CHAPTER VI

Divine authority of the Scriptures proved from prophecy and its fulfillment. A prophecy defined. Mr. Watson's argument in support of the possibility of prophecy. Criteria by which true may be distinguished from false prophecies. The prophecies of heathen oracles examined. Proved to have been impostures. Contrast between the pretended predictions of the heathen oracles and the prophecies contained in the Scriptures. Mr. Paine's remarks in relation to the manner in which future events would be communicated by a true prophet. Mr. Olmsted's requisition and pledge if it be met to acknowledge the truth of prophecy. Mr. Olmsted met upon his own ground. Prophecy relative to the destruction of Tyre. Its fulfillment proved by the infidel Volney, and other competent witnesses. Mr. Olmsted, from his own showing, is bound to believe that Ezekiel was a true prophet of God. Table of quotations from the prophecies of the Old Testament, and from Volney's writings, showing that in spite of himself this infidel proves the truthfulness of the seers of Israel. Mr. Olmsted's assertion that the history of Isaiah is made up of scraps, and destitute of order and meaning. The truth of the assertion tested. Prophecy of Isaiah concerning Edom. Volney's testimony of its fulfillment. Testimony of Mr. Stevens. Prophecy of Jeremiah concerning the capital of Edom. Burchkhardt's testimony of its fulfillment. Testimony of Captains Irby and Mangles. Testimony of Mr. Stevens. The infidel having been met on his own ground, and the fulfillment of many prophecies proved by competent witnesses, it follows that the seers of Israel were the true prophets of God 302

SECTION I.--The great theme of the Old Testament prophets was the coming of the Messiah. The Christian maintains that these prophecies found an accomplishment in Christ. This denied by the Jew and the infidel. Mr. English's argument to show that Jesus was not the Messiah. First, on account of His genealogy, and, second, because the prophecies of the Old Testament found no accomplishment in Him. Mr. English's argument refuted in all its particulars. Jesus proved to be the true Messiah. The Messiahship of Jesus Christ being proved, it proves that the Bible is a revelation from God. Closing address 324

APPENDIX

Starkie's confutation of Hume's argument on evidence 362

APPENDIX VIII

LINCOLN AND THE CHURCHES

By JOHN G. NICOLAY AND JOHN HAY

NOTE.--Some of the important material bearing upon Lincoln's religious convictions which was collected by Nicolay and Hay and published in the _Century Magazine_, has, through faulty indexing, been almost lost. The words "churches" and "religion" are not in the thick index in the tenth volume of their great work. Finding in the _Century Magazine_ for August, 1889, an important article on this subject, I searched in vain for any way of finding it in the book by means of the index, and two librarians, working in separate libraries, searched for it and reported to me that it was not in the book. I came to the conclusion that in the editing of the work for its publication in book form, the two former secretaries of the President had deemed some of this matter too personal for their title, "Abraham Lincoln: a History." But I have discovered the missing passage in the sixth volume, pages 314-342. Its testimony is in full accord with that subsequently given by Mr. Hay in the address delivered by him from Mr. Lincoln's old pew, which is printed in the volume of John Hay's addresses. The article in the _Century_ is so important that the first and last portions of it will justify reprinting here. The omitted portions relate to the relations of Mr. Lincoln and of the Government to particular churches or denominations.

W. E. B.

IN a conflict which was founded upon the quickened moral sense of the people it was not strange that the Government received the most earnest support from the churches. From one end of the loyal States to the other all the religious organizations, with few exceptions, moved by the double forces of patriotism and religion, ranged themselves upon the side of the Government against the rebellion. A large number of pulpits in the North had already taken their places as tribunes for the defense of popular freedom, and it was from them that, at the menace of war, the first cry of danger and of defiance rang out. Those ministers who had for years been denouncing the encroachments of slavery did not wait for any organized action on the part of their colleagues, but proclaimed at once in a thousand varying tones that peace was "a blessing worth fighting for." The more conservative churches were but little in the rear of the more advanced. Those who had counseled moderation and patience with the South on account of the divided responsibility for slavery which rested on both halves of the nation speedily felt the sense of release front the obligations of brotherhood when the South had repudiated and renounced them, and rallied to the support of the insulted flag with an earnestness not less ardent, and more steadily trustworthy, than that of the original antislavery clergy. As the war went on, and as every stage of it gave a clearer presage of the coming destruction of slavery, the deliverances of the churches became every day more and more decided in favor of the national cause and the downfall of human bondage. To detail the thousand ways in which the churches testified their support of the national cause, to give even an abstract of the countless expressions of loyalty which came from the different religious bodies of the country, would occupy many volumes; we can only refer briefly to a few of the more important utterances of some of the great religious societies.

In all the church conventions which met after the President's preliminary proclamation of the 22d of September, 1862, that act of liberation was greeted with the heartiest expressions of approval and support.

As the national authority began to be reëstablished throughout the States in rebellion, not the least embarrassing of the questions which generals in command were called upon to decide was that of the treatment of churches whose pastors were openly or covertly disloyal to the Union. There was no general plan adopted by the Government for such cases; in fact, it was impossible to formulate a policy which should meet so vast a variety of circumstances as presented themselves in the different regions of the South. The Board of Missions of the Methodist Church sent down some of their ablest ministers, with general authority to take charge of abandoned churches, and to establish in them their interrupted worship. The mission boards of other denominations took similar action, and the Secretary of War[75] gave general orders to the officers commanding the different departments to permit ministers of the gospel bearing the commission of these mission boards to exercise the functions of their office and to give them all the aid, countenance, and support which might be practicable. But before and after these orders there was much clashing between the military and the ecclesiastical authorities, which had its rise generally in the individual temperaments of the respective generals and priests. There was an instance in one place where a young officer rose in his pew and requested an Episcopal minister to read the prayer for the President of the United States, which he had omitted. Upon the minister's refusal the soldier advanced to the pulpit and led the preacher, loudly protesting, to the door, and then quietly returning to the altar himself read the prayer--not much, it is to be feared, to the edification of the congregation. General Butler arrested a clergyman in Norfolk, and placed him at hard labor on the public works for disloyalty in belief and action; but the President reversed this sentence and changed it to one of exclusion from the Union lines.[76] The Catholic Bishop of Natchez having refused to read the prescribed form of prayer for the President, and having protested in an able and temperate paper against the orders of the commanding general in this regard, the latter ordered him to be expelled from the Union lines, although the order was almost immediately rescinded. General Rosecrans issued an order[77] in Missouri requiring the members of religious convocations to give satisfactory evidence of their loyalty to the Government of the United States as a condition precedent to their assemblage and protection. In answer to the protestations which naturally resulted from this mandate he replied that it was given at the request of many loyal church members, both lay and clerical; that if he should permit all bodies claiming to be religious to meet without question, a convocation of Price's army, under the garb of religion, might assemble with impunity and plot treason. He claimed that there was no hardship in compelling the members of such assemblages to establish their loyalty by oath and certificate, and insisted that his order, while providing against public danger, really protected the purity and the freedom of religion.

In the course of these controversies between secessionist ministers and commanding generals an incident occurred which deserves a moment's notice, as it led to a clear and vigorous statement from Mr. Lincoln of his attitude in regard to these matters. During the year 1862 a somewhat bitter discussion arose between the Rev. Dr. McPheeters of the Vine Street Church in St. Louis and some of his congregation in regard to his supposed sympathies with the rebellion. Looking back upon the controversy from this distance of time it seems that rather hard measure was dealt to the parson; for although, from all the circumstances of the case, there appears little doubt that his feelings were strongly enlisted in the cause of the rebellion, he behaved with so much discretion that the principal offenses charged against him by his zealous parishioners were that he once baptized a small rebel by the name of Sterling Price, and that he would not declare himself in favor of the Union. The difference in his church grew continually more flagrant and was entertained by interminable letters and statements on both sides, until at last the provost-marshal intervened, ordering the arrest of Dr. McPheeters, excluding him from his pulpit, and taking the control of his church out of the hands of its trustees. This action gave rise to extended comment, not only in Missouri, but throughout the Union. The President, being informed of it, wrote[78] to General Curtis disapproving the act of the provost-marshal, saying, in a terse and vigorous phrase, which immediately obtained wide currency, "The United States Government must not, as by this order, undertake to run the churches. When an individual in a church, or out of it, becomes dangerous to the public interest he must be checked; but let the churches, as such, take care of themselves." But even this peremptory and unmistakable command did not put an end to the discussion. Taking the hands of the Government away from the preacher did not quench the dissensions in the church, nor restore the pastor to the position which he occupied before the war; and almost a year later some of the friends of Dr. McPheeters considered it necessary and proper to ask the intervention of the President to restore to him all his ecclesiastical privileges in addition to the civil rights which they admitted he already enjoyed. This the President, in a letter[79] of equal clearness and vigor, refused to do. "I have never interfered," he said, "nor thought of interfering, as to who shall, or shall not, preach in any church; nor have I knowingly or believingly tolerated anyone else to so interfere by my authority"; but he continues, "If, after all, what is now sought is to have me put Dr. McPheeters back over the heads of a majority of his own congregation, that too will be declined. I will not have control of any church on any side." The case finally ended by the exclusion of Dr. McPheeters from his pulpit by the order of the presbytery having ecclesiastical authority in the case.

In this wise and salutary abstention from any interference with the churches, which was dictated by his own convictions as well as enjoined by the Constitution, the President did not always have the support of his subordinates. He had not only, as we have seen, to administer occasional rebukes to his over-zealous generals, but even in his own Cabinet he was sometimes compelled to overrule a disposition to abuse of authority in things spiritual. Several weeks after he had so clearly expressed himself in the McPheeters case, he found, to his amazement, that the Secretary of War had been giving orders virtually placing the army in certain places at the disposition of a Methodist bishop for the enforcement of his ecclesiastical decrees. He addressed to Mr. Stanton a note of measured censure,[80] which was followed by an order from the War Department explaining and modifying the more objectionable features of the former document. The Secretary explained that his action had no other intention than to furnish "a means of rallying the Methodist people in favor of the Union, in localities where the rebellion had disorganized and scattered them."[81] This explanation was not entirely satisfactory to the President, but he thought best to make no further public reference to the matter. Scarcely was this affair disposed of when a complaint was received from Memphis of some interference by the military with a church edifice there. Mr. Lincoln made upon the paper this peremptory indorsement: "If the military have military need of the church building, let them keep it; otherwise, let them get out of it, and leave it and its owners alone, except for the causes that justify the arrest of anyone."[82] Two months later the President, hearing of further complications in the case, made still another order, which even at the risk of wearying the reader we will give, from his own manuscript, as illustrating not only his conscientious desire that justice should be done, but also the exasperating obstacles he was continually compelled to surmount, in those troubled times, to accomplish, with all the vast powers at his disposition, this reasonable desire.

"I am now told that the military were not in possession of the building; and yet that in pretended execution of the above they, the military, put one set of men out of and another set into the building. This, if true, is most extraordinary. I say again, if there be no military need for the building, leave it alone, neither putting anyone in or out of it, except on finding someone preaching or practicing treason, in which case lay hands upon him, just as if he were doing the same thing in any other building, or in the streets or highways."[83]

He at last made himself understood and his orders respected; yet so widespread was the tendency of generals to meddle with matters beyond their jurisdiction, that it took three years of such vehement injunctions as these to teach them to keep their hands away from the clergy and the churches.

Lincoln had a profound respect for every form of sincere religious belief. He steadily refused to show favor to any particular denomination of Christians; and when General Grant issued an unjust and injurious order against the Jews, expelling them from his department, the President ordered it to be revoked the moment it was brought to his notice.[84]

He was a man of profound and intense religious feeling. We have no purpose of attempting to formulate his creed; we question if he himself ever did so. There have been swift witnesses who, judging from expressions uttered in his callow youth, have called him an atheist, and others who, with the most laudable intentions, have remembered improbable conversations which they bring forward to prove at once his orthodoxy and their own intimacy with him. But leaving aside these apocryphal evidences, we have only to look at his authentic public and private utterances to see how deep and strong in all the latter part of his life was the current of his religious thought and emotion. He continually invited and appreciated, at their highest value, the prayers of good people. The pressure of the tremendous problems by which he was surrounded; the awful moral significance of the conflict in which he was the chief combatant; the overwhelming sense of personal responsibility, which never left him for an hour--all contributed to produce, in a temperament naturally serious and predisposed to a spiritual view of life and conduct, a sense of reverent acceptance of the guidance of a Superior Power. From that morning when, standing amid the falling snowflakes on the railway car at Springfield, he asked the prayers of his neighbors in those touching phrases whose echo rose that night in invocations from thousands of family altars, to that memorable hour when on the steps of the Capitol he humbled himself before his Creator in the sublime words of the second inaugural, there is not an expression known to have come from his lips or his pen but proves that he held himself answerable in every act of his career to a more august tribunal than any on earth. The fact that he was not a communicant of any church, and that he was singularly reserved in regard to his personal religious life, gives only the greater force to these striking proofs of his profound reverence and faith.

In final substantiation of this assertion, we subjoin two papers from the hand of the President, one official and the other private, which bear within themselves the imprint of a sincere devotion and a steadfast reliance upon the power and benignity of an overruling Providence. The first is an order which he issued on the 16th of November, 1864, on the observance of Sunday:

"The President, Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, desires and enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath by the officers and men in the military and naval service. The importance for man and beast of the prescribed weekly rest, the sacred rights of Christian soldiers and sailors, a becoming deference to the best sentiment of Christian people, and a due regard for the Divine will, demand that Sunday labor in the Army and Navy be reduced to the measure of strict necessity. The discipline and character of the national forces should not suffer, nor the cause they defend be imperiled, by the profanation of the day or name of the Most High. 'At this time of public distress [adopting the words of Washington in 1776] men may find enough to do in the service of their God and their country without abandoning themselves to vice and immorality.' The first General Order issued by the Father of his Country after the Declaration of Independence indicated the spirit in which our institutions were founded and should ever be defended. 'The General hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavor to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest rights and liberties of his country.'"[85]

The date of this remarkable order leaves no possibility for the insinuation that it sprung from any political purpose, or intention. Mr. Lincoln had just been re-elected by an overwhelming majority; his party was everywhere triumphant; his own personal popularity was unbounded; there was no temptation to hypocrisy or deceit. There is no explanation of the order except that it was the offspring of sincere conviction. But if it may be said that this was, after all, an exoteric utterance, springing from those relations of religion and good government which the wisest rulers have always recognized in their intercourse with the people, we will give one other document, of which nothing of the sort can be said. It is a paper which Mr. Lincoln wrote in September, 1862, while his mind was burdened with the weightiest question of his life, the weightiest with which this century has had to grapple. Wearied with all the considerations of law and of expediency with which he had been struggling for two years, he retired within himself and tried to bring some order into his thoughts by rising above the wrangling of men and of parties, and pondering the relations of human government to the Divine. In this frame of mind, absolutely detached from any earthly considerations, he wrote this meditation. It has never been published. It was not written to be seen of men. It was penned in the awful sincerity of a perfectly honest soul trying to bring itself into closer communion with its Maker.

"The will of God prevails. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both _may_ be and one _must_ be wrong. God cannot be _for_ and _against_ the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is something different from the purpose of either party; and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect His purpose. I am almost ready to say that this is probably true; that God wills this contest, and wills that it shall not end yet. By His mere great power on the minds of the now contestants, He could have either _saved_ or _destroyed_ the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, he could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."

The following brief address by Mr. Lincoln appears never to have been published. It was discovered, just as this book was going to press, by Mr. Jesse W. Weik, who hastened to send it to me. It is the shorthand report of a brief address delivered by Mr. Lincoln at a railroad junction near La Fayette, Indiana, a few hours after he had left Springfield on his way to Washington, Saturday, February 11, 1860.

W. H. B.

When I first came to the west some forty-four or forty-five years ago, at sundown you had completed a journey of some thirty miles, which you had commenced at sunrise; and you thought you had done well. Now, only six hours have elapsed since I left my home in Illinois, where I was surrounded by a large concourse of my fellow citizens, most all of whom I could recognize; and I find myself far from home, surrounded by the thousands I now see before me, who are strangers to me. Still we are bound together, I trust, in Christianity, civilization and patriotism, and are attached to our country and our whole country. While some of us may differ in political opinions, still we are all united in one feeling for the Union.

A CONDENSED BIBLIOGRAPHY

(The bibliographical notes which the author made while this work was in preparation reached a total of several thousand. From these he at first selected about five hundred titles, being practically a catalogue of his own Lincoln library, a list of books about Lincoln which he considered worth buying. But this also appeared much longer than was needed for the purposes of this book, and he has therefore prepared this shorter list of books bearing more directly upon the subject matter of this volume, and for the convenience of such readers as are unfamiliar with the literature of the subject he has added comments upon some of the books or articles.)

I. LINCOLN'S OWN WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

_Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works._ Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. In Two Volumes. New York: The Century Company, 1894.

There is a larger edition in twelve volumes, with some additions, and there are two other notable collections, both of them good. No one of these, however, is entirely complete; and there are volumes such as "The Uncollected Letters of Lincoln" edited by Gilbert A. Tracy (Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1917) which supplement the "complete" works. Very nearly everything which the reader requires, however, is in the Nicolay and Hay work.

II. LIVES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

_Autobiography._ Facsimile Reproduction of Autobiographical Sketch written by Abraham Lincoln for Jesse W. Fell in 1860. Published by his daughters at Normal, Ill.

_The Autobiography of Abraham Lincoln._ Sketch furnished by him in 1860 to John Locke Scripps. New York: Francis D. Tandy Company, 1905.

This and the preceding item contain virtually all that Lincoln told the public about himself.

_Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By John Locke Scripps. 1860. Tribune Tract No. 6. Prepared from information given by Mr. Lincoln and read and approved by him before publication.

"_The Wigwam Edition._" The Life, Speeches and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, Together with a Sketch of Hannibal Hamlin. New York: Rudd and Carleton, 1860.

It disputes with Scripps the honor of being the first printed life of Lincoln, and is of great interest as showing how little was known of Lincoln in 1860 apart from the sketch which he had himself prepared.

_Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By J. Q. Howard, Cincinnati: Anderson, Gates and Wright, 1860. With pictures of the Wigwam on the back and is as rare and desirable as the real "Wigwam Edition."

_Life of Abraham Lincoln_ (of Illinois). With a Condensed View of his Most Important Speeches; also a Sketch of the Life of Hannibal Hamlin (of Maine). Authentic edition. By J. H. Barrett. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keyes & Co., 1860.

_Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin._ Life of Lincoln by W. D. Howells. Life of Hamlin by John L. Hays. Columbus, Ohio: Follett, Foster and Company, 1860.

_The Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln_: to which is added a Biographical Sketch of Hon. Hannibal Hamlin by D. W. Bartlett. Authorized edition. New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860.

_Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hon. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine._ Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860.

The above listed campaign biographies, all of them, except the Wigwam Edition, based directly or indirectly upon the information furnished first to Scripps, and then to other biographers, are all of remarkable interest as showing what was then available to make a biography out of, and what various biographers, under stress of the campaign and the enterprise of publishers, were able to make out of it.

A list might be added of the 1864 campaign biographies, but for the present purpose they are unimportant, as also are the first that followed his death.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By J. G. Holland. Springfield, Mass., published by Gurdon Bill, 1865. By far the best life of Lincoln published in the first few years after his death, and noted as containing the Bateman interview, which gave rise to the controversy concerning Lincoln's religion.

_Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, Together With State Papers._ By Henry J. Raymond. To which are added anecdotes and reminiscences of Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Derby & Miller, 1865. At the time of publication this was the best life of Lincoln in its assembling of State Papers and important documents.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln from His Birth to His Inauguration As President._ By Ward H. Lamon. Boston: James R. Osgood & Company, 1872. First attempt to give to the world the story of the "real" Lincoln and a conspicuous example of the fate a man may suffer at the hands of his friends. Invaluable in its material, but with shocking bad taste; and said by Herndon to have been written by Chauncey F. Black.

Brings the narrative down to the time of Lincoln's inauguration and was intended to have been followed by a second volume, but was received with such disfavor that the concluding volume was never issued.

_Recollections of Abraham Lincoln 1847-1865._ By Ward Hill Lamon. Edited by Dorothy Lamon. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1895. Second Edition of the Same, with Memoir of Ward Hill Lamon by his daughter, Dorothy Lamon Teillard. Washington, D. C. Published by the editor, 1911.

_Herndon's Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life. Etiam in minimis major._ The History and Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln. By William H. Herndon, for twenty years his friend and law partner; and Jesse William Weik, A.M. Chicago, New York and San Francisco: Belford, Clarke & Co., publishers. London: Henry J. Drane, Lovells Court, Paternoster Road. 3 volumes. 1889. Unexpurgated first edition.

_Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life._ By William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, with an introduction by Horace White. In two volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892.

_Abraham Lincoln: A History._ By John G. Nicolay and John Hay. In ten volumes. New York: The Century Co., 1890. First edition.

_A Short Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Condensed from Nicolay and Hay's _Abraham Lincoln: A History_. By John G. Nicolay. New York: The Century Co., 1906.

_Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln._ By Helen Nicolay. New York: The Century Company, 1912.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By John T. Morse, Jr. In two volumes. American Statesman Series. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1893. In many respects the best short life of Lincoln.

_The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Containing many unpublished documents and unpublished reminiscences of Lincoln's early friends. By Ida M. Tarbell, assisted by J. McCan Davis. New York: S. S. McClure Co., Limited, 1896.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Drawn from original sources. By Ida M. Tarbell. Two volumes. New York: The Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900.

_Abraham Lincoln._ An Essay. By Carl Schurz. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1891.

_Lincoln the Leader: and Genius for Expression._ By Richard Watson Gilder. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln: The People's Leader in the Struggle for National Existence._ By George Haven Putnam, Litt.D. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.

_Lincoln, Master of Men: A Study in Character._ By Alonzo Rothchild. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906.

_Honest Abe: A Study in Integrity._ By Alonzo Rothchild. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Rose Strunsky. New York: Macmillan Company, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Noah Brooks. Centennial Edition. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1888.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry Bryan Binns. London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1907.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Lord Charnworth (Godfrey Rathbone Benson). Henry Holt and Company, 1907.

_Latest Light on Lincoln, and War Time Memories._ By Ervin Chapman, D.D., LL.D. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1917.

_The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By Frances Fisher Browne. Chicago: Browne & Howell Co., 1913. New and thoroughly revised edition.

_The True Abraham Lincoln._ By William Eleroy Curtis. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1903.

_Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People._ By Norman Hapgood. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1899.

_Sketch of the Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Compiled in most part from the History of Abraham Lincoln and the overthrow of slavery. By Isaac N. Arnold. New York: John D. Bachelder, 1869.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By Isaac N. Arnold. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1901. Twelfth edition, 1916.

_Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life._ By William O. Stoddard, one of President Lincoln's private secretaries during the War of the Rebellion. Revised edition. New York: Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1896.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Carleton Coffin. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1893.

III. EARLY ILLINOIS HISTORY

_A. W. Snyder in Illinois 1817-1842._ Virginia, Illinois: E. Needham, 1906.

_Illinois in 1818._ By Solon Justus Buck. Illinois Centennial Commission, Springfield, 1917.

_The Centennial History of Illinois._ Vol. II. _The Frontier State, 1818-1848._ By Theodore Calvin Pease. Published by the Illinois Centennial Commission, 1918, Springfield, Illinois.

_The Lincoln Illinois Country._ By Daniel Kilham Dodge. _The Independent._

_Pioneering: An Article on Lincoln and Herndon._ By C. H. Dall. _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1867.

_Lincoln and Salem: Pioneers of Mason and Menard Counties._ By T. G. Onstott. Published by the author, Forest City, Illinois, 1902.

_Illinois._ An address delivered before the faculty and students of the University of Illinois on Illinois Day, 1911, by Clark E. Carr. Illinois University Press, December 6, 1911.

_The Illini: A Story of the Prairies._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Issued 1904; eighth edition, 1916.

_My Day and Generation._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1908.

_Illinois: Travel and Description, 1765-1865._ By Solon Justus Buck. Springfield, Ill. Published by trustees Illinois State Historical Library, 1914.

IV. LINCOLN'S YOUTH

_Lincoln's Boyhood._ By Eleanor Atkinson. The Narrative of an Interview with Dennis Hanks in 1889. _American Magazine_, February, 1908.

_In the Boyhood of Lincoln._ By Hezekiah Butterworth. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892.

_The Boy Lincoln._ By W. O. Stoddard. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1905.

_The Pioneer Boy._ By William M. Thayer. Boston: Walker and Wise Company, 1863.

_Abraham Lincoln, the Boy and the Man._ By James Morgan. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907.

_The Education of Lincoln._ By Hamilton W. Mabie. _The Outlook_, February 20, 1904.

_Lincoln's Self-Education._ By Hamilton Wright Mabie. _The Chautauquan_, April, 1900.

_Lincoln's Alma Mater._ By Eleanor Atkinson. _Harper's_, May, 1913.

V. LINCOLN'S LOVE AFFAIRS AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS

_Abraham Lincoln; Miss Ann Rutledge; New Salem; Pioneering; The Poem._ A lecture delivered in the old Sangamon court house, November, 1866, by William H. Herndon, Springfield, Ill. H. E. Barker, 1916. Edition limited to 150 copies.

_Lincoln's Love Story._ By Eleanor Atkinson. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln in His Relations to Women._ By Julien Gordon. _The Cosmopolitan_, December, 1894.

_Lincoln's Marriage._ Newspaper interview with Mrs. Frances Wallace, September 2, 1895. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, 1917. Edition limited to 75 copies. Denies that more than one date was ever set for the Lincoln wedding.

_The Truth About Mrs. Lincoln._ By Howard Glyndon. _The Independent_, August 10, 1882.

_Lincoln's Home Life in Washington._ By Leslie J. Perry. _Harper's_, February, 1897.

VI. EPOCHS AND ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF LINCOLN

_Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry B. Rankin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By H. C. Whitney. _The Arena_, April, 1898. Contains some valuable reminiscences not in his book.

_Life on the Circuit with Lincoln._ By Major Henry C. Whitney. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1892.

_Lincoln and Herndon._ By Joseph Fort Newton. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press, 1910.

_Lincoln in Myth and in Fact._ By Dorothy Lamon Teillard. _World's Work_, February, 1911.

_Six Months in the White House._ By Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1866. First edition.

_The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House._ By Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1867.

_Lincoln and Seward._ By Gideon Welles. New York: Sheldon & Co., 1874.

_Diary of Gideon Welles._ _Atlantic Monthly_, 1909.

_Greeley on Lincoln and Mr. Greeley's Letters._ Edited by Joel Benton. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co., 1893.

_Lincoln at Gettysburg._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906.

_Gettysburg and Lincoln._ By Henry Sweetser Burrage. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906.

_Lincoln's Gettysburg Address._ By Orton H. Carmichael. New York: The Abingdon Press, 1917.

_Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg._ Report of the Commission on the Gettysburg Reunion. Harrisburg, Pa., 1915.

_Recollections of Lincoln._ By James Grant Wilson, with facsimiles of the Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses. _Putnam's Magazine_, February, 1909.

_The Gettysburg Address with Facsimile of the Manuscript._ By John G. Nicolay. _Century Magazine_, 1894.

_Lincoln's Gettysburg Address._ By Prof. Philip M. Bikle and Rev. H. C. Holloway. _Lutheran Church Work_, February 10, 1916.

_Variations in the Reports of the Gettysburg Address._ By W. H. Lambert, _The Century Magazine_, February, 1894.

_Gettysburg._ By Elsie Singmaster. Boston: Houghton & Mifflin Co., 1913.

_Lincoln at Gettysburg._ Address delivered before the Illinois State Historical Society at Springfield, Ill., January 25, 1906. By Clark E. Carr.

_Lincoln's Masterpiece._ By Isaac Markens. Published by the author, 274 W. 140th Street, New York.

_The Perfect Tribute._ By Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907.

_Revised Report of the Select Committee on the Soldiers' National Cemetery._ Together with the Accompanying Documents as Reported to the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Hornsby, Singerly & Myers, State Printers, 1865.

VII. THE DEATH OF LINCOLN

_The Death of Lincoln._ By Clara E. Laughlin. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909.

_The Assassination of Lincoln._ By David Miller Dewitt. New York: The Century Co., 1909.

_The Assassination of Lincoln: A History of the Great Conspiracy._ By T. M. Harris, a member of the commission that tried the conspirators. Boston: American Citizen Co., 1892.

_Assassination of Lincoln._ By Osborn H. Oldroyd. Washington D. C., 1901.

_Through Five Administrations._ By William H. Crook. Lincoln's Bodyguard. New York: Harper & Brother, 1910.

_Lincoln's Last Day._ By William H. Crook. _Harper's_, September, 1907.

VIII. ANTHOLOGIES

_The Lincoln Memorial: Album-Immortelles._ Collected and edited by Osborn H. Oldroyd. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1882.

_Poetical Tributes to the Memory of Abraham Lincoln._ Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1865.

_The Poets' Lincoln: Tributes in Verse to the Martyred President._ Selected by Osborn H. Oldroyd. Washington, D. C.: Published by the editor at "The House Where Lincoln Died," 1915.

_The Praise of Lincoln: An Anthology._ Collected and arranged by A. Dallas Williams. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1911.

_The Book of Lincoln._ Compiled by Mary Wright Davis. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919.

IX. LINCOLN'S LITERARY STYLE

_Abraham Lincoln As a Man of Letters._ By Luther Emerson Robinson, M.A. Chicago: The Reilly & Britton Co., 1918.

_Lincoln's Literary Experiments._ By John G. Nicolay. With a lecture and verses hitherto unpublished. _Century Magazine_, April, 1894.

_The Evolution of Lincoln's Literary Style._ By Prof. Daniel Kilham Dodge. Champaign and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1900.

X. THE RELIGION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

_Religious Views of Abraham Lincoln._ Compiled and published by Orrin Henry Pennell. The R. M. Scranton Co., Alliance, Ohio, 1899.

_Brief Analysis of Lincoln's Character._ By W. H. Herndon. A letter to J. E. Remsburg, September 10, 1887. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, Ill. Edition limited to 50 copies.

_A Card and a Correction._ A Broadside on Lincoln's religion. By W. H. Herndon. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, Ill. Edition limited to 75 copies.

_Abraham Lincoln the Christian._ By William J. Johnson. New York and Cincinnati: The Abingdon Press, 1913.

_The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln._ By Rev. James A. Reed. _Scribner's Monthly_, 1873, pp. 333-344.

_Lincoln's Religious Belief._ By B. F. Irwin. Article in the Illinois _State Journal_ of May 16, 1874. Manuscript copy.

_More Testimony._ Letter from Hon. William Reid, U. S. Consul at Dundee, Scotland. Article in Portland _Oregonian_, March 4, 1874. Copied in Illinois _State Journal_. Manuscript copy.

_Abraham Lincoln's Religion._ By Madison C. Peters. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1909.

_Lincoln and the Church._ Article by John G. Nicolay and John Hay in _Century_, August, 1889.

_The Record of a Quaker Conscience._ By Cyrus Pringle. New York: Macmillan Company, 1918 (_Lincoln and the Quakers_).

_The Conversion of Lincoln._ By Rev. Edward L. Watson, New York, _Christian Advocate_, November 11, 1909.

_The Religious Beliefs of Abraham Lincoln._ By R. C. Roper. Article in _The Open Court_.

_Lincoln's Religious Faith and Principles._ By Thomas D. Logan, D.D. _The Interior_, February 11, 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln._ Address delivered in Springfield, February 12, 1909, and reported in, the Springfield _Evening Record_ of that date by Rev. Thomas D. Logan, D.D.

_Lincoln Defamers Refuted._ By Henry B. Rankin. Broadside issued for the Lincoln Day celebration at Old Salem, February 12, 1919, with author's corrections and accompanying autograph letters.

_Abraham Lincoln's Cardinal Traits: A Study in Ethics, with an Epilogue Addressed to Theologians._ By C. S. Beardslee. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln: His Religion._ By Robert N. Reeves. Chicago: N. D.

_The Religion of Abraham Lincoln._ By George A. Thayer. Cincinnati: 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln the Preacher's Teacher._ By William J. Hutchins. Lecture in volume on "The Preacher's Ideals and Inspirations." New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1917.

_Essay on Lincoln: Was He An Inspired Prophet?_ By Milton R. Scott. Published by the author, Newark, Ohio, 1906.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Henry Fowler, late bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Leading oration in volume of "Patriotic Orations." New York: Eaton & Mains, 1910.

_Lincoln's Use of the Bible._ By S. Trevena Jackson. New York: The Abingdon Press, 1909.

_The Agnosticism of Abraham Lincoln._ By Lyman Abbott. _The Outlook_, November 17, 1906.

_Lincoln's Faith._ By John Hay. Address given from President Lincoln's pew in the New York Avenue Church, November 16, 1902. In John Hay's addresses.

_The Religious Opinions and Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By the Rev. William H. Bates, D.D., Washington, D. C., 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln: A Lecture._ By Robert G. Ingersoll. New York: C. P. Farrell, 1895.

_The Religion of Abraham Lincoln._ Correspondence between General Charles H. T. Collis and Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll. With Appendix, containing interesting anecdotes by Major-General Daniel E. Sickles and Hon. Oliver S. Munsell. New York: G. H. Dillingham Company, 1890.

_Fifty Years in the Church of Rome._ By Father Chiniquy. 42nd edition. Chicago: The Craig Press, 1892. Contains interesting account of Lincoln's service as Father Chiniquy's attorney and of interviews at the White House.

_Abraham Lincoln: Was He a Christian?_ By James E. Remsburg. Extended chapter in "Six Historical Americans." New York: The Truth Seeker Co. Extended argument to prove that Lincoln was and continued to be an infidel.

_Was Abraham Lincoln a Spiritualist?_ By Mrs. Nettie Colburn Maynard. Philadelphia: Rufus C. Hartranft, 1891. Contains extraordinary claims of revelations made to Lincoln while in the White House by a trance medium.

_Sir Oliver Lodge Is Right: Spirit Communication a Fact._ By Grace Garrett Durand. Privately printed, Lake Forest, Ill., 1917. Contains alleged revelations from Abraham Lincoln.

_Abraham Lincoln a Practical Mystic._ By Frances Grierson. New York: The John Lane Co., 1918.

_The Abraham Lincoln Myth._ By Bocardo Bramantip (Oliver Prince Buel). New York: The Mascot Publishing Co., 1894. A reprint from _The Catholic World_ of November and December, 1893, intended as a satire upon the Higher Criticism. Apparently suggested by the famous essay "Historical Doubts Concerning the Existence of Napoleon Bonaparte."

_The Mythifying Theory; or, Abraham Lincoln a Myth._ By D. B. Turney. Metropolis, Ill. B. O. Jones, Book and Job Printer, 1872. Photostat from copy in Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

XI. LINCOLN AND TEMPERANCE.

_Lincoln's First Address Delivered in Springfield_, February 22, 1842. The Union Signal.

_A Discourse on the Bottle: Its Evils and Its Remedy._ By Rev. James Smith. Sermon delivered in the First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, January 23, 1853. Reprinted 1892. A surprisingly straightforward plea for legislative prohibition, printed at the request of a committee who heard it, among them being Abraham Lincoln.

_Lincoln a Temperance Man._ By Howard H. Russell. _The Interior_, February 11, 1909.

_The Lincoln Legion._ By Howard H. Russell, Westerville, Ohio, 1913.

_Lincoln and Temperance._ By Rev. Thomas D. Logan. _The Advance_, February 11, 1909.

XII. LINCOLN AND SLAVERY

_History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America._ By Henry Wilson, 3 vols. Third edition. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1875.

_Lincoln and Slavery._ By Albert E. Pillsbury. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1913.

_Abraham Lincoln: The Evolution of His Emancipation Policy._ By Paul Selby. Chicago Historical Society, 1909.

_Anti-Slavery History: State and Nation._ By Austin Willey. Portland, Maine: Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, 1886.

_The Dred Scott Decision._ New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857.

_The Martyrdom of Elijah P. Lovejoy._ By H. Tanner. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1881.

_Dedication of Lovejoy Monument, November 8, 1897._ Alton, Ill.: Charles Holden, 1897.

_The Underground Railroad._ By William M. Cockrum. Oakland City, Ind.: J. W. Cockrum Printing Co., 1915.

_Lincoln, Grant, and the Freedmen._ By John Eaton. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907.

_The Negro a Beast._ By Charles Carroll. American Book and Bible House, St. Louis, 1900.

_The Journal of Negro History._ Washington, D. C., 4 volumes to date.

_The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery._ By Isaac N. Arnold. Chicago: Clarke & Co., 1866.

XIII. ATTACKS ON THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN

_The Real Lincoln._ From the testimony of his contemporaries. By Charles L. C. Minor, M.A., LL.D. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Richmond, Va.: Everett Waddey Co., 1904. A vicious assault on the integrity of Lincoln.

_Facts and Falsehoods Concerning the War on the South, 1861-1865._ By George Edmonds [Mrs. Elizabeth (Avery) Merriwether]. Memphis, Tenn. For sale by A. R. Taylor & Co., 1904. Displays the most diligent effort in the compilation of items derogatory to Lincoln and the North, but is manifestly dependent upon second authorities and in some cases shows marked ignorance of the original sources cited. Quotes freely from an imaginary edition of Herndon, alleged to have been published in 1866 and suppressed.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Address Delivered Before R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans at Richmond, Virginia, October 29, 1909._ By Hon. Geo. L. Christian. Second edition. Richmond: L. H. Jenkins, Publisher. Based upon the historical data in Minor's _Real Lincoln_ and Edmonds' _Facts and Falsehoods_.

_Crimes of the Civil War and Curse of the Funding System._ By Henry Clay Dean. Baltimore: J. Wesley Smith & Brother, 1869. Excessively scarce and most pronounced of its kind of literature. Denounces Lincoln as a tyrant, murderer, and inhuman monster and lauds the act of assassination by John Wilkes Booth.

_Confederate Echoes._ By A. T. Goodloe. Publishing House M. E. Church, South, Nashville, Tenn., 1907.

_Lincoln the Rebel Candidate._ Democratic Campaign Pamphlet of 1864. Photostat from original in New York Public Library.

XIV. LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND REMINISCENCES

_Abraham Lincoln._ An address by Hon. Newton Bateman, LL.D. Galesburg, Ill.: The Cadmus Club, 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Oration._ Delivered on Washington's Birthday, 1891, by William Goodell Frost. Oberlin News, 1891.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Oration._ By John E. Burton. Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, 1903.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Address._ By Frederick A. Noble. Chicago, February 12, 1901.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Essay._ By Joseph Fort Newton. The Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910.

_The Mystery of Lincoln._ By Robert E. Knowles. _The Independent._

_The Making of Lincoln._ Editorial in _The Outlook_, February 13, 1909.

_Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln._ By Distinguished Men of His Time. Collected and edited by Allen Thorndike Rice. New York: _The North American Review_, 1888. Separate articles by thirty-three distinguished contemporaries of Lincoln.

_Abraham Lincoln: Tributes from His Associates._ Edited by William Hayes Ward. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1895. Forty-five chapters by soldiers, statesmen, and citizens who had known Lincoln.

_Sermons Preached in Boston on the Death of Abraham Lincoln, Together with the Funeral Service in the East Room of the Executive Mansion in Washington._ Boston: J. E. Tilton & Co., 1865.

_Our Martyred President: Lincoln Memorial Addresses._ The Abingdon Press, 1915. A reprint of the original edition containing sermons by New York ministers, together with the orations of George Bancroft, Bishop Simpson, and Richard S. Storrs.

_Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln in the House of Representatives, February 12, 1866._ By George Bancroft. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1866.

_Abraham Lincoln, by Some Men Who Knew Him._ Edited by Isaac N. Phillips, Bloomington, Ill., Pantagraph Co., 1910.

_Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln; and a Visit to California._ By Joshua Fry Speed, Louisville, 1884.

_Eulogy of Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry Champion Deming. Before the General Assembly of Connecticut, Hartford, June 8, 1865. Hartford: A. N. Clark & Co., State printers, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ An address before the Lincoln League Club of Chicago, in the Auditorium, February 12, 1895. By Henry Watterson.

_Lincoln._ By Isaac Newton Phillips. Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Illinois. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1910.

_The Message of the President to Congress._ First message of Andrew Johnson following the assassination of Lincoln, Washington, 1865.

_The Promises of the Declaration of Independence. Eulogy on Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Sumner. Boston: J. E. Farwell & Co., 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Joseph H. Choate. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1901.

_Abraham Lincoln Today._ By William Charles Langdon, Edmund J. James, and Captain Fernand Baldensperger. University of Illinois Press, 1918.

_Abraham Lincoln and Boston Corbett._ With personal recollections of each. _John Wilkes Booth and Jefferson Davis._ A true story of their capture. By Berkeley Byron Johnson. Waltham, Mass.: Privately printed, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Phillips Brooks. A sermon preached in Philadelphia, April 23, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By S. Parkes Cadman. Address before the New York Republican Club.

_Some Impressions of Lincoln._ By E. S. Nadal. _Scribner's_, 1906.

_Life and Principles of Abraham Lincoln._ By Hon. Schuyler Colfax. Philadelphia, 1865.

_The Voice of the Rod._ Funeral sermon by the Rev. P. D. Gurley, D.D. Washington, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch._ By William S. Walsh. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1909.

_Lincoln and Men of Wartime._ By A. K. McClure. Philadelphia: The Times Publishing Co., 1892.

_Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration._ By L. E. Chittenden. New York: Harper & Brother, 1891.

_Personal Reminiscences Including Lincoln and Others._ By L. E. Chittenden. New York: Richmond, Croscup & Co., 1893.

_Personal Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln._ By Thomas Lowry. Privately printed, Minneapolis, 1910.

_The Footsteps of Lincoln._ By J. T. Hobson. Dayton, Ohio: The Otterbein Press, 1909.

_The Master and His Servant._ A comparison of the incidents of Lincoln's life with that of Jesus. By J. T. Hobson. United Brethren Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio, 1913.

_The Picture and the Men._ Compiled by Fred B. Perkins. A. J. Johnson, New York, 1867.

_Inside the White House in War Times._ By William O. Stoddard. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1890.

_Behind the Scenes._ By Elizabeth Keckley. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1868.

_Behind the Seams._ By a Nigger Woman Who Took in Work for Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Davis. New York: The National News Company, 1868. A satire on Mrs. Keckley's _Behind the Scenes_. Photostat of copy in Library of Congress.

XV. BOOKS WHICH INFLUENCED LINCOLN

_The Holy Bible._

_The Elementary Spelling Book._ By Noah Webster. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

_The Life of George Washington with Curious Anecdotes._ By W. R. Weems. Philadelphia: Joseph Allen, 1844.

_Pilgrim's Progress._ By John Bunyan. London: Ward, Lock & Co. Reprint with curious old cuts.

_Æsop's Fables._ Old edition with curious cuts. Title page missing.

_The English Reader._ By Lindley Murray. New York: Collins & Co., 1832.

_The Christian's Defence._ Containing a fair statement and impartial examination of the leading objections, urged by infidels against the antiquity, genuineness, credibility, and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures; enriched with copious extracts from learned authors. Two volumes in one. Volume I, The Old Testament, pp. 312; Volume II, The New Testament, pp. 364. Cincinnati: J. A. James, 1843.

_Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation._ London: George Rutledge & Sons, 1890. American agents, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. Reprint of the first edition, issued in 1844.

Second American edition of the same, with an introduction by Rev. George B. Cheever, D.D. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.

Third edition of the same, with an Appendix, containing an extended review from the _North British Review_ of July, 1845. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.

_Explanations._ A sequel to _Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation_. By the author of that work. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1846. From and after the sixth edition the explanations were added as a supplement to regular editions of _Vestiges_. The author's name, Robert Chambers, was not given in any edition of the _Vestiges_ until the twelfth, which appeared after his death.

INDEX

Abbatt, William, 235.

Abbott, F. E., letter of Herndon to, 142, 337, 344.

Abbott, Lyman, on Lincoln's religion, 228-231.

Abolitionist, Lincoln not at beginning, 257; how he became one, 268.

_Advance_, editorial in, 181.

Agnostic, Lincoln said to have been an, 226, 229.

Akers, Rev. Peter, anti-slavery preacher, 241.

Anthon, Prof. Charles, 184.

Antietam, Battle of, 269.

Arnold, Hon. I. N., 122, 315, 331, 334.

Astronomy, Lincoln's knowledge of, 33.

Atheist, Lincoln was not, 225.

Atkinson, Eleanor, interview with Dennis Hanks, 38.

_Atlantic Monthly_, 281-282.

Atonement as ground for universal salvation, 153.

Bale, Abraham, Baptist preacher, 55.

Baptists, in frontier communities, 34-45; Lincoln family essentially Baptist, 50.

Barrett, J. H., author of _Life of Lincoln_, 25.

Bartlett, D. W., author of _Life of Lincoln_, 25.

Bartlett, Truman H., correspondence with Herndon, 264-267.

Bateman, Newton, superintendent of Public Instruction in Illinois; his interview with Lincoln, 20; outline of life and service, 114-115; Holland's story of the interview, 114 _seq.;_ controversy with Herndon, 121 _seq._; virtually repudiates Holland interview, 123; corrects Lincoln's grammar, 124; his lecture on Lincoln, 125; what Lincoln probably said to him, 126; extract from lecture on Lincoln, 303, 328-329.

Baxter, Richard, Lincoln's quotation, 289.

Bayley, T. H., 263.

Beecher, Edward, 67.

Beecher, Henry Ward, 198-201, 288.

Beecher, Mrs. Henry Ward, author of an honest but incredible story, 201.

Bible, Lincoln's use of, 93; his lecture on, 159, 354; gift of colored people, 217, 276; knowledge of, 261-262.

Bibliography, 368-390.

Binns, Henry B., English biographer, 237.

Biology, Lincoln's knowledge of, 170.

Bishop, William, address on Lincoln, 160 _seq._

Black, Chauncey F., alleged author of Lamon's "Life of Lincoln," 26, 129.

Black, J. C., 315.

Books, read by Lincoln in youth, 47; read few in later years, 166.

Boyd, Lucinda, quoted, 39.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 170.

Brooks, Noah, 327.

Browning, O. H., 249.

Browning, Mrs. O. H., 53.

Bryan Hall meeting, 268.

Buck, Solon J., on early Illinois, 57.

Buckle, Henry T., author of "History of Civilization," 29.

Burns, Robert, Lincoln's familiarity with, 150, 166, 263.

"Burnt Book," Lincoln's, 146, 148, 152 _seq._, 320, 341, 346-347.

Burton, John E., 184, 208.

Bushnell, Horace, author of "Christian Nurture," 50, 288.

Butterworth, Hezekiah, 49.

Byron, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Calhoun, John, loaned Lincoln books on surveying, 54.

Calvinism, a permanent influence in life of Lincoln, 171, 197, 271.

Carman, Dr. L. D., 242.

Carpenter, Frank B., painter of Emancipation picture, 206, 276, 281, 285, 328, 334.

Carr, Clark E., on Lincoln, 104-105.

Cartwright, Peter, pioneer preacher, 55; candidate against Lincoln, 61; career, 63, 345.

Case, Lizzie York, "There is no Unbelief," 290.

Catholic, Lincoln not a, 231.

Chambers, Robert, author of "Vestiges of Creation," 166-171.

Channing, William E., Lincoln reads, 175-178, 288.

Chapman, Ervin, "Latest Light on Lincoln," 48; on the Beecher incident, 199, 275, 286.

Chase, Salmon P., account of Emancipation Proclamation, 283-284.

Chiniquy, Rev. Charles, 188-197.

Chittenden, L. E., 188-197.

"Christian's Defence," _see_ Smith, James.

_Christian Advocate_, 241.

_Christian Leader_, 183.

_Christian Register_, 183.

Church, Lincoln's esteem for, 240; why he did not join, 244 _seq._

Churches, Lincoln and the, 377.

Cogdal, Isaac, on Lincoln's religion, 139, 287, 348-349.

Colfax, Schuyler, 95.

Collum, Shelby M., 67.

Congregational ministers, petition and delegation to influence Emancipation Proclamation, 268-269.

Cooper Union Address, 73, 262.

Crawford, Andrew, teacher of Lincoln, 31, 33, 46.

Creed, Lincoln did not formulate, 291; quotations used as basis of, 292-299; compiled from his own utterances, 300.

Davis, David, on Lincoln's religion, 133, 248-249.

Deming, Henry C., address on Lincoln, 93-94, 244, 330.

Dempster, Rev. John, 268.

Dickens, Charles, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Disciples, so-called Campbellite church, 38.

Dodge, Daniel Kilham, 261-262, 270.

Dorsey, Abel W., teacher of Lincoln, 31.

Douglas, Fred, 247.

Douglas, Stephen A., 61, 73, 76, 104, 161, 263, 359.

Douthit, Rev. Jasper, 238.

Downey, David G., 199.

Dreams, Lincoln believed in, 233-236.

Dresser, Rev. Charles, 106.

_Edinburgh Review_, 167.

Edwards, Matilda, 52.

Edwards, Ninian W., 76; testifies as to Lincoln's changed views, 164, 324, 359.

Elkin, David, preaches at Nancy Lincoln's funeral, 34, 39, 41.

Ellsworth, Col. Elmer, 128; Lincoln's letter to his parents, 292.

Emancipation Proclamation, evolution of, 268-270, 281-286.

English, Dr. J. B., 184.

Farewell Address at Springfield, 84, 303-306.

Fell, Jesse W., Lincoln writes biographical sketch for, 236; presents Lincoln books of Channing and Parker, 175, 321.

Ford, Governor Thomas, on frontier preachers, 58-59; on "Long Nine," 82.

Fowler, Bishop Charles H., 103; 111 _seq._, 242, 253.

Freemason, Lincoln not a, 242.

Free-will Baptist, Thomas Lincoln not a, 37-38.

Funerals, often deferred, 40-45.

Geology, Lincoln's knowledge of, 170.

Gesture, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Gordon, Nathaniel, 293.

Grady, Josiah, questions Lincoln's religion, 138.

Graham, Mentor, teacher of Lincoln, 32, 51, 67, 68, 136; on Lincoln's "Burnt Book," 152 _seq._, 346-347.

Grant, Ulysses S., 253-254.

Green, Bowling, 54, 185.

Greene, Gilbert J., 78-79.

Gurley, Rev. Phineas D., Lincoln's pastor in Washington, 87, 90, 244, 245, 325-326.

Gurney, Eliza P., 88-90; 294.

Hanks, Dennis, on Lincoln's youth, 38, 49.

Hanks, John, on Lincoln's impression of slavery, 96.

Hannah, William H., on Lincoln's faith, 287.

Harnett, Jonathan, 138, 349.

"Harp, French," 246.

Hay, John, author of "Life of Lincoln," 27.

Hazel, Caleb, teacher of Lincoln, 30.

Head, Rev. Jesse, 240.

Herndon, W. D., discussed religion with Lincoln, 132, 148.

Herndon, William H., author of "Life of Lincoln," 20, 24, 26, 27, 35; says Lincoln was a fatalist, 50; an infidel, 61-62; his visit to site of New Salem, 62; his lectures on Lincoln 62, 142-143; his partnership with Lincoln, 71; on Lincoln's letter to his father, 77; letter from Nicolay, 91; controversy with Bateman, 121 _seq._; notes of his five interviews, 125; writes a life of Lincoln, 140-145; no friend of Mrs. Lincoln, 140; the Abbott letter, 142; his letter to Dr. Smith, 141; reply to Reed lecture, 141; regretted sale of papers to Lamon, 143; revised edition of his work, 144; personal habits and religion, 144-145; never saw Lincoln's "Burnt Book," 148; correspondence with Bartlett, 264-267; attempts "to put at rest forever" the charge that Lincoln was an atheist, 279; affirms Lincoln's faith in immortality, 286; reads reply to, 314 _seq._; letters concerning Lincoln's religion, 336-340.

Herrick, Robert, 263.

Hill, Samuel, burns Lincoln manuscript, 146-155.

Hodgenville, Kentucky, a Baptist settlement, 34.

Hodges, A. G., Lincoln's letter to, 296.

Holland, Josiah G., author of "Life of Lincoln," 26; asymmetry of Lincoln's life, 102 _seq._; story of the Bateman incident, 115-117; prints the Reed lecture in _Scribner's_ magazine, 135, 328-329, 337.

Holmes, O. W., 167.

Holt, Dr. E. E., on Lincoln's dream, 235.

Howells, William D., "Life of Lincoln," 25.

Illinois College, 67.

Illinois, twin born with Lincoln, 30.

Insanity, Lincoln's approach to, 252.

Irwin, B. F., on Lincoln's religion, 136, 287, 341.

Jacquess, Col. James F., story of Lincoln's conversion, 241, 309 _seq._

Jacquess, William B., 309.

Johnny Kongapod, 49, 271.

Johns, Mrs. Jane Martin, reminiscences of Lincoln, 248 _seq._

Johnson, John D., Lincoln's stepbrother, 77.

Johnson, William J., author of "Lincoln the Christian," 48; on the Beecher incident, 199, 235.

Kansas, Lincoln visits, 73.

Keckley, Elizabeth, 203-204.

Keys, I. W., loaned Lincoln "Vestiges of Creation," 277.

Kirkham's Grammar, studied by Lincoln, 51, 67, 185.

Knox College, 125.

Krone, David, 249.

Lamon, Ward Hill, author of "Life of Lincoln," 26, 47, 52; affirms Lincoln permitted himself to be misrepresented, 76; quotes Herndon on Lincoln's letter to his father, 78; answer to Holland, 117-120; his relations with Lincoln, 128; his life of Lincoln an unfinished fragment, 128; the controversy growing out of his book, 128-134; Black, the author, 129; his recollections, 134; on Lincoln's "Burnt Book," 146; affirms Lincoln's faith essentially that of Parker, 279; reads reply to, 314 _seq._

Lewis, Thomas, 158-163, 256, 325, 359.

Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth president of the United States; periods of his life, 29; birth of, boyhood, 30 _seq._; schools and teachers, 30-33; early religious privileges, 33 _seq._; early influence Baptist, 34 _seq._; migration to Illinois, 51; on flat-boat, 51; at New Salem, 51 _seq._; studies grammar, 51; works on flat-boat, 51; service in Blackhawk War, 52; candidate for legislature, 52; keeper of post office, 52; love affairs, 52-53; influenced by life in New Salem, 54; did not drink or swear, 55; Herndon's statement of his religion, 61; known as "Honest Abe," 70; removal to Springfield, 71; his partnerships, 71; beginnings of his interest in slavery, 72; early orations, 72; important cases, 73; marriage, 73; election as president, 73; his children, 75; death of Eddie, 75; letter to dying father, 77; comforts a dying woman, 78; his stories, 80; religious life in Springfield, 81; development of political ideals, 82; in Armstrong trial, 83; ethical aspects of the slavery issue, 83, 268; farewell at Springfield, 84; inauguration as President, 86; outline of his administration, assassination, and death, 87; death of Willie, 95; why he freed the slaves, 96; domestic affairs, 106; read "Artemus Ward," 111; the charges in Lamon's biography, 130-134; his "Burnt Book," 146-155; reads "The Christian's Defence," 156 _seq._; pronounces it unanswerable, 164; reads "Vestiges of Creation," 166-171; reads Channing and Parker, 172 _seq._; erased words in Greek exercise book, 183; the Chittenden interview, 188 _seq._; the Chiniquy interview, 188 _seq._; alleged visit to Beecher, 198 _seq._; the Sickles interview, 201 _seq._; life in the White House, 203 _seq._; sorrow at death of Willie, 204; alleged statement, "I do love Jesus," 208; religious character of his proclamations, 210-221; not an atheist, 225; not a Roman Catholic, 231; not a spiritualist, 232; not addressed as "Abe," 233; believed in dreams and signs, 233; not a Quaker, 236; questioned supernatural birth of Jesus, but not a Unitarian, 238; denied eternal punishment, but not a Universalist, 238; not a Methodist, 240; not a Freemason, 242; attended a revival, 244; why he did not join the church, 244 _seq._; the creed he could have accepted, 245; lacked some of the finer feelings, 246; his dress, 247; possessed an innate courtesy, 247-249; helps move a piano, 250; morbidly cautious, 252; breadth of his religious nature, 253; not symmetrical in his development, 254; essentially Calvinistic, 254, 271; his capacity for obstinacy, 255; his ability to evade an issue, 257; his periods of mental uncertainty, 258; his literary style, 261; use of quotations, 262; seldom told stories in speeches, 263; thought and moved slowly, 264; his characteristic pioneer trails, 265; an embodiment of contrasts, 266; neutral and spiritual evolution, 267; interview with Chicago ministers, 268-269; his changed style of oratory, 270; his religious development, 270-275; his belief in universal salvation, 272; in immorality, 273, 286; his references to God, 273-274; his belief in the Bible, 274-275; in Jesus Christ, 275-277; his question of the supernatural birth, 277-278; in divine destiny and prayer, 280-281; his promise to God, 281-286; in future but not endless punishment, 287; not a theologian, 289; his quotation from Baxter, 289; materials for his creed, 291-299; his creed in his own words, 300.

Lincoln, Edward Baker, son of the President, birth and death, 75, 258.

Lincoln, Mary Todd, wife of Abraham; courtship and marriage, 52-53, 73, 103; relates incident of morning of inaugural, 86; unites with Presbyterian Church, 159, 255-256; broken engagement and wedding, 252.

Lincoln, Nancy Hanks, mother of the President; marriage, 30, 48, 315; death of, 31, 40; at public worship, 34; funeral, 40 _seq._

Lincoln, Robert Todd, son of President, 39; birth, 75.

Lincoln, Sally, or Sarah Bush, second wife of Thomas, 31; her religion, 37, 47, 50; supplied information to Herndon, 36; her love for Abraham, 50.

Lincoln, Sarah, daughter of Thomas and Nancy (sometimes incorrectly called Nancy), 34; united with Pigeon Creek Church, 37.

Lincoln, Thomas, father of the President; marriages, 30, 31, 315; religion of, 34, 36-45; a thriftless farmer, 51; Abraham's letter to, 77.

Lincoln, Thomas, "Tad," son of the President, birth and death, 75.

Lincoln, William Wallace, son of the President; birth, 75; death, 95.

Logan, Stephen T., Lincoln's partner, 71, 249.

Logan, Thomas D., address on Lincoln, 75; learned of Dr. Smith's book in 1909, 157.

Lyon, Benjamin, early Baptist minister, 34.

Maryland Historical Society, 269.

Matheny, James H., on Lincoln's religion, 133-135, 137; Herndon's authority for the story of Lincoln's "Burnt Book," 148, 320-321, 343.

Maynard, Nettie Colburn, 232.

McCrie, George M., 226.

McNamur, John, lover of Ann Rutledge, 151.

Medill, Joseph, 269.

Melancholy, Lincoln's habitual, 252.

Methodist Church, little influence in life of the Lincoln family, 48; Lincoln's high regard for, 240.

Miner, Rev. Dr., 86, 333-334.

Ministers in early Illinois politics, 59-61.

"Miracles under law," 171, 279.

Missouri Compromise, 268.

Morgan, G. H., quoted, 21.

Morse, John T., Jr., author of "Life of Lincoln," 27.

Mostiller, Thomas, on Lincoln's religion, 138, 347-348.

Murray, Lindley, author of English Reader, 32.

Music, little appreciated by Lincoln, 246.

New England, Lincoln visits, 73.

New Light Church at Farmington, 38.

New Salem, Illinois, 51; influence on Lincoln, 54; Lincoln's Alma Mater, 67.

Newton, Joseph Fort, author of "Lincoln and Herndon," 26, 129.

Nicolay, John G., author of "Life of Lincoln," 27, 31; letter concerning Lincoln's religion, 91, 279-280, 321.

Nielson, William, his book on Greek Syntax owned by Lincoln, 183.

Offutt, Denton, 51.

Oldroyd, Osborn H., 208.

Olmsted, Charles G., 76, 358 _seq._

Onstott, T. G., reminiscences of New Salem, 54 _seq._

_Open Court_, articles in, 225-227.

Owens, Mary, courted by Lincoln, 52, 69.

Paine, Thomas, author of "Age of Reason," read by Lincoln, 19, 61, 63, 146, 152, 343.

Parker, Theodore, Lincoln reads, 175-178, 288.

Patton, Rev. William W., 268.

Paul at Malta, 260.

Pease, Theodore C., on early Illinois, 56, 59.

Peck, John Mason, preacher in early Illinois, 59.

Peters, Madison, on Religion of Lincoln, 34.

Philosophy, unknown to Lincoln, 171.

Piano, Lincoln helps to move, 250.

Poems loved by Lincoln, 166.

Poetry, Lincoln's use of, 246, 263.

Poetry and religion, 230.

Pomeroy, Rebecca R., 205-206.

Pope, Alexander, 263.

Presbyterian, Thomas Lincoln was not, 37.

Quakers, Lincoln's attitude toward, 88, 236, 237.

Rankin, Henry B., 245.

Ray, Dr. C. H., on Lincoln's religion, 133.

Reed, Rev. James A., his lecture and the controversy which followed, 135 _seq.;_ 158; text of lecture, 314, 337.

Reid, William, letter on Lincoln's religion, 352-356.

Religion in Kentucky backwoods, 34.

Religion, more and other than theology, 22; part and parcel of Lincoln's life, 267.

Remsburg, J. E., Herndon's letter to, 336.

Reynolds, Governor, on early Illinois, 57.

Rickard, Sarah, alleged to have been courted by Lincoln, 52.

Riney, Zachariah, teacher of Lincoln, 30.

Roberts, William Henry, 90.

Roby, Katy (Mrs. Allen Gentry), 33.

Roper, R. C., on Lincoln's religion, 227.

Rusling, General James F., on Sickles interview, 201-202.

Rutledge, Ann, courted by Lincoln, 52 _seq.;_ 62, 69, 143, 352.

Rutledge, James, father of Ann, 54.

Science, little known by Lincoln, 171.

Scott, Milton R., 253.

Scott, Walter, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Scoville, Samuel, 199.

Scripps, John Locke, "Life of Lincoln," 24.

Shakspeare, Lincoln's use, 263.

Shields, James T., 72.

Shipman, Elder, alleged Unitarian minister, 181.

Shirley, Ralph, 268.

Shrigley, Rev. James, 356-357.

Sickles, General D. E., interview with Lincoln, 201-202.

Slavery, beginnings of Lincoln's interest in, 72; growth of moral aspect, 83; "If not wrong, nothing is wrong," 296.

Smith, Jeannette E., 158.

Smith, Rev. James, Lincoln's pastor at Springfield, 75-76; relations with Lincoln, 132, 136; his life and ministry, 156; his sermon on temperance, 157; Lincoln becomes a member of his congregation, 159; Lincoln reads "The Christian's Defence," 162; change in Lincoln's views, 164; convinced Lincoln but did not wholly satisfy, 270, 323-324, 353-354; complete chapter analysis of the book, 358 _seq._

Smith, Winfield, 289.

Speed, Joshua Fry, 92-93, 236, 336-337.

Spiritualist, Lincoln not a, 232.

Stanton, Theodore, article by, 226.

State Fair Speech of Lincoln, 257.

Stories, Lincoln's, 80, 263.

Stuart, John T., Lincoln's partner, 71; on Lincoln's religion, 132, 249, 256, 319-320.

Sunderland, Rev. Byron, 332-333.

Superstition, Lincoln believed in, 233, 236.

Swett, Leonard, 249.

Tarbell, Ida, M., author of "Life of Lincoln," 27.

Teillard, Dorothy Lamon, 129-130, 134.

Thomas, Lewis, 244.

Toleman, letter of, 238.

Unitarian, Lincoln was not, 180, 238.

Universalist, Lincoln was not, 238.

Vandalia, state capital of Illinois, 52.

"Vestiges of Creation," by Robert Chambers, 166-171, 255, 265.

Vinton, Rev. Francis, alleged interview with Lincoln, 206.

Volney, Constantin François, author of "Ruins," read by Lincoln, 19, 61, 63, 146, 152.

Voodoo Fortune-teller, Lincoln visits, 236.

"Ward, Artemus," read by Lincoln, 113, 307.

Watson, Rev. Edward L., story of Lincoln's conversion, 24, 309.

Weik, Jesse W., associate of Herndon in authorship of "Life of Lincoln," 26; opinion of Thomas Lincoln's religion, 39; searches for lost Herndon papers, 125.

Welles, Gideon, 268, 281.

_Westminster Review_, 167, 226.

Whitcomb, Rev. W. W., sermon on Lincoln, 208.

White, Charles T., 80.

White, Horace, 26, 27, 129.

White, William Allen, 110.

Whitney, Henry C., on Lincoln's religion, 94-95; on Lincoln's lack of method, 103, 246, 247, 254, 263.

Wigwam edition of "Life of Lincoln," 24.

Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, 170.

Yates, Governor Richard, 310.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] All the quotations in this book from Herndon's _Lincoln_ are from the first edition in three volumes.

[2] The habit of studying aloud, learned in the "blab-school," remained with him. Lamon says he read aloud and "couldn't read otherwise." Whitney tells of his writing a ruling one time when he was sitting (illegally) for Judge Davis, and he pronounced each word aloud as he wrote it. This was not his invariable custom, but it was a common one with him.

[3] Hodgenville was a Baptist settlement from its foundation. Robert Hodgen, for whom the settlement was named, and John Larue, his brother-in-law, for whom the county was named, were both Baptists, and among the first settlers was a Baptist minister, Rev. Benjamin Lyon.

[4] Baptisms of this noisy character were familiar to Lincoln in his boyhood and certainly as late as the period of his residence in New Salem. Henry Onstott, at whose tavern Lincoln boarded, tells of such baptisms performed by Rev. Abraham Bale, including one at which the husband of the lady who was being baptized called out to the preacher to hold her, as he valued her more highly than the best cow and calf in the county (_Lincoln and Salem_, p. 122).

[5] While the statements of Dennis Hanks are often colored by his imagination, he is, after all, our best witness concerning Lincoln's boyhood.

[6] Some writers have spoken of Mr. Elkin as a Methodist circuit rider. Mrs. Lucinda Boyd, in a book which might better not have been published and which I will not name, but which is correct in some local matters, speaks of Rev. Robert Elkin, the minister who preached the funeral sermon of Mrs. Lincoln, as belonging to the "Traveling Baptist Church." She says: "His grave is in the open field, and soon the traces of it will be lost." Apparently this grave was in Clark County, Kentucky. I think, however, that she is in error as to the name Robert. It was David.

[7] The latest writer to lend to the incident of Nancy Lincoln's funeral the aid of a vivid imagination and a versatile pen is Rose Strunsky. Discarding the theory that Abraham wrote his first letter to invite a minister to come from Kentucky to preach his mother's funeral, she sends him on foot to a nearer settlement:

"The boy Abraham had his standards of life. There were things of too much meaning to let pass without some gesture. And the unceremonious burial in the forest haunted him. When he heard that a wandering preacher had reached the neighborhood, he tramped many miles in the snow to bring him to the spot where the dead body lay, so that a funeral sermon might be delivered over the now white grave" (_Abraham Lincoln_, p. 6).

There was nothing unusual about the burial. Nor was there anything unusual about the deferred funeral. These writers simply do not know the conditions of life in which the boy Lincoln lived.

[8] While this manuscript was in process of writing, Professor Raymond, of Berea College, Kentucky, enumerating his summer engagements for the season of 1919, informed me of a funeral he was engaged to preach in August of a boy who died ten years ago. The boy's companions have by this time grown to manhood, but the service will be held: and before this book is published doubtless will have been held according to immemorial custom in that region. This is not because there has been no preacher in its vicinity within ten years; nor is there any reason to suppose that the delay in the case of Lincoln's mother was due to the utter absence of ministers. They were not abundant, certainly; but there is no reason whatever to suppose that in the interval between the death and funeral of Nancy Hanks no preacher had been in the neighborhood of Pigeon Creek.

[9] I have often been deeply impressed by the charity of primitive preachers for dead people, and their ingenuity in inventing possible opportunities for repentance where no outward sign was given or apparently possible. There was something impressive in their manner of doing it, as well as an exhibition of fine tenderness for the feelings of friends and of generosity toward the dead.

"_Between the saddle and the ground, He pardon sought and pardon found_"

is a very precious article of faith in the creed of men who have to preach a stern doctrine to the living, with warning of a hell that yawns for all impenitent sinners.

[10] In my own judgment, it would have been better to have let the first edition stand. It ought not to have included these vulgarities; but they are not so bad as the impression which is created by the knowledge that a new edition had to be made on their account. They are coarse bits of rustic buffoonery.

[11] I do not forget that Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks were married by Rev. Jesse Head, who was a Methodist preacher. But I do not find evidence that Mr. Head exerted any marked influence over them. Mr. Head was not only a minister, but a justice of the peace, an anti-slavery man, and a person of strong and righteous character. I am not sure whether the fact that he performed this marriage is not due in some measure to the fact that he was about the court house, and a convenient minister to find.

[12] Dr. Chapman goes even beyond Johnson in his admiration of these youthful lines. He says:

"It is profoundly significant that this child of destiny, at his life's early morning, in clumsy but impressive verse thus reverently coupled his name with that of his Creator.... I am not claiming for this fragment of a Lincoln manuscript any divine inspiration" (_Latest Light on Lincoln_, p. 315).

But he stops little short of that, and might about as well have claimed it. The simple truth is that the lines have no significance whatever. They were a current bit of schoolboy doggerel, not original with Lincoln, and were scribbled by him as by other boys, with no real purpose beyond that of working his name into a jingle.

[13] I have seen these and other examples of Lincoln's early penmanship in the library of Mr. Jesse W. Weik.

[14] The story of Johnny Kongapod was one which Lincoln often related in after life. It is found in several collections of his stories, and with some variation. The Indian himself has found a place in literature in "In the Boyhood of Lincoln" by my friend, now deceased, Hezekiah Butterworth. The epitaph more nearly in its ancient English form is found in "David Elginbrod," by George Macdonald:

"_Here lie I, Martin Elginbrod; Hae mercy o' my soul, Lord God, As I would hae if I were God, And Thou wert Martin Elginbrod._"

[15] "His early Baptist training made him a fatalist to the day of his death" (Herndon, I, 34).

[16] The story of Lincoln's love affairs lies mostly outside the field of our present inquiry. He had at least one more of them than his biographers have learned about. Those that are best known are the ones with Ann Rutledge, Mary Owens, and Mary Todd. Lamon declares that Lincoln loved Miss Matilda Edwards, sister of Ninian W. Edwards, whose wife was sister to Mary Todd. He gives this as the real reason for the estrangement of Lincoln and his fiancée (Lamon's _Life of Lincoln_, p. 259). This is vigorously denied by members of the Edwards family, and the opinions in Springfield are anything but unanimous. Herndon informs us that in 1840, when Lincoln was thirty-one, and during the period when he was attracted to Mary Todd, he proposed to Sarah Rickard, a girl of sixteen. The present writer has no occasion to go into the discussions attending these several affairs of the heart. Lincoln's unsettled condition of mind on matrimonial and other matters is, however, an important element in any study of his religious life in this period. Herndon, between whom and Mrs. Lincoln little love was lost, was not unwilling to inform her and the world that Lincoln had loved one woman, at least, more than he ever loved her; and that he married her reluctantly. This was not pleasant information for a proud and erratic grief-stricken woman, and it is not certain that Herndon was impartial authority or that he learned the whole truth. Lincoln was not a lady's man, and Mary Owens was quite right in deeming him "deficient in those little links that make up the chain of a woman's happiness."

Students of the Lincoln material are informed by those who suppose themselves to know, that beside the above-mentioned adventures, Lincoln had at least one additional love affair, and one that was not to his credit. They are told that the proof of this exists in an unpublished letter from the hand of Lincoln, a letter sacredly guarded and seldom shown by its owner. If this book had any reason to go at length into the subject of Lincoln's love affairs, I should be glad to consider that matter in detail; for the owner of that letter has permitted me to read and copy it, and I have the copy, which I intend to use in another volume on Lincoln. I wish to say, however, that the letter, which is a free, unguarded note to an intimate friend, does not sustain the impression that Lincoln had any other love affair, or that any wrong act or motive lay behind his words. Lincoln was not a tactful man in his relations with women; but he was a clean man.

[17] "Mr. Lincoln was never agitated by any passion more than by his wonderful thirst for distinction. There is no instance where an important office was within his reach, and he did not try to get it" (Lamon, _Life of Lincoln_, p. 237). This is a harsh and unfriendly way of stating it, but it is not wholly false.

[18] Mr. John E. Burton has documentary evidence that Lincoln was associated as so-called partner with seven law firms. Mr. Burton has owned the firm signatures in Lincoln's handwriting as follows:

Stuart and Lincoln 1838 Ficklin and Lincoln 1842 Logan and Lincoln 1845 Harlan and Lincoln 1845 Goodrich and Lincoln October 1855 Lincoln and Herndon 1852 Lincoln and Lamon

But these associates, except Stuart, Logan, and Herndon, were not strictly partnerships. They were local associations with lawyers whose practice he shared.

[19] Mr. Barker, the bookseller and publisher of Springfield, has or had an interesting item in a volume which Mr. Lincoln presented to Rev. William A. Chapin, a returned missionary, who lived with the family of his relative, Albert Hale. Mr. Lincoln was on close terms with "Father Hale" and a friend of Mr. Chapin. The book is one volume, the others being lost, of a set entitled "_Horae Solitariae, or, Essays on Some Remarkable Names and Titles of the Holy Spirit._ First American from the Second London Edition. Philadelphia: Cochran & McLoughlan, 1801." The book bears no name of author. Upon the flyleaf is the autograph of Mr. Chapin in these words, "William A. Chapin, 1844. A present from Abr. Lincoln." How Lincoln obtained the book is not known; nor is it one for which he would have been likely to care. But he cared enough for the book or for the missionary or for both to present the one to the other. His aversion to ministers, which Lamon portrays, may have had some reason in certain cases; but it was not inclusive of all ministers nor of ministers as a class.

[20] I have been at much trouble to get the exact name and dates of this little boy. He was called Eddie, and the name is sometimes given Edwin and sometimes Edward, and I did not find it easy to learn, even at the monument at Springfield, the exact date of his death. He was named for his father's friend, and associate in the Legislature, Edward Baker. He was born March 10, 1846, and died February 1, 1850. Lincoln's children were: Robert Todd, born August 1, 1843, still living; Edward Baker, born March 10, 1846, died in Springfield February 1, 1850; William Wallace, born December 21, 1850, died in the White House February 20, 1862; Thomas or "Tad," born April 4, 1853; died in Chicago, July 15, 1871. Mary Todd Lincoln, their mother, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, December 13, 1818; married Abraham Lincoln, November 4, 1842, and died in Springfield July 16, 1882.

The date of the death of Eddie is important, because it gives us a _terminus a quem_ for Lincoln's acquaintance with Rev. James Smith. Dr. Smith gives the date as "in the latter part of 1849." I sought in vain not only in published Lives of Lincoln but in the material on file with the State Historical Society for the precise date. What is more surprising, Colonel Johnson, custodian of the Lincoln tomb, has made diligent search for me and cannot find the date. In an article, prepared for the Lincoln Centenary in 1909, Rev. Thomas D. Logan, D.D., then pastor of the church in Springfield which Lincoln attended and successor of Dr. Smith, said it was "about 1848 or 1849"; but in working over the material, as he manifestly did, after furnishing it to _The Interior_, in which it was printed, and delivering the substance of it as a centenary address, he gives the date as February 1, 1850. This I judge to be correct, and it is upon his authority I have given that date above. The other dates of the Lincoln family's relation to this church support this statement.

[21] Governor Ford uses this term as inclusive of the "Long Nine" and their associates who voted for the combination of evils which brought financial disaster to Illinois in that early day. Among them were Stephen A. Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, John A. McClernand, and James Shields--"all of them spared monuments of popular wrath, evincing how safe it is to be a politician, but how disastrous it may be to the country to keep along with the present fervor of the people." FORD: _History of Illinois_.

[22] A careful reading of Mr. Lincoln's speeches while en route for Washington will reveal, I think, that Mr. Lincoln was confident there would be no war. A much more solemn note was in his First Inaugural, a few days later.

[23] Even Herndon commends Dr. Gurley and Bishop Simpson for their very conservative claims concerning the religion of Lincoln.

[24] Carpenter says that these were the negroes of Baltimore, and is probably correct.

[25] This curious passage, which is very nearly meaningless if read apart from its context, has to do with the appointment of the priestly families that furnished the porters, or guards, for the approaches to the temple in Jerusalem. It is found in I Chronicles 26:17-18.

[26] This well-known and picturesque passage describes the army of David when he was an outlaw and half a freebooter, fleeing from the fury of Saul and hiding in the cave of Adullam. I Samuel 22:2.

[27] "Mr. Lincoln had no method, system, or order in his exterior affairs; he had no library, no clerk, no stenographer; he had no common-place-book, no _index rerum_, no diary. Even when he was President and wanted to preserve a memorandum of anything, he noted it down on a card and stuck it into a drawer or in his vest pocket. But in his mental processes and operations, he had the most complete system and order. While outside of his mind all was anarchy and confusion, inside all was symmetry and method." WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 110.

[28] Mrs. Edwards, Mrs. Lincoln's sister, in a published interview which Barker of Springfield has reprinted in a limited edition, gives a circumstantial account of the wedding, which, she affirms, occurred on Sunday night. The calendar contradicts her. Nor would the court house have been open for the issue of the license on Sunday; its date is the date of the wedding. The license was procured, and the marriage was solemnized, on Friday.

[29] Newton Bateman was born at Fairfield, New York, July 27, 1822, and migrated with his parents to Illinois in his boyhood. He was graduated from Illinois College, in Jacksonville, in 1843, and was honored as one of the ablest men in the alumni of that institution. He first knew Abraham Lincoln in 1847, and knew him with increasing intimacy during the years of 1859 and 1860 when Mr. Bateman was in Springfield. Mr. Bateman served as Superintendent of Schools of the State of Illinois continuously from 1859 to 1875, except for the single term 1863-65. During his administration the school system of Illinois made notable progress, and he is remembered as having done large things for the educational system of his State. He was the author of the plan for the education of all the children of all the people of the State at the expense of all the property of the State. He wrought his system into the new constitution of Illinois, adopted in 1871, while he was at the zenith of his power. He was repeatedly re-elected, his defeat in 1862 being a defeat shared with the whole Republican ticket of the State in an off-year election when nearly the whole North, weary of the war which had scarcely begun, defeated partly by hostility and partly by lethargy the party and the policies that had sent Lincoln to the White House; and Bateman was triumphantly re-elected when Lincoln was re-elected, and for many terms thereafter. He established the Normal School system of the State; and his work was monumental in the life of the State University. Few men deserve so well to be remembered with honor in Illinois.

At the close of his long term of service as Superintendent of Schools, he became President of Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, from 1875 to 1893. He was small in stature, and by his friends was familiarly called "Little Newt," but was held in high regard as a man of honor and an educator of note. Besides his published reports and addresses, he compiled a large encyclopedia of men of Illinois,--a kind of "Who's Who" of much value. His family at one time proposed to gather and issue a memorial volume of his addresses, but the plan appears not to have been carried out. He died of angina pectoris at Galesburg, October 21, 1897.

[30] Bateman's version of the Farewell Address, as reported in the _State Journal_, was that accepted by Herndon, and, with its more profound recognition of God's providential care, is given in Lamon's _Life of Lincoln_, p. 506. It is repeated in his _Recollections_, p. 31.

[31] For these two reports and that of Lincoln and Hay, see the Appendix.

[32] Mr. Jesse W. Weik, who was associated with Herndon in the authorship of his _Life of Lincoln_, and who has Herndon's papers, has made diligent search for me in the effort to locate the notes of these interviews. Herndon certainly desired to preserve them, and desired that they should be published. But thus far they have not been found, and presumably are not in existence.

[33] Lamon was a Virginian by birth, and was, in many of his habits, a very different man from Lincoln, but Lincoln liked and trusted him.

[34] Black was Lamon's law partner in Washington after the war. The firm of Black, Lamon, and Hovey did a large business in prosecuting claims against the Government.

[35] This lecture is now very rare, and the text is given in the Appendix to this volume.

[36] This important communication containing signed letters from a number of Lincoln's friends is given in full in the Appendix.

[37] Although a number of these letters are quoted in the text, the article as a whole is so important that it is given in full in the Appendix.

[38] Herndon's letter to Dr. Smith was impudent, demanding that he answer as a man, if he could, and if not as a man, then as a Christian--a challenge which the old Scotchman answered in kind.

[39] The Abbott letter is printed in Herndon's _Life of Lincoln_, pp. 492-497: portions of it have been quoted in this book.

The Remsburg letter and the broadside above referred to are printed in full in the Appendix to this book.

[40] Statements of this nature show, what we know without them, that Herndon had never seen the "book" nor heard it described by anyone who actually saw it.

[41] We may note in passing that it is not in "Tam o' Shanter" but in "Holy Willie's Prayer" that Burns uses the line quoted by Matheny.

[42] I am informed that this is a slight error. Dr. Smith had another son, still younger.

[43] There are three copies in Chicago, one in the library of the University of Chicago, one in the library of McCormick Theological Seminary, and one in my own library. There are copies also in the libraries of Union Theological Seminary, New York; Center College, Danville, Kentucky; the College of the Bible, Lexington, Kentucky; the Library of Congress, and Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati. These, and the one owned by Miss Smith, are the only copies of which I have learned thus far; though doubtless there are others in dusty attics.

[44] This date is wrong. The book was not published until 1844.

[45] _Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation_, by Robert Chambers, is published still by E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, and sold at 75 cents. This is an excellent reprint of the first Edinburgh edition, which Lincoln first read.

[46] It is now known that it was through the influence of Robert Chambers that T. H. Huxley was present and made his famous reply to Bishop Wilberforce at Oxford in 1860. Huxley was in Oxford, but intended to have left that morning because he believed that the discussion would take a theological, or other than a scientific turn, and would be unprofitable, but "on the Friday afternoon he chanced to meet Robert Chambers, the reputed author of the _Vestiges of Creation_, who begged him not to desert them, accordingly he postponed his departure" (_Life and Letters of Thomas H. Huxley_, by his Son, I, 193). In this discussion Bishop Wilberforce, in closing a half-hour's clever, but unfair speech, turned to Huxley and asked him whether it was on the side of Huxley's grandfather or grandmother that he claimed his own descent from a monkey? Huxley endured the laughter and applause which followed this personal sally with something more than good nature. He turned to Sir Benjamin Brodie, who sat beside him, and slapping his knee, exclaimed: "The Lord hath delivered him into my hands!" It was even so. Huxley rose to reply, and said that he would not be ashamed of having a monkey as an ancestor, but he would be ashamed of any relationship to a gifted man, who, not content with success in his own sphere of activity, plunged into a discussion of matters of which he had no real acquaintance "only to obscure them by an aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to religious prejudice."

In its way that speech established the popularity of Huxley as a debator, and effectually punctured one argument then coming into use in the discussion of evolution. It also was an incident never forgotten concerning Bishop Wilberforce. Huxley afterward wrote, "In justice to the Bishop, I am bound to say he bore me no malice, but was always courtesy itself when we met in after years." In the same letter Huxley says, "The odd part of the business is, that I should not have been present except for Robert Chambers."

[47] I have communicated with Mr. Burton and he agrees with me in the opinion that the inscription from Professor Anthon is not genuine. He thinks it may have been added by Dr. English, not with intent to deceive, but as giving his impression of the manner in which Lincoln acquired the book. Whoever wrote it I think was in error.

[48] This book had been written and was in course of revision when I procured Dr. Chapman's _Latest Light on Lincoln_. It is a book by one who loved Lincoln sincerely, and can discover in him no lack of any desirable quality; even physical beauty and grace of movement are here attributed to Lincoln, as well as the acceptance of all the fundamental articles of the creeds. He accepts the Beecher incident, declaring that Dr. Johnson informed him that "after thorough investigation he fully believed it to be truthful and authentic," and affirming that "upon the scene of this unique event there rests a halo of celestial beauty too sacred to be regarded with indifference or doubt." The halo may be there, but is it true? Was there any period of twenty-four hours while Lincoln was in the White House when this could have occurred, and the fact concealed from the public? It is altogether less improbable that Mrs. Beecher in her extreme old age and failing mentality was mistaken about the identity of one of Mr. Beecher's callers.

[49] Dr. Johnson quotes this in his _Abraham Lincoln the Christian_, and with it gives a photo reproduction of this page of his manuscript, bearing in the margin the attestation of both Generals Sickles and Rusling:

"I certify that this statement of a conversation between President Lincoln and General Sickles, in my presence, at Washington, D. C., July 5, 1863, relating to Gettysburg, is correct and true. JAMES F. RUSLING, Trenton, N. J., Feb. 17, 1910."

"I hereby certify that the foregoing statement by General Rusling is true in substance. I know from my intimate acquaintance with President Lincoln that he was a religious man--God-fearing and God-loving ruler. D. E. SICKLES, Major General U. S. Army, Ret'd, New York, Feb. 11, 1911."

[50] The Library of Congress has a scurilous pamphlet entitled _Behind the Seams; by a Nigger Woman, who took in work for Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Davis, New York: The National News Company, 21 and 23 Ann Street, 1868_. The preface is signed, "Betsy X (her mark) Kickley, a Nigger." It is a coarse parody on the above, but would appear sometimes to have been mistaken for the original work.

[51] This incident must have appeared in print immediately after Lincoln's death, for I find it quoted in memorial addresses of May, 1865. Mr. Oldroyd has endeavored to learn for me in what paper he found it and on whose authority it rests, but without result. He does not remember where he found it. It is inherently improbable, and rests on no adequate testimony. It ought to be wholly disregarded. The earliest reference I have found to the story in which Lincoln is alleged to have said to an unnamed Illinois minister "I do love Jesus" is in a sermon preached in the Baptist Church of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, April 19, 1865, by Rev. W. W. Whitcomb, which was published in the Oshkosh _Northwestern_, April 21, 1865, and in 1907 issued in pamphlet form, by John E. Burton. The form of quotation is indefinite, but I judge that the incident was current in the papers of that week, as it is quoted as something with which the congregation was assumed to be familiar. I judge, therefore, that this was a story that found currency immediately after Lincoln's death, running the round of the newspapers with no one's name attached.

[52] Lincoln addressed most of his friends by their family name, seldom prefixing "Mr." A few he called by their first name. Herndon he called "Billy." Ward Hill Lamon he addressed as "Hill." Some of his friends called him "Lincoln," but most of them, "Mr. Lincoln." If any habitually addressed him as "Abe," the author has been unable to learn the fact.

"Although I have heard of cheap fellows, professing that they were wont to address him as 'Abe,' I never knew any one who did it in his presence. Lincoln disdained ceremony, but he gave no license for being called 'Abe'." WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 53.

[53] Dr. Chapman, who appears to have permitted no improbable story of Lincoln's orthodoxy to escape him, records this incident with complete assurance of its correctness; but it is a story which it is impossible to fit into the life of Lincoln.

In _Latest Light on Lincoln_, p. 396, Chapman says, "There is every reason for giving this remarkable story unquestioning credence." On the contrary, there is every good reason for questioning it at every essential point, and the questions do not evoke satisfactory answers.

[54] Whitney affirms that Lincoln was never a member of any secret society. If he had been, that society would certainly have produced a record of his membership.

[55] Whitney tells us of this in his _With Lincoln on the Circuit_, describing the instrument as a "French harp." This term has given rise to some ludicrous mistakes on the part of those who have quoted it In Kentucky and in "Egypt" a French harp is a harmonica.

[56]

"Of dress, food, and the ordinary comforts and luxuries of life, he was an incompetent judge. He could not discern between well and ill-cooked and served food. He did not know whether or not clothes fitted. He did not know whether music was artistic or in bad taste." WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 52.

[57]

"I repeat that his was one of the most uneven, eccentric, and heterogeneous characters, probably, that ever played a part in the great drama of history; and it was for that reason that he was so greatly misjudged and misunderstood; that he was on the one hand described as a mere humorist--a sort of Artemus Ward or Mark Twain--that it was thought that by some irony of fate a low comedian had got into the Presidential chair by mistake and that the nation was being delivered over to conflagration, while this modern Nero fiddled upon its ruins; or that, on the other hand, he should have been thus sketched by as high authority as Ralph Waldo Emerson: 'He is the true history of the American people to his time. Step by step he walks beside them, quickening his march by theirs, the true representative of this continent, an entirely public man, Father of his Country, the pulse of twenty millions throbbing through his heart, the thought of their minds articulated by his tongue. His heart was as great as the world, but there was no room in it to hold the memory of a wrong.'" WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 147.

"One of the most obvious of Mr. Lincoln's peculiarities was his dissimilitude of qualities, or inequality of conduct, his dignity of deportment and action, interspersed with freaks of frivolity and inanity; his high aspiration and achievement, and his descent into the most primitive vales of listlessness, and the most ridiculous buffoonery. He combined the consideration of the movement of armies or grave questions of international concern, with Nasby's feeble jokes or Dan Rice's clownish tricks. In the chief drawer of his cabinet table, all the current joke books of the time were in juxtaposition with official commissions lacking only his final signature, applications for pardons from death penalties, laws awaiting executive action, and orders, which, when issued, would control the fate of a million men and the destinies of unborn generations.... Hence it was that superficial persons, who expected great achievements to be set in a _mise en scéne_, and to be ushered in with a prologue, could not understand or appreciate that this wonderful man's administration was a succession of acts of grand and heroic statesmanship, or that he was a prodigy of intellect and moral force, and a genius in administration." WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, pp. 147-48-49.

[58] Mr. Jesse W. Weik investigated this report, and told me of it. It comes not through Lewis or other members of the church, but through Lincoln's associates outside the church, who seem to have expected him to unite.

[59]

"He had not then announced himself for freedom, only discussed the inexpediency of repealing the Missouri Compromise line. The Abolitionists that day [the day of Lincoln's State Fair speech] determined to make Lincoln take a stand. I determined he should not at that time, because the time had not yet come when Lincoln should show his hand. When Lovejoy announced the abolition gathering in the evening, I rushed to Lincoln, and said: 'Lincoln, go home, take Bob and the buggy, and leave the country, go quickly, go right off, and never mind the order of your going.' Lincoln took the hint, got his horse and buggy, and did leave quickly, not noting the order of his going. He stayed away till all conventions and fairs were over." HERNDON, in LAMON, p. 354.

[60] Lincoln's evasion of an issue which he did not wish to meet was put to a severe test in 1864, when the convention that renominated him for the Presidency had to decide whether to renominate also Vice-President Hamlin. Lincoln liked Hamlin; but, while a Vice-President from Maine had strengthened the ticket in 1860, a war Democrat from one of the border States could help it more in 1864. Lincoln managed never to let it be known whether he favored Hamlin, who greatly desired his support, or whether, as was probably the case, he preferred Johnson. He was skillful in evasion when he chose to be so.

[61] _Abraham Lincoln; Evolution of His Literary Style._ By Daniel Kilham Dodge. Press of the University of Illinois, 1900.

[62] Few writers who knew Lincoln intimately have given us more detailed accounts of Lincoln's career as a story teller than his friend and associate, Major Henry C. Whitney, who habitually shared his bed in the rounds of the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In his chapter on "Lincoln as a Merry Andrew," in which he tells the undignified length to which these bouts of story telling were wont to go, he says: "But it is a singular fact that Lincoln very rarely told stories in his speeches. In both his forensic and political speeches he got down to serious business, and threw away the mask of Momus altogether. I never heard him narrate but one story in a speech." _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 179.

[63] These letters have lately been presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society.

[64] _Abraham Lincoln; The Evolution of His Emancipation Policy._ An address delivered before the Chicago Historical Society, February 27, 1906.

[65] See _The Evolution of Lincoln's Literary Style_, by Prof. Daniel Kilham Dodge. University of Illinois Press, 1900.

[66]

"By reference to Mr. Lincoln's early political and literary performances it will appear that he was more than usually addicted to a florid style, and to greatly exaggerated figures of speech; that the plain, direct, homely, common-sense methods of his later and statesmanlike years were wholly wanting. Rhodomontade was as common in those youthful productions as plain assertion was in his mature life. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that, in the years of his adolescence, he is credited with very decided opinions, radical views, and florid expressions on the subject of religion; but he was forty-five years of age when I first knew him, and his views either underwent a change or else he had grown reticent on that great subject. Certain it is that I never heard Lincoln express himself on the subject of religion at all." WHITNEY: _Life on the Circuit with Lincoln_, p. 268.

[67] _The Evolution of Lincoln's Literary Style_, by Prof. D. K. Dodge.

[68] The foregoing list, together with a number which seem to me less reliably attested, I have taken from Johnson, _Abraham Lincoln, the Christian_, pp. 215-17.

[69] Dr. Chapman, who is not content with anything less than a complete orthodox system of theology for Lincoln, says:

"In the forefront of Mr. Lincoln's religious thinking was his belief in the Saviour's Deity." His first, and in fact his only proof, is, of course, the Bateman interview. Beyond this he falls into such generalities as his oft repeated mention of Him as "Our Lord," and declares that "again and again does Mr. Lincoln thus speak of the Saviour" (_Latest Light on Lincoln_, p. 319). If so, I have not found these repeated references in his authentic speeches and papers.

[70] A reference to Christ dying on the cross is in his lecture on Niagara Falls; and there are a few other references.

[71] Dr. Chapman's _Latest Light on Lincoln_ has a few hitherto unprinted things, one of them being some notes by Rev. Dr. Gurley, the beginnings of a contemplated book or pamphlet which he did not complete. The manuscript as produced by Dr. Chapman was furnished by Dr. Gurley's daughter, Mrs. Emma K. Adams, of Washington. The only incident of any considerable value is that Mr. Lincoln one night invited Dr. Gurley, who like himself was an early riser, to come to the White House next morning at seven o'clock for an hour's talk before breakfast. They had the talk and the breakfast. As Dr. Gurley walked away, he was asked whether he and Mr. Lincoln had been talking about the war, and he replied, "Far from it. We have been talking about the state of the soul after death. That is a subject of which Mr. Lincoln never tires. This morning, however, I was a listener, as Mr. Lincoln did all the talking" (_Latest Light on Lincoln_, p. 500).

There can be, I think, no serious question of Mr. Lincoln's faith in immortality. It was much more easy for a man of his training and temperament to hold that article of faith than some others which might seem to some other men more easily to be accepted.

[72] The chapter, sometimes alleged to have been from the Bible, which Lincoln read to his cabinet before submitting the Emancipation Proclamation.

[73] The accompanying article was originally prepared by its author (the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, in Springfield, Ill.), as a lecture, and has been repeatedly given in that form to various audiences. At the request of the editor of _Scribner's Monthly_, to whom it seemed that the testimony contained in the lecture was of permanent value, it is here presented with slight alterations, and with no departure from the rhetorical style which was determined by its original purpose.

[74] This is an error doubtless made by Mr. Irwin in copying. It should be June 16, 1858, instead of January. I have printed it as it stands, but the date should be corrected.

[75] March 10, 1864. McPherson, "History of the Rebellion," p. 522.

[76] Report of Judge-Advocate General, April 30, 1864.

[77] March 7, 1864.

[78] Jan. 2, 1863.

[79] Dec. 22, 1863.

[80] "After having made these declarations in good faith and in writing, you can conceive of my embarrassment at now having brought to me what purported to be a formal order of the War Department, bearing date November 30, 1863, giving Bishop Ames control and possession of all the Methodist churches in certain Southern military departments whose pastors have not been appointed by a loyal bishop or bishops, and ordering the military to aid him against any resistance which may be made to his taking such possession and control. What is to be done about it?" [Lincoln to Stanton, MS., Feb. 11, 1864.]

[81] Lincoln to Hogan, Feb. 13, 1864.

[82] Lincoln MS., March 4, 1864.

[83] Lincoln MS., May 13, 1864.

[84] War Records, Vol. XVII, pp. 424, 530.

[85] General McDowell used to tell a story which illustrates Mr. Lincoln's Sabbatarian feeling. The President had ordered a movement which required dispatch, and in his anxiety rode to McDowell's headquarters to inquire how soon he could start. "On Monday morning," said McDowell; "or, by pushing things, perhaps Sunday afternoon." Lincoln, after a moment's thought, said, "McDowell, get a good ready and start Monday." [Herman Haupt, MS. Memoirs.]

Transcribers Notes:

Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.

Small capitals have been capitalised.

Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.

Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.

Obvious typos were silently corrected.