CHAPTER XXVII.
Scoresby.--The Arctic Navigators.--Ross.--Parry.--Sufferings of Franklin and his Companions on his Overland Expedition in 1821. --Parry's Sledge-journey to the North Pole.--Sir John Franklin. --M'Clure.--Kane.--M'Clintock.--South Polar Expeditions. --Bellinghausen.--Weddell.--Biscoe.--Balleny.--Dumont d'Urville. --Wilkes.--Sir James Ross.--Recent Scientific Voyages of Circumnavigation 496
Description of the Frontispiece.
ARCTIC SLEDGE-JOURNEY.
The sledge plays a very conspicuous part in the history of arctic discovery, as it enables the bold investigators of the icy wildernesses of the North to penetrate to many places, impervious to navigation, to establish dépôts of provisions for future emergencies, or even becomes the means of saving their lives when their ship has been lost or hopelessly blocked up. Whenever dogs can be had, these useful animals are made use of for the transport. Our plate represents one of these sledging parties threading its way through blocks of ice, and gives a good idea of the difficulties they have to encounter.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Arctic Sledge-Journey _Frontispiece._
FACING PAGE
The Souffleur Rock, Mauritius 52
Lighthouse and Waterspout 65
Australian Sea-Bears 117
The Boats of H.M.S. "Trent" attacked by Walruses 131
Penguins 142
Subaqueous Life--Sticklebacks and Nest 195
Russian Official collecting Algæ 392
MAP.
Map of the Globe, showing the direction of the Ocean Currents, Cotidal Lines, &c. _facing page 3_.
WOODCUTS.
Annelidans:-- Aphrodita, or Sea-Mouse, 264 Nereis, 263 Serpula, attached to a Shell, 266
Beachy Head, 5
Bell Rock Lighthouse, 86
Birds:-- Albatross, Wandering, 163 Auk, 168 Great, 151 Avoset, 144 Barnacle Goose, 146 Cormorant, common, 155 Curlew, 143 Eider Duck, 146 Flamingo, 142 Gannet, common, 156 Great Crested Grebe, 150 Guillemot, Black, 165 (winter plumage), 167 Herring Gulls, 158 Hooded Merganser, 404 Pelican, 116, 154 Penguins, 152 Petrel, Broad-billed, 160 Fork-tailed, 160 Stormy, 162 Plover, 144 Puffins, 165, 167 Red-breasted Merganser, 149 Scissor-bill (Rhynchops nigra), 144 Sheldrake, 148 Skimmer, Black, 144 Snow Goose, 146 Speckled Diver, 145 Tailor-bird, 143
Birds of Passage, 171
Bones of the Anterior Fin of a Whale, 96
Cœlenterata:-- Alcyonidium elegans, 363 Astræa, 373 Caryophyllia, 370 Chrysaora hysoscella, 357 Coryniadæ, 358 Ctenophora, 360 Diphyes appendiculata, 353 Grey Sea-Pen, 365 Isis hippuris, 369 Jelly Fishes, 349, 350, 351 Lucernalia auricula, 352 Medusæ, 349, 350, 351 Physalia caravella, 355 Physophora Philippii, 356 Red Coral, 367 Sertularia tricuspidata, 347 Stone Corals, 373, 374 Tubipora Musica, 370 Velella, 354 Virgularia mirabilis, 365 Vogtia pentacantha, 353
Compound Foraminiferous Protozoon, magnified, 380
Crustaceans:-- American Sand-Crab, 252 Balanus ovularis, and group of, 244 Barnacle, 101, 244 Calling-Crab of Ceylon, 251 Chelura tenebrans, 247 Diogenes Hermit-Crab, 254 Dromia vulgaris, 249 Jamaica Land-Crab, 250 King Crab, 246 Large-clawed Calling-Crab, 250 Limnoria lignorum, 247 Metamorphosis of Carcinus Mœnas, 258 Pea-Crab, 253 Phyllosoma, 258 Pinna Augustana, 253 Sandhopper, 246 Seyllarus equinoxialis, 248 square facets of, 247 Spotted Fin-Crab, 252 Spotted Mantis-Crab, 256 Stenopus hispidus, 261 Whale-Louse, 101
Crustaceans and Oysters, 256
Dental Apparatus of the Sea-Urchin, viewed from above, 339
Ear, Human, 196
Ear of the Perch, 196
Echinodermata:-- Cross-Fish, common, 334 Eatable Trepang, 340 Goniaster, 336 Lily-Encrinite, 330 Sand-Star, 332 Sea-Urchin, 337 Edible, 338 Mammillated, 338 Warted Euryale, 333
Eddystone Lighthouse, 84
Esquimaux in his Kayak, 120
Fingal's Cave, 47
Fishes:-- Ammodyte, or Launce, 230 Anabas of the dry tanks, 192 Anchovy, 214 Angler, 203 Bonito, 223 Cod, 215 Conger Eel, 228 Diodon, 205 Dory, 242 Electric Eel, 202 European Sly, 203 Fierasfer, 340 File-Fish, 232 Flounder, 238 Flying Fish, 156, 206, 224 Frog-Fish, 192 Gar-Fish, 223 Globe-Fish, 232 Gurnard, 197, 414 Haddock, 215 Halibut, 236 Herring, 101, 208 Lamprey, 231 Ling, 215 Mackerel, 222 Mullet, Grey, 415 Red, 197, 415 Myxine, 231 Perch, internal ear of the, 196 Picked Dog-Fish, 200 Pilchard, 212 Pilot-Fish, 225 Plaice, 238 Porcupine-Fish, 232 Salmo Rossii, 220 Salmon, 415 Sand-Eel, 415 Saw-Fish, 201 Sea-Horse, 234, 344 Shark, Blue, 200 Hammer-headed, 199 White, 198 Short Sun-Fish, 232, 422 Sole, 237 portion of skin of, highly magnified, 190 Sturgeon, common, 217 Surgeon-Fish, 205 Swimming Pegasus, 207 Sword-Fish, 99, 201 Thornback, 240 Torpedo, 201 Toxotes Jaculator, 203 Trunk-Fish, 232 Tunny, 221 Turbot, 237 Wolf-Fish, 197
Foraminifera, various forms of, 381
Fossils:-- Ammonite, 437 Belemnite, 437 Ichthyosaurus communis, 172, 438 Pentacrinus Briareus, portion of, 330 Plesiosaurus, 438 Trilobite, 436
Hill at the Rapid on Bear Lake River (North-West Territory, North America), 23
H.M.S. "Resolute" lying to in the North Atlantic, 24
Ice-Bear approaching the "Dorothea" and "Trent", 137
Japan Junks, 63
Licmophora flabellata, 403
Mammals:-- Dolphin, 107 Dugong, 117 female, of Ceylon, 119 Manatee, 117 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus), 134 Porpoise, 108 Rorqual, 101 Sea-Otter, 140 Seal, 119, 123, 135 Greenland, 123 Walrus, 129, 135 Whale, common, 97 Whale, Spermaceti, 102, 115
Mollusks:-- Argonaut, 280 Ascidia mammillata, 322 Banded Dipper, 141 Bivalve deprived of its shell, to show its various openings, 300 Botryllus, 324 Bulla, 294 Calamary, 272 Carinaria, 287 Cellularia, 319 Chelyosoma Macleayanum, 323, 327 Chinese Wentle-trap (Scalaria pretiosa), 289 Chiton squamosus, 285 Clavellina producta, 322 Clio borealis, 98 Cockle, common, 303, 306 Cuttle-Fish (Sepia), 104, 275 Diazona violacea, 324 Donax, 301 Edible Mussel, 307 Edible Oyster, 308 Eolis, 284 Eschara cervicornis, 318 Gorgeous Doris, 235 Haliotis, 287 Harp-shell, 288 Hippopus maculatus, 315 Ianthina communis, 290 Leaf-like Sea-mat, 316, 317 Limpet and Shell, 286, 292, 411 Magilus antiquus, 291 Mitre-shells, 288 Murex haustellum, 291, 296 Oliva hispidula, 290 Onychoteuthis, 274 Orange Cone-shell, 288 Pearl-Oyster, 312 Pearly Nautilus, 280 Periwinkle, 411 Petunculus, 302 Pholas striata, 302 Pinna, 305 Poulp (Octopus), 272, 273 Pteroceras scorpio, 290 Retepora cellularis, 318 Salpa, 326 Scyllæa, 283 Sea-Hare, compound stomach of, 295 Sepia, 104, 275 Solen, or Razor-Shell, 304 Strombus pes pelicani, 290 Syllæa, gizzard of, 294 Tiara, 283 Tridacna gigas, 314 Whelk, 413 Worm-shell, 291
Muscles and Electric Batteries of the Torpedo, 202
Nervous Axis of an Annelidan, 262
Noctiluca miliaris, 419
Ova of the Cuttle-Fish, 278
Protozoa:-- Amœba, 379 Foraminifera, 381 Halina papillaris, 386 Infusoria, marine, 384 Nummulina discoidalis, 378 Polycistina, 383 Sponges, 385 Tethea, 385, 386
Reptiles:-- Alligator Lucius, 173 Tortoise, 174 Turtle, Green, 170 Hawk's Bill, 180 Loggerhead, 176 Water-Snake, 183
Rocky Mountains at the bend of the Bear Lake River, 79
Rotifera:-- Conochilus volvox, 268 Philodina roseola, 269 Ptygura melicerta, 267
Saw of the Saw-Fish, 100
Sea-Fowl Shooting, 168
Skeleton of the Dugong, 118 of the Perch, 188 of the Seal, 119 of the Tortoise, 174
Skerryvore Lighthouse, 89
Skull and Head of Walrus, 129
Skull of Whale, with the Baleen, 98
Sockets with teeth, of Echinus esculentus, 339
Surirella constricta, 402
Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Fishes, 192
Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Mammals and Birds, 175
Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Reptiles, 175
Torso Rock, near Point Deas Thomson, in the Arctic Ocean, 9
Urticating organs of Cœlenterata, 346
Water-Sports, 69, 70