xiii. 282; also Sleeman, Report, and Ramaseeana (Thugs' Argot and

papers on Thugs); Elphinstone, i. 369, 371 (Bh[=a]ts and Ch[=a]rans), 384 (Thugs and Decoits). C[=a]itanyas, Hunter, Statistical Account, Williams and Wilkins, _loc. cit_.; On 'pocket-altars,' JRAS. 1851, p. 71; Vidh[=a]nas, Burnell, Meyer; K[=a]nph[=a]tis, Celibates, of Kutch, JRAS. 1839, p. 268; Ling[=a]yits, Kittel, above, and IA. iv, v; Tulsi D[=a]s, R[=a]m[=a]ya[n.]a, works of Ramavat sect, Grierson, IA. xxii. 89, 122, 227; Pandus as gods, IA, vii. 127; their fish-emblems, _ib_. xxii. 61; Bombay Dancing Girls, IA. xiii. 165; Sun-worship, temples, St. Julien, Voy. iii. 172; Burgess, Survey, p. 216; in Taxila, JRAS. 1859, p. 77; in Pur[=a][n.]as, Lassen, ii. 832, 919; IA. vi. 11, vii. 69, 71, viii. 30 ([=a]dityabhaktas). Theistic Reformers: Wilson, Essays; Hunter, Account; Müller, Chips; Williams, JRAS. xiii. I, 281; Tiru Valluvar, Graul, Kural, and Pope, IA. vii ff.; N[=a]ngi Panth[=i]s, IA. xiii. 1; Tamil Çivaites, Foulkes, Catechism; JAOS. iv. 129; Ph[=a]ndarpur Vishnuites, Vi[t.]h[t.]ala Bhaktas (Kab[=i]r), Stevenson, JRAS. 1842 p. 64; especially Mitchell, IA. xi. 56, 149, hyrons of Tuk[=a], and celebration, Congress, 1892, p. 282. Festivals:[55] above, V[=a]japeya; Hillebrandt, Sonnwendfeste; JRAS. 1846, p. 60; Gover, _ib_. v. 91; IA. xx. 430; Holi, JRAS. 1838, p. 189; 1841, p. 239; Vet[=a]la, _ib_. 1838, p. 192; Dekhan deities, _ib_. 1842, p. 105.

WILD TRIBES.

Johnston. Yellow Men of India; Hunter, _loc. cit_.; Hewitt, Early History of Northern India (speculative), JRAS. xx. 321, etc.; Oppert, Original Inhabitants, Madras Journal, 1887, 1888; Breeks, Account of Primitive Tribes, etc. (Nilagiris, Todas); Hodgson, Aboriginal Tribes, JAS. Beng., xxv. 31; Samuelis, Native Dress and Religious Dances, _ib_. 295; Neumann, English Realm in India, ii; Latham, Ethnology of India; Macpherson, JRAS. 1842, p. 172, and 1852, p. 216(Khonds); Briggs, Aboriginal Races, _ib_. 275; Sherring, Hindu (Bengal) Tribes; the Sacred City of the Hindus; also Bhar-tribe by the same, JRAS. v. 376; Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal; Rowney, Wild Tribes; Khonds, Koles,[56] S[=a]uras, Gonds (and Bh[=i]ls) JRAS. 1852, p, 216 (1844, p. 181); also _ib_. 1842, p. 172; Marshman, History, iii. p. 108 (Khonds); thirty Snake-tribes, JRAS. xii. 229; _ib_. 1859, p.1,[57] Frye, Uriya and Khonds, religious dances, p. 16; creed and sacrifice, pp. 20, 36; Marshman ii. p. 164 (infanticide); Kitt, Compendium of Castes and Tribes found in India; Santh[=a]ls, JRAS. 1852, p. 285; IA. xxii. 294 (emigration); Avery, Aboriginal Tribes, IA. xiv. 125; Carnegy, Races Tribes and Castes (Oude); Dalton (Bengal), Descriptive Ethnology; Social Customs in Kashmeer and Oude, IA. xviii. 287, 386; Campbell, Sant[=a]l folklore (totemistic origin from goose);[58] Kork[=u]s, Kolarian Tribe in middle of (Dravidian) Gonds, JRAS. xvi. 164; Newbold, Chenchwars, wild tribe in forests of eastern Ghauts, JRAS. 1845, p. 271; Cain, Koi, southern tribe of Gonds, JRAS. xiii. 410 (witches, Pandus, etc); Dunbar, Lurka Koles, JRAS., 1861, p. 370; Dravidians, Kittel, and Caldwell, _loc. cit._; Polyandry, Thomas, JRAS. xi. 37; Simpson (rites, sacrifices, etc.), P[=u]jas in the Sutlej valley, JRAS. xvi. 13; Burnell, Devil-worship of Tuluvas, IA. 1894; Waddell, Frog-worship (Nepal), IA. xxii. 293; Steere, Swahili Tales, IA. _passim_.[59] A volume has lately been published on the Chittagong Hill Tribes[60] by Riebeck with superb illustrations; and photographic illustrations of racial types may be studied in Watson's and Kaye's volumes, The People of India. Discussion (biassed) of _r[=a]jputs_ of Scythian origin, Elphinstone, i. 440. On Dravidian literature, see Elliot, IA. xvi. 158. On Gipsies, Grierson, _ib._ 35; etymology, _ib._ 239.

GEOGRAPHY, INDIA AND THE WEST.

Schmidt, Die Urheimath d. Indog. u. d. europäische Zahlsystem, Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1890, p. 297; Hirt,[61] Die Urheimath d. Indogermanen, IF. i. 464; Schrader, Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschlchte, p. 616; Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, i. 643; Vivien de Saint Martin, Études sur la Géographie du Véda; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, p. 3; Aufrecht, ZDMG. xiii. 498 (Ras[=a] as Milky Way); Ludwig, Nachrichten über Geographie, etc.; Whitney, Language and the Study of Language; Oldenberg, Buddha, p. 399 (we cite from the first edition); Thomas, Rivers of the Rig Veda, JRAS. xv. 357.[62] On the relations of the Hindus and the West: Weber (relations with Semites), Indische Skizzen, and Die Griechen in Indien, in Sitz. Berl. Akad. 1890, p. 901; Steinthal, ZDMG. xi. 396; Grill, _ib_. xxvii. 425; Stein, IA. xvii. 89. Leo's view in regard to German-Indian unity (reviewed, ZDMG. viii. 389) is worth citing as a curioslty.[63] Brunnhofer's works have been cited above, p. 15. On the Beziehungen der Indier zum Westen a valuable article has lately been written by Franke (ZDMG. xlvii. 595). Weber, Ueber d. P[=a]ras[=i]prakaça d. K[r.][s.][n.]ad[=a]sa, as well as in his R[=a]jas[=u]ya, V[=a]japeya, Vedische Beiträge, etc., has treated of the relations with Persia (Fables, IS. iii. 327). In the works cited above the same author has discussed the relations with all other Western nations, including the Greeks, on which Sykes, Notes on Religious State of India, JRAS. 1841, p. 243, is readable; Bohlen, _Altes-Indien,_ and Lévi, La Grèce et I'lnde d'après les documents indiens (revue des études grecques, 1891) should be read.[64] The subject of Early Christianity in India has been treated by Burnell, IA. iii. 308, iv. 153, etc. (see also above, p. 479); while Priaulx, in JRAS. 1861, 1862, has written a series of interesting articles on India's Connection with Rome. The Indian travels of Apollonius of Tyana, JRAS. 1859, p. 70, etc., are of no value beside those of Ktesias and Megasthenes. The origin of the Hindu Alphabet and the native system of Dates have to do with the originality of parts of Hindu literature, but these outlying subjects, which have a literature of their own, we can only touch upon. A good _résumé_ of the discussion in regard to the alphabet will be found in JRAS. xvi. 325, by Cust; a new theory of Franke's, ZDMG. xlvi. 731. Halévy derives the alphabet from Greece. But see now Bühler, Ind. Studies, iii, 1895 (North Semitic, seventh century, B.C.) The native eras are discussed by Cunningham, Book of Indian Eras; and in Müller's India, What Can It Teach Us? p. 282. On the native date for the beginning of the Kali-yuga, _i.e._ this age (the year 3101 or 3102 B.C), JRAS. iv. 136, and Thomas, edition of Prinsep's Antiquities, may be read.[65] A general survey of primitive Aryan culture will be found in Schrader, _loc. cit._, to which may be added on Vedic (Aryan) metres, Westphal, KZ. ix. 437; and Allen, _ib._ xxiv. 556 (style, Heinzel, Stil d. altgerm. Poesie). On the name [=A]rya, besides _loc. cit._ above, p. 25, may be added, Windisch, Beitr. z. Geschichte d. D. Sprache, iv. 211; Pott, Internat. Zt. für allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, ii. p. 105 ff. Criticism of a too great confidence in the results of the comparattve method, AJP. xv. 154; PAOS. 1895.

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: This bibliography is meant only to orient the reader in regard to exegetical literature. It is not complete, nor does it give editions of texts. The order follows in general that of the chapters, but the second and last paragraphs respectively must be consulted for interpretation and geography. Works that cover several fields are placed under the literature of the first. The special studies on Vedic divinities have been arranged alphabetically.]

[Footnote 2: On account of the inconvenient form in which appeared the earlier numbers of the JRAS. we cite the Old Series only by date. All references without date refer to the New Series (vol i, NS., 1864).]

[Footnote 3: On the artistic side Emil Schlagintweit's great work, Indien in Wort und Bild, contains much of interest to the student of religious paraphernalia. See also below under wild tribes.]

[Footnote 4: Roth, Morality of the Veda; Whitney, Result of Vedic Researches (JAOS. iii. 289 and 331); Whitney, History of the Vedic Texts, _ib_. iv. 245.]

[Footnote 5: Under this title Roth has an essay (on the comparison of texts), KZ. xxvi. 45.]

[Footnote 6: See below. Defence of the same by the author, WZKM. vii. 103.]

[Footnote 7: JRAS, i. 51 ff., and subsequent volumes, Contributions to a Knowledge of the Vedic Theogony and Mythology and Progress of the Vedic Religion toward Abstract Conceptions of the Deity.]

[Footnote 8: It cannot be too much emphasized that Grassmann's translation should never be used for comparative purposes. At the same time, for a general understanding of the contents of the whole Rig Veda it is the only book that can be recommended. Ludwig's translation is so uncouth that without a controlling knowledge of the original it is often meaningless.]

[Footnote 9: Bloomfield, AJP. xii. 429. Compare also Regnaud, Le Mythe de Rohita. The same author has published various Vedic articles in the Rev. de l'histoire des religions, vols. xv-xxvi. Whitney's complete translation of AV. will soon appear.]

[Footnote 10: Sexual side of fire-cult; whirlwind of fire, M[=a]tariçvan, Schwartz, KZ. xx. 202; compare Hillebrandt, ZDMG. xxxiii. 248.]

[Footnote 11: Neisser's Vorvedisches im Veda, BB. xvii. 244, is not a mythological study.]

[Footnote 12: Apollon here is Saparye[n.]ya, 'worshipful.' This derivation is attacked by Froehde, Apollon, BB. xix. 230 (compare Fick, _ib._ xviii. 138), who derives Apollon from [Greek: phellhôn], 'word,' comparing [Greek: hapellhaxein], 'conciliare,' _pell_ being 'spell' (in Gospel, etc.), 'inter-pellare.' Thus Apollo would be 'prophet,' 'wârspello.' On _vahni_, Agni, compare Neisser, Vedica, BB. xviii. 301 (xix. 120, 248).]

[Footnote 13: Oldenberg, _loc. cit_., interprets Açvins as morning and evening stars! The epithet (of Agni and Açvins) _bhura[n.]yu_ has been equated with Phor[=o]neus, we forget by whom.]

[Footnote 14: Oldenberg's (Die Religion des Veda) Old-Man-of-the-Mountains-Indra thus gets etymological support.]

[Footnote 15: For convenience included in this list.]

[Footnote 16: Maspiter is Mars-pater.]

[Footnote 17: Hirt equates Parjanya, Perkunas, Fjörgyn, as originally epithet of Dy[=a]ns-Zeus, with [Greek: phêgotaios], the 'Oak-god.' See also Zimmer, ZDA. vii. (19) 164.]

[Footnote 18: Müller explains Rudra as 'howler'; Leo identifies him with Wuotan; Jones with Apollo, Kuhn. KZ. iii. 335; as A. Sax. Rodor, _ib_. ii. 478: P. von Bradke. ZDMG. xi. 361. Oldenberg's delineation of Rudra in Die Religion des Veda is based on the Brahmanic Rudra-Çiva (see PAOS. Dec 1894).]

[Footnote 19: Kerbaker, Varuna e gli Aditya (Naples, Proceedings of the Royal Academy) is known to us only by title.]

[Footnote 20: The author justly remarks that no sociological data can be made of Yama's wife or sister.]

[Footnote 21: Dog sees Death, sharp sight of dog causes myth.]

[Footnote 22: Other less important examples of etymological ingenuity are Scherer, Brahman as flamen ([Greek: Brhagkos], Bragi, see Kaegi, Rig Veda, note 82); abhrad[=i]t[=a] as Aphrodite, Sonne, KZ. x. 415; Ahaly[=a] as Achilleus, Weber, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1887; Id[=a] as Iris (Windischmann), Poseidon, potídas, i[=d.]aspati (Fick, KZ. xxi. 462); but in KZ. i. 459 Poseidon is patye davan. On the form compare BB. viii. 80; x. 237; KZ. xxx. 570. Prellwitz, BB. ix. 327, agrees with Fick and Pott as to i[d.]as representing [Greek: oidma] and compares [prosklhôtios]. Garga is Gorgo, Kern, JRAS. iv. 431; P[=a]jasya is Pegasos, etc, KZ. i. 416, xxix. 222; Parvata is Pelasgos, Burda, KZ. xxi. 470; but compare Stier, _ib_. xi. 229, where Pelasgoi are 'cranes'; and Pische, _ib_. xx. 369, where they are [Greek: parhrhhasioi]. Sabheya is Yavi[s.][t.]ha (not Hephaistos, as says Kuhn), Müller, _ib._ xviii. 212; and v[r.]trahan is not Bellerophon (as says Pott), _ib_. iv. 416, v. 140 (bellero is varvara). Çarád is Ceres, Müller, _ib_. xviii. 211; svav[=a]n is [Greek: enas], Autrecht, ZDMG. xiii 499; svar 'sing' in Silenus, Siren: Buddhaguru in Pythagoras, etc. Helena is Saram[=a], and Hermes 1s S[=a]rameya. Müller, Chips, ii. 138, note. Compare for further clever guesses Cox's Aryan Mythology, Müller's Lectures, Second Series, and Biographies of Words.]

[Footnote 23: Compare Deussen, Geschichte der Philosophie, i. 105. On Vedic and Sanskrit Riddles, _loc. cit_.; also Haug, Vedische Räthselfragen (also Brahma und die Brahmanen); Führer, ZDMG. xxxix. 99.]

[Footnote 24: There is an essay on this subject by Kern, Ind. Theorieen over de Standenverdeeling, which we have not seen.]

[Footnote 25: Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1858, 1859, and 1894, respectively. The Wurfel-Orakel (and Schiefner) is published also in Ind. Streifen, i. 274. The essay on Omina and Portenta contains translations of parts of the Sha[d.]vi[.m]ça Br[=a]hma[n.]a, of the S[=a]ma Veda, and of the K[=a]uçika (AV.) S[=u]tra.]

[Footnote 26: (Whitney) Burgess, S[=u]ryasiddh[=a]nta, JAOS. vi; JRAS. 1863, p. 345; Whitney, _ib_. i. 316; Lunar Zodiac, Or. Ling. St., ii. 341; Kern, translation of BS., JRAS. iv-vii; IS. x, xiv, xv; Weber, Ueber altir[=a]nische Sternnamen, Sitz. Berl. Ak., 1888; see also Whitney, JAOS. viii. 1, 382; Burgess, _ib_. 309; Weber, IS. ix. 424, x. 213; Whitney _vs_. Ludwig, PAOS., 1885. On the twelve intercalated days, 'Twelfth Night,' see Weber, IS. v. 437 (Çabal[=i]-homa), xvii. 224.]

[Footnote 27: The statement is here made that the Vedic religion knows nothing of idols; but see the other cited works which seem to disprove this.]

[Footnote 28: The 'Fifteen Puzzle' is Indic (IA. x. 89, xi. 83).]

[Footnote 29: Triton und Euphemos, oder Die Argonauten in Libyen, by Water, in 1849, treats of the holy seven in a ridiculous way. Not less ridiculous is the author's attempt to explain everything by the Moon-Cult, thus anticipating modern vagaries.]

[Footnote 30: A curious though useless classic is Anquetil du Perron's Oupnekhat, 1801, the first European version of the Upanishads (through the Persian).]

[Footnote 31: Whitney, AJP. vii. 1, xi. 407; Jacob, IA. xv. 279; Whitney Trans. Phil. Ass. xxi. 88; Böhtlingk, Bericht d. k. Sächs. Gesellschaft, 1890, and separately.]

[Footnote 32: Compare Windischmann, Sancara, 1833; Ecstein, IS. ii. 369; and Bruining-Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den Ved[=a]nta, 1871.]

[Footnote 33: Compare two native expositions, JRAS. x. 33 (Vedantic conception of _brahma_), and WZKM. ii. 95 (Çankara's _advaita_ philosophy); also Müller, Three Lectures.]

[Footnote 34: Compare Ballantyne's Hindu Philosophy, Williams' Indian Wisdom, Brahmanism and Hinduism, Religious Thought and Life, and also the excellent chapters in Weber's Lectures (above), and in Schroeder's Literatur und Cultur. Of Deussen's Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie one half volume has appeared.]

[Footnote 35: Haug has an article on the M[=a]it. Sa[.m]h. with the same title, Brahma und Die Brahmanen.]

[Footnote 36: House-ritual: [=A]çval[=a]yana, Gobhila, Ç[=a][.n]kh[=a]yana, P[=a]raskara, Kh[=a]dira, Hira[n.]yakeçin, [=A]pastamba. Law: [=A]pastamba, G[=a]utama, Vasistha, B[=a]udh[=a]yana, Y[=a]jñavalkya, Vishnu, N[=a]rada, Brihaspati, Manu. The last is also translated by Loiseleur, Jones, Burnell and Hopkins (besides Bühler, SBE., above).]

[Footnote 37: Ueber die heiligen Schriften, translated into English by Smyth in the Indian Antiquary, 1893.]

[Footnote 38: Feer, JA. 1888 (xii), p. 209. Leumann has published in the same German series the Aupap[=a]tika S[=u]tra, but as yet only the text (1883) has appeared.]

[Footnote 39: Of the many manuals we recommend especially those of Rhys Davids for ontology (also J[=a]takis. First Part) and Oldenberg (now in second edition). For Northern Buddhism Köppen's Religion is still excellent, although it is vitiated by the point of view taken by the author, who regards Buddha as an emancipator, a political innovator, etc. Davids has two recent articles on Buddhist sects, JRAS. xxiii. 409; xxiv. 1 (see abo below).]

[Footnote 40: L. von Schroeder, Worte der Wahrheit. On the word Dhammapada, Franke ZDMG. xlvi. 734.]

[Footnote 41: Also Oldenberg, D[=i]pava[.m]sa, with text.]

[Footnote 42: For Nirv[=a]na and its date all the manuals may be consulted. See also D'Alwis, Nirv[=a]na (with translation); Edkins, JRAS. xiii. 59, Congress, 1880, p. 195; Childers, Dictionary, JRAS. v. 219, 289, vii. 49, etc.; Fergusson, _ib._ iv. 81 (Indic Chronology); Müller, Origin of Religion, p. 130, note, and Introduction to Buddhaghosha, and to Dhammapada (above). We incline to accept 471 to 483 as the extreme limits of the date of Buddha's death (Kern, 380; Davids, 412).]

[Footnote 43: On Hsing (671) see Beal, IA. x. 109, 194; Müller, India. 'Fà-Hien's travels are now published by Legge, 'Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms.' There are other editions. See also Sykes, JRAS. 1841, p. 248; Beal, _ib._ xix. 191.]

[Footnote 44: On Japanese Buddhism there have been published some texts by Japanese scholars (ed. Müller, Aryán Series of Anecdota Oxoniensia). See JRAS. xii. 153.]

[Footnote 45: Chalmers, J[=a]takas (ed. Cowell, vol. 1) is announced. Compare JRAS. xxiv. 423. On Barlaam u. Joasaph see now the exhaustive essay of Kuhn, Abh. d.k. Bayerisch. Ak. 1894 (with all literature).]

[Footnote 46: By the same, Avad[=a]naçataka, Mus. Guimet, xviii (JA. 1879, xiv). The Da[t.]havamça, Melloné, Ann. du MG. vii.]

[Footnote 47: Triratna and triçula. The articles following are by Murray-Aynsley (Asiatic Symbolism), on svastika, trees, serpents, evil eye, etc. On the evil eye and the poison-girl, vi[s.]akany[=a], see now the interesting essay of Hertz (Abh. d. Bayern. Akad, 1894), who connects the superstition with the religious practice described above, p. 505, note 2.]

[Footnote 48: For older essays see also Schönberg, ZDMG. vii. 101 (rock-temples); JAS. Beng. xxv. 222 (Khandgiri temples); Yule, JAS. Beng., 1857, Ancient Buddhistic Remains (on the Irawady): Sykes, Miniature Caityas in Buddhist topes, JRAS. 1854, pp. 37, 227.]

[Footnote 49: Çiva is here falsely interpreted as Herakles, p. 39. Compare too Weber, IS. ii. 409, and his Ahaly[=a]-Achilleus, Berl. Ak. 1887. The original Greek is edited by Schwanbeck. On Darius' conquest see Marshman, i. p. 10.]

[Footnote 50: Sixth or eighth century, developed with Buddhistic or Greek influence.]

[Footnote 51: An example of the survival of the Hindu cult in the Çr[=a]uta ritual is given by Weber, IS. v. 437, Çabal[=i]-homa.]

[Footnote 52: Weber on Skanda, IS. iii. 478.]

[Footnote 53: Compare also Malcolm, AR. xi (1812), 197; ZKM. v. 1, Die Religion und der Staat der Sikh.]

[Footnote 54: The Dalast[=a]n or School of Manners, translated from the Persian, with notes by Shea and Troy, 1843.]

[Footnote 55: Williams' Hinduism and the third chapter of Wilkins' Modern Hinduism contain a list of the modern festivals. Grierson, Peasant Life, describes Beh[=a]r.]

[Footnote 56: M[=o]ns and Koles, JRAS. x, 234. Lards, Congress, 1874, by Drew; 1880, by Leitner.]

[Footnote 57: Snake-nation in America, Shoshone, Clark, Sign-language, p. 337; snake-symbol of life, Schoolcraft, i. 375.]

[Footnote 58: Totemism repudiated, Kennedy, on N[=a]gas, JRAS. xxiii. 480.]

[Footnote 59: The Indian Antiquary contains a vast fund of folk-lore stones of more or less religious importance. See Barth's note, Rev. xxix. 55, for the Orientalist.]

[Footnote 60: Early accounts of Burmah will be found in Buchanan's Religion and Literature of the Burmas, AR. vi. 163; of the R[=a]jmahal tribes, T. Shaw, _ib._ iv. 45; of the inhabitants of the Garrow Hills, Eliot, _ib._ iii. 17; of the Kookies, MacRae (or McRae), _ib._ vii. 183; of Nepal (temples, etc.), _ib._ ii. 307. An account of the Tibeto-Burman tribes by Damant will be found in JRAS. xii. 228.]

[Footnote 61: Compare a suggestive paper by the same author, IF. iv, p. 36 (1894), on Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Indogermanen (linguistic, but historically important).]

[Footnote 62: Volga as 'Pâ, Ranha, Ras[=a], Kuhn, KZ. xxviii 214; the Sarasvat[=i] and the lost river, Oldham, JRAS. xxv. 49.]

[Footnote 63: Another curiosity will be found in JRAS., 1854, p. 199, where Curzon claims that the Aryan Hindus are autochthonous.]

[Footnote 64: Leitner, Greek Influence on India, Congress, 1880, p. 113. On the Drama see above, pp. 2 and 438.]

[Footnote 65: Further, Westergaard, Ueber den ältesten Zeitraum der Indischen Geschichte; Fergusson, JRAS. xii. 259; Fleet, _samvat_ for Çaka-era, JRAS., 1884, p. lxxi; Gupta, IA. xv. 189, and xvi. 141; (B[=e]r[=u]n[=i]), _ib._ xvii. 243, 359; also Kielhorn, Vikrama, IA. xix. 24 ff.; xxii. III; Bühler, WZKM. v. 215. Methods and Tables for Computing Hindu Dates, Jacobi, IA. xvii. 145; and Epigraphia ind. I. 430. Last literature on date of Rig Veda, above, p. 5, and add now Oldenberg, ZDMG. xlviii. 629. Further references, above, pp. 436, 571, notes.]

* * * * *

INDEX.

A (alpha), 226, 397.

abbots, 557.

abhangs, 522.

abhidhamma, 326.

Abhinavagupta, 482.

Abh[=i]ras, 543.

ab[=i]r, 454, 455.

absorption, 496

abstractions,112, 135.

[=a]c[=a]ra, 554.

Achaemenides, 544.

[=A]di Br[=a]hma Sam[=a]j, 517, 519.

[=A]digranth, 511 ff.

Aditi, 55, 73, 139, 142, 154

[=A]dityas (see Aditi, Varu[n.]a, etc), 55 (A[.n]ça), 143, 167; [=a]dityabhaktas, see sun and S[=a]uras.

adultery, 203

adv[=a]ita, 396, 496, 505.

Aesculapius, 538.

Afghanistan, 30, 548.

[=a]gamas, 295, 439.

ages, 227, 259, 418 ff., 444, 530.

Aghor[=i], 490, 533.

Agnes, saint, 451.

Agni, 43, 101, 105 ff., 123, 144, 168, 353, 356, 377, 401, 414. 445, 449, 476, 480, 554.

ahimas[=a], 199, 287, 310, 365.

Ahura Mazd[=a]o, 49, 67, 167. 170.

[=A]k[=a]çamukhas, 486.

Akbar, 437, 546.

Akkadians, Akkadists, 542, 571.

ak[s.]am[=a]la (see rosary) 374.

Al B[=e]r[=u]n[=i], 547, Addenda.

Alexander, 431, 546.

Alexandria, 431, 561.

All-god, 139, 141, 496.

All-gods, 137, 144, 450.

Allah [=u]d d[=i]n, 437.

alphabet, 543, 595.

altars, 475. 490

altruism, 478, 555, 556, 563, 567.

American Indians, see Indians.

[=A]nanda, 309, 311; [=A]nanda Giri, 445, 447; [=A]nandat[=i]rtha, 509.

Ananta, 397.

ancestors (see female, Manes), ten, 534.

Anaximander, 559.

ancestor-tree, 541.

Andaman gods, 538.

androgynous, 447, 492, 557.

a[.n]gas,440.

A[.n]g[=i]ras, 108, 167, 477.

A[n.][=i]m[=a][n.][d.]avya, 432.

Aniruddha, 441, 442, 457.

annihilation (see Nirv[=a][n.]a), 421, 531, 532.

ant-oath, 534.

Antiochus, 545.

Anug[=i]t[=a], 401.

Aphrodite, 471.

Apollonius, 508.

April-Fool, 455.

Apsaras, 137, 169, 355, 365.

Arabia, 547.

[=A]ra[n.]yakas, 178, 219.

ardhan[=a]r[=i]çvara, 447.

Arhat, 280, 285, 303, 320, 564.

Arjun, 511.

Arjuna, 361.

Arrian, 459.

arrow-oath, 534.

art, artists, 549.

Aryaman, 46, 121, 397.

Aryan, 11, 26, 548.

[=A]rya Sam[=a]j, 521.

açani, 464.

ascetics, 148, 254, 258, 304, 352 ff.; asceticism, 287, 366, 470, 520.

açoka, 540.

Açoka, 311, 340, 341, 435.

astrology, 256, 438, 543.

Asuras, 42, 49, 104, 170 ff., 186 ff., 358

Asura Maya, 368.

Açvins, 38, 54, 78, 80, 381.

Atharva Veda, 3, 29, 43, 151, 175, 419, 477, 571.

Atharvan, 110, 378, 477.

[=A]tm[=a], 42, 47 (soul), 56, 220 ff., 232, 249, 354, 396, 398, 442.

[=A]tm[=i]ya Sabh[=a], 516.

atonement, 376.

Avadh[=u]tas, 502.

avasthas, 412.

avatar, 162, 196, 215, 340, 389, 393, 404, 424, 430; number of, 444, 468; Vishnu's last avatar, 522.

Avesta (see Iranian), 12, 16, 422.

avy[=u]ha 442.

Ayenar, 464.

axe (see Paraçu R[=a]ma), 527.

Aztecs, 557.

B[=a]b[=a]l[=a]ls, 514.

Baber, 437.

Babrius, 558.

Babylon, 543.

Bacchic rites, 414, 427, 528.

Bactria, 32, 33, 434.

B[=a]dar[=a]ya[n.]a, 495, 497.

B[=a]la Gop[=a]la, 503.

Balar[=a]ma, 442, 469.

bali, 540.

Bali, 478.

bamboo (see pole-rite), 536.

bandana, 533.

banian, 540.

Bardesanes, 561.

Barlaam, 557.

Basava, 482, 547.

basil, see tulas[=i].

Baskets, see Tripi[t.]aka.

Beh[=a]r, 435.

bel-tree, 453, 536, 541.

bell, 557.

Bella Pennu, 530.

Bellerophon, 530.

Benares, 459.

Bhaga, 41, 50 ff.; bhaga, 490.

Bhagavad G[=i]t[=a], 389 ff., 399, 400, 401, 447.

Bhagavat, 303, 389.

Bh[=a]gavatas, 447, 497.

Bh[=a]irava, 464, 491.

Bh[=a]ktas, 447.

bhakti (see faith), 429, 503, 519.

Bh[=a]rata, 349 ff., 438, 457.

Bh[=a]rs, 534, 535 ff.

Bh[=a]ts, 479.

Bhava, 462, 464, 548.

Bhav[=a]n[=i], 494.

bhik[s.]u, 258, 281, 303, 310, 374; bhik[s.]uk[=i], 426.

Bhils, 533.

Bh[r.]gu, 168, 397, 423.

bicycle, used to make converts, 570.

bigotry, 445.

bila, 12.

bilva, see bel.

bird (of the sky) 45, 49, 113, 124, 140, 164; birds as spirits, 432.

birth-impurity, 541.

Birth-stories, see J[=a]takas.

birth-tree, 540.

Blavatskyism, 562.

Blessed One, 19, 388 ff.

blood-money, 162.

blood-revenge, 375.

bloodless sacrifice (see ahi[.m]s[=a], Thugs), 528.

boar, 404, 407, 445.

Bodhisat, bodhisattva, 303, 564.

Bhodhi-tree, bo-tree, Bodhi Gay[=a], 304, 308, 540.

boundary-god, 529.

brahma, 156, 178, 195, 217, 220 ff., 231 ff., 381, 389, 393 ff., 398, 403, 419, 420, 474, 496, 518.

Brahm[=a], 195, 218, 332, 346, 372, 403 ff., 407, 412, 421, 446, 451, 458 ff., 464 ff., 487, 492, 499, 518, 534.

Br[=a]hma Dharma, 517.

Brahmaloka, 256.

Brahmamaha, 371, 411.

Br[=a]hma[n.]as, 4, 5, C^ 22, 23, 174, 219, 502.

Brahmanism, 24, 176 ff., 548.

Br[=a]hma Sam[=a]j, 516; of India, 519.

Bahmasamprad[=a]yins, 509.

brahmodya, 383.

branding, 440, 447.

B[r.]haspati, 54 (Lord of Strength), 101, 136, 159, 379, 386.

B[=r.]hat Sa[.m]hit[=a], 438.

brothers, 370.

Buddha, 258, 280, 303 ff., 426; precedent Buddhas, 309, 523, 557; avatar of Vishnu, 469, 500; brother of Çiva, 478.

Buddhagho[s.]a, 327, 343.

Buddhism, 4, 5, 6, 7, 26, 225, 298 ff., 310, 401, 448; Northern and Southern, 326, 327, 341; esoteric, 320, 334; epic, 423 ff.; Çivaite, 485, 486; morals of, 554, 556; Occidental, 563; lesson of, 564.

Budo Gosain, 533.

buffalo (see cow-bells), 445, 531, 537.

bull, 407, 445, 528, 534.

bull-roarer, 204, 553.

burial, 60, 271, 364, 528, 534, 571.

buttoat, 493.

Calvinism, 501.

Candragupta, 311, 434.

Candraçekhara, 470.

cara[n.]a, 255.

C[=a]ra[n.]as, 367.

Caran D[=a]s[=i]s, 506.

Cardinals, 557.

Carnival, 455.

C[=a]rv[=a]ka, 298, 374, 448.

castes, 27, 28, 29, 40, 141, 226, 263, 426, 507, 571; duties and occupations of, 549.

cat, holy, 547.

cat-doctrine, 500.

cataclysms, 259, 260.

cattle (see cow), 50, 462 ff., 450.

caturm[=u]rti, 413.

caturthi, 451.

caturvy[=u]ha, 442.

celibates (see monks), 537.

Ceylon, Buddhism of, 341.

C[=a]itanya, 503.

chandas, 142, 174, 477.

Ch[=a]rans, 479.

chief, divinity of, 534.

child-marriages, 519.

children, sacrifice of (see merias), 450.

Ch[=i]rus, 535.

choirs, 557.

chrematheism, 135, 166.

Christ, Christianity, 389, 395, 428 ff., 431, 479, 482, 503, 524, 545, 566, 569, 570; and Buddhism, 546, 557.

Christmas, 430, 568.

churik[=a], 441.

circumambulations, 271, 454.

Citragupta, 424.

Clive, 566.

cock, 415, 535, 538.

commandments (see morals), 267, 317, 401, 479, 506.

confessional, 203, 373, 557.

cosmic tree, see tree.

courage, 527.

covenants, 192, 361 ff.

cow, 156, 189, 527, 547.

cow-bells, worship of buffalo cow-bells, 537.

cow-boys, 454.

creation, 60, 141, 173, 207 ff., 216, 540.

creator, 384, 444.

crocodile, 450, 547.

cross, 537.

Cupid, see Love.

custom, 531, 554.

Dabist[=a]n, 480, 510.

D[=a]d[=u] Panth[=i]s, 480, 502, 510, 513, 547.

daevas, 10, 168.

Dak[s.]a, 406.

D[=a]navas, see devils.

dance, 443, 454, 456, 504, 535.

Darius, 544.

darkness (as hell and evil), 147, 206, 227, 422.

Daçan[=a]mis, 482.

Daçapeya, 477.

Dasyus, 524, 542.

dates, 3-8, 434 ff., 571, 595, note.

Datt[=a]mitra, 545.

Dawn (see Ushas), hymns, character of, 553, 571.

Day[=a]nanda, 521.

Death (see dogs, M[=a]ra), 43, 129, 136.

Debendran[=a]th, 516 ff.

Decoits, 494.

Dedr[=a]j, 514.

deism, 498, 515, 523.

deluge, 160, 162 214, 369, 421, 542, 543.

demons, see devils.

demonology, 46, 135, 168, 538.

Demetrius, 545.

depressed classes, 568.

devas, 10, 168.

Devadatta, 309.

Devak[=i], 465, 467.

devils, 368, 414, 423, 475, 526, 539.

Dhammapada,346.

dhan, 508.

Dha[=n.]gars, 531.

Dharma, dharma (see Path, Right), 249 ff., 358, 373, 380 417, 420, 554.

dharma, 361.

Dhav[=a], 452.

Dh[r.]ti, 452.

dhvaja, 443.

Digambaras, 284 ff., 480.

Dionysos, 458 ff.

D[=i]p[=a]l[=a], 456.

discus, 440, 462.

disease (see small-pox god), 452 ff., 538.

divination, 535.

dogs of Death, 132, 138, 147, 163.

Dol[=a] Y[=a]tr[=a], dolotsava, 453 ff.

dolmen, 538.

dolphin, 450.

dragon (see N[=a]ga, snake), 42, 48, 165, 539.

drama, 2, 436, 438.

Dravidian religion, 416, 425, 426 ff., 542.

dreams, 42.

drugha[n.]a, 441.

Druids, 533.

drunkenness, 491.

dualism (see ptak[r.]ti, S[=a][.n]khya), 13, 396, 414.

Durg[=a], 416, 451, 456, 490, 492, 513.

d[=u]rv[=a], 502.

Dutch rule in India, 566.

dv[=a]para, 420.

Dy[=a]us, 9, 19 (heaven), 58, 172, 571.

eagle (see soma), 534.

Earth, 58 ff., 168, 445; earth-worshippers, 480, 531.

Easter, 454.

education, salvation of, 571.

egg, mundane, 166, 208, 411.

Egypt, 543, 550.

ek[=a]ntinas, 413; eka deva, 420.

Eleatics, 559.

elements, 1, 559.

elephant, 445, 533.

eleocarpus ganitrus, 502.

emperors, imperialism, 36, 435 ff.

English rule in India, 566.

ensigns, 539.

epic, 2, 25, 348 ff., 425, 444, 496; Greek influence on, 545.

Epicureans, 505.

eras, 436.

Eros, see Love.

eschatology (see Heaven, Hell, Manes), 173, 204, 216, 253, 367, 394, 496, 530.

ethnologists, 11.

euphemism, 251.

Europe and India, 556 ff.

evil eye, 155, 526, 589, note 3.

exogamy (see marriage), 534, 535.

fables, 545, 558.

faith, bhakti, 396, 506, 507, 545.

fakirs, 486.

family, see matriarchy.

fasting, 452, 557.

fate (see karma), 369, 417, 477.

Father-god, see Praj[=a]pati; Fathers, see Manes; father (see parents), 529.

fauna, 35.

fees, 192.

female (see abstractions, infanticide, mothers, çakti), divinities, 51, 138, 184, 416; female ancestors, 441, 534.

Feridun, 11.

festivals, 202, 448.

fetishism, 169, 363; distinction between fetish and god-stone, 538.

fire (see Agni), as germ of life, 141; fire-cult, 158, 378; destroys world, see Sa[.m]vartaka; cult, 454, 460, 491.

flood, see deluge.

flowers, 440, 540, 557.

forest (see wood), 528.

fountain-god, 531.

free-will, 384.

frogs, 14, 100 ff.; frog-maiden, frog-feast, 536.

funeral, see burial.

gambler, 14, 162, 376.

games, 328, 451.

Gandharva, 125, 130, 167, 367, 419, 442, 542.

Gan-eden, 542.

Ga[n.]eça, 414, 416, 447, 450 ff., 456, 466, 487, 506, 532.

G[=a][n.]eças, 413.

Ganges, 30, 372, ff., 450.

Garos, 534.

Garutman, Garuda, 45, 360, 378, 446.

G[=a]ur[=i], 452.

Gautama, 302 ff.; Gotama, 308, note; 542.

g[=a]yatr[=i], 46, 124.

generosity, 374.

geography, 28, 29, 177, 193, 314, 342 ff.

Ghori, 437.

ghosts, 532.

giants, 470, 571.

Giriça, 463.

g[=i]t[=a], see Bhagavad.

G[=i]ta Govinda, 457, 503.

Gnosticism, 560.

gods (see devas), 29, 90, 141, 182, 209, 395, 402.

golden age, see ages.

golden germ, 141, 208, 507.

golden rule, 479.

Gonds, 444, 526 ff.

goose-totem, 534.

gop[=i]s, 456.

Gorakhn[=a]th, 486.

gosain, 504.

Gos[=a]la, 283.

gospels, 546.

Gotama, see Gautama.

Govind, 511.

grace of God, 143, 384, 393, 396, 413, 429.

grahas (see planets), 415.

gr[=a]mas, 27.

Greece, Greeks, 1, 3, 6, 416, 431, 434 ff., 458 ff., 470, 471, 544 ff., 550.

Grippa Valli, 530.

G[=u][d.]aras, 487.

guest, 369, 531.

gu[n.]as, 507.

Gupta era, 436, Addenda.

guru, 246, 510.

Hanuman (see monkey), 368, 502.

haoma, 16.

Hara, 462.

Harahvati, 31.

Harihara, 464, 547.

Hariva[.n]ça, 424, 428, 439, 464, 467.

H[=a]r[=i]ta, 440.

Hartmann, 562.

Harvard students, 565.

harvest (see festival), 531, 532.

Hastings, 567.

Heathen, 524.

Heaven (see Dy[=a]us, Varu[n.]a, eschatology), 48, 143, 145 ff., 253, 365, 417, 448.

Helen, 12, 168.

Hell, 147, 165, 206, 232 ff., 253, 267, 336, 363, 381, 402, 443, 478, 528, 557.

henotheism, 139, 177, 571.

Herakles, 458 ff., 470.

Heraklitus, 558.

Hestia, 530.

hills, see mountains and wild tribes.

Hinduism, 24, 348 ff., 434 ff., 548, 568 ff.

Hindukush, 31.

Hira[n.]yagarbha (see golden germ), 447.

history, 434.

holiness, 442.

Holl, 453.

holy-days, 204, 248 ff.

holy-places, 444.

holy-stone, see Ç[=a]lagr[=a]ma and stone.

holy-water, 557.

horse-sacrifice, 444.

honesty, 527, 555.

hospitality (see guest), 555, 556.

house-god, 374, 530.

H[r.][s.]ikeça, 432.

humanitarianism, 428.

humanity, 433.

idealism, see adv[=a]ita.

idolatry, modern, 522.

idols, 95, 370, 371, 374, 442, 446, 477, 537, 556 ff.

Ilium, 12.

illusion, 395, 396, 401, 421, 497.

immaculate conception, 431, 460.

immortality (see Heaven), 141, 396, 422; immortality of pots, 534. incarnation (see magic), 470.

Incarnation, see avatar.

incest (see commandments, left-hand), 531.

Indians, 161 ff., 452, 532, 533, 542.

Indra, 10, 20, 39, 56, 57, 89, 91 ff., 101, 123, 332, 353, 355 ff., 69, 377, 404, 405, 412, 414, 445, 448, 449, 473 ff.

Indramaha, 378, 457, 460.

Indus, 30.

infanticide, 529, 531.

infidelily, 448, 475.

Innocents day, 455.

inspiration, 305.

Iranians, 6, 15, 26, 32 ff., 67, 132, 168, 170, 186, 422, 543.

[=I]ça, 546.

islands, 431.

Issa, 546.

Itih[=a]sa, 434, 477.

Jagann[=a]th, 440, 449, 456, 505.

J[=a]imini, 495.

Jainism, 280, 318, 348, 401, 448, 480.

Jam[=a]li, 283.

J[=a]mbavan, 368.

janas, 26, 27.

Jangamas, 447, 482.

Janm[=a][s.][t.]am[=i], 465, 469.

J[=a]takas, 339 ff., 393, 430, 558.

J[=a]tavedas, 416.

Jayadeva, 503.

Jay[=i], 494.

Jem[=i]dar, 493.

Jemshid, 11.

Jews, 524, 544.

j[=i]va, 442, 496.

J[.n][=a]ndev, 522.

J[.n][=a]triputra, 292.

John, saint, 558.

Jonas, story of, 547.

Josaphat, 557.

Judgment-god (see Dharma), 529, 531.

Juggernaut, see Jagann[=a]th.

jugglers, see Yogi.

Justice, see Dharma.

Ka, 182, 413.

Kab[=i]r (Panthis), 502, 510, 514, 547.

Kabul, Kabulistan, 30.

kal[=a], 501.

K[=a]la, see Time.

kali, 421.

K[=a]l[=i], 416, 438, 441, 490, 492, 533.

K[=a]lid[=a]sa, 438.

Kalki, 340, 469.

kalpa, see ages.

K[=a]ma, see Love.

Ka[n.][=a]da, 503.

K[=a]naph[=a]ts, 486, 487.

K[=a][.n]culiyas, 492.

Kani[s.]ka, 435, 436.

K[=a]p[=a]likas, 487.

kapi, 543.

Kapila. 397, 402, 495, 547.

Kapilavastu, 300.

karma, 199, 231, 253, 302, 319, 369, 374. 401.

Karmah[=i]nas, 447.

Karmam[=i]m[=a][.m]s[=a], 495.

Kart[=a]bh[=a]ja, 504.

K[=a]rttikeya, see Skanda.

K[=a]çyapa, 503.

Kashmeer, 31, 314, 482.

Kassos, 534.

Katties, 537.

Kh[=a]kis, 502.

Kh[=a]ls[=a], 512.

Khasas, Kh[=a]s[=i]as, 537.

Khonds, 445, 526, 528 ff.

Kil, 502.

kindness (see love), 448.

kings, 226 465.

Kinnaras, 367.

kirttan, k[=i]rtan, 508.

Koches, 525.

Koles, Kolarians, 525, 531, 532 ff.

koph, 543.

Kosmas, 544.

Krishna (k[r.][s.][n.]a), 349, 361, 388 ff, 399, 401, 405, 411, 412, 429, 448, 449, 456, 457, 465, 498, 548, 551.

Krishnaism, 427, 464, 484 ff., 548.

Krishnaite[s.], 503 ff.

k[r.]ta, 419.

K[s.]apanakas, 448.

K[s.]atriya, 419.

K[s.]emendra, 478.

Kubera, 251, 353, 358, 446.

kukkuja, see cock.

Kum[=a]ra K[=a]rttikej-a (see Skanda), 356, 463.

Kum[=a]rila, 436, 437, 572.

Kural, 567.

Kurus, 32, 179.

Kuruk[s.]etra, 33, 263, 372 ff.

kush, 542.

Lak[s.]m[=i], 451, 492, 501, 506.

Lalita Vistara, 343.

Lamaistn, 343, 557, 565.

Lamp-festival, 456; service, 557.

Law-books, religion of, 247 ff.; Aryanism of, 541.

Left-hand cult, 490, 506, 533.

lex talionis, 555.

liberality of thought, 556.

light, as right, 422.

li[.n]ga (see phallus), 447, 453, 456, 462, 475, 488, 502.

Li[.n]g[=a]yits, 482.

liquor, 491, 531.

literature, celebration of, 451.

Logos, V[=a]c, 142, 195, 251, 492, 558.

Lohit[=a]yan[=i], 415.

lotus, 411, 451, 462, 502.

Lotus of the Law, 343.

Love, 154; love-charm, 155; love as god, 156, 416, 444, 445, 446, 450, 452, 455, 471, 544.

lundi, 528.

Lupercalia, 455.

Lurka Koles, 531, 534.

M[=a]dhava [=A]c[=a]rya, 445.

M[=a]dhvas, 502, 506, 509, 514.

Madonna-worship, 469, 503, 505, 506, 557.

M[=a]gadha, 435.

Magas, Magi, 544.

magic, witchcraft, 135, 137, 149, 151 ff., 477, 526.

Mah[=a]deva, 464; mah[=a]dev[=i], 490.

Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata, see Bh[=a]rata.

Mah[=a]r[=a]jas, 505.

m[=a]h[=a]ris, 534.

mah[=a]tmaism, 486, 550, 562.

Mah[=a]v[=i]ra, 280 ff.

Maheçvaras, 482.

Mahmud, 436.

Mahrattas, 437.

M[=a]itreya, M[=a]itrakanyaka, 340, 479.

makara, 450.

Man, 508, worshippers of, 481.

Manes (see Çr[=a]ddha), 10, 11, 132, 143 ff., 155, 173, 190, 250, 361, 364, 365, 446, 450, 452, 529, 530, 532, 533, 537.

Man-lion, 453, 470.

mantra, 174, 374, 440, 453, 491, 508.

Manu, 32, 128, 143, 169, 392; code of, 263 ff., 391, 397, 399, 401; verse attributed to, 487.

manvantara, 439.

M[=a]ra, 304, 346.

m[=a]rj[=a]ra ny[=a]ya, 501.

marka[t.]a ny[=a]ya, 501.

marriage-rites, 270, 421, 533.

marriage-tree, 541.

Maruts, 8, 56, 97 ff.

Mather, Cotton, 565.

matriarchy, 441, 541.

matter (see prak[r.]ti), 400.

M[=a]y[=a], see illusion.

May-day, 453.

meat-eating (see ahi[.m]s[=a]), 365, 368.

medh[=a], 452.

Megasthenes, 1, 458 ff.

Menandros, 545.

merias, 529.

metals, 35.

metempsychosis, 175, 199, 204, 286, 302, 347, 364, 401, 532, 533, 559; in the Veda, 145, 432, 530.

methods of interpretation, 8, 12 ff., 22, 551.

Mihira, see Mithra.

Milinda, 545.

M[=i]m[=a][.m]s[=a], 495.

miracles, 430.

missionaries, 566 ff.

Mitra (see Varu[n.]a), 41, 44, 57, 60, 71, 138; mitra, mihira, 423, 544.

Mohammedans, 436 ff., 482, 509, 524, 546 ff.

monks (see ascetic, bhik[s.]u, Sanny[=a]sin), 285, 324; monasticism, 502, 557.

monkey (see Hanuman), 448, 452, 502, 547; monkey-doctrine, 500.

monolith, worship of, 538.

monotheism, 11, 13, 67, 70, 139, 172, 413, 414, 427, 432, 442, 481, 483, 509, 547.

monsoon, 35.

moon (see eschalology, Gandharva, Soma), 185, 470, 480, 526, 533.

morals (see commandments, sin), 14, 143, 180, 203, 353, 375, 401, 443, 553, 570.

mother-divinities, 415, 492; motherhoods, 534.

mountains, divine, 137, 359, 416, 461, 463, 528, 532, 537.

mouse, 532.

Mozoomdar, 519.

muni, 148, 520.

Munroe, Major, 566.

murder, 179, 475, 527.

music, 443.

M[=u][s.]ikas, 532.

mysticism (see Yoga), 504.

N[=a]gas (see dragon, snake), 536, 539.

N[=a]g[=a]rjuna, 340, 343.

Nakh[=i]s, 486.

name of the Lord, call upon, 507.

names, 201.

N[=a]nak, 502, 511 ff., 547.

N[=a][.n]gi Panthis, 514.

Nara, N[=a]r[=a]ya[n.]a, 412, 448; Sv[=a]mi N[=a]raya[n.]a, 506, 514.

Nature, 397.

nautch, 454.

Neo-Platonism, 558, 560.

New Year's festival, 449, 456.

Niadis, 537.

nid[=a]nas, chain of causality, 323.

Night, 48, 76, 79.

Nik[=a]ya, 326.

Nimb[=a]ditya, 508.

Nirgrantha, 283.

Nirmalas, 513.

Nirv[=a][n.]a, 286, 310, 319, 321 ff., 336, 346, 347, 426 ff.

Ni[s.]ads, 440.

non-duality, see adv[=a]ita.

Notovitch, 546.

numbers, 478.

nuns, 290, 310, 330, 557.

nymphs, in heaven, 417.

Nysian, 458.

oath (see ordeals), of king, 213; may be broken, 255; water in oath, 362; other forms of oath, 533, 534.

observances, 246.

oceans, 34.

offerings, 183.

Om, 395, 453.

Omens (see magic), 256, 328.

ophir, 543.

oracles, 533, 534.

Or[=a]ons, 526, 531, 535.

ordeals, 3, 270, 275, 363.

orders, politica), priestly stadia, 264, 353, 365.

orthodoxy, 507, 562.

pacceka, 305.

P[=a]h[=a]rias, 533.

pairs of gods, 83, 102, 138, 462.

palm, 540.

palmistry (sce omens), 256.

P[=a][.n]cajanya fire, 423. Pa[.n]cak[=a]la, Pa[.n]cak[=a]j[.n]as, 413.

Pa[.n]camah[=a]kalpa, 413.

Pa[.n]catantra, 558.

P[=a][.n]car[=a]tra, 413, 427, 442, 447, 492, 497.

P[=a][n.][d.]avas, 466, 469.

P[=a][n.]dur[=a][.n]ga, 500.

pantheism (see K[r.][s.][n.]a, R[=a]ma, Vi[s.][n.]u), 37, 47, 57, 138, 140, 248, 356, 407, 414, 484 ff., 498, 547.

Paradise, see Heaven.

Paraçu R[=a]ma, 469.

parents, 370.

parimata, 227, 229, 232.

Parjanya, 100 ff., 369, 378.

Parmenides, 559.

parrot, 445, 450.

P[=a]rvat[=i], (goddess) 'of mountains,' 416.

Paçupati, 413, 462, 463.

P[=a]çupata, 447, 482, 509.

P[=a]taliputta, 311.

Pata[.n]jali, 495.

Path, holy, 305 ff., 401,426.

peacock, 445, 450, 528, 536.

Persian, see Darius, Iranian.

pessimism, 306, 314, 316 ff.

phallus (see li[.n]ga), 150, 414, 443, 470. 471, 528, 544.

Ph[=a]nsigars, 494.

Philo, 555.

philosophy (see S[=a][.n]khya, Ved[=a]nta), 141, 495.

Phoenicia, 543.

picture-worship, 374, 557.

pipal-tree, see bo-tree.

Piç[=a]cas (see devils), 415.

planets, 367, 415, 545.

plants, worship of (see trees), 540; plant-souls, see metempsychosis.

Plato, 2, 559.

Plotinus, 561.

pocket-altars, 475.

pole-rite, 378, 443, 534.

political divisions, 26, 27.

polyandry, 467, 535.

polygamy, 533.

polytheism, 11, 13, 529, 547.

Pongol, 449, 528.

pools, 254. 370, 372, 404, 444, 478.

pope, 557.

Porphyry, 561.

Portuguese rule in India, 566.

Prabh[=a], 452.

Pradyumna, 441, 442.

Prabl[=a]da, 397.

Praj[=a]pati, 142, 182 ff., 196 ff., 404, 412,475, 492, 554.

prak[=r.]ti, 396, 397, 399, 507.

pras[=a]da (see grace) 429.

pray[=a]ga, 435.

Prem S[=a]gar, 567.

priest, 28, 29, 40, 176, 179, 370; privileges of, 263,549; epic priest, 352.

P[=r.]çn[=i], 97.

Prometheus, 107, 165.

Punj[=a]b, 30, 33, 34.

Pur[=a][n.]as, 2, 3, 424, 430, 434 ff., 476, 503.

Puranic S[=a]nkhya, 495.

purity, 148, 369.

purgatory, 557.

Purusa, 142, 397, 447.

P[=u]rvam[=i]m[=i]m[=a]ms[=a], 495.

P[=u][s.]an, 5, 41, 47, 50 ff., 80, 101, 463, 464, 475.

Pu[s.]kara, 372.

Pu[s.][t.]i, 452.

P[=u]lan[=a], 444.

p[=u]tika, 369.

Pythagoras, 209, 559 ff., 580, note 3.

quakerism, 567.

quietism (see Yoga), 567.

R[=a]dh[=a], R[=a]dh[=a] Vallabhis, 492, 506.

R[=a]hu, 367.

rain-gods, 99, 528.

rajas, 507.

R[=a]jas[=u]ya, 444, 448, 477.

R[=a]k[s.]as (see devils), 419.

ram, 445.

R[=a]ma, 349, 397, 498.

R[=a]macandra, 454, 506.

Ramaism, 315, 349, 427, 485, 500 ff.

R[=a]m[=a]nand, 502, 510, 513.

R[=a]m[=a]nuja, 447, 482, 496 ff., 505, 507.

R[=a]m[=a]ya[n.]a, 349 ff.

Ramcaritmanas, 503.

R[=a]mmohun Roy, 515.

Ras[=a] (Volga, 26), 30, 169.

R[=a]s D[=a]sas, 502.

R[a=]s Y[=a]tr[=a], 456, 505.

Rath Y[=a]tr[=a], 456.

Rail, 452.

R[=a]udras,447.

R[=a]vana, 470.

redemption, doctrine of, 569.

reformation of sects, 508, 522.

relics, 556.

remnant-worship, 151, 157.

Renaissance, 2, 435.

renunciation (see Yogi, Sanny[=a]si), 394.

responsability, moral, 380.

Ribhus ([R.]bhavas), 93, 123, 169, 382.

Right (see Dharma), 249, 422, 442, 554.

Right-hand cult, 490.

Rig Veda ([r.]g), 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 ff., 22, 29, 37 ff., 44; in epic, 360, 419.

Rishis ([R.][s.]is), see Seers.

ritual, 12 ff., 16 ff., 106, 124, 175.

ritualism, 568.

rivers, divine, 30 ff., 32, 99, 138, 528. 537.

Romans, 6, 556.

rosary, 374, 413, 478. 502, 557.

rosy, 493.

Rudra (see Çatarudriya, Çiva), 50, 54, 97, 99, 379, 388, 406; Rudra-Çiva, 458 ff.; Rudrajapas, 463.

rudr[=a]k[s.]a, 502.

sacraments, forty, 255.

sacrifice, 47, 60, 149, 177 ff., 188, 196, 198, 211, 225, 246, 363, 369, 375, 406, 413, 420, 423, 450, 462, 471, 490 ff., 526, 528, 529, 534, 571.

S[=a]dhus, 514.

Ç[=a]ivas (see Çivaites), 413.

Çaka era, 436.

Sakh[=i] bh[=a]vas, 492.

Ç[=a]ktas, 413, 489, 533.

çakti, 489, 490, 537, 553.

Çakuntal[=a], 438.

Ç[=a]kya, 300, 302.

ç[=a]lagr[=a]ma, holy stone, 447, 502, 540.

sallo kallo, 531.

Sam[=a]jas, 516 ff., 369, 570.

S[=a]ma Veda, 176, 389, 396, 419.

Samana, 302, 344.

Çambhu, 487.

Çam[=i] çam[=i]-plant, 540.

sa[.m]vartaka fire, 421.

sa[.m]s[=a]ra. 175, 199, 231, 253, 380, 425.

sa[.m]sk[r.]ta, 396.

sa[.m]vat, 436.

Sanatkum[=a]ra, 466.

Ç[=a][n.][d.]ila, 221, 497, 509; s[=u]tras, 503.

Sandrocottos, 435.

Sa[.n]gha, 324, 341.

Ça[n.]kara, 289, 437, 445; vijaya, 480; 482, 495, 505, 506.

S[=a][.n]khya, 323, 365, 391 ff., 396, 399, 400, 402, 460, 482, 484, 489, 495, 509, 547, 560.

Sanny[=a]s[=i]n, 258, 281, 508.

Sara[n.]y[=u], 81, 138.

Saram[=a], S[=a]rameya, 131, 132, 138.

Sarasvat[=i], 31 ff., 149, 451, 492.

Ç[=a]r[=i]rakam[=i]m[=a][.m]s[=a], 495.

Çarva, 462, 463, 548.

Sarvadarça[n.]asangraha, 480.

Çatarudriya, 413, 470.

Sat n[=a]m, 512.

sattra, 371, 420.

sattva, 507.

Saturnalia, 455.

S[=a]ubhagasena, 545.

S[=a]ugatas, 448, 567.

S[=a]uras, 413,423, 508.

Sav[=a]ras, Sauras, 535.

Savitar (see Sun), 41 ff., 46 ff.

S[=a]vitr[=i], 46, 466, 492.

S[=a]ya[n.]a, 480.

Schopenhauer, 561.

sects, 445.

Seers, 368.

Semiramis, 543.

Semites, 571.

Sen, 518.

sesamum, 452, 502.

Çesa, 446, 465.

seven, 18, 26, 32, 49, 64, 98, 162, 533.

Seypoys, 566.

sex, 43, 59, 183, 490.

Siddhas, 367, 397, 482.

Sikhs (Singhs, Si[.m]has), 8, 502, 510-513.

sin (see commandments, vows), 42, 47, 51, 60, 65, 329, 376, 392, 530, 554; venial, 254; sin and sacrifice, 526.

si[.n]g[=a]-tree, 533.

Çiçup[=a]la, 457.

Sittars, 315, 367, 482, 488, 567, 570.

Çiva, 25, 50, 99, 112, 150, 178, 251, 332, 354, 365, 374, 388 ff., 397, 404, 406, 412 ff. 487, 532-534.

Çivaism (see Ç[=a]ivas), 348, 389, 407, 413, 423, 427, 446, 451, 453, 466, 480, 484, 488, 496, 548; sacrifice of, 371, 453, 459, 462, 492.

Çivaites, 481 ff., 483.

Skanda (K[=a]rttikeya), 354, 410, 414, 445, 466.

slaves, 29, 425, 477, 548, 549.

small-pox god, 452, 528.

Sm[=a]rtas, 482, 507.

Sm[r.]ti, 440.

snake (see dragon, N[=a]ga), 20, 94, 154, 164, 186, 344, 361, 376, 397, 419, 446, 469, 527, 533, 536, 539, 547.

sociological data, 27, 60, 524 ff.

solar mylhs, 11.

Soma, 14, 16, 42, 50, 112 ff., 185, 354, 369, 378, 477, 491, 531, 540, 571.

Som[=a]nanda, 482.

son, importance of, 148, 363.

sophistry, 383.

sorcery, see magic.

soul (see [=a]tm[=a], j[=i]va), 530.

sources, 3.

spirit (see [=a]tm[=a]), 400, 442.

spring, god of, 528.

spring-festival, 449, 452, 456.

Çr[=a]ddha (see Manes), 451, 453, 455.

Çrama[n.]a, 281, 292, 302.

çravaka, 303.

Çr[=i], 438, 441, 451, 492.

Çr[=i]ra[n.]ga, 456.

Çruti, 245 ff., 373, 378.

star-souls, 204, 366, 446.

star-worshippers, 480, 526, 533.

Stoics, 558, 563.

stone, worship of (see ç[=a]lagr[=a]ma), 526, 533, 538; marriage-stone, 271, 535.

straw (victim), 526.

st[=u]pas, 556.

Subrahma[n.]ya, 466

Ç[=u]dra (see slave), 419; S[=u]droi, 548.

suicide, 378.

S[=u]kharas, 487.

Çulvasutra, 560.

Sun, 17, 39, 40 ff., 47, 51, 56, 57, 82, 164, 205, 354, 377, 401, 402, 446, 449, 452, 460, 492, 508, 509, 526, 528, 530, 532, 534, 543 ff.

Sunday, 452.

Sunth[=a]ls, 532.

Ç[=u]nyav[=a]ds, 448.

sur[=a], 127.

S[=u]ry[=a] (see Sun), 51, 82, 449, 492.

Sutta, 326.

suttee, 165, 274, 369, 441.

S[=u]tras, 3, 4, 5, 7, 174. 245 ff.

Sv[=a]mi, see N[=a]r[=a]ya[n.]a.

svastiv[=a]canam, 371.

Çvet[=a]mbaras, 284 ff., 480.

swing, see D[=o]l[=a].

tab[=u], 251, 535.

tamas (see darkness), 507.

Tamerlane, 436.

Tamil, poetry, 315; religion, 524.

tan, 508.

Tantras, 2, 439, 476, 491

tapas (see asceticism), 520.

Tari, 528, 530.

Tath[=a]gata, 303.

temples, 428, 444, 447, 452, 456, 471, 526, 557; snake-temple, 539.

Ten-galais, 501.

[t.]haks, 535.

[T.]h[=a]kur[=a][n.][=i], 535.

Thales, 559.

theft (see commandments, morals), 527, 554.

theosophy, 40, 112, 384.

thieves, god of. 554.

Thomas, church of, 479.

three, 42, 49, 110, 164.

Time, see fate.

Thugs, 492 ff., 528, 535.

thunder-worship, 536.

tiger, 533.

tillais, 494.

t[=i]rtha, see pools.

Tiru-valluvar, 567.

Todas, 526, 537.

tonsure, 557.

tortoise (see avatar), 536.

totem, totemism, 163, 430, 445, 464, 468, 532, 534, 537, 557.

traga, 479.

tr[=a]ipuru[s.]a, 464.

transmigration, see metempsychosis.

transubstantiation, 557.

trees, worship of, 35, 154, 470, 528, 533, 540; tree of creation, 540, 542.

tret[=a], 420.

triad, 42, 46, 183, 377, 404, 460.

tribes, 26 ff.

Trida[n.][d.]is, 482.

trim[=u]rti (see trinity), 447, 464.

trinity (see triad, trim[=u]rti, tr[=a]ipuru[s.]a), 57, 105, 237, 387, 404, 410, 411, 412, 432, 439, 507, 516, 545; four members, 445; prayer to, 447; history of, 457 ff.; female, 492, 499.

Tripi[t.]aka, 326, 347.

Trip[=u]jas, 480.

Trita, 11, 45, 104, 431.

Troy, story of, 547.

truth, 203, 369, 381, 527, 533, 553.

Tuk[=a]r[=a]m, 524.

tulas[=i], 456, 502, 540.

Tulas[=i]d[=a]sa, 503.

Turanian, 15, 435.

Tu[s.][t.]i, 452.

tutelary gods, 530.

Ud[=a]sis, 513.

Ugras, 447.

[=U]kharas, 487.

Um[=a], 416, 460, 490, 492.

Unitarians, 413, 485, 547.

Up[=a][.n]gas, 440.

Upani[s.]ads, 3, 4, 5, 7, 24, 181, 216 ff., 389, 399, 405, 434, 447, 518.

Upapur[=a][n.]as, 440.

up[=a]saka, 310.

Upendra, 409.

[=U]rdhvab[=a]hus, 486.

Uçanas, see B[r.]haspati.

Ushas (U[s.]as), Dawn, 9, 10, 19, 73 ff.

Uttaram[=i]m[=a][.m]s[=a],495.

V[=a]c, see Logos.

Vada-galais, 501.

V[=a]ikh[=a]nasas, 447.

V[=a]ir[=a]gins, 508.

V[=a]içe[s.][=i]ka, 503.

V[=a]i[s.][n.]ava, 371, 413.

V[=a]içv[=a]nara (see Agni), 507.

V[=a]içya, 419, 487, 525.

Vala, 20.

Valabh[=i] era, 436, 572.

Valentine, saint, 451.

Vallabhas, 504-508.

V[=a]lm[=i]ki, 503.

Var[=a]hamihira, 438.

Varu[n.]a, 18, 41, 42, 44, 47, 58, 61 ff., 138, 170, 196, 353, 354, 397, 448, 539, 554; as the moon, 571.

vasanta, see spring festival.

V[=a]sto[s.]pati, 530.

vassallus, vassus, 530.

vasso, 292.

V[=a]suki, 397.

V[=a]ta, V[=a]yu, see Wind-god.

Veda, 12, 15 ff., 142, 174, 188, 222, 256, 374, 401, 420, 425, 510.

Ved[=a]nta, 143, 228, 264, 365, 396, 398 ff., 416, 460, 484, 495 ff.; s[=u]tra, 437.

'Vehicles,' 340.

vermilion, 532.

Vesta, 530.

Vet[=a]la, 537.

Vidy[=a]dharas, 367.

Vighneça, 488.

vih[=a]ra, 435.

Vikram[=a]ditya, 436.

village-tree, 540.

Vinaya, 326.

Virabhadra, 467.

Vir[=a]j, 507.

Virgin-worship, 557.

virtue (see commandments, dharma, morals), ideals of, 555.

viças, 27, 194.

Viç[=a]kha, 466.

Vishnu (Vi[s.][n.]u), 41, 52, 56, 112, 144, 178, 251, 332, 354, 365, 388 ff., 412 ff., 451 ff.; feast of, 456; 460, 487, 492, 498, 508, 534.

Vishnuism, 143, 348, 389, 413, 446, 464, 480, 494 ff.

Vishnu's law-book, 441.

Viçv[=a]mitra, 27.

Vi[t.]h[t.]hala, 500, 508, 514, 522.

Vivasvant, 81, 128 ff., 146, 392.

void, see Ç[=u]nya.

Volga, see Ras[=a].

vows, 293, 317, 378.

V[r.][s.]abha, 482.

Vr[=a]tya-hymns, 179.

Vritra (V[r.]tra), 20, 120, 185, 357, 369.

Vy[=a]sa, 488, 495.

warriors, 28, 29, 419.

water (origin of all things), 48, 107, 141, 330, 362, 378.

waters, 99.

water-pot, 453.

water-worshippers, 480.

wealth (see Bhaga), 528.

White Island, 413, 426 ff:, 431, 545.

wife, see woman.

wild-tribes, 471, 490, 493, 534 ff., 569.

wind-god, 87 ff., 123, 165, 354, 460; worshippers, 480.

witchcraft, see magic.

witness (see oath), 250.

women (authors of Rig Veda), 27; burned, see suttee; as nuns, 291, 310; religion of, 370; use mantra, 440, 450, 453; price of wife, 270, 535.

wood, see trees.

wood-goddess, 138, 530.

worlds, number of, 402.

writing, 4, 7, 331, 544. 595.

Yajur Veda, 24, 176 ff., 419.

Yak[s.]as, 415.

Yama (see Citragupta, Hell), 16, 45, 49, 128 ff., 144, 146, 353, 365, 378ff., 397, 451, 480, 540.

Yima, 11, 16,128 ff.

Yoga, yogin or yogi, 262, 281, 304, 351, 391 ff., 399, 402, 470, 486, 495, 550.

yoni, vulva, 475,490.

yuga, see ages.

Zarathustra, Zoroaster (see Iranian), 10, 72, 524.

Zeus, 9, 66.

Ziegenbalg. 565.

Zoölatry, 547.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Religions of India, by Edward Washburn Hopkins