CHAPTER XXXIV.

SOME CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION 338

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THE STAVKA QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL'S BRANCH _Frontispiece_

THE OLD BANNER AND THE NEW Facing page 8

THE GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS DISTRIBUTES CROSSES OF ST. GEORGE " " 14

FUNERAL OF THE FIRST VICTIMS OF THE MARCH REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD " " 44

GENERAL ALEXEIEV " " 72

GENERAL KORNILOV " " 72

GENERAL MARKOV " " 78

FOREIGN MILITARY REPRESENTATIVES AT THE STAVKA " " 144

THE CONFERENCE OF COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF " " 166

A GROUP OF "PRISONERS" AT BERDICHEV " " 166

THE OLD ARMY: A REVIEW. GENERAL IVANOV " " 192

THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY: A REVIEW. KERENSKY " " 192

BEFORE THE BATTLE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY: A MEETING " " 200

TYPES OF MEN IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY " " 200

BEFORE THE BATTLE IN THE OLD ARMY: PRAYERS " " 208

TYPES OF SOLDIERS OF THE OLD ARMY " " 210

GENERAL ALEXEIEV'S FAREWELL " " 254

KERENSKY ADDRESSING SOLDIERS' MEETING " " 262

GENERAL KORNILOV'S ARRIVAL AT PETROGRAD " " 280

GENERAL KORNILOV IN THE TRENCHES " " 280

GENERAL KORNILOV'S WELCOME IN MOSCOW " " 316

LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND MAPS

PAGE

1. DIAGRAM OF THE COMPARATIVE FORCES OF THE GERMANS IN DIFFERENT THEATRES OF WAR 32

2. DIAGRAM INDICATING THE POLITICAL PARTY DIVISIONS IN RUSSIA AFTER THE REVOLUTION 90

3. MAP OF THE RUSSIAN EUROPEAN FRONT IN 1917 130

4. MAP OF THE RUSSIAN CAUCASIAN FRONT IN 1917 131

5. MAP OF THE RUSSIAN FRONT IN JUNE AND JULY, 1917 298

6. MAP OF THE RUSSIAN FRONT TILL AUGUST 19TH AND AFTER 299

FOREWORD

In the midst of the turmoil and bloodshed in Russia people perish and the real outlines of historical events are obliterated. It is for this reason that I have decided to publish these memoirs, in spite of the difficulties of work in my present condition of a refugee, unable to refer to any archives or documents and deprived of the possibility of discussing events with those who have taken part in them.

The first part of my book deals chiefly with the Russian Army, with which my life has been closely linked up. Political, social and economic questions are discussed only in so far as I have found it necessary to describe their influence upon the course of events.

In 1917 the Army played a decisive part in the fate of Russia. Its participation in the progress of the Revolution, its life, degradation and collapse should serve as a great warning and a lesson to the new builders of Russian life. This applies not only to the struggle against the present tyrants. When Bolshevism is defeated, the Russian people will have to undertake the tremendous task of reviving its moral and material forces, as well as that of preserving its sovereign existence. Never in history has this task been as arduous as it is now, because there are many outside Russia's borders waiting eagerly for her end. They are waiting in vain. The Russian people will rise in strength and wisdom from the deathbed of blood, horror and poverty, moral and physical.

The Russian Turmoil