CHAPTER XXIII.
Maritime Discoveries of the Phœnicians.--Expedition of Hanno. --Circumnavigation of Africa under the Pharaoh Necho.--Colæus of Samos.--Pytheas of Massilia.--Expedition of Nearchus. --Circumnavigation of Hindostan under the Ptolemies.--Voyages of Discovery of the Romans.--Consequences of the Fall of the Roman Empire.--Amalfi.--Pisa.--Venice.--Genoa.--Resumption of Maritime Intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.--Discovery of the Mariner's Compass.--Marco Polo 443