CHAPTER I. THE TRIUMPH OF DESPOTISM 1

" II. FIRST EFFORTS OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 19

" III. FAITH AND LAW AGAINST DESPOTISM 52

" IV. LANGUAGE AND LEARNING AGAINST DESPOTISM 88

" V. DESPOTISM RETIRING BEFORE CONSTITUTIONALISM 117

" VI. FIRST MUTTERINGS OF THE STORM 168

" VII. THE DOWNFALL OF DESPOTISM 216

" VIII. THE STRUGGLE OF THE RACES 275

" IX. THE REVOLUTION BREAKS INTO SEPARATE PARTS 334

" X. LAST EFFORTS OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 401

" XI. THE DEATH STRUGGLE OF FREEDOM 431

INDEX 497

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI _Frontispiece._

KOSSUTH LAJOS _to face page_ 84

ROBERT BLUM " 224

IL VASCELLO, ROME " 483

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Metternich's Memoirs. Menzel's Geschichte der letzten vierzig Jahre.

GERMANY.

GENERAL GERMAN HISTORY.

Arndt, Life of. Blum, Life of. Görres, Life of. Marx, Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Perthes, Life of. Stein, Life of, by Professor Seeley. Stenographischer Bericht des deutschen Vor Parlaments zu Frankfort. ---- des Fünfziger Ausschüsses. ---- der deutschen Constituirenden Versammlung. Zimmermann Deutsche Revolution.

PRUSSIA.

Humboldt Brief-Wechsel mit einem Jungen Freunde. ---- Letters to Varnhagen von Ense. Schmalz Berichtigung einer Stelle in der Bredow-Venturinischen Chronik für das Jahr 1808.

BADEN.

Goegg (Amand) Rückblick auf die Badische Revolution (from La Ligue des Peuples). La Liberté de Penser (a journal containing pamphlets, &c., on the Baden Revolution). Morel Der März-Aufstand und Die Badische Revolution. Struve (Gustav) Geschichte der Volks Erhebungen in Baden. " (Amalie) Erinnerungen, &c.

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.

Adressen an eine hohe deutsche Versammlung, &c., von Kiel. Bunsen. Memoir on Constitutional Rights of the Duchies. Droysen. The Policy of Denmark towards the Duchies.

SWITZERLAND.

Der Untergang des Sonderbundes.

AUSTRIA.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Helfert. Geschichte Oesterreichs. Springer. Geschichte Oesterreichs seit der Wiener Frieden, 1809. Pillersdorf. Rückblick auf die politische Bewegung in Oesterreich.

VIENNA.

Dunder. Denkschrift über die Wiener October Revolution. Grüner. Geschichte der October Revolution. Reschauer. Das Jahr 1848. Reichstag's Gallerie, &c. Verhandlungen des Oesterreichischen Landtages 1848. Violand. Die Sociale Geschichte der Revolution in Oesterreich. Wiener Boten.

BOHEMIA.

Müller. Die merkwürdigsten Tage Prags in der Pfingst-Woche des Jahres 1848. Pameti (Pamphlets and proclamations, &c., in the Archives of Prague). Schöpf. Volks Bewegung in Prag. Ständische Verhältnisse des Konigreichs Böhmen. Stiles. Austria in 1848-9. Tomain. Das Böhmische Staatsrecht.

GALICIA.

Ausschlüsse über die jungsten Ereignisse in Polen. Krasinski. Panslavismus und Germanismus. Krolikowski. Mémoire sur l'Etat de Cracovie, 1840. Zaleski. Die Pölnische Frage.

HUNGARY.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Beschwerden and Klagen der Slaven in Ungarn, 1843. Böhmisch-Slavische Helden in der Panslavismus. Deak, Life of. Görgei. My Life and Acts in Hungary. Irby (Miss). Across the Carpathians. Klapka. Memoirs of the War of Independence in Hungary. Kossuth, Memoir of in a History of Hungary by E. O. S. Kovari (Laslò) Okmanytar az 1848-9. (This book, though written in Hungarian, contains some important documents in German, of which alone I have been able to make use.) Mailath (Count Johann) Geschichte von Oesterreich. " Der Ungarische Reichstag in 1830. Paget. Hungary and Transylvania. Pulszky. Meine Zeit mein Leben. " (Madame). Memoirs of a Hungarian Lady. Smith (Toulmin). Parallels between Constitution and Constitutional History of England and Hungary. Szechenyi (Vortrag über) Ludwig Fezstory. Zur Geschichte des Ungarischen Freiheits-Kampfes Autentische Berichte.

CROATIA AND SLAVONIA.

Aktenstücke zur Geschichte des Croatisch Slavonischen Landtages, by Pejakoviç. Agramer Zeitung, 1843-8. Deutsche Viertels-Jahr-Schrift (article called Mittheilungen aus Serbien). Le Duc. La Croatie et la Confedération Italienne. Serbes de Hongrie, &c. Verhandlungen des Agramer Landtags in October, 1845. Other pamphlets on the Croatian question.

TRANSYLVANIA.

Bem. Feldzug in Siebenbürgen, by Czetz. Bonar. Transylvania, its Products and People. Deutsche Worte, a magazine. Friedenfels, Joseph Bedeus von Scharberg. Klausenburg, Collection of documents in Library of. Lauriani. Die Romänen der Oesterreichischer Monarchie. Maros Vasarhely, Collection of Baron Apor at. Roth. Der Sprach-Kampf in Siebenbürgen. Scharberg. Die Verfassung Siebenbürgens. Unterhaltungen aus der Gegenwart. Vereinigung Siebenbürgens mit Ungarn vom Standpunkte der Sachsischen Nation beleuchtet. Zieglauer. Die Reform-Bewegung in Siebenbürgen.

ITALY

GENERAL HISTORY.

Alfieri. Opere. Autobiography. Bianchi (Nicomede), Storia della politica Austriaca rispetto ai Sovrani ed ai Governi Italiani dell'anno 1791, al Maggio del 1857. Coppi. Annali d'Italia. D'Amato. Panteon dei Martiri della libertà Italiana. Farini. Lo Stato Romano (really including much of other parts). Foscolo (Ugo) Scritte politici inediti. Jacopo Ortis. ---- Lettera a Conte Verri. ---- Lettera a Conte di Ficquelmont. ---- (Vita di). Pecchio. Gallenga. Italy in 1848. Gioberti Vincenzo (biography by V. G. in I Contemporanei Italiani). Del Primato Morale e Civile degli Italiani. Gualterio. Gli Ultimi Rivolgimenti Italiani. ---- Delle Negative date dal Conte Solaro della Margherita. La Concordia (paper published at Genoa). La Farina. Storia dell Italia dopo il Settembre del 1847. Manzoni (Alessandro). Cenni Sulla vita Sua. Miscellanee politiche Genovesi (pamphlets, songs, &c., published at Genoa, and bearing on the revolution). Mazzini, Life and Writings of (translated by E. A. V.). Panizzi, Lettere ad, di uomini illustri, &c. Ranalli. Istorie Italiane dal 1846 al 1853.

LOMBARDY AND VENETIA.

Andryane. Mémoires d'un prisonnier d'Etat. Anfossi (Francesco). Memorie sulla campagna di Lombardia del 1848. Biblioteca di Brera (Milan), Collections of Caricatures, Pamphlets, and Proclamations in. Cantù (Cesare). Editions and Lives of Monti and Parini. Casati. Nuove rivelazioni su i fatti di Milano nel 1847-8. Cattaneo. Dell'Insurrezione di Milano. " Archivio Triennale. Dandolo. Italian Volunteers and Lombard Rifle Brigade. Gazzetta di Milano, 1848. Manin, Documents et pièces autentiques laissées par. Quadro politico di Milano (collection of pamphlets, &c.). Vedovi (Timoleone). I martiri di san Georgio e di Belfiore.

NAPLES AND SICILY.

Colletta. History of Naples (translated). Ruggiero Settimo. Per Gabriele Colonna.

PIEDMONT.

Balbo (Cesare) autobiography. " Speranze d'ltalia. Brofferio. Storia di Piemonte. " I miei Tempi. Solaro della Margherita, Vita di per Biginelli. " Memorandum Storico-Politico. " Avvedimenti Politici.

ROMAN STATES.

Artaud. Vie de Pie 7. " Vie de Pie 8. Balleydier. Storia della Revoluzione di Roma. Beghelli. La Republica Romana del 1849. Brasini. L'8 Agosto 1848, Bologna. " La Resistenza di Bologna nelle otto Giornate di Maggio, 1849. D'Azeglio (Massimo) Degli ultimi casi di Romagna. " Correspondance Politique. Monitorio Romano, 1848 and 1849. Orsini. Memoirs. Pasolini (Memoir of), by his son, translated. Protocollo della Republica Romana. Republica Italiana del 1849 (anonymous clerical). Rossi (Pellegrino). Vita di per Raggi (including other notices of him). Torre (Federico). Memorie Storiche sull'intervento Francese (unfinished).

TUSCANY.

Guerrazzi (Domenico) Apologia della Vita Politica. (His novels should also be read to estimate his influence.)

CHIEF RACES OF AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

HUNGARY.

_Magyars_, ruling race; found in most parts of the Kingdom, but most largely in the Northern parts. Semi-Turkish race (non-Aryan). Various creeds; Calvinism the most distinctive (_i.e._, the one that has most connected itself with the race-struggles). Chief town, Buda-Pesth.

_Croats_, chiefly found in Croatia, but sometimes in Slavonia and Dalmatia. Creed, Roman Catholic; Slavonic race; chief town, Agram.

_Saxons_, found in S.E. of Transylvania. Creed, mainly Lutheran; race, German; chief town, Hermannstadt.

_Serbs_, found chiefly in Slavonia, but also in Banat, Bacska, and in smaller numbers in other parts of Hungary. Creed, Greek Church; race, Slavonic; chief towns, Neusatz and Carlowitz.

_Slovaks_, found in North Hungary. Creed, Lutheran; race, Slavonic.

_Szekler_, found in N.E. of Transylvania. Creeds, various; race, same as Magyars; chief town, Maros Vasarhely.

_Roumanian_, or _Wallack_, in all parts of Transylvania, and a few in the Banat. Creed, Greek Church; race, mixed Dacian and Italian; chief town, Blasendorf.

_Italians_, found in Dalmatia and Istria.

WESTERN AUSTRIA.

_Germans_, found everywhere, but chiefly in Archduchy. Creed, mainly Roman Catholic; chief town, Vienna.

_Slovenes_, found in Krain, Carinthia, and Styria. Race, Slavonic.

_Czechs_, in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. Creed, chiefly Roman Catholic; race, Slavonic; chief town, Prague.

GALICIA.

_Poles_, found in all parts. Creed, Roman Catholic; race, Slavonic; chief town, Lemberg.

_Ruthenians._ Creed, Greek Church; race, Slavonic.

TABLE OF DATES.

1846. April 25. Charles Albert defies Austria about the salt-tax. June 15. Election of Pius IX. July 8. King of Denmark asserts his right to absorb Schleswig-Holstein. " 16. Pius IX's. amnesty.

1847. Jan. 3. Landtag summoned to Berlin. July 5. Pope grants Civic Guard to Rome. " 14. Clerical conspiracy suppressed in Rome. " 16. Austrian occupation of Ferrara. " 20. Swiss Diet resolves to dissolve Sonderbund. Sept. 1. Unsuccessful rising in Messina. " 12. Meeting of South German Liberals at Offenburg. " 29. Metternich formally expresses his approval of the Sonderbund. Nov. 4. Motion carried at Pesth for taxation of nobles. " 24. Troops of the Swiss Diet occupy Luzern. Dec. 9. Nazari makes his motion for reform in Milan. " 16. Agreement for Austrian troops to evacuate Ferrara. " 27. Ciceruacchio asks the Pope to join the Italian League.

1848. Jan. 2 and 3. Smoking riots at Milan. " 12. Sicilian rising begins. " 19. Arrest of Manin and Tommaseo at Venice. " 29. Neapolitan Constitution granted. Feb. 4. Leopold of Tuscany promises Constitution. " 12. Pope appoints first lay Ministers. " 22. Martial law proclaimed in Lombardy. " 27. Meeting at Mannheim to demand German Parliament. Mar. 2. Second Chamber of Baden demands repeal of Carlsbad Decrees. Downfall of Ministry in Bavaria. " 3. Kossuth's speech at Presburg. " 11. First meeting at the Wenzelsbad in Prague. " 13. Rising in Vienna. Workmen's petition in Berlin. Granting of Liberal Ministry by King of Saxony. " 15. Abdication of Metternich. " 16. Students' rising in Pesth. Rising in Berlin. Granting of Constitution by Pope. " 17. Serb meeting at Pesth. " 18 to 22. Five days of Milan. " 22. Rising in Venice. " 23. Manin chosen President of Venetian Republic. Jellaciç made Ban of Croatia. Charles Albert declares war on Austria. " 25. Prussian Assembly opens. " 26. King of Naples deposed by Sicilians. " 31. Meeting of Vor-Parlament at Frankfort. April 2. Bundestag repeals Carlsbad Decrees. " 4. Bundestag authorises Prussia to act for Germany in Schleswig-Holstein. " 8. First battle of Goito. " 11. Palacky refuses to join the Committee of Fifty at Frankfort. " 16. First Baden insurrection. " 29. Papal allocution against the Italian war. May 1. Slavs summoned to meet in Prague. " 3. Mamiani Ministry formed. " 13. Meeting of Serbs at Carlowitz. Provisional Government at Milan declare for fusion. " 15. Coup d'état in Naples. Second rising in Vienna. Meeting of Roumanians at Blasendorf. " 18. First meeting of Constituent Assembly at Frankfort. Flight of Emperor of Austria to Innspruck. " 28. Battle of Curtatone. " 29. Unsuccessful riot in Milan. Completion of vote of fusion. " 30. Slavonic Congress in Prague. Abolition of Transylvanian Parliament. Surrender of Peschierato Charles Albert. June 2. First encounter between Magyars and Roumanians. " 3. Separate Provisional Government formed in Bohemia. " 11. Hrabowsky's attack on Carlowitz. Fall of Vicenza. " 12 to 18. Rising in Prague. " 19. Ferdinand declares Jellaciç a traitor. " 29. Jellaciç made Dictator by Croatians. Archduke John chosen Administrator of the German Empire. July 4. Venice accepts the fusion with Piedmont. " 22. Kossuth supports vote for sending troops against Italians. Aug. 5. Capitulation of Milan. " 8. Expulsion of Austrians from Bologna. " 11. Restoration of Manin's dictatorship in Venice. " 26. Truce of Malmö signed. " 31. Abolition of feudal dues in Vienna. Sept. 5. Frankfort Assembly condemns the Truce of Malmö. " 9. Jellaciç crosses the Drave. " 11. Meeting of Roumanians to protest against Hungarian conscription. " 16. Frankfort Assembly rescinds its vote about the Truce of Malmö. " 18. Émeute in Frankfort. " 21. The "Struve Putsch." " 25. Official appointment of Lamberg at Buda-Pesth. " 28. Murder of Lamberg. Oct. 3. Jellaciç declared Dictator of Hungary. " 6. Murder of Latour. " 7. Croat army surrenders to the Hungarians. Ferdinand flies to Innspruck. " 8. Kossuth threatens death to those who won't hang out the Hungarian flag. " 10. Auersperg and Jellaciç join forces. " 11. Bohemian deputies meet in Prague. " 18. Puchner's appeal to the Transylvanians. " 21. Hungarian troops cross the Austrian frontier. " 22. First meeting of Kremsier Parliament. " 30. Battle of Schwechat. Nov. 1. Windischgrätz enters Vienna. " 9. Blum shot. " 15. Murder of Rossi. Prussian Assembly votes that no more taxes be paid. " 24. Flight of Pope. " 28. Prussian Assembly decide to leave Berlin. Cavaignac announces intended expedition to Rome. Dec. 2. Abdication of Ferdinand. " 5. Final dissolution of Prussian Parliament. " 13. Address from Forli asking for Constituent Assembly. " 18. Frankfort Parliament abolishes feudal dues. " 31. Hungarian Committee of Defence retreats to Debreczin.

1849. Jan. 11. Frankfort Parliament votes for exclusion of Austria from Germany. " 22. Görgei sends Waizen Declaration to Windischgrätz. Feb. 1. Saxons apply for help to Russians. " 6. Re-occupation of Ferrara by Austrian troops. " 8. Flight of Grand Duke from Tuscany. " 9. Proclamation of Roman Republic. " 19. Görgei superseded by Dembinski. " 21. Announcement that the Austrians have crossed the Po. " 26. Opening of Prussian Parliament. Mar. 7. Dissolution of the Kremsier Parliament. " 11. Capture of Hermannstadt by Bem. " 12. Charles Albert declares war on Austria. " 20. Formal announcement of new Austrian Constitution. " 23. Battle of Novara. Abdication of Charles Albert. " 28. Frankfort Parliament decides to offer Crown of Germany to King of Prussia. " 29. Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini made Triumvirs. April 1. Capture of Brescia by Haynan. " 3. King of Prussia refuses the Crown of Germany. " 14. Declaration of Hungarian Independence. " 17. Final meeting of Sicilian Parliament. " 24. French arrive before Civita Vecchia. " 25. Re-occupation of Pesth by the Hungarians. " 27. Dissolution of Prussian Parliament. May 14. Beginning of third Baden insurrection. King of Prussia recalls Prussian members from Frankfort Parliament. " 15. Neapolitans capture Palermo. " 20. Bologna captured by Austrians. " 26. Proposals of Lesseps accepted by Triumvirs. " 30. Frankfort Parliament resolves to adjourn to Stuttgart. " 31. Oudinot rejects Lesseps' Convention. June 4. Russian proclamation of intended invasion of Hungary. " 13. Ledru Rollin's insurrection in Paris. " 17. First Russian victory in Transylvania. " 18. Final dissolution of German Parliament. " 19. Austrians capture Ancona. " 30. Roman Assembly decides to yield. Prussians surround Rastatt, which is centre of Baden movement. July 3. French enter Rome. " 15. Papal Government restored. " 28. Death of Charles Albert. Hungarian Diet dissolves itself. Aug. 5. Capture of Hermannstadt by Russians. 11. Görgei made Dictator. Kossuth flies from Hungary. " 13. Görgei surrenders at Vilagos. " 28. Austrians enter Venice. Sept. 26. Klapka surrenders Komorn.