuart Jones. SWEDEN AND DENMARK, with FINLAND AND ICELAND. Jon Stefansson.

Heroes of the Nations

A series of biographical studies of the lives and work of a number of representative historical characters about whom have gathered the great traditions of the Nations to which they belonged, and who have been accepted, in many instances, as types of the several National ideals. With the life of each typical character is presented a picture of the National conditions surrounding him during his career.

The narratives are the work of writers who are recognized authorities on their several subjects, and while thoroughly trustworthy as history, present picturesque and dramatic "stories" of the Men and of the events connected with them.

To the Life of each "Hero" is given one duodecimo volume, handsomely printed in large type, provided with maps and adequately illustrated according to the special requirements of the several subjects.

_For full list of volumes see next page._

NELSON. By W. Clark Russell. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. By C. R. L. Fletcher. PERICLES. By Evelyn Abbott. THEODORIC THE GOTH. By Thomas Hodgkin. SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. By H. R. Fox-Bourne. JULIUS CAESAR. By W. Ward Fowler. WYCLIF By Lewis Sargeant. NAPOLEON. By W. O'Connor Morris. HENRY OF NAVARRE. By P. F. Willert. CICERO. By J. L. Strachan-Davidson. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Noah Brooks. PRINCE HENRY (OF PORTUGAL) THE NAVIGATOR. By C. R. Beazley. JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. By Alice Gardner. LOUIS XIV. By Arthur Hassall. CHARLES XII. By R. Nisbet Bain. LORENZO DE' MEDICI. By Edward Armstrong. JEANNE D'ARC. By Mrs. Oliphant. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. By Washington Irving. ROBERT THE BRUCE. By Sir Herbert Maxwell. HANNIBAL. By. W. O'Connor Morris. ULYSSES S. GRANT. By William Conant Church. ROBERT E. LEE. By Henry Alexander White. THE CID CAMPEADOR. By H. Butler Clarke. SALADIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole. BISMARCK. By J. W. Headlam. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. By Benjamin I. Wheeler. CHARLEMAGNE. By H. W. C. Davis. OLIVER CROMWELL. By Charles Firth. RICHELIEU. By James B. Perkins. DANIEL O'CONNELL. By Robert Dunlap. SAINT LOUIS (Louis IX. of France). By Frederick Perry. LORD CHATHAM. By Walford David Green. OWEN GLYNDWR. By Arthur G. Bradley. HENRY V. By Charles L. Kingsford. EDWARD I. By Edward Jenks. AUGUSTUS CAESAR. By J. B. Firth. FREDERICK THE GREAT. By W. F. Reddaway. WELLINGTON. By W. O'Connor Morris. CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. By J. B. Firth. MOHAMMED. D. S. Margoliouth. GEORGE WASHINGTON. By J. A. Harrison. CHARLES THE BOLD. By Ruth Putnam. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. By F. B. Stanton. FERNANDO CORTES. By F. A. MacNutt. WILLIAM THE SILENT. By R. Putnam. BLUeCHER. By E. F. Henderson. ROGER THE GREAT. By E. Curtis. CANUTE THE GREAT. By L. M. Larson. CAVOUR. By Pietro Orsi. DEMOSTHENES. By A. W. Pickard-Cambridge.

* * * * *

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.

3. The word PHOENICIA uses an OE ligature in the original.

4. The punctuation has been normalized within index.

5. The following misprints have been corrected: "completly" corrected to "completely" (page 81) "int rests" corrected to "interests" (page 87) "equilibriumin" corrected to "equilibrium in" (page 160) "it ecame" corrected to "it became" (page 251) "county" corrected to "country" (page 294) "though" corrected to "thought" (page 297) "commerical" corrected to "commercial" (page 374) "municpalities" corrected to "municipalities" (page 454) "in creased" corrected to "increased" (page 508)

6. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained.