iii. 277

Africa: diamond fields, i. 210 African Company: slave trade, ii. 33 African Naval Station, i. 202 Agalma rubra, iv. 118, 120 _ Agamemnon_, i. 16; laying the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, iv. 101, 102 Agassiz, Prof.: on the sea‐serpent, iv. 187, 189 “Aid,” steam tug, Ramsgate, ii. 215–224; iv. 246 Airy, Prof. Sir G. B.: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282 Alaska, i. 169; Sitka, its capital, 169, 170; intense cold in, iii. 111, 135; houses of the natives, 156, 157 “Albemarle,” Lieut. Cushing’s attack on the, ii. 151 “Albion,” lugger, hovelling, ii. 246; the lugger lost, 248 Alcatras Island, San Francisco, i. 157 _ Alceste_, wreck of the, i. 82, 83 Aldrich, Lieut. P., voyage of the _Alert_, iii. 102, 107 _ Alert_ and _Discovery_: expedition to the Polar regions, highest latitude ever reached, iii. 99–114; departure of the ships from Portsmouth, 65, 84; the _Alert_ described, 92; The _Alert_ in winter quarters, 104 Aleutian Islands, i. 169, 170 _ Alexandra_, turret ship, ii. 146, 147 Alfonso XI., Gibraltar besieged by, i. 91 Alfred the Great: his ships, i. 265 Allan, Dr. John: propulsion of ships, ii. 80 Almendral, or Almond Grove, Valparaiso, i. 174 “Amazon,” burning of the, ii. 257, 278–290 Amadas, Captain, discovery of Virginia, i. 319 America: its name derived from Amerigo Vespucci, iii. 301; probably peopled by natives of Asia, i. 139; its colonisation, ii. 62, 69; map of Central America, iii. 17 “America,” Pacific steam‐ship, iv. 38 American Arctic expeditions. (_See_ Grinnell, H.) American railways, iv. 15–20 American sailors, i. 226 Amerigo Vespucci, title of America derived from him, iii. 301 “Amethyst,” action with the “Huascar,” i. 26 Amherst, Lord: wreck of the _Alceste_, i. 83 Ammonites, iv. 143 Amroth, submerged forest at, iv. 199 Amsterdam Island, iii. 257 Amusements: on board ships, iv. 33, 34; on American railways, 27 Anderson, captain of the “Great Eastern:” laying the submarine telegraph cable, iv. 108, 110 Anemones: sea‐anemones, iv. 123, 125 Animal life in the Arctic regions, iii. 167, 171 “Ann” wrecked: loss of a life‐boat, ii. 212, 216 Anson, Commodore, at Juan Fernandez, i. 33; portrait, ii. 45; his voyage round the world in the _Centurion_, 45–62; at Cape Horn, 49; scurvy, 50; mutiny and desertion, 52, 53; capture of the “Carmelo,” ii. 55, 56. Other prizes: capture of Paita, 55; Tinian, Ladrone Islands, 57; “Nostra Signora de Cadabonga,” galleon, taken, 59, 60, 61 Antarctic Ice, the _Challenger_ in, i. 33; icebergs, 35 Antarctic Regions, the, iii. 276 Ants on board ship, i. 222 Apes at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97 Aquaria, their early and recent history, iv. 114 Arbroath, the Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 174 Arcachon, Bay of, its oyster‐beds, iv. 137 “Archimedes,” screw‐propeller, ii. 103 Arctic, derivation of the word, iii. 276 Arctic expeditions, iii. 84–275; the first Arctic voyages, iii. 115–123; other early expeditions, 123–129 “Arctic,” steam ship: collision with the “Vesta,” ii. 107; foundering of the “Arctic,” 108; iv. 283 Argonauta, paper nautilus, iv. 150 “Arizona,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3 Armada, Spanish, i. 283–291 Armour plates and guns, i. 86. (_See_ Iron‐clad ships.) Armstrong, Sir W. G.: the Armstrong guns, i. 86 Arsenals established by Henry VIII., i. 282 Artillery, Marine, early history, i. 278; gunnery of war ships, i. 14 Ascension, Island of, i. 200, 202; abundance of turtle, 202 “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) and “Vesta” (Russian) ships: action between them, i. 27 _ Assistance_, the search for Franklin, iii. 207 Assyrian skin‐floats and basket‐boats, i. 258 “Astarte,” wreck of the, iv. 243 Asterias (starfish), iv. 125 Astrology, modern belief in, iv. 278 Astronomy and Astronomers: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Sir G. B. Airy, Astronomer‐Royal, and his predecessors, iv. 278–282 Atlantic Ferry, the Great: history of Transatlantic navigation, iv. 1; steerage of a steam‐ship now and forty years ago, 4, 10–12; different routes of circumnavigation, _ib._; Dickens’s first trip, 3–12; dinner in a storm, 9; sub‐marine telegraph cables: historical notices, 100 Atlantic Ocean: its depth and other characteristics, i. 29; chart, iv. 88 Audubon: passenger‐pigeons on the Ohio, iii. 167 Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, iii. 278 Austin, Captain: search for Franklin in the _Resolute_, iii. 207; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216 Australia, discovery of gold in, i. 151; voyages of Dampier and Captain Cook, _ib._: Botany Bay, _ib._: Possession Island, 152; Port Jackson, _ib._; Sydney Cove, _ib._; growth of population, 153; transportation and free emigration, _ib._; Sydney, 154; hot winds, 155; Port Philip, _ib._; Melbourne, _ib._; Sydney, iv. 52; Melbourne: view in Collins Street, 53; gold, 55 Australian Naval Station, i. 119, 131, 150 Austro‐Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 270; the “Tegethoff:” two years on an ice‐floe, 271 Avatcha Bay and Mountain, i. 131, 137 Avery, Captain, the pirate, iii. 59–62 Avocado, or alligator‐pear, i. 186

Back, Captain: Arctic voyages, iii. 166, 189, 193, 194; his voyage in the _Terror_; nipped in the ice, 197; his address to his men on the _Terror_, 201 Back’s Great Fish River, iii. 217 Baffin, William: his Arctic voyages, iii. 149 Bahamas, wrecking at the, ii. 244 Baker, the diver, accompanying Captain Webb in his swim across the Channel, iv. 264 Ballantyne, R.M.: “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands,” iv. 245 Banks, Sir Joseph: expedition of the _Bounty_, i. 235 Baptism, ceremony of, iii. 4 Baranoff, Captain: action between the “Vesta” and “Assari Tefvik,” i. 27 Barbary, Pirates, ii. 42 Barents, William: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129–140; his death in Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 140 Barlow, Captain: discovery of Virginia, i. 319 Barnsfield, Edward: discovery of South Polar land, iii. 278 Barrow, Sir John: Arctic exploration, iii. 162, 166, 169 Barton, John, a Scotch pirate of the fifteenth century, i. 279 Barton, Sir Andrew, defeated, i. 257 Basco, Michael de, the pirate, iii. 19 Bastia, siege of, i. 7 Bastides, Rodrigo de: his expedition to America, iii. 303, 304 Bathing: Nautilus Safety Bathing Dress, iv. 262 Bathing: warm or tepid baths a medium for learning to swim (_See_ Swimming.) Bay of God’s Mercy, iii. 178 Bayeux Tapestry: ships of William the Conqueror, i. 268 Beachey Head, iv. 231; French vessel wrecked, 231, 233 Bears in the Polar region, iii. 98, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 141, 184, 212, 219, 260, 261, 263; flesh and liver of the bear as food, 138 Beaumaris, ii. 305 Beechey, Captain: his visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249; Arctic Voyages, iii. 166, 167 Beechy Island, iii. 98; relics of Franklin’s last voyage, iii. 210 Beeching, James: his prize life‐boat, ii. 213 Behring, Vitus: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132, 135; his Arctic discoveries and death, iii. 159–162 Belcher, Sir Edward, Polar Exploration, iii. 98 Belemnites, iv. 143 Bell, Henry: his passenger steamer, “Comet,” ii. 95; his first advertisement, _ib._ 98 Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 172, 176 Bells on board ship in indicating time, i. 50 _ Bellerophon_: surrender of Napoleon, i. 212 Bellinghausen: discovery of the most southern land, iii. 279, 280 _ Bellona_: action with the “Courageux,” i. 228 Bellot, Lieut., Monument to, iii. 97 Belvedere, Kent: home for disabled and worn‐out merchant seamen, iv. 273 Bennett, Dr.: his “Songs for Sailors,” i. 8 “Bergetta” plundered by wreckers, ii. 243 Bering Sea, i. 135, 137, 169, 170; Captain Scammon’s soundings, 138 Bermuda, i. 187: view from Gibbs’ Hill, 188; convicts, _ib._; the North Rock, 189, 191; potato and onion orchards, 190; the floating dock, 191; its voyage out, 191, 194 Berrio: Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9 Biblical allusions to the Sea, iv. 290 Bideford: Avery, the pirate, living at, iii. 61 Bideford Bar: wreck of the _Woolpacket_, ii. 224; hovellers, 251 “Birkenhead,” loss of the, i. 73–75; iv. 283 Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269 Black Beard (John Theach), the pirate, ii. 63 _ Black Prince_, i. 18; ii. 143 Bladder‐wrack, iv. 201 Blake, Admiral, ii. 30 _ Blenheim_, i. 8 Bligh, Captain: Mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 235; seized by the mutineers, 237; cast adrift, 240 Blind crustacean from the Atlantic voyage of the _Challenger_, i. 31, 32 Blindness: snow blindness, iii. 182, 239 Blood, Rev. William, survivor of the burning of the “Amazon”: his description of it, ii. 285 _ Blossom_: Capt. Beechey’s visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249 Boat, ancient, found at New Stoke, iv. 230 Boat improperly hung on board the “Amazon,” ii. 279 Boat voyages of Behrens in the Arctic Regions, iii. 138–142; of Captain Parry, 179; of Dr. Kane, 251 Bobadilla: his arrest and ill‐treatment of Columbus, iii. 296, 297, 304 Boers of South Africa, i. 208 Bombay, i. 118 Bonita, a tropical fish, iv. 176 “Bonne Homme Richard”: Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 75 Boobies and Noddies taken by Bligh, mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 243, 244 Books found among the relics of Franklin’s expedition, iii. 231 Booth, Mr. Sheriff: Sir John Ross’s Arctic expedition fitted out by him, iii. 186; survey of Boothia Felix, 187 Boston (U.S.): the obnoxious tax on tea, ii. 67, 68; Boston port bill; the port closed, 70, 71 Botallack Mine, Cornwall, iv. 207, 209 Botany of Ceylon, i. 119; Cornwall, iv. 213, 216; Juan Fernandez, i. 34; Malta, i. 99; St. Helena, i. 212; Singapore, i. 144; South Australia, i. 154; Trinidad, i. 182; West Indies, 182, 186, 188 Botany, Marine. (_See_ _Challenger_, Cruise of the.) Botany Bay discovered, i. 151; as a convict settlement, 152 _ Bounty_: History of the mutiny, i. 235–249; discovery of survivors on Pitcairn Island, 247 Boyle, Frederick: Cape Town, i. 204, 208; diamond fields, 210; ostrich farming, 210 Boyton, Captain Paul: his floating dress, iv. 261 Brand, Mr., lost in the “Northfleet,” ii. 263, 264 Brande’s analysis of crimson snow, iii. 164 Brasiliano, Roche, the pirate, iii. 3, 14, 15, 16; his escape, 15 Brassey, Mrs.: Yokohama, iv. 40; a Japanese dinner, 42; the “Sunbeam” in a gale, 61; a wreck encountered, 62; a ship on fire: fifteen lives saved by the “Sunbeam,” iv. 63; coral fields of the South Pacific, 75 Bread‐fruit in Otaheite: expedition of the _Bounty_, history of the mutiny, i. 235 Breakwater: The Cherbourg Breakwater and fortifications, its origin and history, ii. 188; progress of the works, 189; view, 192; Plymouth Breakwater, 190; Portland Breakwater, 192; Holyhead, 196; breakwater at Venice, view, 188 Brialmont on ships and forts, i. 14 Bridport, Lord: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250 Brierly, Oswald W., Cruise of the _Galatea_, i. 205 Brighton, iv. 229, 232 Brighton Aquarium, iv. 114 _ Brilliant_: the boatswain’s mate at Trafalgar, i. 227; action with French ships, 228 _ Britannia_, i. 5 “Britannia” training ship, i. 47 “Britannia”: Dickens’s first trip to America, iv. 5 British Columbia, i. 163; Cariboo Mines, _ib._; cedar canoes, i. 167 _ Briton_ at Pitcairn Island: survivors of the mutiny of the _Bounty_, i. 248 Brooke, G. V., lost in the “London,” ii. 294 Brooklyn, New York, i. 195, 198; Brooklyn Bridge, 196, 198 Browning, Robert: his lines on passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, i. 87; his poem, “Hervé Riel,” iv. 301 Brunel, J. K.: portrait, ii. 129; designs for the “Great Eastern,” 130; the launch, _ib._; view and description of the ship, 130, 133; Thames Tunnel: use of the diving‐bell, iv. 85 Bubble Companies: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43 Bucaniers, The, iii. 1–59; origin of the term, 2 _ Bucentaure_, i. 10, 11 Buchan, Captain: Arctic voyage, iii. 166, 167 Buchanan, Captain, of the “Merrimac,” i. 20 “Buenos Ayrean,” steel steam‐ship, iv. 3 Bulkley, Colonel, at Plover Bay, i. 138, 143 Bullata from the Atlantic, i. 32 Burgoyne, Captain, lost in the _Captain_, i. 55 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell: his heroism in saving life, iv. 267 Byron, Lord: his references to the Sea, i. 2; iv. 296; his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 257; lines on the Straits of Gibraltar, 97; the bread‐fruit; mutiny of the _Bounty_, 238 Byron, Hon. John: wreck of the _Wager_, ii. 51–55 “Bywell Castle”: collision with the “Princess Alice,” iv. 284

Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North‐west Passage, iii. 119, 122 Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries, i. 278; iii. 119, 121; rewarded by Edward VI., 121 “Cacafuego,” treasure ship, taken by Drake, i. 311 Cadiz, siege of, ii. 18; execution of De Soto, the pirate, iii. 83; view of the town, 81 Cairns in the Polar Regions, iii. 97 “Calais‐Douvres,” iv. 6 Calcutta, i. 118; the Black Hole, _ib._; cyclones, 119, 120 Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama, iii. 299; the city bombarded, _ib._; view of Calicut in the sixteenth century, 300 California: discovery of gold, i. 158; Chinamen in, 161; earthquakes, _ib._; named “New Albion” by Drake, 313; “roughing it,” camping out, cooking, 166; forest fires, _ib._; cedar canoes, 167; Sacramento; Oakland, iv. 28; San Francisco, 29 Callao, i. 172; Drake at, 310 Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his “Letters” on the Crimean War, i. 15 Calvi, the _Victory_ at, i. 7 Calypso’s Isle, i. 98 “Cambria,” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 69–74 Cameron, John: “Our Possessions in Malayan India,” i. 144, 146, 147 Campbell, Lord George: cruise of the _Challenger_, i. 28, 33, 34, 35, 39 Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition, iii. 190, 191, 194 Cannibalism, i. 80; iii. 121; iv. 47, 52 Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia, i. 167 Canton, i. 119, 121, 124 Canute’s ships, i. 266 Cape Alexander, Greenland, iii. 249 Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry, iii. 170 Cape Cod, Discovery of, ii. 11; view of, ii. 64 Cape Chelyuskin, iii. 274 Cape Constitution, iii. 239 Cape Desolation, iii. 88 Cape Farewell, iii. 93 Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island, i. 163 Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain, i. 203, 205; iii. 282; Port Elizabeth, i. 204; Simon’s Bay, 205; visit of the Duke of Edinburgh, 205–209; Farmer Peck’s Inn, 206; diamond fields: ostrich farming, 210; mutiny suppressed, 256; first named the Cape of Storms, iii. 282; Waves, iv. 89 Cape Horn, i. 175, 176; Sir F. Drake, 309; Anson, ii. 48, 49; the pirate Sharp, iii. 56; view, iii. 277 Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at, iii. 112 Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 203, 205 Cape York: icebergs, iii. 100; view of Melville Bay, iii. 228 _ Captain_ (Nelson’s ship), i. 8 _ Captain_, Loss of the, i. 54–59; cause of the disaster, i. 58; ii. 143; iv. 283 Caraccioli, the priest‐pirate, iii. 64, 65, 67 Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus, iii. 294; attacked by Ojeda, 302 Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia, i. 163 Carlisle, A. D., B.A.: “Round the World in 1870,” iv. 29, 31 Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla, iii. 142 “Caroline:” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 72 Carrageen: or Irish moss, iv. 202 Carthage, Ships of, i. 259 Cat, The, as a punishment, i. 51, 52 Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta, i. 101, 103 Catoptric lights for lighthouses, ii. 186 Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez, i. 34 Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe, ii. 11 Caverns of the sea‐shore, iv. 195, 200 Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island, i. 167 _ Centaur_ at the Diamond Rock, Martinique, i. 161, 187 Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships, i. 221 _ Centurion_: Anson’s voyage round the world, ii. 45–62 Cephalopoda, iv. 139, 142 _ Cerberus_, monitor, at Sydney, iv. 54 Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at, ii. 21 Ceuta, Spanish fortress of, i. 97 Ceylon, i. 119, 144; pearl fishery, iv. 67 _ Challenger_, Cruise of the, i. 28; deep sea soundings, _ib._; work of the expedition, and how it was done, 29; Captain Sir George S. Nares, _ib._; Prof. Wyville Thomson, _ib._; sponges, zoophytes, star‐fish, crustacea, cuttle‐fish; island of Juan Fernandez, 33, 36; the ship in Antarctic ice, _ib._; Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants, 34; icebergs, 35; naturalist’s room in the ship, 37; dredging instruments, 38; Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes, 39 Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow, iii. 122, 123 Chaplains on board ship, i. 222; trials of Joseph Primrose, 223 Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks, iv. 248 Charles I. and ship‐money, ii. 28; his navy, 29, 30 Chaucer’s description of the British sailor, i. 272 Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress, ii. 188; view, 192 Chesil Bank, ii. 193, 195 Chicago, iv. 15; view in Madison Street, 17 _ Chichester_ training ship, i. 45, 47 Chili, i. 172 “Chimborazo” in a gale, iv. 13 China: Hong Kong, iv. 43; Shanghai, 44 China: John Chinaman in San Francisco, i. 161; iv. 31 “China” in a cyclone in the Pacific, iv. 39; destroyed by fire, _ib._ China Naval Station, i. 119, 137 “China,” steam ship, iv. 31 Chinese junks at Singapore, i. 147, 148 Chinese obstructions to foreign travel, iv. 5 Chinese paintings, i. 126, 147 Chinese phrases: “Pigeon English,” i. 126; customs and costume, 127 Chinese waiters on board ship, iv. 38 Chinese Merchants’ Steam‐ship Company, iv. 31 “Chinook jargon,” “Pigeon English,” i. 167 Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration,