Chapter 8

and shoulders.] (See p. 30.)

The words used in such case are uncertain, and to be recited at the pleasure of the witch or cozener. But at the conclusion of this, cut off the head of a horse or an ass (before they be dead, otherwise the virtue or strength thereof will be the less effectual), and make an earthen vessel of fit capacity to contain the same, and let it be filled with the oil and fat thereof, cover it close, and daub it over with loam; let it boil over a soft fire three days continually, that the flesh boiled may run into oil, so as the bare bones may be seen; beat the hair into powder, and mingle the same with the oil; and anoint the heads of the standers by, and they shall seem to have horses' or asses' heads.

Discourse upon Devils and Spirits, chap. xi.

"The Rabbins and, namely, Rabbi Abraham, writing upon the second of Genesis, do say that God made the fairies, bugs, Incubus, Robin Goodfellow, and other familiar or domestic spirits and devils on the Friday; and being prevented with the evening of the Sabbath, finished them not, but left them unperfect; and that therefore, that ever since they use to fly the holiness of the Sabbath, seeking dark holes in mountains and woods, wherein they hide themselves till the end of the Sabbath, and then come abroad to trouble and molest men."

Discourse, &c., chap. xxi.

"_Virunculi terrei_ are such as was Robin Goodfellow, that would supply the office of servants--specially of maids: as to make a fire in the morning, sweep the house, grind mustard and malt, draw water, &c.; these also rumble in houses, draw latches, go up and down stairs, &c.... There go as many tales upon this Hudgin[3] in some parts of Germany, as there did in England of Robin Goodfellow."

* * * * *

STRANGE FARLIES

Strange farlies[1] fathers told Of fiends and hags of hell; And how that Circes, when she would, Could skill of sorcery well;

And how old thin-faced wives, That roasted crabs by night, Did tell of monsters in their lives That now prove shadows light;

And told what Merlin spoke Of world and times to come; But all that fire doth make no smoke, For in mine ear doth hum

Another kind of bee, That sounds a tune most strange, A trembling noise of words to me That makes my countenance change.

Of old Hobgobling's guise, That walked like ghost in sheets, With maids that would not early rise For fear of bugs and sprites.

Some say the fairies fair Did dance on Bednall Green, And fine familiars of the air Did talk with men unseen.

And oft in moonshine nights, When each thing draws to rest, Was seen dumb shows and ugly sights That fearéd[2] every guest

Which lodgéd in the house; And where good cheer was great, Hodgepoke would come and drink carouse And munch up all the meat.

But where foul sluts did dwell, Who used to sit up late, And would not scour the pewter well, There came a merry mate

To kitchen or to hall, Or place where sprites resort; Then down went dish and platters all To make the greater sport.

A further sport fell out When they to spoil did fall; Rude Robin Goodfellow, the lout, Would skim the milk-bowls all,

And search the cream-pots too, For which poor milk-maid weeps. God wot what such mad guests will do When people soundly sleeps!

. . . . . .

These are but fables feigned, Because true stories old In doubtful days are more disdained Than any tale is told.

THOMAS CHURCHYARD

from _A Handfull of Gladsome Verses_ (1592).

* * * * *

THE MAD MERRY PRANKS OF ROBIN GOOD-FELLOW

(To the Tune of _Dulcina_.)

From Oberon, in fairy land, The king of ghosts and shadows there, Mad Robin I, at his command, Am sent to view the night-sports here. What revel rout Is kept about, In every corner where I go, I will o'ersee And merry be, And make good sport, with ho, ho, ho!

More swift than lightning can I fly About this airy welkin soon, And, in a minute's space, descry Each thing that's done below the moon, There's not a hag Or ghost shall wag, Or cry, ware Goblins! where I go, But Robin I Their feats will spy, And send them home, with ho, ho, ho!

Whene'er such wanderers I meet, As from their night-sports they trudge home; With counterfeiting voice I greet And call them on, with me to roam Thro' woods, thro' lakes, Thro' bogs, thro' brakes; Or else, unseen, with them I go, All in the nick To play some trick And frolic it, with ho, ho, ho!

Sometimes I meet them like a man; Sometimes an ox, sometimes a hound; And to a horse I turn me can, To trip and trot about them round. But if, to ride, My back they stride, More swift than wind away I go, O'er hedge and lands, Thro' pools and ponds I whirry, laughing ho, ho, ho!

When lads and lasses merry be, With possets and with junkets fine; Unseen of all the company, I eat their cakes and sip their wine; And, to make sport, I sniff and snort; And out the candles I do blow: The maids I kiss; They shriek--Who's this? I answer nought but ho, ho, ho!

Yet now and then, the maids to please, At midnight I card up their wool; And while they sleep and take their ease, With wheel to threads their flax I pull. I grind at mill Their malt up still; I dress their hemp, I spin their tow, If any wake, And would me take, I wend me, laughing ho, ho, ho!

When house or hearth doth sluttish lie, I pinch the maidens black and blue; The bed-clothes from the bed pull I, And lay them naked all to view. 'Twixt sleep and wake, I do them take, And on the key-cold floor them throw: If out they cry, Then forth I fly, And loudly laugh out ho, ho, ho!

When any need to borrow ought, We lend them what they do require: And for the use demand we nought; Our own is all we do desire. If to repay They do delay, Abroad amongst them then I go, And, night by night, I them affright With pinchings, dreams, and ho, ho, ho!

When lazy queans have nought to do, But study how to cog and lie; To make debate and mischief too, 'Twixt one another secretly: I mark their gloze, And it disclose, To them whom they have wrongéd so: When I have done, I get me gone, And leave them scolding, ho, ho, ho!

When men do traps and engines set In loop-holes, where the vermin creep, Who from their folds and houses, get Their ducks and geese, and lambs and sheep; I spy the gin, And enter in, And seem a vermin taken so; But when they there Approach me near, I leap out laughing ho, ho, ho!

By wells and rills, in meadows green, We nightly dance our heydeguys; And to our fairy king and queen We chant our moon-light minstrelsies. When larks 'gin sing, Away we fling; And babes new-born steal as we go, And elf in bed We leave instead, And wend us laughing, ho, ho, ho!

From hag-bred Merlin's time have I Thus nightly revell'd to and fro: And for my pranks men call me by The name of Robin Good-fellow. Fiends, ghosts, and sprites, Who haunt the nights, The hags and goblins do me know; And beldames old My feats have told; So _Vale, Vale_; ho, ho, ho!

_A black-letter broadside, XVIIth cent._

* * * * *

QUEEN MAB

_Satyr_ This is Mab, the mistress fairy, That doth nightly rob the dairy, And can hunt or help the churning As she please without discerning. . . . . . . She that pinches country wenches If they rub not clean their benches, And with sharper nails remembers When they rake not up their embers; But if so they chance to feast her, In a shoe she drops a tester. . . . . . . This is she that empties cradles, Takes out children, puts in ladles; Trains forth midwives in their slumber, With a sieve the holes to number, And then leads them from her boroughs Home through ponds and water-furrows. . . . . . . She can start our franklins' daughters, In her sleep, with shrieks and laughters, And on sweet St. Anna's night Feed them with a promised sight-- Some of husbands, some of lovers, Which an empty dream discovers.

BEN JONSON, masque of _A Satyr_ (1603).

* * * * *

A Proper New Ballad, intituled

THE FAIRIES' FAREWELL: OR GOD-A-MERCY WILL

(To be sung or whistled to the Tune of the _Meadow Brow_ by the learned; by the unlearned, to the Tune of _Fortune_.)

Farewell rewards and Fairies! Good housewives, now you may say; For now foul sluts in dairies Do fare as well as they; And though they sweep their hearths no less Than maids were wont to do, Yet who of late for cleanliness Finds sixpence in her shoe?

Lament, lament old abbeys, The fairies' lost command; They did but change priests' babies; But some have changed your land; And all your children sprung from thence Are now grown Puritans, Who live as changelings ever since For love of your demesnes.

At morning and at evening both You merry were and glad, So little care of sleep or sloth These pretty ladies had. When Tom came home from labour, Or Ciss to milking rose, Then merrily, merrily went their tabour, And nimbly went their toes.

Witness those rings and roundelays Of theirs, which yet remain, Were footed in Queen Mary's days On many a grassy plain. But since of late Elizabeth And later James came in, They never danced on any heath, As when the time hath bin.

By which we note the fairies Were of the old profession; Their songs were _Ave Maries_, Their dances were procession. But now, alas! they all are dead, Or gone beyond the seas, Or farther for religion fled, Or else they take their ease.

A tell-tale in their company They never could endure; And whoso kept not secretly Their mirth, was punished sure: It was a just and Christian deed To pinch such black and blue: O how the common-wealth doth [need][1] Such justices as you!

Now they have left our quarters; A Register they have Who looketh to their charters, A man both wise and grave. An hundred of their merry pranks By one that I could name Are kept in store; con twenty thanks To William for the same.

* * * * *

To William Churne of Staffordshire Give laud and praises due, Who every meal can mend your cheer With tales both old and true: To William all give audience, And pray ye for his noddle: For all the fairies evidence Were lost, if it were addle.

RICHARD CORBET (1582-1625), from _Poetica Stromata_ (1648)

* * * * *

THE FAIRY QUEEN

Come, follow, follow me, You fairy elves that be, Which circle on the green, Come follow me your queen; Hand in hand let's dance around, For this place is fairy ground.

When mortals are at rest, And snorting in their nest, Unheard and unespied Through keyholes we do glide: Over tables, stools, and shelves. We trip it with our fairy elves.

And if the house be foul, Or platter, dish, or bowl, Upstairs we nimbly creep And find the sluts asleep; There we pinch their arms and thighs; None escapes nor none espies.

But if the house be swept, And from uncleanness kept, We praise the household maid And surely she is paid; For we do use, before we go, To drop a tester in her shoe.

Upon a mushroom's head Our table we do spread; A corn of rye or wheat Is manchet which we eat, Pearly drops of dew we drink In acorn cups filled to the brink.

The brains of nightingales With unctuous dew of snails Between two nutshells stewed Is meat that's easily chewed; And the beards of little mice Do make a feast of wondrous price.

On tops of dewy grass So nimbly do we pass, The young and tender stalk Ne'er bends when we do walk; Yet in the morning may be seen Where we the night before have been.

The grasshopper and fly Serve for our minstrelsy. Grace said, we dance awhile, And so the time beguile; And when the moon doth hide her head, The glow-worm lights us home to bed.

From _The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence_ (1658); with a preface signed E[dward] P[hillips].

* * * * *

NYMPHIDIA:

THE COURT OF FAIRY

Old Chaucer doth of Topas tell, Mad Rab'lais of Pantagruel, A later third of Dowsabel, With such poor trifles playing; Others the like have laboured at, Some of this thing and some of that, And many of they know not what, But that they must be saying.

Another sort there be, that will Be talking of the Fairies still, Nor never can they have their fill, As they were wedded to them; No tales of them their thirst can slake, So much delight therein they take, And some strange thing they fain would make, Knew they the way to do them.

Then since no Muse hath been so bold, Or of the later, or the old, Those elvish secrets to unfold, Which lie from others' reading, My active Muse to light shall bring The Court of that proud Fairy King, And tell there of the revelling: Jove prosper my proceeding!

And thou, Nymphidia, gentle Fay, Which, meeting me upon the way, These secrets didst to me bewray, Which now I am in telling; My pretty, light, fantastic maid, I here invoke thee to my aid, That I may speak what thou hast said, In numbers smoothly swelling.

This palace standeth in the air, By necromancy placed there, That it no tempests needs to fear, Which way soe'er it blow it; And somewhat southward toward the noon, Whence lies a way up to the moon, And thence the Fairy can as soon Pass to the earth below it.

The walls of spiders' legs are made Well mortised and finely laid; He was the master of his trade It curiously that builded; The windows of the eyes of cats, And for the roof, instead of slats, Is covered with the skins of bats, With moonshine that are gilded.

Hence Oberon him sport to make, Their rest when weary mortals take, And none but only fairies wake, Descendeth for his pleasure; And Mab, his merry Queen, by night Bestrides young folks that lie upright[1] (In elder times, the mare that hight), Which plagues them out of measure.

Hence shadows, seeming idle shapes, Of little frisking elves and apes To earth do make their wanton scapes, As hope of pastime hastes them: Which maids think on the hearth they see When fires well-near consumed be, There dancing hays[2] by two and three, Just as their fancy casts them.

These make our girls their sluttery rue, By pinching them both black and blue, And put a penny in their shoe The house for cleanly sweeping; And in their courses make that round In meadows and in marshes found, Of them so called the Fairy Ground, Of which they have the keeping.

These when a child haps to be got Which after proves an idiot When folk perceive it thriveth not, The fault therein to smother, Some silly, doating brainless calf That understands things by the half, Say that the Fairy left this aulfe[3] And took away the other.

But listen, and I shall you tell A chance in Fairy that befell, Which certainly may please some well In love and arms delighting, Of Oberon that jealous grew Of one of his own Fairy crew, Too well, he feared, his Queen that knew His love but ill requiting.

Pigwiggen[4] was this Fairy Knight, One wondrous gracious in the sight Of fair Queen Mab, which day and night He amorously observed; Which made King Oberon suspect His service took too good effect, His sauciness and often checkt, And could have wished him starved[5].

Pigwiggen gladly would commend Some token to Queen Mab to send, If sea or land him aught could lend Were worthy of her wearing; At length this lover doth devise A bracelet made of emmets' eyes, A thing he thought that she would prize, No whit her state impairing.

And to the Queen a letter writes, Which he most curiously indites, Conjuring her by all the rites Of love, she would be pleased To meet him, her true servant, where They might, without suspect or fear, Themselves to one another clear And have their poor hearts eased.

"At midnight the appointed hour, And for the Queen a fitting bower," Quoth he, "is that fair cowslip flower On Hipcut hill that bloweth; In all your train there's not a fay That ever went to gather may But she hath made it, in her way; The tallest there that groweth."

When by Tom Thumb, a Fairy Page, He sent it, and doth him engage By promise of a mighty wage It secretly to carry; Which done, the Queen her maids doth call, And bids them to be ready all: She would go see her summer hall, She could no longer tarry.

Her chariot ready straight is made, Each thing therein is fitting laid, That she by nothing might be stayed, For naught must be her letting; Four nimble gnats the horses were, Their harnesses of gossamere, Fly Cranion her charioteer Upon the coach-box getting.

Her chariot of a snail's fine shell, Which for the colours did excel, The fair Queen Mab becoming well, So lively was the limning; The seat the soft wool of the bee, The cover, gallantly to see, The wing of a pied butterflee; I trow 'twas simple trimming.

The wheels composed of crickets' bones, And daintily made for the nonce; For fear of rattling on the stones With thistle-down they shod it; For all her maidens much did fear If Oberon had chanced to hear That Mab his Queen should have been there, He would not have abode it.

She mounts her chariot with a trice, Nor would she stay for no advice, Until her maids that were so nice To wait on her were fitted; But ran herself away alone, Which when they heard, there was not one But hasted after to be gone, As she had been diswitted.

Hop and Mop and Drop so clear, Pip and Trip and Skip that were To Mab, their sovereign, ever dear, Her special maids of honour; Fib and Tib and Pink and Pin, Tick and Quick and Jill and Jin, Tit and Nit and Wap and Win, The train that wait upon her.

Upon a grasshopper they got And, what with amble and with trot, For hedge nor ditch they spared not, But after her they hie them; A cobweb over them they throw, To shield the wind if it should blow; Themselves they wisely could bestow Lest any should espy them.

But let us leave Queen Mab awhile (Through many a gate, o'er many a stile, That now had gotten by this wile), Her dear Pigwiggen kissing; And tell how Oberon doth fare, Who grew as mad as any hare When he had sought each place with care And found his Queen was missing.

By grisly Pluto he doth swear, He rent his clothes and tore his hair, And as he runneth here and there An acorn cup he greeteth, Which soon he taketh by the stalk, About his head he lets it walk, Nor doth he any creature balk, But lays on all he meeteth.

The Tuscan poet doth advance The frantic Paladin of France,[6] And those more ancient do enhance Alcides in his fury, And others Ajax Telamon, But to this time there hath been none So bedlam as our Oberon, Of which I dare assure ye.

And first encount'ring with a Wasp, He in his arms the fly doth clasp As though his breath he forth would grasp Him for Pigwiggen taking: "Where is ny wife, thou rogue?" quoth he; "Pigwiggen, she is come to thee; Restore her, or thou diest by me!" Whereat the poor Wasp quaking,

Cries, "Oberon, great Fairy King, Content thee, I am no such thing: I am a Wasp, behold my sting!" At which the Fairy started; When soon away the Wasp doth go, Poor wretch was never frighted so; He thought his wings were much too slow, O'erjoyed they so were parted.

He next upon a Glow-worm light (You must suppose it now was night), Which, for her hinder part was bright, He took to be a devil, And furiously doth her assail For carrying fire in her tail; He thrasht her rough coat with his flail; The mad King feared no evil.

"Oh!" quoth the Glow-worm, "hold thy hand, Thou puissant King of Fairy-land! Thy mighty strokes who may withstand? Hold, or of life despair I!" Together then herself doth roll, And tumbling down into a hole, She seemed as black as any coal; Which vext away the Fairy.

From thence he ran into a hive: Amongst the bees he letteth drive, And down their combs begins to rive, All likely to have spoiled, Which with their wax his face besmeared, And with their honey daubed his beard: It would have made a man afeared To see how he was moiled.

A new adventure him betides; He met an Ant, which he bestrides, And post thereon away he rides, Which with his haste doth stumble, And came full over on her snout; Her heels so threw the dirt about, For she by no means could get out, But over him doth tumble.

And being in this piteous case, And all be-slurried head and face, On runs he in this wild-goose chase, As here and there he rambles; Half blind, against a molehill hit, And for a mountain taking it, For all he was out of his wit Yet to the top he scrambles.

And being gotten to the top, Yet there himself he could not stop, But down on th' other side doth chop, And to the foot came rumbling; So that the grubs, therein that bred, Hearing such turmoil overhead, Thought surely they had all been dead; So fearful was the jumbling.

And falling down into a lake, Which him up to the neck doth take. His fury somewhat it doth slake; He calleth for a ferry; Where you may some recovery note, What was his club he made his boat, And in his oaken cup doth float, As safe as in a wherry.

Men talk of the adventures strange Of Don Quishott, and of their change, Through which he armed oft did range, Of Sancha Pancha's travel; But should a man tell everything Done by this frantic Fairy King, And them in lofty numbers sing, It well his wits might gravel.

Scarce set on shore, but therewithal He meeteth Puck, which most men call Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall With words from frenzy spoken: "Ho, ho,"[7] quoth Hob, "God save thy grace! Who drest thee in this piteous case? He thus that spoiled my sovereign's face, I would his neck were broken!"

This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, Still walking like a ragged colt, And oft out of a bush doth bolt, Of purpose to deceive us; And leading us makes us to stray, Long winter's nights, out of the way; And when we stick in mire and clay, Hob doth with laughter leave us.

"Dear Puck," quoth he, "my wife is gone: As e'er thou lov'st King Oberon, Let everything but this alone, With vengeance and pursue her; Bring her to me alive or dead, Or that vild[8] thief Pigwiggen's head; That villain hath defiled my bed, He to this folly drew her."

Quoth Puck, "My liege, I'll never lin[9], But I will thorough thick and thin, Until at length I bring her in; My dearest lord, ne'er doubt it. Thorough brake, thorough briar, Thorough muck, thorough mire, Thorough water, thorough fire; And thus goes Puck about it."

This thing Nymphidia overheard, That on this mad King had a guard, Not doubting of a great reward For first this business broaching; And through the air away doth go, Swift as an arrow from the bow, To let her sovereign Mab to know What peril was approaching.

The Queen, bound with Love's powerful'st charm, Sate with Pigwiggen arm in arm; Her merry maids that thought no harm, About the room were skipping; A humble bee, their minstrel, played Upon his hautboy; every maid Fit for this Revels was arrayed, The hornpipe neatly tripping.

In comes Nymphidia, and doth cry, "My sovereign, for your safety fly, For there is danger but too nigh; I posted to forewarn you: The King hath sent Hobgoblin out, To seek you all the fields about, And of your safety you may doubt If he but once discern you."

When, like an uproar in a town, Before them everything went down; Some tore a ruff, and some a gown, 'Gainst one another justling; They flew about like chaff i' th' wind; For haste some left their masks behind; Some could not stay their gloves to find; There never was such bustling.

Forth ran they, by a secret way, Into a brake that near them lay; Yet much they doubted there to stay, Lest Hob should hap to find them; He had a sharp and piercing sight, All one to him the day and night; And therefore were resolved by flight To leave this place behind them.

At length one chanced to find a nut, In th' end of which a hole was cut, Which lay upon a hazel root, There scattered by a squirrel Which out the kernel gotten had; When quoth this Fay, "Dear Queen, be glad; Let Oberon be ne'er so mad, I'll set you safe from peril.

"Come all into this nut," quoth she, "Come closely in; be ruled by me; Each one may here a chooser be, For room ye need not wrastle: Nor need ye be together heapt"; So one by one therein they crept, And lying down they soundly slept, And safe as in a castle.

Nymphidia, that this while doth watch, Perceived if Puck the Queen should catch That he should be her over-match, Of which she well bethought her; Found it must be some powerful charm, The Queen against him that must arm, Or surely he would do her harm, For throughly he had sought her.

And list'ning if she aught could hear, That her might hinder, or might fear, But finding still the coast was clear, Nor creature had descried her; Each circumstance and having scanned, She came thereby to understand Puck would be with them out of hand; When to her charms she hied her.

And first her fern-seed[10] doth bestow, The kernel of the mistletoe; And here and there as Puck should go, With terror to affright him, She nightshade straws to work him ill, Therewith her vervain and her dill, That hindreth witches of their will, Of purpose to despite him.

Then sprinkles she the juice of rue, That groweth underneath the yew; With nine drops of the midnight dew, From lunary[11] distilling: The molewarp's brain mixed therewithal; And with the same the pismire's gall: For she in nothing short would fall, The Fairy was so willing.

Then thrice under a briar doth creep, Which at both ends was rooted deep, And over it three times she leap, Her magic much availing; Then on Proserpina doth call, And so upon her spell doth fall, Which here to you repeat I shall, Not in one tittle failing.

"By the croaking of the frog, By the howling of the dog, By the crying of the hog Against the storm arising; By the evening curfew bell, By the doleful dying knell, O let this my direful spell, Hob, hinder thy surprising!

"By the mandrake's dreadful groans, By the lubrican's[12] sad moans, By the noise of dead men's bones In charnel-houses rattling; By the hissing of the snake, The rustling of the fire-drake[13], I charge thee thou this place forsake, Nor of Queen Mab be prattling!

"By the whirlwind's hollow sound, By the thunder's dreadful stound, Yells of spirits underground, I charge thee not to fear us; By the screech-owl's dismal note, By the black night-raven's throat, I charge thee, Hob, to tear thy coat With thorns, if thou come near us!"

Her spell thus spoke, she stept aside, And in a chink herself doth hide, To see thereof what would betide, For she doth only mind him: When presently she Puck espies, And well she marked his gloating eyes, How under every leaf he pries, In seeking still to find them.

But once the circle got within, The charms to work do straight begin, And he was caught as in a gin; For as he thus was busy, A pain he in his head-piece feels, Against a stubbed tree he reels, And up went poor Hobgoblin's heels; Alas! his brain was dizzy!

At length upon his feet he gets, Hobgoblin fumes, Hobgoblin frets; And as again he forward sets, And through the bushes scrambles, A stump doth trip him in his pace; Down comes poor Hob upon his face, And lamentably tore his case, Amongst the briars and brambles.

"A plague upon Queen Mab!" quoth he, "And all her maids where'er they be: I think the devil guided me, To seek her so provoked!" Where stumbling at a piece of wood, He fell into a ditch of mud, Where to the very chin he stood, In danger to be choked.

Now worse than e'er he was before, Poor Puck doth yell, poor Puck doth roar, That waked Queen Mab, who doubted sore Some treason had been wrought her: Until Nymphidia told the Queen, What she had done, what she had seen, Who then had well-near cracked her spleen With very extreme laughter.

But leave we Hob to clamber out, Queen Mab and all her Fairy rout, And come again to have a bout With Oberon yet madding: And with Pigwiggen now distraught, Who much was troubled in his thought, That he so long the Queen had sought, And through the fields was gadding.

And as he runs he still doth cry, "King Oberon, I thee defy, And dare thee here in arms to try, For my dear lady's honour: For that she is a Queen right good, In whose defence I'll shed my blood, And that thou in this jealous mood Hast laid this slander on her."

And quickly arms him for the field, A little cockle-shell his shield, Which he could very bravely wield, Yet could it not be pierced: His spear a bent[14] both stiff and strong, And well-near of two inches long: The pile was of a horse-fly's tongue, Whose sharpness nought reversed.

And puts him on a coat of mail, Which was of a fish's scale, That when his foe should him assail, No point should be prevailing: His rapier was a hornet's sting: It was a very dangerous thing, For if he chanced to hurt the King, It would be long in healing.

His helmet was a beetle's head, Most horrible and full of dread, That able was to strike one dead, Yet did it well become him; And for a plume a horse's hair Which, being tossed with the air, Had force to strike his foe with fear, And turn his weapon from him.

Himself he on an earwig set, Yet scarce he on his back could get, So oft and high he did curvet, Ere he himself could settle: He made him turn, and stop, and bound, To gallop, and to trot the round, He scarce could stand on any ground, He was so full of mettle.

When soon he met with Tomalin, One that a valiant knight had bin, And to King Oberon of kin; Quoth he, "Thou manly Fairy, Tell Oberon I come prepared, Then bid him stand upon his guard; This hand his baseness shall reward, Let him be ne'er so wary.

"Say to him thus, that I defy His slanders and his infamy, And as a mortal enemy Do publicly proclaim him. Withal that if I had mine own, He should not wear the Fairy crown, But with a vengeance should come down, Nor we a king should name him."

This Tomalin could not abide To hear his sovereign vilified; But to the Fairy Court him hied (Full furiously he posted), With everything Pigwiggen said: How title to the crown he laid, And in what arms he was arrayed, As how himself he boasted.

'Twixt head and foot, from point to point, He told the arming of each joint, In every piece how neat and quaint, For Tomalin could do it: How fair he sat, how sure he rid, As of the courser he bestrid, How managed, and how well he did; The King which listened to it,

Quoth he, "Go, Tomalin, with speed, Provide me arms, provide my steed, And everything that I shall need; By thee I will be guided; To strait account call thou thy wit; See there be wanting not a whit, In everything see thou me fit, Just as my foe's provided."

Soon flew this news through Fairy-land, Which gave Queen Mab to understand The combat that was then in hand Betwixt those men so mighty: Which greatly she began to rue, Perceiving that all Fairy knew, The first occasion from her grew Of these affairs so weighty.

Wherefore attended with her maids, Through fogs, and mists, and damps she wades, To Proserpine the Queen of Shades, To treat that it would please her The cause into her hands to take, For ancient love and friendship's sake, And soon thereof an end to make, Which of much care would ease her.

A while there let we Mab alone, And come we to King Oberon, Who, armed to meet his foe, is gone, For proud Pigwiggen crying: Who sought the Fairy King as fast And had so well his journeys cast, That he arrived at the last, His puissant foe espying.

Stout Tomalin came with the King, Tom Thumb doth on Pigwiggen bring, That perfect were in everything To single fights belonging: And therefore they themselves engage To see them exercise their rage With fair and comely equipage, Not one the other wronging.

So like in arms these champions were, As they had been a very pair, So that a man would almost swear That either had been either; Their furious steeds began to neigh, That they were heard a mighty way; Their staves upon their rests they lay; Yet, ere they flew together,

Their seconds minister an oath, Which was indifferent to them both, That on their knightly faith and troth No magic them supplied; And sought them that they had no charms Wherewith to work each other's harms, But came with simple open arms To have their causes tried.

Together furiously they ran, That to the ground came horse and man, The blood out of their helmets span, So sharp were their encounters; And though they to the earth were thrown, Yet quickly they regained their own, Such nimbleness was never shown, They were two gallant mounters.

When in a second course again, They forward came with might and main, Yet which had better of the twain, The seconds could not judge yet; Their shields were into pieces cleft, Their helmets from their heads were reft, And to defend them nothing left, These champions would not budge yet.

Away from them their staves they threw, Their cruel swords they quickly drew, And freshly they the fight renew, They every stroke redoubled; Which made Proserpina take heed, And make to them the greater speed, For fear lest they too much should bleed, Which wondrously her troubled.

When to th' infernal Styx she goes, She takes the fogs from thence that rose, And in a bag doth them enclose, When well she had them blended. She hies her then to Lethe spring, A bottle and thereof doth bring, Wherewith she meant to work the thing Which only she intended.

Now Proserpine with Mab is gone Unto the place where Oberon And proud Pigwiggen, one to one, Both to be slain were likely: And there themselves they closely hide, Because they would not be espied; For Proserpine meant to decide The matter very quickly.

And suddenly unties the poke, Which out of it sent such a smoke, As ready was them all to choke, So grievous was the pother; So that the knights each other lost, And stood as still as any post; Tom Thumb nor Tomalin could boast Themselves of any other.

But when the mist 'gan somewhat cease Proserpina commandeth peace; And that a while they should release Each other of their peril; "Which here," quoth she, "I do proclaim To all in dreadful Pluto's name, That as ye will eschew his blame, You let me hear the quarrel:

"But here yourselves you must engage (Somewhat to cool your spleenish rage. Your grievous thirst and to assuage) That first you drink this liquor, Which shall your understanding clear, As plainly shall to you appear; Those things from me that you shall hear, Conceiving much the quicker."

This Lethe water, you must know, The memory destroyeth so, That of our weal, or of our woe, Is all remembrance blotted; Of it nor can you ever think; For they no sooner took this drink, But naught into their brains could sink Of what had them besotted.

King Oberon forgotten had That he for jealousy ran mad, But of his Queen was wondrous glad, And asked how they came thither: Pigwiggen likewise doth forget That he Queen Mab had ever met, Or that they were so hard beset, When they were found together.

Nor neither of them both had thought That e'er they had each other sought, Much less that they a combat fought, But such a dream were loathing: Tom Thumb had got a little sup, And Tomalin scarce kissed the cup, Yet had their brains so sure locked up, That they remembered nothing.

Queen Mab and her light maids, the while, Amongst themselves do closely smile, To see the King caught with this wile, With one another jesting: And to the Fairy Court they went With mickle joy and merriment, Which thing was done with good intent: And thus I left them feasting.

* * * * *

NOTES ON TEXTS

_The Legend of Pyramus and Thisbe._

See p. 31.

[1] P. 73, l. 12. _let_, hinder, prevent.

[2] P. 74, l. 18. _vouching safe_, vouchsafing.

[3] P. 75, l. 4. _parget_, plaster, roughcast.

[4] P. 78, l. 10. _stound_, position.

[5] P. 79, l. 1. _meint_, mixed.

[6] P. 79, l. 19. _belyve_, immediately.

[7] P. 80, l. 5. _sicker_, sure, certain.

[8] P. 80, l. 11. _bespect_, speckled.

* * * *

_Robin Good-fellow._

See pp. 39, 63. The text here given is that of the reprint of the 1628 edition, edited for the Percy Society by J. Payne Collier in 1841. The original black-letter tract, there described as being "in the library of Lord Francis Egerton, M.P.," is still in that collection, which is now known as the Bridgewater House Library. Collier's introduction is characteristic; it contains a good deal of correct information, and an interesting note based on forgeries of his own in Henslowe's _Diary_.

[1] P. 81, l. 20. _Long-tails._ Cf, Fuller's _Worthies_, Kent (1811), i. 486: "It happened in an English village where Saint Austin was preaching, that the Pagans therein did beat and abuse both him and his associates, opprobriously tying fish-tails to their backsides; in revenge whereof an impudent author relateth ... how such appendants grew to the hind-parts of all that generation."--See Murray, _N.E.D._ s.v. Long-tail. The earliest reference is to Moryson's _Itinerary_, 1617. "Kentish-tayld" occurs in Nashe's _Strange News_, 1592, sig. E 4.

[2] P. 84, l. 22. _snite_, snipe,

[3] P. 88, l. 23. _presently_, immediately.

[4] P. 90, l. 11. _ho, ho, hoh!_ This is Robin's traditional laugh. Cf. the refrain of the broadside, p. 144.

[5] P. 93, l. 19. _bolt_, sift, pass through a sieve.

[6] P. 95, l. 5. _himpen, hampen._ Cf. "Hemton hamton" in Scot's account of Robin, p. 135.

[7] P. 97, l. 18. _night-raven,_ proverbially a bird of ill-omen.

[8] P. 98, l. 7. _starkled_, stiffened. A dialect word, still in use.

[9] P. 98, l. 22. _quills_, spools or "bottoms" on which weavers' thread is wound.

[10] P. 101, l. 8. _the tune of Watton Town's End_. See Chappell's _Popular Music_, 218-20.

[11] P. 105, l. 18. _bombasting_, puffing up, frothing.

[12] P. 106, l. 1. _Obreon_. The 1639 edition spells the name in the ordinary way, but it may be noted that the Pepysian copy of the broadside ballad (p. 144), begins--

"From Obreon in fairyland."

[13] P. 108, l. 16. _the tune of What care I how fair she be?_ This is the tune to George Wither's famous--

"Shall I wasting in despair Die because a woman's fair?"

See Chappell's _Popular Music_, 315.

[14] P. 109, l. 5. _the tune of The Spanish Pavin_. (Pavin = Pavan.) See Chappell, op. cit., 240.

[15] P. 110, l. 13. _the tune of The Jovial Tinker_. See Chappell, op. cit., 187.

[16] P. 110, l. 25. _ax_ = ask. The form "ax" was in use till the end of the sixteenth century, and continues in dialect.

[17] P. 111, l. 13. _the tune of Broom_. See Chappell, op. cit., 458; but this song does not fit the metre.

* * * *

_The Romance of Thomas of Erceldoune._

(Fytte I.)

See pp. 45-7. In preparing the text, I have reduced in as simple a manner as possible the fifteenth-century spelling to modern forms. Dr. J.A.H. Murray's parallel texts (see note on p. 46) have been consulted, but mainly I have followed the oldest of them--that of the Thornton MS. in Lincoln Cathedral Library. The footnotes explain all words save those that are or ought to be familiar to every reader.

[1] l. 1. _endris_, last.

[2] l. 6. _meaned_, moaned.

[3] l. 7. _berèd_, sounded. The woodwale is some kind of wood-bird.

[4] l. 14. _wrable and ivry_, ? wriggle and twist, _i.e._ in the attempt to describe her.

[5] l. 17. See p. 54.

[6] _Swilk_, such.

[7] l. 21. _roelle-bone;_ a commonplace in early poetry, as the material for saddles; meaning unknown.

[8] l. 24. _crapotee_, toad-stone.

[9] l. 32. _overbegone_, overlaid.

[10] l. 33. _paytrell_ = poitrail, breast-leather of a horse; _iral_ (?).

[11] l. 34. _orpharè_ = orferrie, goldsmith's work.

[12] l. 38. _raches_, dogs.

[13] l. 39. _halse_, neck.

[14] l. 40. _flane_, arrow.

[15] l. 43. See pp. 46-7 and note.

[16] l. 45. _But-if,_ unless.

[17] l. 48. For an elaborate investigation of the circumstances concerning the _Eildon tree_, see the special section in Murray's edition.

[18] l. 49. _rathely_, quickly.

[19] l. 63. _fee_, beasts, cattle.

[20] l. 71. _sekerly_, truly.

[21] l. 79. _ware_, worse.

[22] l. 86. _byrde_, bride.

[23] l. 89. _stead_, place.

[24] l. 98. _duleful_, painful.

[25] l. 103. _gone_ = go (old infinitive).

[26] l. 104. _Middle-earth_ = Earth, the middle region in the old Northern cosmogony.

[27] l. 107. Thomas is here addressing the Virgin.

[28] l. 111. _beteach_, entrust, hand over to.

[29] l. 114. _dernè_, secret.

[30] l. 117. _mountenance_, space.

[31] l. 121. _herbere_, garden.

[32] l. 126. _bigging,_ building.

[33] l. 127. _papejoys_, popinjays, parrots.

[34] ll. 131-6. On the danger of eating fairy apples, see p. 53.

[35] l. 137. _hight_, command.

[36] l. 141. _hight_ (MS. _hye_), ? pleasure.

[37] l. 143. _pay_, please.

[38] l. 145 et sqq. See p. 46.

[39] l. 145. _fair_, pronounced as two syllables.

[40] l. 150. _rise_, brushwood, undergrowth.

[41] l. 155. _teen and tray_, pain and trouble.

[42] l. 167. _me were lever_, I had rather.

[43] l. 168. _Or that_, ere that, before that.

[44] l. 175. _dess_, daïs.

[45] l. 183. _main and mood_, might and main.

[46] l. 188. _kneeland_ = kneeling. Cf. l. 191.

[47] l. 189. _fand_, found.

[48] l. 190. _sawtery_ = psaltery.

[49] l. 191. _ribib_, rebeck, lute.

[50] l. 191. _gangand_ = going.

[51] l. 196. _store_, plentiful.

[52] l. 199. _brittened_ = brittled, cut up (the deer)

[53] l. 208. This sudden and momentary change to the first person is found in all the older MSS. See p. 47.

[54] l. 209. _thee buse_--it behoves thee. Cf. l. 234.

[55] l. 213. _cheer_, look, face.

[56] ll. 219-24. See p. 54; also Sir Walter Scott's introduction to the ballad of _The Young Tamlane_, in _The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_.

[57] l. 220. _skill_, reason.

[58] l. 221. _To-morn,_ in the morning.

[59] l. 223. _hend_, noble, mighty.

[60] l. 226. _hethen_ = hence. Cf. sithen = since.

[61] l. 228. _rede_, advise.

[62] l. 232. Four lines of the MSS. omitted here.

[63] l. 234. _buse_. See note on l. 209.

[64] l. 235. Fyttes II and III are wholly concerned with the prophecies, and have nothing to do with the story of Thomas.

* * * *

_Scot's Discovery of Witchcraft._

[1] P. 135, l. 13. (Book IV, chap, x.) _Hemton hamton._ Cf. "himpen hampen" in _Robin Good-fellow,_ and note, p. 189.

[2] P. 138, l. 20. (Book VII, chap, xv.) _Kit with the canstick._ Christopher-with-the-candlestick is another name for Jack-o'-lantern. _calkers_ = diviners. For _spoorn_, see Wright, _Dialect Dictionary_, s.v.

[3] P. 140, l. 8. (Discourse, chap. xxi.) _Hudgin_ is more usually spelled Hodeken, the German familiar fairy. Cf. the French Hugon, a bugbear used to frighten children.

* * * *

_Strange Farlies._

P. 141. This extract from Churchyard was first cited by E.K. Chambers in his edition of _M.N.D._ in the _Warwick Shakespeare_.

[1] _farlies_, marvels.

[2] _fearéd_, frightened.

* * * *

_The Mad Merry Pranks of Robin Good-fellow._

P. 144. This broadside is found in various editions in the larger collections (Roxburghe Coll., I. 230; Pepys, I. 80; also in the Bagford); the text here given is Percy's collation (as printed in his _Reliques_) of one or two of the above. The tune of _Dulcina_ was famous; it may be seen in Chappell's _Popular Music_, 142.

* * * *

_The Fairies' Farewell._

[1] P. 153, l. 11. [_need_]. _Poetica Stromata_ reads _want_.

* * * *

_The Fairy Queen._

P. 155. The poem was given by Percy in his _Reliques_ from _The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence_, a curious book of which the preface is signed E.P.; the British Museum Catalogue attributes these initials to Edward Phillips, the nephew of John Milton. But Rimbault pointed out that this song occurs in a tract of 1635, _A Description of the King and Queen of the Fairies_, attributed to Robert Herrick; a single copy of this pamphlet is known, and is in the Bodleian Library.

* * * *

_Nymphidia._

P. 158. Michael Drayton's fairy-poem was first published in 1627, and perhaps owes a little of its charm to Shakespeare's play, though not so much as Drayton's sonnets to those of the elder poet.

[1] P. 160. _upright_, flat on the back. This is the older meaning, which Drayton would find in Chaucer.

[2] _hays_, dances. Cf. _heydeguys_, p. 148.

[3] P. 161. _aulfe_. Cf. "ouphs," _Merry Wives of Windsor,_ V. v.

[4] _Pigwiggen_. "Piggy-widden" is a west-country dialect term, meaning a little white pig, used as an endearment for the youngest of a family.

[5] P. 162. _starved_, i.e. killed.

[6] P. 166. _The Tuscan poet_, Ariosto; _the frantic Paladin,_ Orlando Furioso.

[7] P. 170. "_Ho, ho._" See note (p. 189) on _Robin Goodfellow_.

[8] _vild_, an old form of "vile."

[9] _lin_, stop.

[10] P. 174. _fern-seed._ A very common superstition, which still survives, is that the seeds of the fern have power to confer invisibility.

[11] _lunary,_ a name given to several plants, here probably moonwort. It was supposed to open locks.

[12] P. 175. _lubrican_, the name of an Irish pigmy sprite, otherwise called _leprechaun_.

[13] _fire-drake,_ a fiery dragon. The word also meant a meteor.

[14] P. 178. _bent_, grass-stalk.

* * * * *

INDEX

Aegeus, 12 Aegles, 9 Aethra, 9 Alberich, 36 Alcmena, 9 _Amazonide_, 13 _Anelida and Arcite_, 13 Antiopa, 9-10 Apuleius, 30 Arcite, 12-25 Ariadne, 9 Aristotle, 12 Arthur, King, 44, 48, 57 Arthurian cycle, 57-8 Auberon, 35 Avalon, 43

Ballads: _Tam Lin_, 38, 53 _Thomas the Rhymer_, 46-7 _King Orfeo_, 52 Boccaccio, 12-14 Bodin, 30 Bottom, 29-30 Breton lays, 54-5

Chambers, E.K., 9, 24, 40, 64 Characters, 4: _Theseus and Hippolyta,_ 9-11; _Egeus, Philostrate, Lysander, Demetrius, Helena, and Hermia_, 12; _Bottom and his comrades_, 29; _Oberon_, 35-6; _Titania_, 36; _Puck_, 37-40 Chaucer, 9, 10, 12-14, 22-5, 39, 58

Demetrius, 12, 25 _Demonology_, 37 Diana, 36-7 _Discovery of Witchcraft_, 29-30, 36, 39, 133-140

Eddic lays, 42 Edwardes, R., 22 Egeus, 12 Elf-land: _see_ Fairy-land. Emelye (Emilia), 12, 14-22 Emetreus, 19, 21, 25 Eochaid, 55-7 Etain, 55-7 Eurydice, 49-50

_Fairie Queen_, 36, 39 Fairies, 35, 41, 44, 62-6. See also under _King_ and _Queen_. Fairy-land, 35, 46, 55-7, 59 Fairy-lore: sleeping under trees, 53; the fiend's tithe, 53-4; white horses, 54; horns, 62; hunt, 62 Fates, 42 Fay, 41 Fletcher, John, 23

Golding, A., 31 Gollancz, Prof., 32 Goodfellow, Robin, 37-40, 63, 144-8 Goodfellow, Robin, tract, 39, 81-121 Gower, John, 41 Greene, Robert, 12, 36

Halpin, Rev. N.J., 66-7 Helena, 12 Henslowe's _Diary_, 22-3 Hercules, 9-10 Hermia, 12 Hippodamia, 9 Hippolyta, 9-11 _Huon of Bordeaux_, 35-6, 39, 44, 60-2

James I, 36 _James IV_, 36

King of Fairies, 35-6, 51, 55 Kittredge, Prof., 55 _Knightes Tale_, 11-14, 24-5 " analysis, 14-22

_Launfal_, 47-9 _Legend of Good Women_, 13, 31 Ligurge, 19, 21, 25 _Love's Labour's Lost_, 3 Lysander, 12, 25 Lysidice, 9

Mab, Queen, 37, 64, 149-150 _Malleus Maleficarum_, 30 Marie de France, 47 Massinger, Philip, 23 May, observance of, 24 _Merchant of Venice_, 2 _Metamorphoses_, 31,36 Mider, 55-6 _Midsummer-Night's Dream_: date, 1-2; character, 2-3; three component plots, 4; main (sentimental) plot, 9-25; grotesque plot and interlude, 29-32; fairy plot, 35-66 Morgan le Fay, 43, 57

Nashe, Thomas, 12, 40-1 Norns, 42 North, Lord: Plutarch's _Life of Theseus_, 9, 12 Nutt, Alfred, 41 _Nymphidia_, 158-187

Oberon, 35-6. His Vision, 66-8 Ogier the Dane, 43 _Orpheo_, 49-52 Orpheus, 49-50 Ovid, 31, 36

Palamon, 12-25 _Palamon and Arcite_, 22-3 _Palladis Tamia_, 1 Pelops, 9 Perrault, 35 Philostrate, 12, 24 Pirithous, 16 Pittheus, 9 Plutarch, 9, 12 Pluto, 36 Proserpine, 36 Puck, 37-40, 64 Pyramus, 29, 31-2, 73-80

Queen of Fairies, 36-7, 45, 49

Romances (metrical): _Thomas of Erceldoune_, 45-7, 122-132; _Sir Launfal_, 47-9; _Sir (King) Orpheo_, 49-52 Saxo Grammaticus, 42 Scot, Reginald, 29-30, 36, 39 Spenser, Edmund, 36, 39 Statius, 13, 15 Subterranean descents, 44 Superstition (modern), 31

_Tempest_, 3 _Teseide_, 13-14 _Thebais_, 13 Theseus, 9-11 Thisbe, 29, 31-2, 73-80 Thomas of Erceldoune, 45-6, 122-32 Titania, 36 _Troilus and Criseyde_, 14 Tuatha Dé Danann, 59, 65 _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, 2 _Two Noble Kinsmen_, 23, 25

Witches, 31

* * * * *

_Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay_.