Chapter 16
Addison, in the twenty-eighth _Spectator_, April 2, 1711, took note of the severance which had taken place between sign and trade, and of the absurdity that the sign no longer had any significance. After satirizing first, the monstrous conjunctions in signs of "Dog and Gridiron," "Cat and Fiddle" and so forth; and next the absurd custom by which young tradesmen, at their first starting in business, added their own signs to those of the masters under whom they had served their apprenticeship; the essayist goes on to say: "In the third place I would enjoin every shop to make use of a sign which bears some affinity to the wares in which it deals. What can be more inconsistent than to see ... a tailor at the Lion? A cook should not live at the Boot, nor a Shoe-maker at the Roasted Pig; and yet for want of this regulation, I have seen a Goat set up before the door of a perfumer, and the French King's Head at a sword-cutler's."
Notwithstanding the few examples given above, tobacconists, more than most tradesmen, seem to have continued to use signs that had at least some relevance to their trade. Abel Drugger was a "tobacco-man," _i.e._ a tobacco-seller in Ben Jonson's play of "The Alchemist," 1610, so that it is not very surprising to find the name used occasionally as a tobacconist's sign. Towards the end of the eighteenth century one Peter Cockburn traded as a tobacconist at the sign of the "Abel Drugger" in Fenchurch Street, and informed the public on the advertising papers in which he wrapped up his tobacco for customers that he had formerly been shopman at the Sir Roger de Coverley--a notice which has preserved the name of another tobacconist's sign borrowed from literature. Seventeenth--century London signs were the "Three Tobacco Pipes," "Two Tobacco Pipes" crossed, and "Five Tobacco Pipes." At Edinburgh in the eighteenth century there were tobacconists who used two pipes crossed, a roll of tobacco and two leaves over two crossed pipes, and a roll of tobacco and three leaves.
The older tobacconists were wont to assert, says Larwood, that the man in the moon could enjoy his pipe, hence "the 'Man in the Moon' is represented on some of the tobacconists' papers in the Banks Collection puffing like a steam engine, and underneath the words, 'Who'll smoake with ye Man in ye Moone?'" The Dutch, as every one knows, are great smokers, so a Dutchman has been a common figure on tobacconists' signs. In the eighteenth century a common device was three figures representing a Dutchman, a Scotchman and a sailor, explained by the accompanying rhyme:
_We three are engaged in one cause, I snuffs, I smokes, and I chaws!_
Larwood says that a tobacconist in the Kingsland Road had the three men on his sign, but with a different legend:
_This Indian weed is good indeed, Puff on, keep up the joke 'Tis the best, 'twill stand the test, Either to chew or smoke._
The bill bearing this sign is in Banks's Collection, 1750. Another in the same collection, with a similar meaning but of more elaborate design, shows the three men, the central figure having his hands in his pockets and in his mouth a pipe from which smoke is rolling. The man on the left advances towards this central figure holding out a pipe, above which is the legend "Voule vous de Rape." Above the middle man is "No dis been better." The third man, on the right, holds out, also towards the central figure, a tobacco-box, above which is the legend "Will you have a quid."
A frequent sign-device among dealers in snuff was the Crown and Rasp. The oldest method of taking snuff, says Larwood, in the "History of Signboards," was "to scrape it with a rasp from the dry root of the tobacco plant; the powder was then placed on the back of the hand and so snuffed up; hence the name of _rape_ (rasped) for a kind of snuff, and the common tobacconist's sign of La Carotte d'or (the golden root) in France." _Rape_ became in English "rappee," familiar in snuff-taking days as the name for a coarse kind of snuff made from the darker and ranker tobacco leaves. The list of prices and names given by Wimble, a snuff-seller, about 1740, and printed in Fairholt's "History of Tobacco," contains eighteen different kinds of rappee--English, best English, fine English, high-flavoured coarse, low, scented, composite, &c. The rasps for obtaining this _rape_, continues Larwood, "were carried in the waistcoat pocket, and soon became articles of luxury, being carved in ivory and variously enriched. Some of them, in ivory and inlaid wood, may be seen at the Hotel Cluny in Paris, and an engraving of such an object occurs in 'Archaeologia,' vol. xiii. One of the first snuff-boxes was the so-called _rape_ or _grivoise_ box, at the back of which was a little space for a piece of the root, whilst a small iron rasp was contained in the middle. When a pinch was wanted, the root was drawn a few times over the iron rasp, and so the snuff was produced and could be offered to a friend with much more grace than under the above-mentioned process with the pocket-grater."
The tobacconists' sign that for very many years was in most general use was the figure of a highlander, which may still perhaps be found in one or two places, but which was not at all an unusual sight in the streets of London and other towns some forty or fifty years ago. Most men of middle age can remember when the snuff-taking highlander was the usual ornament to the entrance of a tobacconist's shop; but all have disappeared from London streets save two--I say two on the authority of Mr. E.V. Lucas, who gives it (in his "Wanderer in London") as the number of the survivors; but only one is known to me. This is the famous old wooden highlander which stood for more than a hundred years on guard at a tobacconist's shop in Tottenham Court Road. About the end of 1906 it was announced that the shop was to be demolished, and that the time-worn figure was for sale. The announcement created no small stir, and it was said that the offers for the highlander ran up to a surprising figure. He was bought ultimately by a neighbouring furnishing firm, and now stands on duty not far from his ancient post, though no passer-by can help feeling the incongruity between the time-honoured emblem of the snuff-taker and his present surroundings of linoleum "and sich."
Where Mr. Lucas's second survivor may be is unknown to me. Not so many years ago a wooden highlander, as a tobacconist's sign, was a conspicuous figure in Knightsbridge, and there was another in the Westminster Bridge Road; but _tempus edax rerum_ has consumed them with all their brethren. In a few provincial towns a wooden highlander may still be found at the door of tobacco shops, but they are probably destined to early disappearance. In 1907 one still stood guard--a tall figure in full costume--outside a tobacconist's shop in Cheltenham, and may still be there. There is a highlander of oak in the costume of the Black Watch still standing, I believe, in the doorway of a tobacco shop at St. Heliers, Jersey. It is traditionally said to have been originally the figure-head of a war vessel which was wrecked on the Alderney coast. Another survivor may be seen at the door of a shop belonging to Messrs. Churchman, tobacco manufacturers, in Westgate Street, Ipswich. A correspondent of "Notes and Queries" describes it as a very fine specimen in excellent condition, and adds: "Mr. W. Churchman informs me that it belonged to his grandfather, who established the business in Ipswich in 1790, and he believed it was quite 'a hundred' year old at that time."
One of the earliest known examples of these highlanders as tobacconists' signs is that which was placed at the door of a shop in Coventry Street which was opened in 1720 under the sign of "The Highlander, Thistle and Crown." This is said to have been a favourite place of resort of the Jacobites. In his "Nicotine and its Rariora," Mr. A.M. Broadley gives the card, dated 1765, of "William Kebb, at ye Highlander ye corner of Pall Mall, facing St. James's, Haymarket," and says that the highlander was a favourite tobacconist's sign for 200 years. I have been unable, however, to find evidence of such a prolonged period of favour. I know of no certain seventeenth-century reference to the highlander as a tobacconist's sign.
The figure was usually made with a snuff mull in his hand--the highlander being always credited with a great love and a great capacity for snuff-taking. But one curious example was furnished, not only with a mull but with a bat-like implement of unknown use. Mr. Arthur Denman, F.S.A., writing in _Notes and Queries_, April 17, 1909, said: "I have a very neat little, genuine specimen of the old tobacconist's sign of a 42nd Highlander with his 'mull.' It is 3 ft. 6 in. high, and it differs from those usually met with in that under the left arm is an implement almost exactly like a cricket-bat. This bat has a gilt knob to the handle, and on the shoulder of it are three chevrons in gold, without doubt a sergeant's stripes. On the exposed side of the bat is what would appear to represent a loose strip of wood. This strip is nearly one-third of the width of the instrument, and extends up the middle about two-fifths of the length of the body of it. I can only guess that the bat was, at some time, primarily, an emblem of a sergeant's office, and, secondarily, used for the infliction of chastisement on clumsy or disorderly recruits; and perhaps it was equivalent to the _Pruegel_ of German armies, with which sergeants drove lagging warriors into the fray. But is there any record of such an accoutrement as being that of a sergeant in the British army? and what was the purpose of the loose strip, unless it was to cause the blow administered to resound as much as to hurt, as does the wand of Harlequin in a booth."
These questions received no answers from the learned correspondents of the most useful and omniscient of weekly papers. Personally, I much doubt Mr. Denman's suggested explanations of his highlander's curious implement. There is no evidence that a sergeant in the British army ever carried a cricket-bat-like implement either as a sign of office or to be used for disciplinary or punitive purposes like the canes of the German sergeants of long ago. It would seem to be more likely that this particular figure was of unusual, perhaps unique, make, and had some special local or individual significance, wherever or for whom it was first made and used, which has now been forgotten.
After the suppression of the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the English Government made war on Scottish nationality, and among other measures the wearing of the highland dress was forbidden by Parliament. On this occasion the following paragraph appeared in the newspapers of the time: "We hear that the dapper wooden Highlanders, who guard so heroically the doors of snuff-shops, intend to petition the Legislature, in order that they may be excused from complying with the Act of Parliament with regard to their change of dress: alledging that they have ever been faithful subjects to his Majesty, having constantly supplied his Guards with a pinch out of their Mulls when they marched by them, and so far from engaging in any Rebellion, that they have never entertained a rebellious thought; whence they humbly hope that they shall not be put to the expense of buying new cloaths." This is not a very humorous production, but at least it bears witness to the common occurrence in 1746 of the highlander's figure at the shops of snuff and tobacco-sellers.
The highlander, as he existed within living memory at many shop doors, and as he still exists at a few, was and is the survivor of many similar wooden figures as trade signs. The wooden figure of a negro or "Indian" with gilt loin-cloth and feathered head, has already been mentioned as an old tobacconist's sign. In early Georgian days a tobacconist named John Bowden, who dealt in all kinds of snuff, and also in "Aloe, Pigtail, and Wild Tobacco; with all sorts of perfumer's goods, wholesale and retail," traded at the sign of "The Highlander and Black Boy" in Threadneedle Street, London. At York, in this present year, 1914, I came upon a brightly painted wooden figure of Napoleon in full uniform and snuff-box in hand, standing at the door of a small tobacco-shop. Another class of sign or emblem was represented by the "wooden midshipman," which many of us have seen in Leadenhall Street, and which Dickens made famous in "Dombey and Son." Sometimes the wooden figure of a sailor stood outside public-houses with such signs as "The Jolly Sailor"; and a black doll was long a familiar token of the loathly shop kept by the tradesmen mysteriously known as Marine Store Dealers. Images of this kind sometimes stood at the door, or in many cases were placed on brackets or swung from the lintels.
Sir Walter Scott said that in London a Scotchman would walk half a mile farther to purchase his ounce of snuff where the sign of the Highlander announced a North Briton.
Dickens's little figure, which adorned old Sol Gills's shop, "thrust itself out above the pavement, right leg foremost," with shoe buckles and flapped waistcoat very much unlike the real thing, and "bore at its right eye the most offensively disproportionate piece of machinery." But this was only one of many "little timber midshipmen in obsolete naval uniforms, eternally employed outside the shop-doors of nautical instrument-makers in taking observations of the hackney-coaches." All have disappeared, together with the black dolls of the rag shops and many other old-time figures. A stray highlander or two, or other figure, may survive here and there; but with very few exceptions indeed, the once abundant tobacconists' signs have disappeared from our streets as completely as the emblems and tokens of other trades.
INDEX
Adams, Parson, 104-106
Addison, Joseph, 92, 94
"Aldermen," 89
Aldrich, Dr. of Oxford, 83, 84, 85
Alfred Club, 166
Althorp, Lord, 147
Amadas, Captain P., 13
Andrewes, Bishop, 22
Angelo, Henry, 121, 122, 144
Apothecaries, Society of, 90
Appleton family, 209
Arber, Edward, 12
Archer Collection, 237
Athenaeum Club, 139, 186
_Athenian Oracle, The_, 210
Atkinson, Canon, 231
Aubrey, John, 21, 23, 205
Austin, Alfred, 169
'Bacconist, 68
Balzac, H. de, 181, 182
Banks's Collection, 237, 242
Barclay, Dr. William, 52
Barlow, Bishop, 83
Barlow, Captain, 13
Barrow, Isaac, 83
Bates, Dr. George, 58
Bath, 90
Beaumont and Fletcher, 32
Bell, W.G., 45
Benson, Archbishop, 169
Blackburn, Archbishop, 227
Blackie, Prof. J.S., 188
Boyd-Carpenter, Bishop, 222
Bradley, Ben, 114
Brass pipe, 231
Briar-pipes, 163, 175, 176
Broadley, A.M., 246
Brooks's Club, 196
Brougham, Lord, 147
Brown, Tom, 91, 212
Browne, Isaac H., 112
Browning, Robert, 188
Brushfield, Dr., 15, 21, 61
Buckland, Frank, 188
Bull, Rev. W., 128-130
Burn, J.H., 66, 239
Burnet, Bishop, 83, 84
Burney, Frances, 121
Burney, Dr., 109
Burton, Robert, 26, 50
Burton, Thomas, 67
Butler, Samuel, 183
Byron, Lord, 141, 166
Calthorp, Lord, 147
Cambridge, 70, 95, 102, 132-134, 168, 171, 191, 225, 226
Camden, William, 45
Campbell, Thomas, 141
Carlyle, Thomas, 170, 188
Cecil, Sir Robert, 36
Chapman, George, 29, 42, 55
Charles I, 58, 63
Charles II, 70, 71
Cheroots, 138, 156
Chester, 89, 109
Chicago, 222
Chichester, 57
Chigwell, 54
Church, smoking in, 225-233
"Churchwardens," 89, 162-164, 170
Churchwardens' accounts, 47, 73, 226, 229
Cigarettes, 159, 179-183, 187, 189, 194, 195, 217-223
Cigars, 137-141, 144-148, 155-157, 159, 166, 169, 172, 179, 187, 194, 195, 218-222
Clarendon, Earl of, 59
Clark, John Willis, 171, 191
Club snuff-box, 187
Clubs, 139, 165, 166, 186, 187, 196, 197
Coffee-houses, 81, 91-95
Cogers' Hall, 107, 159, 160
Coke, Mr., of Norfolk, 147
Coleridge, S.T., 123, 142, 143
Collins, Mortimer, 220
Collins, Wilkie, 204
Colton, Rev. C.C., 139
Coltsfoot, 43
Commons, House of, 34, 66, 146, 198
_Connoisseur_, The, 100, 101
Cooper, Sir Astley, 167
Cooper, T.P., 79
Cork, Earl of, 22
Cornwall, 210
Coverley, Sir Roger de, 93
Cowper, William, 128-131
Cox, G.V., 131, 132
Creighton, Bishop Mandell, 183
Croker, J.W., 139
Cromwell, Oliver, 58, 63, 72
Cromwell, Richard, 67
Crowe, Rev. W., 103
Cruikshank, George, 19, 150
Cullum, Sir John, 80
Cuming, H. Syer, 78
"Cutties," 162, 164
Dahomey, King of, 221
Dalmahoy, Thomas, 60
D'Anvers, A., 95
D'Aumale, Duc, 187
Deacon, 53
Defoe, Daniel, 78
Dekker, T., 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 39, 51, 238
Denison, Archdeacon, 131, 132, 141
Denman, Arthur, 246
Derby, 75, 114
Devonshire, 211
Devonshire, Duke of, 185
Dickens, Charles, 150-153, 155, 161, 180, 218, 219, 249
Disney, John, 227
Ditchfield, P.H., 228
Dixon, Hepworth, 21
Dodsley's "Collection," 112, 213
"Dog and Duck, The," 122
Dryden, John, 84
Dublin, 214
Durham House, Strand, 20, 21
Eachard, John, 70
Earle, Bishop, 25, 39
Earle, Mrs. A.M., 65
Edward VII, 187, 189
Eldon, Lord, 147
Eliot, John, 66
Elizabeth, Queen, 50, 205
Ely, 89
Ember-tongs, 41
Essex, Earl of, 35
Eton, 77
Evelyn, John, 58, 73, 96
Exeter, 46
Fairholt, F.W., 52, 180
Farmer, Dr., 133
Fielding, Henry, 101, 106, 117
Fiennes, Celia, 210
Fitz-Boodle, George, 157
Fleet parsons, 240
Fox, George, 86
Furniss, Harry, 159, 165
Gale, Walter, 101
Garbutt, Jane, 216
Garrick, David, 106, 120
Garrick Club, 165, 187
Garth, Sir Samuel, 86
Gillray, James, 121
Gladstone, W.E., 189
Glapthorne, George, 209
Godley, A.D., 103
Goldsmith, Oliver, 120
Gonzales' "Voyage," 109
Goodyear, Joseph, 19
Granger, J., 83
Gray, Thomas, 102
Greenaway Manor House, 20
Gronow, Captain, 134, 167
Grosley's "Travels," 122
Grunning, Henry, 133
Hall, Bishop, 25
Hall, Robert, 228
Handel, G.F., 109
Harcourt, Sir William, 189
Hariot, Thomas, 15, 16, 20
Harrison, William, 14
Hastings, Squire, 35
Hawkins, Sir John, 14
Hawstead Place, 80
Hayes Barton, 20
Hayes, Middlesex, 231
Hayne, John, 61
Hearne, Thomas, 75, 77, 110
Hemstridge, 18
Hentzner, 32
Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 35
Highlander, wooden, 244-248
Hobbes, Thomas, 85
Hogarth, William, 115-117, 125, 239
Holiday, Barten, 56
Holtzendorff, Franz von, 160-162
Hone, William, 19
Hook, Theodore, 197
Howell, James, 75
Hyndman, H.M., 180
Inderwick, tobacconist, 162
Innocent XII, Pope, 225
Iron pipes, 230, 231
Islington, Old Pied Bull at, 19
James I, 13, 14, 34, 37, 50, 62, 75, 206, 225
James, John, 131
Jeffreys, Lord Chief Justice, 73
Jekyll, Miss G., 41, 148
Jessopp, Dr. A., 86
Johnson, Dr., 119, 120
Jollie, Thomas, 74
Jonson, Ben, 27, 29, 30, 31, 42, 43, 48, 207
Jorevin, Monsieur, 211
Keene, Charles, 168
Kingsley, Charles, 169
Knight, Joseph, 170
Koet, Captain, 12
Lamb, Charles, 142-144
Lambeth Palace, 70
Lancaster, 233
Lane, Ralph, 13
Lang, Andrew, 181
Larwood, J., 242, 243
Le Blanc, Abbe, 110
Leslie, Sir James, 60
Licences, 45, 46, 60
Lilly, the Astrologer, 71
Liviez, Monsieur, 122
Livingstone, Matthew, 60
Lockhart, J.G., 141
Lockyer, Sir Norman, 187
Long, Sir Henry, 19
Lord Mayor's Show, 73
Lords, House of, 36
Lovat, Lord, 107
Lucas, E.V., 245
Lucknow, Siege of, 174
Lutterworth, 169
Lyte's "Dodoens," 43
Lytton, Lord, 176
Macaulay, Lord, 146
MacMichael, J.H., 237
Malet, Colonel H., 163
Marlborough Club, 187
Marston, John, 55, 207
"Mashers," 182
Medicinal smoking, 12, 16, 36, 37, 50, 53-56, 75-78
Methwold, Suffolk, 88
Middleton, Captain W., 12
Millais, Sir John, 187
Milo, tobacconist, 162, 163
Milton, John, 63
Milverton, 47
Misson's "Travels," 211
Molly, Pheasy, 236
Monk, General, 71
Moore, Rev. Giles, 72, 209
Morris, William, 188
Munby, A.J., 175
Muratt, B.L. de, 91
Neem-leaves, 175
Nevill, Lady Dorothy, 160, 180, 185, 201
Nevill, Ralph, 186
Newcastle, Marquis of, 58
New England, 47, 64-66
Newton, Sir Isaac, 85
Newton, Rev. John, 128
Nicot, Jean, 12
North, Lord, 86
North Elmham, Norfolk, 73
Norwich, 47, 73
_Notes and Queries_, 149, 246, 247
Oliphant, L., 180, 181
Ouida, 181, 217
Oxford, 37, 95, 102-104, 110, 131, 172
Palgrave, F.T., 132, 158
Parr, Dr., 125-127, 144, 227
Paul, Herbert, 183
Penn, William, 80, 87
Pennant, T., 12
Penzance, 18
Pepys, Samuel, 77, 96
Petersham, Lord, 134
Philips, John, 84, 85, 112
Picnic Society, 122
Plague, The, and tobacco, 75-78
Plague-pipes, 78
Pope, Alexander, 94
Porson, Richard, 127, 132
Powys, Captain Richard, 120
Price, F.G. Hilton, 241
Price, Captain Thomas, 12
Prideaux, Colonel W.F., 163, 164
Prince Regent, the, 134
Prior, Matthew, 94
Pryme, A. de la, 64, 95
Pryme, George, 132
Prynne, William, 206
_Punch_, 166, 173, 183, 220
Puritans and tobacco, 47, 64
Quakers and tobacco, 86-88, 111, 215
Quilp, 155
Railway travelling, 173, 184, 221
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 13-23, 205
Ram Alley, 45, 46
Rasps, 214, 244
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 120
Rich, Barnaby, 18, 43
Ritchie, Lady, 168
Robertson, T.W., 170
Rossetti, D.G., 188
Rossetti, W.M., 170
Rowlands, Samuel, 69
Rowlandson, Thomas, 121
Ruskin, John, 188, 189
Sage, David, 19
St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 73
St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street, 45
St. Paul's Cathedral, 27, 48
Salvation Army, 202
Scotland, 60, 61
Scott, Sir Walter, 140, 141, 229
Sebright MSS., 12
Serjeant's Inn, 45
Shadwell, Thomas, 81
Shakespeare, William, 21, 56
Sidgwick, Arthur, 189
Sion College, 108, 135
Skinners' Company, 89
Smoking-rooms, 80, 81, 146, 159, 160-162, 165, 166
Smollett, Tobias, 175
Snuff-taking, 96, 97, 107, 108, 112, 113, 128, 134, 215, 244
Soldiers and smoking, 174
Sorbiere, S. de, 80, 90
South Wraxall, 19
_Spectator_, The, 91-93, 213, 241
Spedding, James, 168
Spenser, Edmund, 56
Stanhope, Charles, 134
Stapley, Richard, 72
Steele, Sir R., 94
Steinmetz, A., 166
Stephen, J.K., 191
Stephens, F.G., 239
Sterne, Laurence, 104
Stevenson, R.L., 200
Stone parlours, 81
Stowell, Lord, 147
Sumner, Dr., of Harrow, 125
Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, 147
Sussex story, a, 203
Swift, Dean, 107, 214
Swinburne, A.C., 188
Sylvester, Joshua, 54, 206
Tarlton, Richard, 17
Taxi-cabs, 198
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 132, 168-170, 187, 189
Thackeray, W.M., 84, 139, 147, 154, 157-159, 165, 167, 168, 171
Theatres, smoking in, 30-32
Thoresby, Ralph, 22, 92
Thornbury, Walter, 20
Tiltyard, The, Whitehall, 49
Tobacco as disinfectant, 226
Tobacco-boxes, 26, 71, 72, 88, 124, 128, 132, 148
Tobacco-boxes, automatic, 148-150
Tobacco-duty, 62
Tobacco, kinds of, 27, 62, 73, 239
Tobacco-pipe-makers, Society of, 44, 78
Tobacco-pipes, 11, 14, 22, 23, 29, 32, 40, 57, 63, 79, 148, 163, 175
Tobacco prices, 29, 41, 61-63, 72, 73, 109
Tobacco sellers, 33, 39-48, 63
Tobacco-tongs, 26, 41, 63
Tobacconists' signs, 235-249
Townley's "High Life below Stairs," 111
Travellers' Club, 197
Turk's Head, Gerrard Street, 122
Twain, Mark, 203
Urban VIII, Pope, 225
Venner, Tobias, 51
Victoria, Queen, 160, 187, 221
Vienna, 145
Wallace Collection, 22
Walpole, Horace, 102
Walpole, Sir Robert, 114
Walton, Izaak, 55, 86
Ward, Ned, 91
Warton, Thomas, 102, 103
Week-ends, 100
Wellington, Duke of, 156, 202
Wesley, John, 108, 131
Wesley, Samuel, 108
Western, Squire, 101
White's Club, 165, 186
William III, 83, 84
Willis, N.P., 145
Wilson, Dr. Andrew, 202, 203
Winstanley, William, 71
Wither, George, 64
Wiveliscombe, 47
Women and tobacco smoke, 29, 32, 113, 157-168, 184, 205-223
Worcester, 211
_World_, The, 101, 104, 111
Wotton, Sir Henry, 55
Youghal, 20, 22
PRINTED AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS LONDON
* * * * *