ii. 175

Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin, iii. 207 Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 189 Storms: the great gale of 1703; Defoe’s account, ii. 199–209; other accounts, 201, 202, 203; “The Storm,” “After the Storm,” and other illustrations, iv. 292, 293, 296, 297, 300, 301 Straits of Gibraltar: scenery, i. 97 Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat, ii. 211 Strombus, a univalve shell, iv. 144 Sturgeon and its roe; caviare, iv. 162 Submarine telegraph cables, iv. 98 Submerged forest, iv. 199 Suez, i. 110, 114, 115 Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening, i. 97; M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion, i. 107–115; statistics, 115; bird’s‐eye view, 109 Sugar plantations, Jamaica, i. 183 Sun, The. (_See_ Mock Suns.) Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions, iii. 264 “Sunbeam:” voyage of circumnavigation, iv. 40; 61, 62 Sun‐fish, iv. 162, 164 Sunshine in the Polar regions, iii. 109 Surgeons in the navy, i. 52 _ Swallow_, i. 7 _ Swallow_, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318 Swamped at sea: loss of the “London,” ii. 289, 290–297 Swedish Arctic expeditions, iii. 257 Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements, ii. 120 Sword‐fish, and mode of fishing for it, iv. 177, 178 Sydney, South Australia, i. 154; its natural productions, _ib._; the Domain; the botanic garden, 155; iv. 52 Symington, William: steam navigation, ii. 82; his experiments, 83, 84, 92; portrait, 85 Symons, Captain, lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 278, 282

Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, i. 207 Tallack, W.: “Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,” i. 98 Tandon, Moquin, on sea‐monsters, i. 31 Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania, i. 151; discovery of New Zealand, iv. 51; the Maories, _ib._ Taylor, James: steam navigation, ii. 81, 83 Tchuktchi Indians: iii. 158; building a hut, 157; Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village, 275 Tea in Chili, i. 175; Japanese, i. 133; iv. 43 Tea tax in America, ii. 67–69, 72; thrown overboard, 69, 72 “Tegethoff:” Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 271; two years on an ice‐floe, _ib._; the ship abandoned, 274 Telegraphy: submarine cables, iv. 98 Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 218 _ Téméraire_, i. 5, 10, 11; her engines, i. 225 Temperature: of the depths of the sea, i. 30; of the Atlantic Ocean, 37; extreme cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 105, 111, 135, 136, 171, 225, 236, 237, 276 Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board the _Cumberland_, i. 22 Teredo, iv. 128 Ternati, Drake at, i. 312, 313 _ Terror_ and _Erebus_ among the icebergs, iii. 193, 197 _ Terror_: voyage of the _Terror_ under Captain Back, 196; the ship nipped in the ice, 204; Franklin’s last expedition, 207; discovery of relics, 227, 230 Thames: Great Storm of 1703, ii. 204; poetry of the, iv. 272 Theatre at Lima, i. 172 Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco, i. 161 Theatricals: on the “Great Britain,” iv. 34; “Royal Arctic Theatres” on the _Alert_ and _Discovery_, iii. 103; on other Arctic ships, 170 “Thémistocle,” i. 7 Thermometers for deep‐sea sounding, i. 30, 37, 38 Thirst, sufferings from, ii. 16 Thomas, Captain, lost in the “Schiller,” ii. 267, 270 Thomson, J., “The Straits of Malacca,” i. 144 Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 29 Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery, iii. 119 Thorpeness, Suffolk, iv. 247; enterprise of Joseph Chard, _ib._ _ Thunderer_; her engines, i. 225 Tides of the Ocean, iv. 92 Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked, ii. 205 Time, mode of reckoning it in ships; “watches,” “bells,” “dog‐ watches,” i. 50 Time, difference between London and San Francisco, iv. 30 Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 242 Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus, iii. 290 Tobago; Crusoe’s Island, i. 179 Top‐knot, a minute flat‐fish, iv. 206 Torpedo (fish), iv. 160 Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat, ii. 88; Marquis of Worcester’s inventions, 146; Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or “ark,” 148; Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes, _ib._, 149; Cushing’s attack on the “Albemarle,” 151; “Lay” torpedo, _ib._; Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo, 153; Paraguayan torpedo, 154; Harvey torpedo, 153, 155; Whitehead or “fish” torpedo, 155 Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait, iii. 277 Tortuga, bucaniers at, iii. 5, 6; wild dogs and horses, iii. 7; its discovery; turtles, 315 Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates, iii. 38 Toulon, Siege of, i. 6 “Trades’ Increase,” East Indiaman, ii. 13 Trafalgar, Battle of, i. 10–13, 227 Training Ships, i. 44; the _Chichester_, 45, 47; course of instruction and drill, 48, 49; saluting officers, 48; incessant work, 49; iv. 287 Transportation of convicts to Australia, i. 154 Treasure ships, i. 311; ii. 19, 55, 56, 59–61; iii. 60, 63 _ Trent_ in the ice, iii. 165, 166, 167 Trepang fisheries (Holothuria), iv. 127, 128 Trevethick, Robt., portrait, ii. 97 Trinidad, Columbus landing at, i. 177, 178; iii. 295; visit of Amerigo Vespucci, 302; Raleigh at, ii. 4, 33 Trinidad, Port of Spain, i. 179–182 Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation, iv. 287–289; duties of the Board, 289; light‐vessels and staff of the Corporation, _ib._; royal and noble Masters and Brethren, _ib._; fog‐horns or Siren signals, _ib._ Tripe de roche: rock‐lichen as food, iii. 241 Tristan d’Acunha, i. 38, 201 Triton, a univalve shell, iv. 144 Trochus, a univalve shell, iv. 141 Trollope, Anthony: “The West Indies and the Spanish Main,” i. 179, 182, 183; Bermuda, 187, 188; New Zealand, iv. 51; Sydney, 52; Melbourne, 54 Tromp, Martin, ii. 30 _ Tryal_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50, 55 Tunny: tunny‐fishing, iv. 177 Turbo, a univalve shell, iv. 141 Turret‐ships: “Monitor,” “Merrimac,” “Miantonoma,” ii. 139, 140, 141; interior of a turret‐ship, 142; “Brooklyn,” “Ohio,” _Captain_, _Vanguard_, _Warrior_, _Black Prince_, 143; other turret‐ships: _ Inflexible_, 144, 145; _ Alexandra_, 146, 147 Turtle at the Island of Ascension, i. 202 “Tuscarora:” deep‐sea soundings, i. 28, 30 Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas, i. 189 Tyre, Ships of, i. 259

Unclassed ships, ii. 123 _ Union_ gun‐boat, i. 6 “United Kingdom,” steam‐ship, ii. 98, 99 “United States,” Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition, iii. 255 Univalves, iv. 139 Unseaworthy ships, ii. 112–119 Upernavik, Danish settlement at, iii. 254 Urchins: sea‐urchins, iv. 126, 128 Utah, iv. 23

Valetta, i. 98 Valparaiso, i. 172, 173 Vancouver: his discoveries, iii. 319 Vancouver Island: Esquimalt; Victoria, i. 163, 165; Exploring Expedition, 167; cedar canoes, _ib._; “Chinook jargon,” _ib._; Nanaimo, 168 Vandepat, Admiral, anecdotes of, i. 218 Vane, Captain Charles, the pirate, iii. 69; betrayed by a former friend, and executed, 70 _ Vanguard_ (Nelson’s ship), i. 105; ii. 74 _ Vanguard_, loss of the, i. 33, 63–66; ii. 143 Van Tromp, Admiral, ii. 31 Vasco da Gama: the Cape doubled by him, i. 203; discovery of Natal, 211; his first voyage to India, iii. 298; arrival at Calicut, 299; second expedition, _ib._; arrival at, and death in, Cochin China, 300; portrait, 301 Vasco Nuñez, his discoveries in the Pacific, iii. 314 Vasco Perez de Meira; his siege of Gibraltar, i. 91 Veddahs, wild men of the woods in Ceylon, i. 119 “Vega”: Professor Nordenskjöld’s Arctic voyage, iii. 274 _ Venerable_: mutiny of the Nore, i. 254 Venetian ships, i. 262 Venice, Breakwater at, ii. 188 “Venus’s Flower‐basket,” i. 30, 32 Verne, Jules: “Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 2, 5 Verne: citadel of the Verne, Portland, ii. 196, 197 Vernon, Admiral (“Old Grog”), i. 51 “Vesta” (Russian) and “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships: action between them, i. 27 Victoria (Hong Kong), described by Baron Hübner, iv. 43 Victoria, Vancouver Island, i. 163, 165 Victoria Land discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 280 _ Victory_: Sir John Ross’s Arctic ship, iii. 186, 225 _ Victory_: Queen Elizabeth’s ship, i. 292 _ Victory_: Nelson’s ship, i. 4–12, 96, 227 Vikings: their galleys, i. 263; their Arctic voyages, iii. 115 Viking ship discovered at Gokstad, iv. 230 Villeneuve, Admiral of the French fleet at Trafalgar, i. 11 Virgil’s “Æneid,” references to the sea, iv. 291 “Virginia,” “Merrimac,” i. 19 Virginia discovered by Amadas and Barlow, i. 319; named by Queen Elizabeth, _ib._; colonisation of, ii. 2 Vogt, on the _Agalma rubra_, iv. 118 Voices of fish, iv. 178 Volante, a carriage in Havana, i. 184 Volcanoes: in the Antarctic region, iii. 280; in Japan, iv. 47; in New Zealand, 50; in the West Indies, i. 186; volcanic origin of Bermuda, i. 187 Volunteers, Naval, i. 232–234 Voluta, a univalve shell, iv. 141

_ Wager_, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 51, 54 “Waisters” in guard ships, i. 45 Walker, Dr. David: “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216 “Walnut Shell” boat, for Franklin’s second expedition, iii. 194 Walrus, iii. 146, 157, 166; early description of it, 130 Walrus meat, iii. 238, 240, 245, 263 Walter, Rev. R., “Anson’s Voyage Round the World,” ii. 46 Warburton, Eliot, “The Crescent and the Cross,” i. 98; lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 283 _ Warrior_, the first English ironclad, i. 18, 85; ii. 143; her engine‐room, i. 225, 226 Warwick, the King‐maker: his piracies, i. 276 “Watches” and “dog‐watches,” i. 50 Watt, James: the steam‐engine, ii. 80; portrait, 97 Waves off the Cape of Good Hope, iv. 89 Webb, Capt. Matthew, his “Art of Swimming,” iv. 258; his wonderful feats in natation, iv. 258–266; portrait, 265 Weddell, Captain: voyage to the South Seas, iii. 279 Weever‐fish, iv. 205, 206 Weppner, Margharita: Falls of Niagara, iv. 15; San Francisco, 30 West Indian Islands, map, iii. 17 West India Naval Station, i. 178 West Indies: the home of the bucaniers, iii. 2 Weymouth’s attempt to discover North‐West Passage, iii. 143 Weyprecht, Lieutenant: Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition in the “Tegethoff,” iii. 271 Whales and whale‐fishing, iv. 179–184; Northern and Southern whales, 180, 181; sperm whale, spermaceti, 181, 182; blubber and oil, 182; harpooning, 183; whales in North Pacific, 32 Whalers of Behring Sea, i. 139, 140 Whale Sound, Greenland, iii. 233 Whirlpools: iv. 92, 93, 95 Whitby, iv. 256 White, John, first governor of Virginia, ii. 2 White, Walter: “A Sailor Boy’s Log‐book,” i. 48 Whitehaven attacked by Paul Jones, iii. 72 Whitehead torpedo, ii. 155 “White Star” Line of Steam‐ships, ii. 111 “White Star” Liner crossing the Atlantic, iv. 1 Whitstable oyster beds, iv. 137 Whitworth, Sir Joseph; big guns and armour‐plates, i. 86 Wilkes, Lieut., discovery of South Polar land, iii. 279 Wilkins, Bishop; submarine vessel or “ark,” ii. 148 William the Conqueror’s ships, i. 266 William III.’s Navy, i. 232 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his disastrous voyage, iii. 122 Wind in the Polar regions, iii. 111 Winds in the Mediterranean, i. 107 Wine for sailors in the French Navy, i. 51 Winstanley, Henry, first Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 159, 199 Wolf Rock, Land’s End, iv. 210; Lighthouse, _ib._ Wolves, Sir John Richardson’s adventure with, iii. 189, 190 Woman at Sea, iv. 56–65 Women, Life saved by, iv. 221 Wooden and Iron Ships compared, i. 9, 13; “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” by J. Scott Russell, F.R.S., 85 Wood, Sir Andrew, of Largo: his victory over English ships, i. 277, 278; commander of the “Great Michael,” 281 Wood, Rev. J. G.: sea‐weeds, iv. 200, 202 Woodcroft, Bennett, on “Steam Navigation,” ii. 79, 81, 83, 84; the screw propeller, ii. 104 “Woolpacket,” wreck of the, ii. 224; hovellers, 251 Worcester, Marquis of; his inventions: torpedoes, ii. 146; use of steam, ii. 79 Worden, Lieutenant, wounded in the first “Monitor,” i. 24 Worley, Captain, the pirate, hanged, iii. 70 Wrangell: Russian Arctic exploration, iii. 185 Wrecks, Statistics of, i. 3; iv. 285 Wreckers, ii. 304, 310 “Wrecking,” as a profession, ii. 235; the king’s privileges, 237; Cœur de Lion and his enactments, _ib._; the Rôles d’Oleron, _ib._; false pilots, _ib._; laws of George II., _ib._; false lights, 238; waiting for a wreck, 241; wreckers at work; murders; actual examples, 239; wreckers executed, 240; plunder of the “Inverness,” 241, 244; police attacked by thousands, 242; “Bergetta” plundered, 242; arguments of wreckers, _ib._; wrecking at the Bahamas, 244; “hovelling _v._ wrecking,” 245; moral aspect of “wrecking” 256 Wreck Register of the National Life‐boat Institution, ii. 318 “Wright, G. S.,” telegraph steamer, i. 138, 143

Xavier, Francis: Christianity introduced by him into Japan, i. 129

Yarmouth, iv. 248; herring fishery, 250; shipwrecks; loss of the “Osprey,” 249, 250 Yeh, Commissioner: capture of, i. 122 Yellow Sea, i. 122 Yokohama, i. 128, 129, 130; iv. 40 Yorkshire: sketches of the sea‐coast, iv. 251 Young, Captain Allen: cruise of the “Pandora,” iii. 92–98; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 218 Young, Brigham: Mormonism, iv. 2–4 Ysbrants: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129 Yukon river, i. 170

Zeigai Islands in the Red Sea, i. 117 Zeni, The Brothers: their Arctic exploration, iii. 117 Zoology, Marine. (_See_ _Challenger_, Cruise of the.) Zoophytes, i. 31; iv. 111

FOOTNOTES

1 Mrs. Brassey: “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.” Her trip occupied eleven months.

2 From a rare work in the author’s possession, entitled, “Songs of the Ship; or the British Seaman’s Jovial and _Everlasting_ Songster.”

3 Margharita Weppner, Author of “The North Star and the Southern Cross.”

4 “American Notes for General Circulation.”

5 The late Mr. W. S. Lindsay, in his “History of Merchant Shipping,” stated that Mr. and Mrs. Inman, “greatly to their credit, made a voyage in one of their earliest emigrant steamers, expressly for the purpose of ameliorating the discomforts and evils hitherto but too common in emigrant ships.”

6 Margharita Weppner.

7 “Westward by Rail.”

8 _Vide_ page 18.

9 Pronounced _Kanyon_. The word is of Spanish origin, and signifies a deep rocky defile.

10 All in the territory, and there are now a large number of miners, who are not believers in the Mormon faith, are considered outsiders and “Gentiles.”

11 The highest newspaper offices in the United States, and, it is hardly to be doubted, in the world, are in Colorado. Georgetown, 8,452 feet elevation, has one; Central City, has two dailies, published at 8,300 feet above the sea level.

12 Although the railway had remained intact, avalanches had occurred that winter in the mountain districts of Nevada and Utah, accompanied by serious loss of life.

13 “A Ramble Round the World.” Translated by Lady Herbert.

14 A. D. Carlisle, B.A., in “Round the World in 1870.”

15 A. W. Guillemard: “Over Land and Sea. A Log of Travel Round the World in 1873‐4.”

16 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter in Australia, Japan, China, Java, India, and Cashmere.”

17 This fine vessel while lying at anchor in the roadstead of Yokohama, on the 24th of August, 1872, was destroyed by fire. In seven minutes after the first flames were discovered the ship from stem to stern was one sheet of flame. At the last moment the captain, terribly burnt, threw himself in the water and was rescued. Three Europeans and sixty Chinamen were either burnt to death or drowned. The Chinese, determined not to lose their savings, dawdled a little, and then threw themselves all together on a ladder, which broke with their weight. The gold found on their corpses proved that not one had returned poor from California. It is needless to say that Hübner’s description of the size of the _America_ is incorrect.

18 “A Voyage in the _Sunbeam_.”

19 Hübner.

20 _Vide_ “Over Land and Sea.”

21 E. K. Laird: “The Rambles of a Globe Trotter.”

22 In “Australia and New Zealand.”

23 In 1872 there were 41,000,000 sheep and 4,340,000 horned cattle in Australia. The tinned meat and extract works employ a large number of hands at good wages.

24 Let the reader compare the following verses of Genesis:—“In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.”—Chap. vii., verse 11. “And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry. “And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.”—Chap. viii., verses 13 and 14.

25 Vol. III., First Series, page 509.

26 This chapter is based on the works of Tennant, Darwin, Gosse, Figuier, and other authorities.

27 About £48,000.

28 In “The Origin of Species.”

29 The bulk of this chapter is derived from the following works:—“The Conquest of the Sea,” Siebe; “English Seamen and Divers,” M. Esquiros; an Article in “The Shipwrecked Mariner,” Vol. XXII.; &c.

30 “Tales of Mystery and Imagination.”

31 This account is mainly derived from the “History of the Atlantic Telegraph,” by Dr. Henry M. Field; “The Story of Cyrus Field;” and Dr. Russell’s letters in the _Times_.

32 Leblond: “Voyage aux Antilles.”

33 “A Year by the Sea‐side.”

34 “La Mer.”

35 The popular idea regarding the necessity for the letter _r_ in the open months for oyster‐eating is tolerably correct in Europe, but will not apply to all parts of the world.

36 The varied information concerning the oyster contained in this chapter is mainly derived from Bertram’s “Harvest of the Sea”; Figuier’s “Ocean World”; and from an interesting little _brochure_ entitled “The Oyster, Where, How, and When to Find;” &c.

37 The ancients masticated their oysters, and did not bolt or gulp them down. Many distinguished modern authorities agree with them. Dr. Kitchiner says it must be eaten alive. “The true lover of an oyster,” says he, “will have some regard for the feelings of his little favourite, and contrive to detach the fish from the shell so dexterously that the oyster is hardly conscious he has been ejected from his lodging till he _feels the teeth_ of the piscivorous gourmet tickling him to death.”

38 “The Harvest of the Sea.”

39 _Vide_ “The Natural History and Fishery of the Sperm Whale.”

40 In “The World of the Sea.” M. Tandon is commenting on the account published by M. Sabin Barthelot, then French Consul at the Canary Islands.

41 This account of the crustaceans is derived from the works of Milne‐ Edwards, Pennant and Bell, Gosse, Couch, Broderip, Rymer Jones and Major Lord, Figuier and Tandon.

42 Louis Cecil.

43 The contents of this chapter are derived from Dr. Bertram’s “Harvest of the Sea,” Figuier’s “Ocean World,” Hartwig’s “Sea and its Living Wonders,” Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America,” &c.

44 The reader interested in further details will do well to peruse J. Mortimer Murphy’s “Rambles in North‐Western America.”

45 A very stout man, placed where no food is obtainable, will (health and age being identical) live longer than a lean one. There is a recorded case of a fat man living nearly sixty days without food.

46 In his “Rambles beyond Railways.”

47 This watcher also receives a percentage on the “take” of fish.

48 The contents of this chapter are derived mainly from the works of Owen, Beale, Maury, Scammon, Gosse, and Timbs.

49 Formerly, when spermaceti was only used in medicine, many tons of it were annually thrown into the Thames as useless, the supply being so much in excess of the demand.

50 From an article entitled “Shipmates I have Known,” in _The Shipwrecked Mariner_: Journal of the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society.

51 The bulk of this chapter is derived from Philip Henry Gosse’s “Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast;” “Tenby: a Seaside Holiday;” “A Year at the Shore;” the Rev. J. G. Wood’s “Common Objects of the Sea‐shore;” and Madame de Gasparin’s charming idyl, “By the Sea‐shore.”

52 “By the Sea‐shore.”

53 The reader may have found in his own experience that a garment which has been well drenched in salt water will always attract damp, however much dried by the fire. The only remedy is to thoroughly wash it in fresh water, and then dry it.

54 This account is mainly derived from Wilkie Collins’s “Rambles beyond Railways,” and the Rev. C. A. Johns’s “Week at the Lizard.”

55 “A Week at the Lizard.”

56 The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to a series of papers entitled “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” published in the _Journal of the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society_. That noble institution relieved in 1878‐9 no less than 3,452 shipwrecked persons, by clothing them, and forwarding them to their homes, and in the case of fishermen, helping them to repair damage done in gales, &c., to their boats and fishing‐gear. Seven thousand four hundred and ninety widows of mariners were relieved during that period, while 2,400 receive small _annual_ allowances. A Seamen’s Provident Fund is also managed by the Society, to which 50,000 mariners contributed. During the period mentioned above ten gold and silver medals, a handsome sextant, and £25 in money, were awarded for saving fifty‐one lives on the high seas or abroad. The society also organised the “Royal Alfred Aged Merchant Seamen’s Institution,” the home of which, at Belvedere, Kent, shelters about 100 poor mariners, and relieves by an out‐ pension a still larger number. Readers of this work who have been moved by the many tales of peril and heroism undergone and displayed by seamen and fishermen, will do well to remember, and remember practically, this worthy and most economically‐managed society.

57 _United Service Gazette._

58 _United Service Gazette._

59 This account of the loss of the _Grosser Kurfürst_ is condensed from an article in the _United Service Gazette_.

60 R. M. Ballantyne; “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands.”

61 “Visits to the Sea Coasts,” in _The Shipwrecked Mariner_.

62 Sarah Doudney.

63 In a letter to _The Shipwrecked Mariner_, January, 1873.

64 Leander.

“Who was nightly wont (What maid will not the tale remember?) To cross thy stream, broad Hellespont!”

65 The feat of swimming across the Dardanelles was also successfully accomplished by Lieut. Moore and Gunner Mahoney, of H.M.S. _Shearwater_, on the 25th November, 1872.

66 We are indebted to Captain Webb’s “Art of Swimming,” edited by A. G. Payne; “The Channel Feats,” &c., by “Dolphin”; the Journals of the National Life‐Boat Institution and the Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society.

67 It will be remembered that Captain Webb has since remained respectively _sixty_ and _seventy‐two_ consecutive hours in the water, with, of course, little attempt at natatory exertion.

68 _United Service Magazine._

69 Edwin Hodder; “Heroes of Britain in Peace and War.”

70 “Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart.,” edited by his son.

71 The _brochure_ which Mr. Reade wrote with the view of raising a fund for poor Lambert is entitled, “A Hero and a Martyr.” It was printed mainly for private circulation.

72 _A wean wastit_—a child thrown away.

73 Flood.

74 Tense of the old verb “wend”—to go.

75 Run and squeal.

76 Upset.

77 Fan.

78 These.

79 Those.

80 The scale of relief to members, their widows, orphans, or parents (when dependent) is as liberal as one could expect. A fisherman or mariner receives compensation for loss of boat or clothes; a widow with two children may obtain as much as £19 2s. 6d.; and with four children, £25 10s.

81 Extract from address of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh at annual meeting.

82 “English Seamen and Divers.”

83 Condensed from an article by W. Senior in the _Shipwrecked Mariner_.

84 The most powerful fog‐horns introduced into this country are those known as the Siren signals, which are illustrated in our plate. This name is given to them on account of the sound being “produced by means of a disc, with twelve radial slits, being made to rotate in front of a fixed disc exactly similar. The moving disc revolves 2,800 times a minute, and in each revolution there are, of course, twelve coincidences between the two discs; through the openings thus made steam or air at high pressure is allowed to pass, so that there are actually twelve times 2,800 (or 33,600) puffs of steam or compressed air every minute. This causes a sound of very great power, which the cast‐iron trumpet, twenty feet in length, compresses to a certain extent, and the blast goes out as a sort of sound‐beam in the direction required.” The Siren, which was originally designed in New York, and was first adopted by the American Lighthouse Board, can be heard in all kinds of weather at from two‐and‐a‐half to three miles, and on favourable occasions at as many as sixteen miles out at sea.

85 Francis Quarles.

86 “Virgil’s Sea Descriptions,” _Cornhill Magazine_, October, 1874.

87 Bermudas.

88 Let Shakespearian students note the allusions to piracy contained in the following references:—_Twelfth Night_, Act V. scene 1; _Measure for Measure_, I. 2, and IV. 3; _Merchant of Venice_, I. 3; Second Part of _Henry VI._, IV. 1, 9; _Richard III._, I. 3; _Antony and Cleopatra_, I. 4, II. 6; _Pericles_, IV. 2, 3–V. 1; _Hamlet_, IV. 6.

89 Pillaged.

90 Wanton.

91 The father, Charles Dibdin, and his two sons, one of the latter of whom was the author of the popular “All’s Well.” Many popular sea‐ songs, written by others during the epoch of the Dibdins and later, are, however, very commonly but erroneously placed to their credit. Among those often ascribed to them are the following, really written by the subjoined authors:—“The Death of Nelson” (S. J. Arnold), “The Bay of Biscay” (Andrew Cherry), “Rule, Britannia” (J. Thompson), “The Saucy Arethusa” (Prince Hoare), “The Storm” (“Cease, rude Boreas”: G. A. Stevens), “The Sailor’s Consolation” (“One night came on a hurricane”: W. Pitt), “Ye Mariners of England” (Thomas Campbell), “Ye Gentlemen of England” (Martin Parker). The well‐known song “William and Susan,” in the nautical drama “Black‐eyed Susan,” is in like manner sometimes attributed to Douglas Jerrold, the real author of the ever‐verdant play, but the ballad itself was written by Thomas Gay.

92 The reader not familiar with the poetical works of this authoress is recommended to peruse “’Tis a Wild Night at Sea” and “The Rover’s Death.”

93 The _Cornhill Magazine_, March, 1871.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and are near the text they illustrate.

An illustration which was missing from the List of Illustrations has been added to it.

The following changes have been made to the text:

page iii, dash added after “Soaped Rails” page iv, dash added after “The First Idea of the Atlantic Cable” and after “The Employment of the _Great Eastern_” page vi, dash added after “Bold and Timid Lads” and after “The ‘True Ring’” page 11, quote mark added after “petulantly.” page 38, double “the” removed before “captain” page 66, quote mark added before “I saw” page 74, quote mark removed after “breadth.” page 90, “suphuretted” changed to “sulphuretted” page 91, period added after “hour” page 133, dash removed after “that” and added before it page 134, second quote mark added before “That”, “The oysters” and “True,” page 153, comma removed after “lucky” page 165, quote mark added after “stage.” page 256, quote mark removed before “If” page 299, quote mark removed before “Rover’s” page 303, quote mark added before “new departure” page 304, quote mark added after “sea.” page 308, “vovage” changed to “voyage” page 310, “Fiskernœs” changed to “Fiskernæs”

Additionally, the punctuation in the General Index has been regularized in several places.

Differences between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have not been corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been normalized.