Chapter 29

Kellner, M. L.--The Deluge in the Izdubar Epic and the Old Testament.

[Reprinted from the Church Review, November, 1888.]

Lacouperie, T. de.--Origin from Babylonia and Elam of the Early Chinese Civilization. Series of articles in the BOR III-VIII.

[Also in book form under the title, 'Origin of Early Chinese Civilization and its Western Sources.' (London 1894.) Lacouperie's method is unsatisfactory. The theory, however, merits farther investigation.]

Lotz, W.--Quaestiones de Historia Sabbati. (Leipzig 1883.)

Lyon, D. G.--Assyrian Study: Its Bearing on the Old Testament. The Christian Register, 1885, Nos. 15, 16.

Menant, J.--Remarques sur un Cylindre du Musee Britannique. La Bible et les Cylindres Chaldeens. CR, 1879, 270-286.

[Discussion of a scene on a cylinder supposed to represent the first human pair and the serpent.]

Meyer, Ed.--Der Babylonische Einfluss auf Judenthum und Christenthum. BAZ, 1894, No. 344.

Oppert, J.--Origines Communes de la Chronologie Cosmogonique des Chaldeens el des Dates de la Genese. APC, 6th series, XIII. 237-240.

Palmer, A. S.--Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs. Tehom and Tiamat, Hades and Satan: a Comparative Study of Genesis, i., ii. (London 1897.)

Robiou, F.--L'Etat Religieux de la Grece et de l'Orient au Siecle d'Alexandre ... II. Les Regions Syro-Babyloniens et l'Eran. (Paris 1896.)

[Unsatisfactory, and not based on independent researches.]

Sayce, A. H.--The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. (London 1894.)

[Suggestive, but unreliable. Full of inaccuracies.]

---- Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (2d ed. London 1886.)

Schleussner.--Die Bedeutung der Ausgrabungen in dem Euphrat und Tigris-Gebiet fuer das Alte Testament. (Wittenberg 1892.)

Schrader, E.--Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. 3d ed. (Announced for 1898.)

[English translation of the 2d German ed., 'The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament.' London 1885-1889.]

Sillem, C. H. W.--Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Assyrischen Forschungen und ihrer Ergebnisse. (Hamburg 1877.)

Simpson, William.--The Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. TSBA IX. 307-332.

Stucken, Edward.--Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Parts I., II. (Leipzig 1896-1897.)

[Rather fanciful.]

Tallquist, K. L.--Altbabylonischer Aberglauben in den Abendlaendern. [In Norwegian]; Valvoja, Helsingfors, 1896, 498-520.

---- Fornbabyloniska och hebraeiska psalmer. Finisk Tidskrift, Mars 1892.

Tiele, C. P..--Die Assyriologie und ihre Ergebnisse fuer die Religionsgeschichte.

[German translation by Friederick. Leipzig 1878.]

Toy, C. H.--Esther as a Babylonian Goddess. The New World, VI. 130-145.

Vigouroux, F.--Le Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes en Palestine, en Egypte et en Assyrie. 4 vols. (Paris 1884-1885.)

[Written from a Catholic standpoint, but comprehensive and accurate.]

Wahrmund.--Babylonierthum, Judenthum und Christentum. (Leipzig 1882.)

Ward, W. H.--Light on Scriptural Texts from Recent Discoveries, Hebrew and Babylonian Poetry. The Homiletic Review, 1895, 408.

Zehnpfund, R.--Einige zeitgemaesse Bemerkungen ueber den Wert der Assyriologie fuer die alttestamentliche Litteraturkritik. (Ernste Allotria. Dessau 1896.)

Zimmern, H.--Die Assyriologie als Huelfswissenschaft fuer das Studium des Alten Testaments und des Klassischen Alterthums. (Koenigsberg 1889.)

---- Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Purimfestes. (Zeits. f. alttest. Wiss., XI. 157-169.)

Zschokke, Hermann.--Ueber die Wichtigkeit der Assyriologischen Forschungen, insbesondere fuer das Alttestamentliche Bibelstudium. (Vienna 1884.)

INDEX.

_A_, or _Malkatu_, her names and their explanation, 74; position and relationship to Shamash, 74-5, 176, 685; temples of A and Shamash in Larsa and Borsippa, 70, 241; temple E-edinna in Sippar, 640.

_Ab_, 5th month, sacred to Nin-gish-zida, 462, 547; "the mission of Ishtar," 564; festival of Ishtar, 685.

_Abram_ and _Abraham_, followers of, in fight with Babylon, 2; cult of Father Abraham, 562.

_Abu-Habba_, excavations, 10; see also _Sippar_; temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Abu-Shahrein_=Eridu.

_Abydenus_, source for B. A. religion, 1, 5.

_Achaemenian inscriptions_, 16.

_Ad_, Arabic tribe, 496.

_Adad_=Ramman, 157; solar deity of Syria, 156.

_Adam_, parallelism betw. A. and Eabani, 511; parallelism betw. A. and Adapa, 552.

_Adapa Legend_, a nature myth, 548, 644 ff.; found on El-Amarna tablets, 544; Adapa, son of Ea, 545; A. fighting the south wind, 545 ff.; seconded by Tammuz and Gish-zida, 548-9; identified with Marduk, 548; Adapa myth compared with 3d chapter of Genesis, 551.

_Adar_, 12th month, sacred to the Seven Evil Spirits, 463; 15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685; compared with Purim, 636.

_Adar, 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Ashur, 463.

_Addu_, equivalent of Ramman, 156.

_Adon_, Phoenician equivalent for Tammuz; see _Tammuz_.

_Adra-Khasis_, epithet of Parnapishtim, 505.

_Aelian_, historian, mentions Gilgamesh, 469, 524.

_Agade_, ancient center, 35, 245; rulers, 36; temple E-ul-mash of Nana, 82; temple of Anunit-Ishtar, 117, 242; zikkurat E-an-dadia, 639.

_Agriculture_, A. and calendar, 462.

_Agum_, see _Agumkakrimi_.

_Agumkakrimi_, king of Babylon, recovers the statues of Marduk and Sarpanitum, 122, 152, 670, 687; cult of Shamash, 144; cult of Shukamuna, 162; institutes special festival for Marduk and Sarpanitum, 687.

_Ahasverus_, the wandering Jew, =Parnapishtim, 515.

_Ai-ibur-shabu_, name of street in Babylon, 679.

_Airu_, 2d month, sacred to Ea, 462, 677; 12th day of A., sacred to Gula, 683; installation of king Ashurbanabal, 684; sacred in Assyria, 684; 10th day of A., sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_A-ishtu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Akitu_, see _Zag-muk_; festival, 679.

_Akkad_, see also _Sumer_ and _Akkad_; =Babylonia, 176, 532.

_Akkadian_=Sumerian.

_Alala_, deity, 417; in incantations, 417; in Allatu's court, 593; consort of Belili, 589; connection with Alallu, 589.

_Alallu_, a bird; relations to Ishtar, 482, 589; connection with deity Alala, 589.

_Alamu_, phase of Nergal, 280.

_Alexander Polyhistor_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5, 413.

_Alexander the Great_, probably contemporary of Berosus, 1; A. and Gilgamos, 469, 516.

_Alexandria_, gnostic center, 699.

_Allatu_, goddess, 1st Bab. period, originally associated with Bel, 104; associated with Nin-azu, 586, 590; associated with Nergal, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593; goddess of subterranean cave, 104, 282, 511, 565, 580; in incantations, 282; =Nin-ki-gal, 282, cf. 584; Namtar, her messenger, 570, 580, 587, 592; Belit-seri, her scribe, 587; pictured as a lion, 580; Allatu's court, 587, 592; authoress of evil and disease, 593; called Eresh-kigal, 584 (_cf._ 282); vanquished by Nergal, 584-5; imitation of Tiamat-Marduk episode, 585; correlated to Ishtar, goddess of fertility, 587; explanation of name, 587.

_All-Souls' Day_, see under _Tammuz_ and _Dead_, 599, 605, 682.

_Altar_, description of, 651; the "horns" of the altar compared with those of Hebrew and Phoenician altars, 652.

_Alu-usharshid_, king of Kish, 54.

_Amalgamation of divinities_, cause, features, and results, 74-5, 94-5.

_Amanus_, district famous for its wood, 627.

_Amiand_, his attempt at a genealogical arrangement of Old Bab. pantheon, 108.

_Am-na-na_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Amraphel_=Hammurabi, 534.

_Amulets_, see _Talisman_, _Teraphim_, 672, 674.

_Anatum_, goddess, consort of Anu, 153.

_Animism_, starting-point of religious belief, 48; survivals of, 180 ff., 457; popular rather than theological, 187.

_Anshar_, god, in the cosmology, 197, 410, 417; =Ashur, 197, 414-5; A. and Kishar created, 197, 410; builds Esharra, 198; A. and Kishar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in cosmology, 414, 416; Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418; conquers Tiamat (one version), 422.

_Anshar-gal_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Antar_, Arabian romance of A., 494.

_Antares_, observations of, 372.

_Antioch_, gnostic center, 699.

_Antiochus Soter_, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.

_Anu_, god, 51; relationship to Ishtar, 84-5; Der, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162; god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432; abstract conception, 89; priest of Anu, 90; Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90; member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677; in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110; artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152; position in Agum's pantheon, 152; dwells in Uruk, 153; Anatum, his consort, 153; in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207; associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212; associated with Dagan, 154, 209; disappears after Sargon, 155; in religious texts, 156; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593; fighting Tiamat, 197; temple in Lagash, 53, 640; temple at Ashur, 207; succeeded by Ashur, 207; associated with Ishtar, 207; blesses handiwork, 208, 237; associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7; Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; associated with Nusku, 277, 286; made god of heavenly expanse, 432; "Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457; pole star of the ecliptic, 460; Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677; Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463; 2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463; in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.

_Anunit_, goddess, 51; a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; worshipped at Agade, 117, 242; shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.

_Anunnaki_, explanation of name, 184; number of, and its explanation, 185; spirits of earth, 185, 593; gods in whose service the A. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Igigi, 186, 593; altar of A. and Igigi, 186; shining chiefs of Eridu, 186; ruled by Ishtar, 204 (_cf._ 502); Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; Bel, king of all the A., 222; associated with the great triad, 236; created by Marduk, 447; offspring of Anu, 593; A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493; in the deluge story, 500, 502 (_cf._ 204); in Allatu's court, 593.

_Apollodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Apotheosis_, see _Deification_.

_Apsu_, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580; synonymous with Tiamat, 411; male principle, 411; dominion of A. and Tiamat precedes that of the gods, 412; gods, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 413; mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 414; basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in Solomon's temple, 653.

_Arabia_, metals and stone exported, 627.

_Arabians_ invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.

_Arakh-shamnu_, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686; 15^th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Aralu_, the nether-world, 489, 557; called E-kur or mountain house, 558; distinction betw. Aralu, the mountain (= earth), and Aralu, the district of the dead proper, 558; names and epithets of A., 563, 592; pictorial representation of, 579 ff.; pantheon of, 582 ff.

_Arbela_, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651; meaning of name, 203; theological center, 342, 651.

_Archaeological religious monuments_, 14.

_Architecture_, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6; see _Temple_.

_Ardi-Ea_, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491; takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.

_Ark_, see _Ship_.

_Ark of the covenant_ compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods, 655.

_Armenia_, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.; exports precious stones, 627.

_Arts_, patron gods, 177-8.

_Aruru_, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474; creates Eabani, 448, 474; = Ishtar, 448-9; creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.

_Ashera_ compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Ashur_, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198; temple to Ashur, 198, 651; temple to Ishtar, 205; temple to Anu, 207; temple to Shamash, 209; temple to Bel, 225; temple to Ea, 230; intellectual center, 651.

_Ashur_, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668; rivaled by Ramman, 161; in Ass. pantheon, 189; head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200; his unique position, 191-2, 215; local deity, 193; symbol, 194, 632; interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685; general character of Ashur, 195; etymology of name, 196; Anshar another form of A., 197, 414; god of battle, 195, 199, 201; chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2; king of the Igigi, 200; associated with Ninib, 214; his temples few, 215; associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218; associated with Marduk, 224; associated with the great triad, 236; name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237; superiority to Marduk, 239; god of oracles, 344; Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345; 2d Adar, sacred to A., 463; Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.

_Ashurbanabal_, library, 13; patron of science and art, 43, 229; rule, 44; recaptures Nana's statue, 85, 206; gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129; celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683; embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

_Ashuretililani_, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.

_Ashurnasirbal_, king of Assyria, 205; gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214; Calah, his capital, 215; builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215; as a hunter, 216; builds sanctuary to Gula, 218; builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219; his pantheon, 237; gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.

_Ashur-rish-ishi_, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.

_Assyria_, military superiority, 2; history by Herodotus, 3; art and antiquities, 7; character of country and culture, 30-1; character of people, 31; comparison with Babylonia, 31; architecture, 42; history, 41-4; conquest of, 44; sun worship, 78; Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85; Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128; religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153; influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179; pantheon, 188; divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9; comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201; attacked by Cassites, 199; A. god of oracles, 344; continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab. deities, 642; Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.

_Assyrians_, see _Assyria_.

_Astrology_, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20; bar to monotheistic development, 319; observation of the planets, 370; questions put to the astrologer, 369.

_Astronomy_, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245; mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses, 357; in the observation of the planets, 370; forms part of cosmology, 454; the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457; composite character of A. science, 460; divisions of, 460-1; moon and sun in, 461.

_Azag-sir,_ minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.

_Babbar_, surname of Shamash, 72; etymology, 72.

_Babylon_, founded, 2; supremacy, 2; capture of, 4, 45; ancient center, 35; capital of Babylonia, 39, 116; Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531; E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639; temple of Shamash, 242, 640; temple of Sin, 242; temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640; temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242; temple of Gula, 242, 638; attacked by Dibbarra, 531; zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639; temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640; religious center of the country, 649-50.

_Babylonia_, conceptions of netherworld, 2; notices in rabbinical literature, 3; extent, 26; character of country, 30; character of people, 31; character of culture, 34; Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.; dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489; united under Hammurabi, 116; Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85; Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128; Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153; periods of Bab. religion, 162; gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163; Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179; comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201; country of Bel, 222; under Ass. rule, 223; source of Ass. culture, 222; independent of Assyria, 239; political and religious centers, 245; replaces Nippur, 542; sanctuary of Nabu, 640; sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664; Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684; continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass. worship of Bab. gods, 642.

_Babylonians_, see also _Babylonia_; subjects of Bel, 222; humanity of Bel, 222.

_Babylonian-Assyrian religion_, 1; phases of, 46-7; age of essentials of religion, 114; gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189; continuity of B.-A. religion, 642; see _Assyria_ and _Babylonia_.

_Bahrein_, exports wood, 627.

_Ba-kad_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

_Balasi_, astrologer, 340.

_Balawat_, explorations, 9; portals of palace at B., 627.

_Bar_, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Bashtum_, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Battles of Yahwe_, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

_Bau_, goddess, 51; her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678; temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103; Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677; consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677; identification with Gula, 60; her sphere, 60; daughter of Anu, 59-60; mother of Ea and water-deity, 61; common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61; Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60; her sons (Amiaud), 103; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; Bau's ship, 655.

_Ba'u-ukin_ = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

_Baz_, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

_Bel_, see also _Marduk_ and _Bel-Marduk_; god, temple of, 4; temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; position in the Babylonian theology, 52; oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52; temple in Lagash, 53; growth of his cult, 53; blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222; phases of cult, 55; associations and relations with Ea, 62; associated with Allat, 104; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; subordination to Marduk, 118; transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635; god of earth _par excellence_, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497; creator of mankind, 141, 441; in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504; Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677; Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162; in Cassite period, 146; temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146; in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6; in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147; epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274; relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226; Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538; Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; relationship to Zakar, 172; lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186; husband of Ishtar, 205; confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209; Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217; Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Nusku, messenger of, 221; temple at Ashur, 225; dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225; associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8; consort of Ishtar, 205; of Belit, 226; B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays foundations, 237 (_cf. Ninib_); associated with fire-god, 279, 286; Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432; in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the three divisions of the year, 434-5; identified with north polar-star, 435, 460; Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677; 2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463; Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.; god of Dur-an-ki, 539; on seal cylinders, 540; robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540; temple E-U-gal, 640; figurines of Bel, 674; Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

_Bel-epush_, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

_Bel-Marduk_, see _Bel_ and _Marduk_.

_Belili_, deity, 417; in incantations, 417; sister of Tammuz, 575, 588; in Allatu's court, 588, 593; consort of Alallu, 589.

_Belit_, goddess, 51; place of cult, 55, 635; titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227; sanctuaries, 56; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151; consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668; uses of "Belit," 151; Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153; relationship to Zakar, 172; associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8; confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7; consort of Bel, 226; consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237; = Ishtar, 226-7; = Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684; E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227; B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings fertility, 237; temple at Babylon (see _Nin-khar-sag_), 242; = Nin-lil, 635; figurines of, 674.

_Belit of Akkad_ = Belit, 162, 176.

_Belit-ekalli,_ in the Cassite pantheon, 162; consort of Ninib, l73; = Gula, 173, 176; meaning, 173.

_Belit-ilani,_ consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237; B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; increases offspring, 237.

_Belit mati_ = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215; perhaps=Belit, 227.

_Belit-seri_, scribe of Allatu, 587.

_Bel-sarbi_, god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639; perhaps=Nergal, 242.

_Bel-zir_, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

_Berosus_, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

_Birs Nimrud_, explored, 9.

_Bit-Khabban_, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

_Bit-Khabban_, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

_Blood_, sanctity of, 661.

_Boaz_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Borsippa_, explorations, 9; temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639; its situation, 124, 125; beloved city of Marduk, 126; temple of Ramman, 242; 3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641; zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639; E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_Botta, P. E._, excavations, 6.

_Buddhism_, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

_Bulala_, a foreign god, 644.

_Bunene_, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162; in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176; associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

_Bunene_ and _Malik_, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Malik, 177; associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

_Burial_, see _Dead_.

_Bur-Sin_, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

_Calah_, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; temple of Nabu, 128, 228; temple of Belit mati, 151; temple of Ninib, 214; capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215; sanctuary of Sin, 219; intellectual center, 651; worship of Ninib, 215, 684; palace of Sargon II., 687.

_Calendar_, fixed by Marduk, 434; importance of moon for c., 436, 461; agriculture and c., 462; growth and character, 465; adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

_Cappadocian_ wedge writings, 20.

_Cassites_, dynasty, 40-1, 480; cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645; cult of Shamash, 144, 646; cult of Ramman, 158; cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162; cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172; attack upon Assyria, 199.

_Chaldaean Wisdom_, 362, 384, 403.

_Chaos_, attempts at picturing c., 411, 419; gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

_Christianity_, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

_Claudius Ptolemaeus'_ astronomy, 5.

_Commercial literature_ in syllabaries, 135.

_Cosmology_, 247, 407 ff.; the Tiamat episode, 140; two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8; literary-religious character of, 247; rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249; distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3; distinction as to contents and form, 250; historical kernel, 250; c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417; not _creatio ex nihilo_, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote of c, 418, 442; similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451; creation of heaven, 435, 443; of sun, 435; of moon, 436; of earth, 443; of mankind, 443; second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the first version, 444 ff.; the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50; the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489; see _Creation epic_.

_Court of the World_, name of temple, 641.

_Creation epic_, purpose of, 409; similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433; literary form, 409 ff.; a nature myth, 432-3; representation of sun, 461; see _Cosmology_.

_Ctesias_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

_Cult and worship_, cf. _Festivals_ and _Rituals_; organization, 115, 133, 234; gods in cult and in invocations, 238; revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3; tree-worship, 688-9; compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

_Cuneiform_, see _Wedge writing_.

_Cuthah_, ancient center, 35; = Tell-Ibrahim, 65; cult and temple Nergal (see _Laz_), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667; a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570; synonymous with netherworld, 583.

_Cuthaeans_, 532.

_Cyrus_, captures Babylon, 4, 45; adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

_Dagan_, god, 51; confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; associated with Anu, 154, 209; chiefly in Assyria, 208; comparison with Dagon, 208; probably Aramaic origin, 208; god of earth, 209.

_Damascius_ (or Damascenus), see _Nicolas of Damascus_.

_Damascus_, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

_Damkina_, consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231; meaning of name, 143; relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143; in magical texts, 143; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; title Belit-ilani, 231; occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.

_Damku_, god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps foreign deity, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Damu_ and _Damu-gal_, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

_Daniel_, book of; bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3; Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (_cf._ 668); illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403; authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

_Dead_, universal, 556; location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf. _Netherworld_); All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592; furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657; deification of dead, 561, 582; condition of dead, 563 ff.; purified, 578, 602; can hear lamentations, 575, 577; cannot be brought back from Aralu, 576, 582; suffer hunger, 598-9; tombs and burial, 595 ff.

_Death and burial_, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.; cave burial, 557; pyramid burial, 557.

_Deborah_, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Deification_ (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527; of dead, 561, 582; of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561; of Gimil-Sin, 561; of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

_Delila,_ parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

_Delitzsch, Friedrich_, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

_della Valle, Pietro_, traveler, 15.

_Deluge_, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495; place of origin of deluge, 498; embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506; points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.; antiquity of the tradition, 508.

_Demons_, see also _Animism_ and _Spirits_; chief demon, 57, 497; in incantations, 287; how exorcised, 330; when not to be exorcised, 378; messenger of god, 378; _Targul-le_, in the deluge story let loose by Dibbarra, 500; the Utukku, 260 (_cf._ 511); the Ekimmu, 260 (_cf._ 512); authors of evil and disease, 183, 593, 306, 692.

_Der_, center of worship of Nina, 88; city of Anu, 88, 155.

_de Sacy, Silvestre_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_de Sarzec, Ernest_, explorer, 11.

_Dibbarra_, in Ass. pantheon, 189; plague-god, 232, 505, 528; a spirit, 232; identified with Nergal, 232, 528-9, 594; minor god, 234; in the deluge story, 500 (_cf._ 505); solar deity, 528; god of war, "the warrior," 528-9; attendant of Nergal, 529, 588; attended by Ishum, 529; D.'s attack upon Babylon, 530-1; D.'s attack upon Uruk, 531; general war among mankind, 531 ff.; Dibbarra enraged and appeased, 535; identified with Girra, 588.

_Dibbarra epic_, see _Dibbarra_, 232, 528 ff.; recalls the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Dilbat_, city in Babylonia; temple of Ninib, 242; zikkurat E-gubba-an-ki, 639.

_Dilmun_, island, 125.

_Diodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 399, 435.

_Dirges_, sung by priests and priestesses, 604, 658; by priestesses, 660.

_Divine names_, variety of names of individual divinities and local uses thereof, 73; transference of name and its meaning, 118, 140-1; in proper names, 165-6, 169; obscurity of, 233.

_Djumdjuma_, 10.

_Dogma_, establishment of, 115, 133, 247, 690 ff.

_Dreams_, importance of, 322-3; on par with oracles, 350, 479; treated as omens, 350, 403 ff.; in the Gilgamesh epic, 481, 486, 497.

_Du'ar_, _Da'ur_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Du-azagga_, council chamber of the gods, 629; = Apsu, 630; place where the sun rises, 630.

_Dumu-zi_, god; his double aspect, 96-7; worship at Lagash, 635.

_Dumuzi-zu-aba_, god, 51; interpretation of name, 96; functions and character, 96; places of worship, 96; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dungi_, of Ur, builds temple of Nergal at Cuthah, 65; builds temple of Nana in Uruk, 81; builds temple to Nin-Mar, 100; deified, 167, 470, 561.

_Dun-shagga_, 51; son of Nin-girsu, 91; meaning of name, 94; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dur-an-ki_, name of a temple tower in Nippur, 539.

_Dur-ilu_, Ass. city near Elamitic frontier; cult of Kadi, 232.

_Dur-Kurigalzu_, temple of Bel, 146.

_Dur-padda_, a fort sacred to Ramman, 158.

_Dur-zakar_, sanctuary of Belit, 56.

_Du'zu_, see _Tammuz_.

_Ea_, god, 51; functions, 62, 78, 230; epithets, 62, 142, 173, 230; associations and relations with Bel, 62; king of Eridu, 62-3, 275; sanctuary in Girsu, 61; god of the water, 63, 147, 237, 275, 430, 699; explanation of name, 64; identification with Nin-a-gal and other deities, 64; member of the great triad, 107, 148, 207, 230, 677; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 111; survival of his cult, 123-4, 136; change of position since Hammurabi, 136; non-mention in historical texts, 136; prominence in religious texts, 136; Ea and Marduk in incantation texts, 139-40; transfers his name to Marduk, 118, 141, 439; god of humanity _par excellence_, 141 (cf. 264, 275, 297, 437, 441, 462, 497); formed of clay, 142; Ea in the deluge story, 142, 497, 504; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; god of fine arts, 177; fighting Tiamat, 197, 422; Ninib, first-born of Ea, 217; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; Belit, consort of, 226, 231, 237; Nabu, son of, 229; in the Ass. pantheon, 230; sanctuary at Ashur, 230; titles emphasizing his skill, 230; house of wisdom, 522; similarity and difference between Ea and Nabu, 230-1; Ea and Belitilani, names of southern gates of Sargon's palace, 237; unlocks fountains, 237; shrine in E-Zida, 241; prominent in incantations, 137, 256, 275; the spirits hostile to, 264 (cf. 141); as a healer, 275; overcomes eclipse of moon, 276; associated with fire-god, 279, 286; in the Shurpu series, 288; conquers Tiamat, 422; in the zodiac in conjunction with Nibir and Bel, 434-5; identified with some star in southern heaven, 435, 460; Iyar, his sacred month, 462, 677; Ea in the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Bel, 497, 507 ff.; Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 498, 545; father of Adapa, 545; Ea in Ishtar's descent, 571; Ea's sanctuary E-karzaginna, 636.

_Eabani_, created by Aruru, 448, 474; E. and Ishtar, 484, 486; parallelism betw. Adam and E., 511; E.'s spirit conjured up by Nergal, 511 ff., 560, 565.

_E-adda_, temple of Anu, 53, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-an-dadia_, name of zikkurat at Agade, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-anna_, temple of Ninni in Girsu, 80; temple of Nana or Ishtar in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 331, 639, 648; meaning of name, 639.

_Eannatum_, burial costumes, 597.

_E-babbara_, name of the temples of Shamash in Larsa and Sippar, 70, 628, 640; worship of Shamash, Malik, Bunene in E. at Sippar, 176, 628; meaning of name, 640; history of Ebabbara in Sippar, 646 ff.; with shrine of Anunit, 646; history of Ebabbara in Larsa, 647.

_Ecbatana_, concentric walls, 618.

_Ecclesiastes_, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

_Eclipses_, e. of moon removed by Ea, 276; cause of e., 264, 276, 280; calculation of time of occurrence of e., 357; indication of omens the ulterior motive of observations of, 357, 368; omens gathered from observation of e. in the "Illumination of Bel" series, 364 ff.; eclipses portend public disaster, 366, 369; importance of omens deduced from observations of e., 368; e. of sun called the "way of Anu," 457.

_Eden_, Garden of, legendary, 2; identical with the confluence of streams, 506.

_Edessa_, gnostic center, 699.

_E-dim-anna_, chapel of Sin in E-Zida, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-dingiranagin_, see _E-anna-tuma_.

_E-ditar-kalama_, sanctuary of Shamash in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-dur-an-ki_, zikkurat at Larsa, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-dur-gi-na_, temple of Belsarbi, 242, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-edinna_, temple of Shamash's consort, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-esh-gi_, shrine of Nin-girsu at Lagash, 640.

_E-gal-makh_, temple in Ur, 639.

_E-gish-shir-gal_, temple of Sin at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 647; meaning of name, 640.

_E-gi-umunna_, a sanctuary, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-gubba-an-ki_, zikkurat at Dilbat, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh_, temple to Ninni at Kish, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_Ekallate_, name of city in Assyria, cult of Ramman and Shala, 212.

_E-karzaginna_, sanctuary of Ea in E-Sagila, 636.

_E-kharsag_, temple in Ur, 638.

_E-kharsag-ella_, temple of Gula in Babylon, meaning of name, 638.

_E-kharsag-kalama_, name of temple, 638; E-kur-makh, 638.

_E-kharsag-kurkura_, dwelling of Bel, 225; temple in Assyria, 615; meaning of name, 638.

_E-khulkhul_, temple of Sin in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; meaning of name, 641.

_E-ki-dur-garza_, temple to Nin-lil-anna in Babylon, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_Ekimmu_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 512, 581, 602).

_E-kua_, papakhu of Marduk in E-Sagila, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-kur_, temple of Bel, 11, 37, 51, 54, 69, 151, 642, 644; meaning of E-kur, 173, 217, 614, 638; = Eshara, 217; history of the temple, 644 ff.; = Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, 558; lofty dwelling of gods, 541; designation for the nether-world, 558; = temple, 558, 614 (cf. 622); = earth, 614; in plural = divinities, 615.

_E-kur-makh_, name of temple, 638; = E-kharsag-kalama, 638.

_Elali_, in proper names of the 2nd Bab. period, 170; epithet of Gibil, 170.

_Elam_, 35; Elamites invade Babylonia, 38, 480; capture Nana's statue, 85; Elamitic deities: Eria, 122, 162; Kadi, 188, 232, 234.

_El-Amarna_, tablets of, containing the Adapa legend, 544; contains legend of Nergal conquering and wedding Allatu, 584-5.

_Elul_, see _Ululu_.

_E-makh_, chapel to Nin-kharsag, 639.

_E-makh-tila_, shrine to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_E-mash-mash_, temple of Ishtar, 152; of Belit, 227.

_E-me-te-ur-sagga_, temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_En-anna-tuma_, patesi of Lagash, constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

_En-anna-tuma_ II., 2nd dynasty of Ur, devotee of Nin-gal, 98.

_E-nin-makh_, chapel of Ishtar in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-ninnu_, temple of Nin-girsu, 57, 87, 635, 640.

_En-ki_, see _Ea_.

_En-lil_, see _Bel_.

_En-meshara_, attendant of Allatu, god of vegetation, 588; festival of E. in the 10th month, 588.

_Ennanna_ = Ninni, 51.

_En-ninna_, a minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_En-nugi_, leader of the gods, 495.

_En-temena_, patesi of Lagash, 56; constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

_En-tena_, see _En-temena_ (better reading).

_E-nun-makh_, temple of Sin at Ur, 295, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_Enshar_, cosmological deity, 417.

_En-zu_, see _Sin_.

_E-pa_, zikkurat at Lagash, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_E-pad-kalama-suma_, sanctuary of Nabu in Babylonia, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_Epics and legends_, literary-religious character of, 247; historical spirit of, 250; nature myths, 250.

_Erech_ = Warka = Uruk; see _Uruk_.

_Eresh-Kigal_ = Allatu, 584.

_Eria_, Elamitic goddess, possibly identical with Erua, 122, 162.

_Eridu_, ancient center, 35, 245, 445; sanctuary of Ea, 62, 124, 445; lost her political prestige, 136; cult of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186; prominent in incantations, 256.

_Erua_, the "begetting" goddess, 123; amalgamation with Sarpanitum, 122-3, 130; dwelling in E-Zida, 123; consort of Nabu, 123; possibly identical with Eria, 122; water deity, 123; cult suppressed by Hammurabi, 130; place of worship, 130.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 121, 636; with a shrine of Sarpanitum, 121, 241, 636, 641; with shrine of Nusku, 220, 241; with shrine of Nabu, 127, 220, 636; with shrine of Ea, 220, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 220, 241; with shrine of Nin-kharsag, 639; sanctuary E-karzaginna of Ea, 636; meaning of name, 639; with papakhu of Marduk, 640; takes the place of E-kur, 645; history of E-Sagila, 648 ff.; place of installation of rulers, 649; influence of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 649.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Ea, 446.

_E-salgisa_, temple in Girsu, 641; meaning of name, 641.

_Esarhaddon_, king of Assyria, 200; restores temple of Nana-Ishtar at Erech, 85, 206; his pantheon, 238; restores Ekur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646.

_Eschatological literature_, gods and demons in e., 183.

_E-shara_, meaning, 173, 175, 198; offsprings of, 174; bride of E., 173, 175; built by Anshar, 198; built by Marduk, 198, 431 = Ekur, 217; placed by Marduk under control of Bel, 432.

_E-shid-lam_, temple of Nergal and Laz at Cuthah, 65, 648, 667.

_Etana_, legendary personage, 468, 505, 519 ff.; dwells in the netherworld, 511, 520, 523, 527, 590; E.'s patron, Shamash, 520; name occurs in O. T., 519; traditions among other nations, 519-21; E. and Ganymede, 523; deified, 527, 590; god of vegetation, 590.

_E-temen-an-ki_, zikkurat to Marduk at Babylon, 619, 639; meaning of name, 639.

_Ethics_, B.-A. religion, 291, 312, 692; belong to advanced period, 292, 304-5; in prayers, 298-9; gods whose nature create e. notions, 306, 692; in penitential psalms, 312 ff.; private morality, 694 ff.

_E-tila_, name of a temple, and meaning of name, 641.

_E-tur-kalama_, temple of Ishtar, 311.

_E-u-gal_, temple to En-lil, 640; meaning of name, 640.

_E-ulla_, temple to Gula in Sippar, 641; meaning of name, 641.

_E-ul-mash_, temple of Nana in Agade, 82.

_Euphrates_, stream of Garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506); E. valley, central habitation of mankind, 2; old settlements of Hebrews, 2; course of, 27; comparison with Tigris, 30; one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._ 2).

_E-ur-imin-an-ki_, zikkurat at Babylon, 619.

_Eusebius_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 5.

_Eve_, parallelism with Ukhat, 511.

_Excavations_, 6-15.

_Exorcism_, see _Incantations_.

_E-Zida_, temple of Nabu at Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639; with shrine of Erua, 123; with shrine of Sarpanitum, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 241; with shrine of Nusku, 241; with shrine of Ea, 241; with shrine of Sin, 639; history of E-Zida, 648 ff.; influence of E-Zida and E-Sagila, 649.

_E-Zida_, shrine of Nabu in E-Sagila, 127, 220, 229, 636.

_Family_, systematization of O. B. pantheon according to Davis, 109.

_Fast days_, special occasions, 688.

_Fate tablets_, tablets of fate in the hands of Bel, 538 (_cf._ 150, 153); in the Tiamat story, 420, 428, 538; robbed by Zu, 540; compared with the tablets of wisdom, 585.

_Festivals_, zag-muk, 59, 127, 631, 677, 678; significance of every day, 675; special significance of special days, 675, 677, 680-1, 683-5; words for f. in Assyrian, 676, 687; each month sacred to a deity, 462-3, 676, 683-4; festivals and months sacred to divinities not always corresponding, 687; special festivals, 687-8; the puru ceremony, 688; fast days and rites, 688.

_Fire_, see _Water_ (cf. Gibil-Nusku in incantations, 277); means of purification, 276, 279; belongs to all three divisions of the universe, 286.

_Foreign gods_ in B.-A. religion (see also _Cassites_), 142, 644; Adad = Ramman, 156; Kadi, 188, 232, 234; Damku, 232; Eria, 122, 162 (Elamitic).

_Fresnel, Fulgente_, expedition, 8.

_Gaga_, Assyrian pantheon, 188; minor god, 234; Anshar's messenger to Tiamat, 423; a foreign deity, 238, 644.

_Gal-alim_, 51; center of worship, 91; son of Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Gamlat_, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Ganymede and Etana_, 523.

_Ga-tum-dug_, goddess, 51; similar to Bau, 61; worship at Lagash, 61, 635; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Gate of Widespread Splendor_, seat of Sarpanitum in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641.

_Gegunu_, epithet of Aralu, 563.

_Genealogical_ systematization of Old Bab. pantheon according to Amiaud, 109.

_Genesis_, see _Cosmology_.

_Gibil_, fire-god, E-la-li, perhaps an epithet, 170; in Ass. pantheon, 189; amalgamated with Nusku, 220, 227; in incantations, 273, 277; older than Nusku, 277; epithets, 277, 280; a mythological conception, 277, 279; G.-Nusku, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277; associated with Bel and Ea, 279; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 463; identified with Nergal, 594.

_Gil_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; god of foliage, 588.

_Gilgamesh_, hero of the Bab. epic, 83, 468 ff.; in incantations, 282, 284, 470; mythological explanation of, 282, 486-7; with omens, 387; solar deity, 470-1, 515; king of the earth, 471; born in Marada, 473; conquers Uruk, 473, 513; created by Aruru, 473-4; Shamash (see _Lugal-Marada_), his patron, 471, 479; love affair with Ishtar, 481 ff.; Lugal-Marada, his patron (see _Shamash_), 486; conquers Khumbaba, 480, 514; G.'s contest with the bull, 486, 514, 537; contest with lion, 488, 514; Gilgamesh half divine, half human, 490, 514; G. and Sabitum, 490-1; G. and Parnapishtim, 492 ff.; points of contact with O. T., 495, 515-6; G. and Eabani, 510, 565; seeking immortality and the secret of life after death, 513; parallelism with Samson, 516; parallelism with Hercules, 516; Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great, 469, 516; G. in Aelian, 469, 524; G.'s grandfather Sokkaros, 524.

_Gimil-Sin_, deified, 561; temple at Lagash, 561.

_Gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a_, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; probable functions, 103.

_Gin-shul-pa-uddu_, wife of Gudea, 99.

_Girra_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; identified with Dibbarra, 588; a form of Nergal in later texts, 589.

_Girsu_, see _Lagash_.

_Gish-galla_ (?), quarter of Lagash, 57; temple of Ninni, 80.

_Gish-zida_, identical with solar deity Nin-gish-zida, 547; G. and Tammuz, doorkeepers of heaven, 546; 5th month sacred to G., 547; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9.

_Gnosticism_, influenced by B.-A. religion, 698.

_Great Place_, name of temple, 641.

_Grotefend, Georg Friedrich_, decipherment of wedge writing, 16.

_Gudea_ statues, 57, 652; his pantheon, 106 ff., 635; number of deities indicative of the extent of his sovereignty, 106; principle of order, 107; gods common to Gudea's and Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; deified, 167, 470, 561; his zikkurat, 615, 619; builder of temples, 642; imports diorite from Sinai peninsula, 627, 651; Gudea's apsu, 653; Gudea's ship for Ningirsu, 654; G.'s votive objects and inscription, 57, 668-9, 672.

_Gula_, identified with Bau, 60; associated with Ninib, 105 (_cf._ 576); goddess of healing, 105, 166, 175, 282 (_cf._ 576, 683); in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 175; epithets, 166, 173, 175, 576; goddess of nether-world, 174-5; position intermediate betw. gods of the living and gods of the dead, 175 (_cf._ 576); creator of mankind, 175; her sanctuary erected by Ashurnasirbal, 218; her festival celebrated by Ashurbanabal, 218, 683; = Nin-Karrak, 242; temple at Babylon (see _Nin-Karrak_), 242, 638; three sanctuaries at Borsippa, 242, 636 (E-ulla), 641; in incantations, 273, 282; 12th day of Iyar sacred to G., 683.

_Gurmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Gushgin-banda_, 171; "brilliant chief," patron of metal-workers, 178.

_Halevy, J._, Sumerian question, 22-4.

_Hallabi_, city near Sippar, temple of Ninni, 117, 144.

_Hamath_, city in N. Syria, 578.

_Hammurabi_, king of Babylon, secures the hegemony in Babylonia, 116, 532; Marduk, the chief of his pantheon, 117; builds temples, 642; builds temple to Ninni at Hallabi, 117; builds E-Zida, 121; ignores cult of Nabu, 128; suppresses cult of Erua, 130; care of temple of Shamash at Larsa, 143-4; Shamash cult, 117, 143-4; at Sippar, 117, 143; at Larsa, 143; Ninni cult at Hallabi, 144-5; "proclaimer of Anu and Bel," 146-7; beloved shepherd of Belit, 150; list of names of gods in H.'s pantheon, 161-2; "The Akkadian," 532; H.'s character as a Messiah, 533; = Amraphel, 534.

_Harran_, city in Mesopotamia, sacred to Sin, 76, 241, 641, 647; its importance and political decline, 77; meaning of its name, 78; associations with Ur, 77; enjoys the patronage of Sargon II., 77; temple of Sin, 76, 241, 641; patronized by Nabonnedos, 77, 242.

_Haynes, John H._, excavations, 11.

_Heart of Shamash_, name of a temple, 641.

_Hebrews_, see _Old Testament_.

_Hercules_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 516.

_Herodotus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1; history of Assyria, 3; history of Persia, 4; notices on B.-A. religion, 4; notices on Ishtar cult in Erech, 485.

_Hillah_, village, site of, 8.

_Historical texts_, value as source for religion, 51, 166, 246, 661; pantheon in h. t. compared with that in incantation texts, 297; source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661.

_Hittites_, eagle standard among the H., 527; influence on Assyrian architecture, 627.

_Hommel, Fritz_, Sumerian question, 21.

_Homoroka_ = Marduk, 5.

_House Full of Joy_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Fifty_, see _E-ninnu_.

_House of Great Splendor_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Hearkening to Prayers_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Light_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Brilliant Precinct_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Seven Divisions of Heaven and Earth_, name of zikkurat at Borsippa, 639.

_House of the Seven Zones_, name of zikkurat at Uruk, 639.

_House Without Rival_, name of temple, 641.

_Hymns and prayers_, division of religious literature, 247, 293; where composed, 248; in connection with incantations, 293, 301; h. to Shamash, 300 ff.; to Sin, 303-4; dialogue style of composition, 305; to Nebo, 306; no difference in thought betw. h. and incantation, 301, 307; illustrating relationship betw. man and gods, 309; deity as person of dialogue in, 310; see also _Prayers_.

_Iamblichus_, source of B.-A. religion, 399.

_Idiklat_ = Tigris, 28.

_Igi-dug-ga_, title of Ea, 230.

_Igigi_, explanation of name, 185; number of, and explanation, 185; spirits of heaven, 185, 200; gods in whose service the I. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Anunnaki, 186, 593; altar of I. and Anunnaki, 186; chiefs of Eridu, 186; Ashur, king of, 200; Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; associated with the great triad, 236.

_Ilabrat_, minor god, in the Adapa legend, 546.

_Illumination of Bel_, name of an omen series, 363.

_Im_ = Ramman, 156.

_Immeru_ = Ramman, 157.

_Immortality_, see _Dead_.

_Im-pa-ud-du_, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; function, 103.

_Incantations_, see also _Magical Texts_; in therapeutics, 246; means and methods of, 270-3; gods invoked in, 273; sacred objects invoked, 274; gods in incantations _par excellence_, 275; the fire-god in, 277; favorite time of, 280-1; i. services, 281, 283 ff.; principle of sympathetic magic, 284; mixed with ethical conceptions, 292; in connection with prayers, 293, 301; the oldest fixed ritual, 294; no line of demarcation betw. prayers and i., 297, 307; points in common with and differences from penitential psalms, 312; the natural expression of popular beliefs, 326; demons exorcised by i., 330; connecting link betw. omens and i., 352.

_Inmarmaru_, city in Dibbarra epic, 533.

_Invocations_, 165; in records of the 2nd Bab. period, 167; combined invocations, 235; where found, 235, 245; motive and manner of, 236 ff.; Tiglathpileser I., 236; Ramman-nirari I., 237; Ashurnasirbal, 237; Shalmaneser II., 237; Sargon II., 237; Sennacherib, 238; Esarhaddon, 238; Ashurbanabal, 238; gods in invocation and in actual worship, 238.

_Irkalla_, a designation of the netherworld, 563, 566; name of the consort of the queen of Aralu, 563, 591; identified with Nergal, 592.

_Isaiah_, prophet, 2.

_Ish-gu-tur_, temple of Nin-Mar in Mar, 100.

_Ishi-milku_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Ishme-Dagan_, king of Assyria, evidence of age of Dagan cult, 208.

_Ishtar_, goddess Nana, 82, 85, 202, 311, 643; absorbs other deities, 82; epithets, 83, 151-2, 204, 237; functions in B.-A., 83, 459; functions in A., 83-5; in Gilgamesh epic, 84-5, 482, 501, 563-4; zodiacal interpr., 82-4, 310-1; relationship to Sin, 79, 84, 163, 565, 571; relationship to Anu, 84-5, 566; significance of these relationships, 85; variants, 82, 85, 202, 242; temple at Agade, 117, 242; temple at Calah, 151; temple E-mash-mash, 152, 205, 227; relationship to Sin and Shamash, 163, 571; goddess of war, 83, 164, 204; during Cassite and Nebuchadnezzar's I. reign, 164, 645; variants of Assyrian Ishtar, 202; mighty over the Anunnaki, 204; milder nature in religious texts, 205; mother of mankind, 204-5, 237; relationship to her devotees, 205; temple Kidmuru, 202; temples at Arbela, Nineveh, and Ashur, 205; I. of Nineveh and I. of Arbela distinguished, 205; Ab her sacred month, 205, 462, 685; wife of Bel, 205; Belit of the land (151, 206), 215, = Belit, 226; temple in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; worship in Uruk, 103, 242, 472, 475, 531 (see _Nana_); wife of Ashur, 227; associated with the great triad, 236; Ishtar and Anu, names of west. gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; causes the inhabitants to flourish, 237 (_cf._ 204); temple at Babylon, 242 (_cf. Ninmakh_), 640; in incantations, 273; in hymns, 310; temple E-tur-kalama, 311; in a penitential psalm, 318; prominence of cult of I. under Ashurnasirbal and before, 325, 342; in oracles and omens, 343-4; = Venus as name of planet, 370, 458-9, 571; importance of Ishtar-Venus in omen literature, 371-2; I. appears in a dream to the king, 374; personification of fertility, 459, 462, 482, 563, 587; causes decline, 483, 563; 10th month sacred to I., Papsukal, and Anu, 463; the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati of I. in Uruk, 475, 485, 660; relationship to Tammuz, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; Ishtar's love fatal to her lovers, 482, 516; I. and Eabani, 484, 486; in the deluge, 501, 503-4; parallelism with Delila, 516; I. in the lower world, 564; the 6th month "the mission of Ishtar," 564, 684; festival celebrated in Ab, 685; correlated to Allatu, 587; I. cult under Ashurbanabal, 85, 206, 238, 648; cult under Nebuchadnezzar II., 648; figurines of, 674.

_Ishtaritu_, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

_Ishum, god_, 51; identity with Pa-sag, 101; in proper names of, 2nd Bab. period, 169; messenger of Nusku, 280; solar deity, 528; local deity, 528; attendant of Dibbarra, 529, 594; describes Dibbarra's deeds, 530 ff.; his wars, 533 ff.; associated with Sibi, 533; "the warrior," 533; associated with Nergal, 594.

_Isin_, ancient center, 35; kings, 37; Isin dynasty as "builders" of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Iskenderun_, bay of, 122.

_Iyar_, see _Airu_.

_Izdubar_ = Gilgamesh.

_Jezreel plain_, cult of Ramman, 159.

_Job_, book of, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

_Josephus_, historical references to B.-A., 5.

_Judges_ = priests, 625, 658.

_Judith_, book of, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3.

_Jupiter_ = Marduk, name of planet, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; see _Marduk_.

_Kaaba_, at Mecca, 624.

_Kabru_, epithet for Aralu, 563.

_Kadashman-Turgu_, Cassite king, votive tablet, 671.

_Kadi_, in Ass. pantheon, 188; Elamitic god, 232; worshipped in Dur-ilu, 232; minor god, 234.

_Kadishtu_, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

_Kalah-Shergat_, excavations, 10; site of city of Ashur, 198.

_Kallat-Eshara_, epithet of Gula, 173.

_Kanishurra_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kara-indash_, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Larsa, 144

_Kar-nuna-ta-uddua_, ship of Ningirsu, 654; meaning of name, 654.

_Karun_, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

_Katnu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kercha_, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

_Khadir_ = Parnapishtim, 515.

_Khani_, tribe hostile to Babylon, 152.

_Khani_, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188; a form of Nebo, 188; minor god, 234; a foreign deity, 644.

_Kharimati_, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura_, "the (great) mountain of the earth," 558; native place of the gods, 558, 614; = Ekur, 558.

_Khashur_, mountain destroyed by Ishum, 533.

_Khasis-Adra_, see _Adra-khasis_, 505.

_Khi-gir-nun-na_, son of Bau, 103.

_Khi-khi_, mountain attacked by Ishum, 533.

_Khiraitum_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Khi-shaga_, a son of Bau, 103.

_Khorsabad_, unearthed, 6, 8; capital of Assyria, 193; sanctuary of Sin, 219; palace of Sargon, 225; names of its gates and walls, 237; sanctuary of Nin-Gal, 231; zikkurat at K., 617.

_Khumbaba_ attacks Uruk, 480; conquered by Gilgamesh, 514.

_Khusha_, god of the 2nd Bab. period, 168.

_Kidin-Marduk_, father of Parnapishtim, 488, 496.

_Kidmuru_ temple of Ishtar in Nineveh, 202.

_Kigallu_, a designation of the netherworld, 562.

_Kilili_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Kingship_, differentiation of kingly and priestly functions late, 374; traces of direct relationship betw. gods and king, 374-5.

_Kingu_, consort of Tiamat, 420; symbol of chaos, 538; deprived of the tablets of fate by Marduk, 428.

_Kinunira_, city on the Euphrates (?), sanctuary of Dumuzi-zu-aba, 96.

_Kish_, city in Babylonia, 54; temple of Zamama, 169; temple of Ninni, 639.

_Kishar,_ god, K. and Anshar created, 197, 410; K. and Anshar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in creation, 414, 416-7; creation of theologians, 416; Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418.

_Kishar-gal_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Kishshat_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kislev_, 9th month, sacred to Nergal, 463.

_Kizreti_, Ukhati, and Kharimati, the harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Koyunjik_, mound, unearthed, 7, 9.

_Ku(?)-anna_, 51; place of worship, 102; functions, 102; consort of Ramman (?), 102.

_Kudur-mabuk_, 2d dynasty of Ur, "builder" of temple of Sin in Ur, 76, 295; of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Kumari_, city in Babylonia, temple of Ramman, 242.

_Kurigalzu_, Cassite, king of Babylon, cult of Bel of Nippur, 147, 645.

_Kutu_, see _Cuthah_.

_Lagamal_, a foreign god, 644.

_Lagash_, governors, 36; temple of Anu, 53, 640; temple of Belit, 56; temple of Bau, 635; quarters of, 56-7; temple of Ningirsu-Ninib, 57, 87, 635, 640; center of worship of Ninni, 80; ancient center, 35, 245; temple of Dumu-zi-zu-aba, 96; Dumuzi, temple of Ninmar, 635; temple of Nin-gish-zida, 99, 635; temple of Nina, 635; temple of Ku(?)-an-na, 152; temple of Gimil-Sin, 561; shrine of Nin-girsu, 640; zikkurat of Nin-girsu, 619, 635, 639; temple of E-salgisa, 641; temple of Nin-si-a, 635; temple of Shabra, 635; temple of Nin-sun, 635; temple of Nin-tu, 635; votive objects, 673.

_Lakhamu_, L. and Lakhmu cosmological, 197, 410, 417; a monster, 414, 418; in incantations, 417; in Allatu's court, 593.

_Larsa_, ancient center, 35; rulers, 37-8; dynasty, 39; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; zikkurats at L., 617, 639.

_Lasimu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Layard, Austen Henry_, excavations, 7.

_Laz_, consort of Nergal, 219, 243; not mentioned in Ass. texts, 219; not mentioned in religious texts, 583.

_Lebanon_, cedar forests, 626.

_Legal literature_, see also _Literature_; source for study of religion, 166; religious character of, 245.

_Libations_, 664, 666; in Old Testament and in A.-B., 665.

_Libit-Ishtar_, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Life of the World_, name of temple, 641.

_Light of Shamash_, name of temple, 641.

_Lists of gods_, 213, 216; character of, 233; prepared on the basis of religious texts, 233.

_Literature_, Ashurbanabal's library, 132; syllabaries, 135; religious l., 12, 13, 213, 216, 233, 245, 247, 690-1; temple records, 165; legal documents, 165-6; connection betw. religion and literature, 245, 691; historical texts, 246; uncertain demarcation betw. religious and secular l., 247; epics, see _Gilgamesh_, _Eabani_, _Adapa_; compound of popular belief and of theology, 689.

_Local cults_, origin of, 49; confusion with nature cult, 49-50; growth of, 49; policy of preservation of local cults by foreign conquerors, 69-70, 106, 111; confusion of (female) local cults, 80; prominence given to local gods as compared with others, 111; local cult features and general cult features compared, 110; survival of local cults, 113; factors obscuring local cults, 113-5; political factors, 113; popular factors, 114; theological factors, 114; absorption, 114, 168, 171; number of, 170, 234, 274; in lists, 233; of the Ass. pantheon, 234; importance diminishes, 235.

_Loftus, William K._, excavations, 9.

_Lofty and Brilliant Wall_, name of temple, 641.

_Lot_, bears more resemblance to Parnapishtim than Noah, 507.

_Lugal-banda_, god, 51; temple at Uruk, 95; local character, 95; identification with Nergal, 95; signification of name, 95.

_Lugal-edinna_, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

_Lugal-erima (?)_, god, 51; his local character, 97; interpretation of name, 97.

_Lugal-gira_, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

_Lugal-ki-mu-na_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Lugal-Marada_, god, temple at Marad, 242; a solar deity, 473; patron of Gilgamesh, identical with Shamash, 486.

_Lugal-mit-tu_, in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; wall of L., 172; meaning of name, 172.

_Lugal-zaggisi_, old Babylonian king of Uruk, 101; his pantheon and its age, 110, 636; gods common to Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; priest of Anu, 110.

_Lulubite_, name of people, 532.

_Lunar cycle and sun calendar_, 78.

_Ma-an-ish-tu-su_, servitor of A, 74.

_Magarida_, a foreign god, 644.

_Magganubba_, city in n.-e. Assyria, sanctuary of Sin, 219; restored by Sargon II., 232; cult of Damku, Sharru-ilu, Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232.

_Magical texts_, subdivision of religious literature, 247; practical purposes, 246, 255; beginning of rituals, 247, 253-4, 269; number of, 247; comparative age of, 253, 256; primitive popular thought, 254, 292; method of composition, 254; titles of, 254-5; incantation rituals and their growth, 255, 283 ff.; Ea and Eridu prominent in, 256; compiled character, 256-7; date of composition, 257; bilingual redaction, 258; metrical traits, 259; source of study of popular beliefs, 259; occurrence of Gibil evidence of ancient age of, 277; pantheon in m. t. compared with that in historical texts, 297.

_Mahmal_, tabernacle, compared with the Bab. ship for the gods, 655.

_Makhir_, god of dreams, 323, 402.

_Maklu series_, 286 ff., 302.

_Ma-ku-a_, name of Marduk's ship, 655.

_Malik_, god, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162, 176; associated with Shamash and Bunene, 176; in proper names of the time of Hammurabi, 176; often used as epithet of Shamash, 176; meaning of name, 176; Malik and Bunene, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Bunene, 177.

_Malkatu_ = A.

_Malku_, name of canal, 655; name of Naru's ship, 655.

_Ma-ma_, variant for Gula, 105.

_Mammitu_, goddess; M. and Anunnaki determine death and life, 493.

_Mamu_, a form of Gula in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Mandacan_, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.

_Mar_, district in southern Babylonia, sacred to Nin-Mar, 100; temple Ish-gu-tur of Nin-Mar, 100.

_Marad_, city in Babylonia, temple of Lugal-Marada, 242; native place of Gilgamesh, 473.

_Marcheshwan_, see _Arakh-shamnu_.

_Marduk_, 2d Bab. period, deity of Babylon, 54, 96; child _par excellence_ of Ea, 96, 548; prominence of his cult since Hammurabi, 116, 134-5, 690-1; his titles, 118, 126, 239, 240, 276, 500, 576, 630; identification with Bel and Ea, 118; solar deity, 118, 119, 528, 576, 690; his warlike traits, 119; in religious texts, 120; temples in Babylon (E-Sagila) and Borsippa, 121, 241, 636, 639; his papakhu, 640; his consort, 121-4, 228; statue brought from Nineveh to E-Sagila, 684; his statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; lord of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 126; New Year's Day his festival, 127, 631, 678, 681; mediator betw. Ea and mankind, 139, 276; Marduk and Ea in incantation texts, 139-40; conquers Tiamat, 140, 197, 408, 422; rivaled by Ramman, 158; during the Cassite period, 162; called Sag-ila, 169; lord of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 239; absorbs the role of other gods, 190, 409; builds Eshara, 198; blended with Bel, 54, 145-6, 148, 222, 542; Bel's titles applied to, 222, 409, 542, 635; position in the Assyrian pantheon, 224-5, 239; associated with Ashur, 224; associated with Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman, 224; second to Ashur, 239; prominence of his cult in the neo-B. period, 239-40; rivaled by Nabu in the pantheon of Nebopolassar, 240, 679; also in old Bab period, 648; in incantations, 272-3, 276; in the Shurpu series, 288; in hymns, 307 ff.; lord of rest, 309; god of oracles, esp. in the south, 342, 345; zodiacal interpretation, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; his double aspect in the creation epic, 409, 432, 450; takes the tablets of fate from Kingu, 428 (_cf._ 542, 681); creates the universe, 428 ff., 447; establishes the districts of Anu, Bel, and Ea, 432; arranges the stations of the gods in the zodiacal system, 434; creates man, 437 (_cf._ _Ea_, _Bel_, 443, 448); the fifty names (of the Igigi) are bestowed upon M., 438; creates the Anunnaki, 447; = Nibir, _i.e._, Jupiter, exercises control over all the stars, 434, 458-9; 8th month sacred to M., 463, 678, 686; Marduk as Sharru in the deluge story, 500; absent in the deluge story, 508; dogs symbol of the solar god Marduk, 528; conquers Zu, 542; identified with Adapa, 548; temple at Ashur, 637; zikkurat at Babylon, 639; ship of Marduk, 655; procession on New Year, 679; spec. festival instituted by Agum, 687.

_Marduk-baladan_, of Babylon, 129.

_Marduk-nadin-akhe_, king of Babylon, carried statues of Ramman and Shala to Babylon, 212.

_Marriage offerings_, time of, 59; to Bau, 59.

_Mars_ = Nergal, name of planet, 370, 459; the "sheep" _par excellence_, 459.

_Mar-tu_ = Ramman, 166, 212.

_Marwa_, hill in Mecca, 687.

_Mashu_, mythical mountain, 488-9; = Musas or Masis, 516.

_Masis_, or Musas, = Mashu, 515.

_Mecca_, 623.

_Medes_, 44-5.

_Median wedge writing_, 19.

_Meme_, variant of Gula, 175.

_Mer_ = Ramman, 157.

_Mercury_ = Nabu, planet, 371, 459.

_Mesopotamia_, religious ideas and customs, 1, 3; seat of Terahites, 2; empire of Nimrod, 2; geography, 26, 27; character of, 28 ff.

_Messiah_, Hammurabi and the Hebr.-Christian notion of Messianic time, 533.

_Mili-shikhu_, king of Babylon, his cult of Shamash, 144; minor gods worshipped, 172.

_Minor gods_, 2d Bab. period, 171-2; by Mili-shikhu, 172; some Cassite deities, 172; in Ass. texts, 171; in neo-B. period, 171, 242-3; absorbed by greater gods, 111, 147, 171, 177, 190, 233; patron-gods of arts, 178; as personifications, 179; dividing line betw. spirits and m. g., 183, 233.

_Mishiru_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Mitanni wedge writings_, 20.

_Months_, connected with gods, 462 ff., 676; names of the months, 464; m. sacred to gods and their festivals not always corresponding, 687.

_Monumental finds_, 7.

_Moon_, importance of m. as omen giver, 358; manifold relations between man and m., 358; importance of m. for calendar, 436, 461; moon and sun in religion and astronomy, 461.

_Moon-god_, see _Sin_.

_Moses_, 130; parallelism with Sargon I., 562.

_Mosul_, excavations near, 5.

_Mugheir_, mound, excavated, 9; see also _Ur_.

_Mummu_, associated with Apsu and Tiamat, 420-1.

_Muenter, Frederick_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_Musas_, or Masis, = Mashu, 516.

_Mythology_, see also _Nature_; extent and influence of Bab. m., 518 ff.

_Nabonnedos_, of Babylon, restores temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 647; last king of Babylonia, 45; restores temple of Sin in Harran, 77, 646; gives prominence to Shamash cult, 240-1.

_Nabu_, god, 2d B. period, 127; most prominent trait, 124; probable aqueous origin, 124-5, 220; rank as compared with that of Ea and Marduk, 125, 648; agricultural deity, 125; suppression of cult by Hammurabi and his successors, 126; becomes son of Marduk, 127, 240 (_cf._ 648-9); his shrine in E-Sagila, 127, 220-9, 636; prominence during the Assyrian period, 128-9, 228; his symbol, 128; temple at Calah, 128, 228-9; prominence during the neo-Bab. period, 129, 240; his epithets, 129-31, 229; meaning of name, 130; his functions, 130, 240; his cult with other Semites, 130; identified with Nusku, 220; his consort Tashmitum, 130, 228-9; his consort Nana, 224; favorite of Ramman-nirari III., 128, 228; temple E-Zida in Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639, 648; god of wisdom, 129, 229; son of Ea, 229; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; similarity and difference betw. N. and Ea, 230-1; in hymn, 306; shrine E-makh-tila in Borsippa, 307, 636; god of oracles in Assyria, 344, 348; = Mercury, name of planet, 371, 459; in the deluge, 500; sanctuary E-pad-kalama-suma, 640; Nabu's ship and procession, 654, 679.

_Nabu-akhe-irba_, astrologer, 340.

_Nabu-bal-iddin_, king of Babylon, 162, 685; restores cult of Sippar, 176, 628, 645, 670; votive offerings, 670.

_Nabupelassar_, see _Nebopolassar_.

_Namar_, district in Babylonia, sacred to Kamman, Nergal, and Nana, 159, 164.

_Names_, transference of name and interpretation of this act, 118, 140-1; composition of proper names, 165; Bab. etymologies of names, 173.

_Namtar_, god of pestilence, 569; strikes Ishtar with disease, 570; messenger of Allatu, 570, 580.

_Nana_, goddess, 51; titles, 81; center of worship, 81; position in the pantheon proper and in the cosmology, 81; her temples, E-anna in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; E-ul-mash in Agade, 82; in Ur, 81-2, 85, 202, 311, 639, 678; statue captured by Elamites and recaptured by Ashurbanabal, 85, 206; absorbs inferior local deities, 103; associated with Nergal and Ramman, 159, 164; worshipped by Assyr. kings, 206; consort of Nabu, 224; Zag-muk of Nana, 678.

_Nannar_ = Sin, etymology of N., 75; N. attached to Ur, 75; Sin to Harran, 76; his position, 76; his representation, 76; his functions, 76, 78; his epithets, 76, 79, 89; relationship to Ningal, 97.

_Naram-Sin_, founds temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 646; his exploits incorporated in omen text, 562; builder of the temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642.

_Naru_, rivergod in incantations, 282; ship of Naru, 655; place of worship, 655.

_Nature_, worship, 48; confusion with local cults, 49-50; nature myth, 432-3, 487, 494.

_Nazi-Maruttash_, Cassite king, votive objects, 671-2.

_Nebo_, mount in Moab, place of death of Moses, 130.

_Nebopolassar_, king of Babylon, 129; makes Babylon independent, 239; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 239; makes cult of Nabu prominent, 240; Shamash cult at Larsa, 647, note 3.

_Nebuchadnezzar I._, expels the Cassites, 88, 158; cult of Marduk and Ramman, 158, 162; his pantheon, 162.

_Nebuchadnezzar II._, religion of N. and Daniel, 3; builder of Birs Nimrud, 9; rule, 44; worships Sarpanitum as the begetting deity, 122; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 240, 646; revives ancient cults, 242-3; restores temple of Nin-karrak at Sippar, 294; his prayers exemplification of ethical tendencies, 299; opposed to Bel cult in Nippur, 646; restores Shamash temple in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

_Nergal_, god, 51; local cult and temple in Cuthah, 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648; worship in Palestine, 65; in Uruk, 66; his names and their meanings, 66; functions, 66-7, 537; development of his attributes, 67-8, 582, 593; identification with Lugal-banda, 95; with Irkalla, 592; associated with Allat, 104, 183, 565, 580, 593; associated with Ramman and Nana, 159, 164; Nergal in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; epithets, 172; chief of nether-world and subterranean demons, 183 (_cf._ 260), 511, 563, 582; associated with Ninib as god of the chase, 216, 218, 237; with Ninib and Ashur, 216, 218; god of war, 218, 582; Cuthah his sacred city, 164, 218, 563, 583; Kar-Nergal named in his honor, 219; temple at Tarbisu, 219; Laz his consort, 219, 243, 583; identified with Dibbarra, 232, 528-9, 594; perhaps = Bel-sarbi, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; phases of, 280, 459; = Mars as name of planet, 370, 459; 9th month sacred to N., 463; sun of midday and summer solstice, 528, 582; pictured as a lion, 530; the lion a symbol of Nergal, 537, 580, 582; identified with Gibil, 594; associated with Allatu, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593; Nergal conquers and weds Allatu, 584-5; imitation of Tiamat-Marduk fight, 585.

_Nether-world_, names of: Aralu, 557; Ekur, 558; Shualu, 558; Kigallu, 562; Irkalla, 563; Kutu or Cuthah, 563; epithets for n., 559, 563; Nergal, lord of the n., 563; the older head of the lower world a goddess, Allatu, not a god, 585.

_New Year's Festival_, see _Zag-muk_.

_Nibir_ = planet Marduk or Jupiter, in the zodiac in conjunction with Bel and Ea, 434-5; exercises control over all the stars, 458.

_Nicolas of Damascus_, source B.-A. religion, 1, 412.

_Niebuhr, Carsten_, 15.

_Niffer_, excavations, 11; see _Nippur_.

_Nika_, mother of Esarhaddon, 340.

_Nimrod_, incidental biblical reference to, 2; not = Gilgamesh, 514.

_Nimrud_ (mound), unearthed, 7; temple, 9, 627.

_Nina_, quarter in Lagash, 57, 86; explanation of name, 86.

_Nina_, goddess, 51; explanation of name, 86; centers of worship, 86-8, 635; associations with Nin-girsu, 87, 635; relations to Ea, 87-8; fusion with Ishtar of Nineveh, 88; interprets a dream, 101; a daughter of Nin-si-a, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Nin-a-gal_, god, 51; meaning of name, 64; function, 64; identification with Ea, 64.

_Nin-akha-kuddu_, goddess, 51; her titles in incantation texts, 103, 282; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; goddess of purification, 282; mistress of Uruk, 103, 282; water deity, 282; lady of spells, 282.

_Nin-azu_, "god of the great city," 592; associated with Allatu, 586, 590; god of healing, 590; identified with Ninib, 591.

_Nin-dara_, see _Nin-si-a_.

_Nin-dim-su_, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; epithet of Ea, 173.

_Nin-din-dug_, name of Bau. (See Corrections.)

_Nin-e-gal_, variant of Nin-gal, 98.

_Nineveh_, center of action in book of Judith, 3; site of, 6; capital of Assyria, 46, 193, 651; cult of Ishtar, 152, 202-3; temple E-mash-mash of Ishtar, 152; resp. of Belit, 227; Sha-nit(?)-ka, mistress of, 233; worship of all gods and goddesses, 638; intellectual center, 651.

_Nin-gal_, god, 51; center of worship, 97; relationship to Nannar, 97; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 231; Nin-gal's ship, 655.

_Nin-girsu_, solar deity, 51; subordinate to Bel, 53, 57; identity with Ninib, 57, 217 (_cf._ 528); temple E-Ninnu in Girsu, 57, 87, 634-5, 640; votive offerings, 57; agricultural deity = Shulgur, 58; identity with Tammuz, 58; relations to Nin-shakh, 93; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; zikkurat in Lagash or Girsu, 619, 635, 639; shrine in Lagash, 640; his ship, 654; consort of Bau, 59, 677.

_Nin-gish-zida_, solar deity, 51; a form of Nin-girsu, 92; meaning of name, 92; identified with Ninib, Nin-girsu, Nin-shakh, 99, 217, 528, 547; local character, 99, 528; temple in Girsu, 99, 635; in Gudea's inscriptions and incantation texts, 99, 106, 280; consort of Nusku, 280; brings famine in the land, 387; 5th month sacred to N., 462, 547; servant of Gibil, 463; 4th month sacred to, 463; identical with Gish-zida, 547; associated with Tammuz, 546, 588; presides over the growth of trees, 588.

_Nin-gul_, 51; consort of Lugal-banda, 95; interpretation of name, 95; place of worship, 96.

_Ninib_, see _Nin-girsu_, solar deity, 57, 217, 459, 462, 576, 684; consort of Gula, 105 (_cf._ 576, 591); of Belitekalli, 173; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 164; god of war, 164, 214, 218; = Ud-zal, 166; associated with Ashur, 214; epithets, 213-4, 217; temple in Calah, 214-5 (_cf._ 684); favorite of Ashurnasirbal and Shamshi-Ramman, 214; god of the chase in association with Nergal, 216, 218, 237; hero of the heavenly and earthly spirits, 214; in association with Nergal and Ashur, 216; identical with Nin-girsu, 57, 217; with Nin-azu, 591; absorbs Nin-gish-zida and Nin-shakh, 217 (_cf._ 547); represents east sun and morning sun, 217; first-born of Ea, 217; offspring of Ekur, 217; first-born of Bel, 217; god of destructive cloud storm, 217, 500; other qualities in religious literature, 218, 576; name of outer wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays the foundations of cities, 237; three forms, 238; temple in Dilbat, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; = Saturn, name of planet, 371, 459; 6th and 11th months sacred, 215, 684; 4th month sacred to N., 462; in the deluge story, 500 (_cf._ 217), 504; worshipped at Nippur, 635; temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

_Nin-igi-azag_, title of Ea, 230.

_Nin-igi-nangar-bu_, 171; presides over metal workers, 178.

_Nin-Karrak_ = goddess Gula, 242; temple at Babylon (see _Gula_), 242; in incantations, 273; temple at Sippar, 294; in a prayer of Nebuchadnezzar, 294.

_Nin-khar-sag_ = goddess Belit, 164; in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162, 164; sanctuary at Babylon (see _Belit_), 242, 639.

_Nin-kigal_ = Allatu, 282.

_Nin-kurra_, 171; lord of mountain, patron of stone workers, 178.

_Nin-lil_, see _Belit_.

_Nin-lil-anna_, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242; temple in Babylon, 640.

_Nin-makh_ = Ishtar, 242; temple at Babylon, 242.

_Nin-mar_, goddess, 51; center of worship, 100; her temples in Mar, 100; daughter of Nina, 100; popularity of cult, 100; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635; daughter of Marduk, 168; temple at Lagash, 635.

_Ninni_, goddess, = Enanna, 51; titles, 80; center of worship, 80; variant of Ishtar, 82; in Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's panthea, 110; identical with Nana of Uruk, 111; temple at Hallabi, 117; her cult by Hammurabi, 144-5; "Ninni," consort of Zamama, 169; temple in Kish, 639.

_Nin-shakh_, god, 51; his character and functions, 93; identified with Ninib, 93, 217; relations to Nin-girsu and Nin-gishzida, 92-3; temple at Uruk, 93.

_Ninshar_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Nin-si-a_, god, 51; or Nin-dar-a, 90; center of worship, 91, 635; absorbed by Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Nin-sun_, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

_Nin-tu_, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

_Nin-zadim,_ god, 171; patron of sculpture, 178.

_Nippur_, rulers, 37; temple of Bel, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; temple of Belit, 55, 635; inscriptions from Nippur, 103; prominence during Cassite period, 40, 146, 480; wall of Zakar, 172; wall of Lugal-mittu, 172; ancient center, 245, 445; chief god Del, or En-lil, 445, 542; reference to N. in Gilgamesh epic, 486; rivalry betw. Nippur and Eridu, 508; replaced by Babylon, 542; zikkurat at N., 617; worship of Ninib, 635; worship of Nusku, 635; votive objects, 671-3.

_Nisaba_, goddess, 51; agricultural deity, 101; traits in common with Ea, 101; sister of Nina, 101; centers of cult, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 111; probably local in Uruk, 111.

_Nisan_, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677; sacred in Babylonia, 684; 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Nisir_, mount on which the ship alights, 503.

_Nisroch_, Assyrian deity, 2.

_Noah_, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.

_Nu-gim-mud_, title of Ea, 230.

_Nun-gal_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168; temple in Sippar, 168; meaning of name, 168; solar deity, 168; becomes a demon, 168.

_Nur-Ramman_, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76; builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.

_Nusku_, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1; in Bab. pantheon, 220; amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277; identified with Nabu, 220-1; ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220; solar deity, 220-1, 279; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; epithets, 221, 277, 280; functions, 221; shrine in E-Zida, 241; in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286; younger than Gibil, 277; a mythological conception, 277, 279; Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277, 286; associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286; Ishum, messenger of, 280; worship at Nippur, 635; see _Gibil_.

_Oktanos_, see under _Ea_, 63.

_Old Testament_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (_cf._ 696); relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8; contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668; O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495; with deluge story, 506 ff.; parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511; betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6; 3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551; Hebr. Sheol || Bab. Shualu, 560; Hebr. Shoel || Bab. Sha'ilu, 560; Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560; parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562; conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606; parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3, 655; libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665; sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8; teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674; Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681; Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686; Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Omens_, division of religious literature, 247; purposes of, 248, 331; comparative age of, 253-4; an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329; directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330; relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331; part of magic element in the ritual, 331; occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.; derived from offered animals, 332; of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401; questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369; list of, 337, 362; their relation to reports, 368, 372; o. ritual, 338; connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352; variety of o. literature, 355, 362; o. from stars, 356; the more variety, the more significance--a principle of general application in interpretation of o., 358; other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401; private o., 362, 403, 405; o. series and mode of their composition, 363; omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364; restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366, 372; vagueness of o. intentional, 367; interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3; importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena, 368-9; omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other heavenly bodies, 371-3; omen calendars, 375, 382; omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.; logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384; offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384; birth omens, 384; partly public, partly private character, 386; the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385; ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388; omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.; omens from the actions of animals, 397-402; omens from dreams, 402-4; o. of a private character, 403; popular phase of augury, 403; omens from individual experiences, 404; dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405; the practical working of the omen belief, 406.

_Ophites_, a gnostic sect, 699.

_Oppert, Jules_, expedition to Babylonia, 8.

_Oracles_, see also _Omens_ and _Witchcraft_, direct means of forecasting the future, 329; occasions for asking o., 338 ff.; blank forms for o., 341; form of, 341 ff.; Marduk, god of, 342; asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.; of Ishtar of Arbela, 342; ceremonies accompanying o., 345; relationship to penitential psalms, 347; practical purpose of, 349; by means of dreams, 349 ff.; generally vague language, 344; occasionally definite language, 360; objects with which o. are concerned, 360; given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8; asked of the dead, 559-60, 657; asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.

_Pantheon_, divisions and development, 48-50; sources, 51; comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297; comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.

_Papakhu_, chamber of the god, 627; cosmological significance, 629.

_Pap-sukal_, _i.e._, divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571); in incantations, 273; 10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.

_Pap-u_, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; offspring of E-sharra, 174; function, 174.

_Paradise_, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.

_Parakku_, chamber of the god, 627.

_Parnapishtim_, immortal, 488, 577; P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.; son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496; born in Shurippak, 496; his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505; bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.

_Pa-sag_, god, 51; "the leader of the land," 101; identity with Ishum, 101; lieutenant of Shamash, 107; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Patesi_, 198.

_Patron gods_, of persons, 216, 235; Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228; of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.

_Penitential psalms_, points in common with and differences from incantations, 312; national origin of, 312; marks relationship betw. god and man, 313; purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688; advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326; dialogue form, 315; language, 316-7; age, 317; anonymity of the deity addressed, 318; p. for specific purposes, 324, 688; relationship to oracles, 347.

_Persepolis_, wedge writings, 16.

_Persian Gulf_, sacred to Ea, 497; not the source of the deluge, 497; confluence of the streams, 577.

_Persian wedge writing_, 19.

_Personifications of human arts_, 178.

_Peters, John P._, explorer, 11.

_Pilgrimage_, 684.

_Place, Victor_, excavations, 8.

_Place of Fates_, name of temple, 641.

_Planets_, observations of, 370; identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (_cf._ 619); prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371; regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373; planets and zikkurats, 619.

_Politics_, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201, 239, 690-1.

_Popular Belief_, see _Theology and Popular Belief_.

_Prayers_, see also _Hymns_, occasions, 663; in connection with incantations, 293, 299; without accompaniment of incantations, 294; curses regarded as p., 296; no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307; ethics in, 298; power of words, 328; no p. in its highest form, 329; relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330; efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by the right person, 353.

_Priestly codes_, 362.

_Priests and priestesses_, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8; p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8; mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692; prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657; importance of, 353; "Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early kingship, 374; priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692; priests purifying the dead, 578, 602; general name for priest, 657-8, 676; priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658; as judges, 625, 658; intellectual leaders, 693; as sacrificers, 657-8; eligibility to priesthood, 658-9; women priests, 485, 659-60.

_Proper names_, see also _Names_, composition of, 165; source of study of divinities, 166; evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208; Samsi-Ramman, 209.

_Psalms_, see _Penitential Psalms_; also _Hymns_, _Prayers_.

_Ptolemy_, see _Claudius Ptolemaeus_.

_Pudilu_, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.

_Purat_ = Euphrates, 27.

_Purification_, see _Rituals_.

_Purim_, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686; not to be compared with Puru, 688.

_Puru_, a festival ceremony, 688.

_Puzur-Shadu-Rabu_, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.

_Ra_, Egyptian sun-god, 210.

_Rabbinical literature_, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.

_Races_, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.

_Ramman_, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212; associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212; associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163; associated with Nergal and Nana, 159, 164; rivals of Marduk, 158; ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7; meaning of name, 156-7; extent of his cult, 159; cult by Aramaeans, 159; indigenous to Assyria, 159; rival of Ashur, 161; his two aspects as storm-god, 160; epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; = Martu, 166, 212; popular in Assyria, 211; his instruments of destruction, 212; "the mightiest of the gods," 212; name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings abundance, 237; temple at Borsippa, 242; temple at Kumari, 242; 11th month sacred to R., 463; R. in the deluge, 500; declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Ramman-nirari I._, king of Assyria, 155; cult of Ramman, 159; of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185; repels the Cassites, 199; his pantheon, 237, 593.

_Ramman-nirari III._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in Assyria, 128, 228; erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228; Nabu his patron god, 228.

_Rassam_, Hormuzd researches, 9.

_Rawlinson, Henry_, explorations, 9.

_Regulus_, observations, 372.

_Religion_, unity of church and state, 690; influence upon Hebrews, see _Old Testament_; upon Christianity, 698; upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.

_Religious texts_, 12-3, 467; sources for religion, 51, 661; in Bab. theological schools, 134; reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2; divisions, 247-51; age, 691; comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2; their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661; votive inscriptions on statues, 669; on other objects, 671-2; worn as amulets, 672; plague tablets, 536, 674.

_Rim-Sin_, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62; cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70; of Nana in Ur, 81; builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93; his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.

_Rituals_, establishment of, 115; and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283; manner of growth, 255; purification, 284, 688; incantations the oldest fixed r., 294; penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688; bodily castigation, 320, 688; offerings, 328; prayers, 293 ff.; never without ulterior motive, 328; oracles and omens, 328 ff.; composition and growth, 329-30; strictness in observation of, 347.

_Rustem_, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana, 520.

_Saba_, district in southern Arabia, 491.

_Sabitum_, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1; the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Sacred objects_, 651.

_Sacred period_, 686.

_Sacred quarter_, 622 ff.

_Sacredness of animals_, meaning of, 397-8, 662; of trees, 662-3.

_Sacrifices_, when not to be offered, 378; when offered, 663, 667-8; offered by priests, 657-8; Semitic view of, 660; comparison with Hebrew, 667-8; as determined from religious and historical literature, 661; development of, 661; two kinds of, 661; connected with prayers, 663; use of oil and wine, 664, 666; daily, 667; monthly, 668.

_Sadu_, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475; associated with Ukhat, 511.

_Safa_, hill in Mecca, 687.

_Sag-ila_ = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Sal_, father of Rustem, 520.

_Samsi-Ramman,_ king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159; builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198; his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.

_Samson_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.

_Samsu-iluna_, king of Babylon, 56; builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158; his pantheon, 162; builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172; builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.

_Samuel_, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.

_Saracus_, last king of Assyria, 229.

_Sargon I._, "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nana in Agade, 82; myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562; his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562; "builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.

_Sargon II._, of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77; builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211; names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219; builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219; patron of learning, 229; prominence of Nabu cult, 229; erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231; restores Magganubba, 232; revives the triad, 236; his pantheon, 237; his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237; his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; institutes special festival, 687.

_Sarpanitum_, consort of Marduk, 121, 224, 228, 636; interpretation of name, 121, 449; shrine in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641; her statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; her subordinate position, 121-2; goddess of matrimonial fertility, 122, 684; of secret knowledge, 122; amalgamation with Erua, 122; epithets of Sarpanitum-Erua, 123; called Belit, 224, 684; shrine in E-Zida, 241; rarely in incantations, 276; 25th day of Siwan her festival, 684; festival instituted by Agum, 687.

_Saturn_ = Ninib, planet, 371, 459.

_Saul_, king of Israel, and the witch, 559.

_Semites and non-Semites_ in Babylonia, 21-2, 32-4.

_Sendschirli_, excavations in, 579.

_Senkereh_ = Larsa.

_Sennacherib_, king of Assyria, 200; takes statues of Ramman and Shala back from Babylon, 212; erects temple to Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238, 644, note 2.

_Seven spirits_, cause eclipse of moon, 264, 276; 12th month sacred to them, 463; Sibi, collective personification of the s. p. associated in war with Ishum, 533.

_Sex_, inferiority of female to male in the B.-A. pantheon, 75, 79, 104; confusion of female cults, 80; variety of "ladies" in pantheon, 98, 104; position of female deities as consorts of male deities, 104, 586, 594; male deities becoming female and consorts of male deities, 177, 280; association of sexes in cosmology, 411; association of sexes in the creation of the gods, 413; female deities and the months, 463; sex in witchcraft, 267, 342, 660; sex in priesthood, 485, 659-60; sex in furnishing oracles, 485, 660; sex among musicians and dirge singers, 660 (see _Dirge_); position of woman, 694.

_Shabat_, 11th month, sacred to Ramman, 463; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684.

_Shabra_, god, temple at Lagash, 635.

_Shailu_, a designation for priest, 560; || Hebr. Shoel, 560.

_Shala_, consort of Ramman, 161, 212; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; in Ass. pantheon, 189; meaning of name, 213; other applications of the name, 213; epithets, 213.

_Shalman_, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Shalmaneser II._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Shamash cult, 205, 215; his pantheon, 237.

_Shamash_, or Utu, 51, 277; signification of name, 68; relations to the moon-god, 68-70, 98, 305; centers of worship, Sippar and Larsa, 69, 117, 143, 176, 241, 628, 640, 646; relative age of the centers, 70; temple Ebabbara, 70, 628, 640, 645; attributes and functions, 71, 120, 210; in incantations, 71, 211; probable age of these conceptions, 72; his other names and their meaning, 72-4, 176; local uses thereof, 73; Malkatu his consort, 74-5, 176, 241-685; offspring of Nin-gal, 98; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; warrior of heaven and earth, 144, 211; mighty hero, 152; position in Bab. pantheon during and after Hammurabi, 144; position in Ass. pantheon, 144, 209-11; associated with Ramman, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Ramman, 158, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 511; associated with Malik and Bunene, 176; often called Malik, 176; symbol of Shamash, 176-7; temple at Ashur, 209; protecting deity, 209; ethical level in Ass. pantheon, 209-10; judge of heaven and earth, 210, 274, 279, 297, 527 (_cf._ 640); prominence of sun cult during reign of Ashurnasirbal and Shalmaneser II., 210, 646; under Esarhaddon, 646; sanctuary by Sargon II., 211; cult influenced by that of Egyptian Ra, 210 (_cf._ 699); name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; grants victory, 237; Nebuchadnezzar II. and Shamash cult, 646; Nabonnedos gives prominence to Sh. cult, 240-1, 647; temple in Babylon, 242, 640; Sh. in incantations, 280; in hymns, 300 ff.; in omens and oracles, 334, 344; Shamash and Sin, 305, 647; 7th month sacred to Sh., 463, 685; patron of Gilgamesh, 471, 479; identical with Lugal-Marada, 486; patron of Etana, 520; controls Zu, 538; on seal cylinders, 540; Si-gar, a festival of, 684; festival days, 685.

_Shamshi-Ramman_, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214.

_Shamuktu_, a class of priestesses of Ishtar, 660.

_Sha-nit(?)-ka_, goddess, in Ass. pantheon, 188; associated with Damku and Sharru-ilu, 232; mistress of Nineveh, 233; = Ishtar, 233.

_Sharru_, title of Marduk, in the deluge story, 500.

_Sharru-ilu_, god, associated with Damku and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps a foreign god, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Shar-sarbi_ = Belsarbi, 242.

_Sherua_, minor god in Ass. pantheon, 234; foreign deity, 644.

_Sheol_, 560; O. T. conceptions of Sheol || to Babylonian conceptions, 606 ff.; see also _Shualu_, _Dead._.

_Shinar_ = Babylonia, 613.

_Ship_, construction of, 498-9; Puzur-shadu-rabu, captain of ark, 500; a sacred object, 653-4; its uses and significance, 654; compared with the Mahmal and the ark, 655.

"_Ship of Light_," name of Sin's ship, 655.

"_Ship of Malku_," name of the ship of Naru, 655.

"_Ship of the Brilliant Offspring_," name of Bau's ship, 655.

_Shir_, god, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local god, 163; patron of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shirpurla_, see _Lagash_.

_Shualu_, designation of the district of the dead, 560 ff.; meaning, 559; || to Hebr. Sheol, 560.

_Shubu_, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local character, 163; patron god of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shu-bu-la_, god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169; patron of Shumdula, 169.

_Shu-gid-la_, see _Shu-bu-la_, 169.

_Shukamuna_, Cassite god, identical with Nergal, 152, 163, 172; head of Agum's pantheon, 152, 172; consort of Shumalia, 173.

_Shul-gur_ = Nin-girsu, 51.

_Shul-pa-uddu_, god, 51; meaning of name, 99; age and extension of cult, 99; decline of cult in favor of Shamash and Ninib, 100; position in Babylonian astronomy, 100; solar deity, 99, 531.

_Shumalia_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162-3, 172; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; consort of Shukamuna, 173; epithet, 173.

_Shumdula_, city in Babylonia, cult of Shubula, 169.

_Shum-gar_, see _Si-gar_.

_Shurippak_, city on Euphrates, destroyed by rainstorm, 495; comparison with Sodom, 496, 507.

_Shurpu series_, 290.

_Shu-sil-la_, see _Shubula_, 169.

_Sibi_, collective personification of the seven evil spirits associated with Ishum, 533.

_Sibittum_, minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_Siduri_, Sabitum, the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Si-gar_, festival of Gula, 683; festival of Sin, 684; festival of Shamash, 684; meaning, 684; date of installation of Ashurbanabal, 684.

_Silili_, mother of one of Ishtar's associates, 482.

_Sin_, god, see also _Nannar_; worshipped in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; temple at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 644, 687; occurrence of the name elsewhere, 77; amalgamation with Nannar, 78; chief trait, 78; lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78; epithets and functions, 76, 78-9, 219, 462; gradual decrease of Sin cult, 78-9; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; associated with Shamash and Ramman, 158, 163; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; patron of Bit-Khabban, 163; head of 2d triad, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 571; father of Ishtar, 565; temple at Calah, 219; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 219; sanctuary at Magganubba, 219; god of wisdom, 78, 219; god of water in Ass. pantheon, 219; first-born son of Bel, 76, 219; subordinate position in Ass. pantheon, 219-20; Sin and astronomy, resp. astrology, 219-20; temple at Babylon, 242; in incantations, 280; in hymn, 303-4; Sin and Shamash, 305, 647; first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin 462; chapel in E-Zida, 639; Sin cult under Nabonnedos, 77, 648; Sin's ship, 655; zagmuk of, 678; Si-gar, festival of, 684.

_Sinai_, a peninsula (metals and stone), 627, 652.

_Sin-gamil_, of Uruk, builds sanctuaries to Nergal at Cuthah, 66.

_Sin-gashid_, of Uruk, servitor of Lugal-banda and Nin-gul, 95-6.

_Sin-iddina_, of Larsa, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; builds temple of Sin in Ur, 76.

_Sippar_, temple and archives, 10; ancient center, 35, 245; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 117, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; temple of Nun-gal, 168; worship of Shamash, Malik, and Bunene, 176; temple of Nin-karrak, 294; temple of Malkalu or A, 640; zikkurat, "Threshold of Long Life," 641.

_Sir_, serpent god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Sirius_, observations of, 372.

_Siwan_, 3d month, sacred to Sin, 462, 687; sacred to the god of brick structures, 463; 25th day of Siwan sacred to Belit of Babylon, 684.

_Slaves_, standing of slaves a measure of social ethics, 695.

_Smith, George_, explorations, 9.

_Sodom_, destruction of, point of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495-6, 507.

_Sokkaros_, grandfather of Gilgamesh (Aelian), 524.

_Solomonic_ temple and the sacred quarter in Nippur, 623-4; horns of altar compared with Bab. custom, 652; "sea" compared with Apsu, 653; ark compared with the Bab. ship, 655.

_Sorcer_, _Sorceress_, see also _Witchcraft_; relationship betw. s. and oracle-giver, 342.

_Spirits_, in proper names, 166, 180; Nun-gal-e-ne, a class of, 168 (cf. 184); their symbols, 174, 182; functions, 174; lists of, 180; classification of, 181 ff.; of disease, 181, 186, 246; of the field, 182; of the nether-world, 183; dividing line betw. gods and spirits, 181, 183, 231, 266, 274; of evil, 260, 264; activity of, 260-1; representations of, 263; habitations of, 260, 263; the seven spirits, 264; strength attribute of, 266; relationship betw. demons and witchcraft, 267; differentiation of demons, 262.

_Spiritualization of mythology_, 304, 306; characteristic of later times, 297; in penitential psalms, 313, 319.

_Splendor of Heaven and Earth_, name of temple, 641.

_Stars_, writing of heaven, 454; division of, 455.

_Storm_, symbols of storm (birds and bulls), 537 ff.

_Subartu_, name of country, 532.

_Sugi_, name of country, 675.

_Sukhaul-ziku_, name of mythical fountain, 572.

_Sumer and Akkad_, ethnological-geographical, 32-3; S.-A. language in incantations, 259.

_Sumerian question_, 21-4, 32-4.

_Sun_, see _Shamash_; gates of s., 435, 443; representation of sun in creation story, 461; sun and moon in astronomy and religion, 461.

_Susian wedge writing_, 19.

_Syllabaries_, 135.

_Syncellus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Systematized religion_, see _Theology_.

_Taboo_, meaning of, 397.

_Talisman_, see _Amulet_, _Teraphim_.

_Tammuz_, agricultural deity, 58, 588; relations to Ishtar, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; T. and Gish-zida doorkeepers of heaven, 546; solar deity, 547; 4th month named for T., 547, 682; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9; brother of Belili, 575; T.'s day = All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; identified with Nin-girsu, 58; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 546, 588.

_Tammuz_, 4th month, sacred to Ninib, 462; named for god Tammuz, 547, 682; sacred to the servant of Gibil, 463.

_Tarbisu_, city north of Nineveh; temple of Nergal, 219.

_Tar-gul-le_, names of some demons let loose by Dibbarra in the deluge story, 500.

_Tashmitum_, goddess in pantheon of Hammurabi, 130; a new creation, 131-2; consort of Nabu, 130-1, 228-9; meaning of name, 131; her quasi-artificial character, 131-2; called Nana, 132; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; shrine in E-Zida, 241.

_Tashritu_, see _Tishri_.

_Taylor, J. E._, excavations, 8.

_Tebet_, 10th month, sacred to Papsukal, Ishtar, and Anu, 463; festival of En-meshara, 588.

_Tel-Id_, mound near Warka, site of ancient capital of Mar, 100.

_Tell-el-amarna_, see _El-amarna_.

_Tell-Ibrahim_ = Cuthah.

_Telloh_, excavations, 11; temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Tell-Sifr_, temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Temple records_, see also _Literature_; source of study of the deities, 167.

_Temples_, 612 ff.; names of t., 638 ff.; history of t., 642 ff.; as financial establishments, 650; minor part played by the temples in Assyria, 659.

_Terah_, _Terahites_, appearance in Palestine, 2; migrations, 2; home of, 9.

_Teraphim_, talismans parallel to Ass.-Bab. statuettes of gods, 674.

_Teumman_, king of Elam, 296.

_Thamud_, Arabic tribe destroyed, 496.

_The Brilliant House_, name of temple, 641.

"_The Lesser Light_," name of Ningal's ship, 655.

_Theology and popular belief_, 89, 114, 131, 180, 235, 249, 411, 414, 416, 458, 494, 527, 584, 614, 619, 629-30, 689; Gudea's system, 108; interaction betw. political fortunes and positions of divinities, 108, 110-11, 134-5, 201, 234, 235; genealogical arrangement according to Amiaud, 108; family theory according to Davis, 109; its value, 109; tendency towards recognition of certain great gods, 111, 147, 171, 190, 234-5, 696; organization of cult and ritual, establishment of dogmas, 115, 133, 247, 690; pedagogical activity, 135; formation of the great triad, 147; re-systematization of gods by Hammurabi, 171, 276; systematization of spirits, 184; attempts to systematize series of gods, 213, 216, 233; theology in cosmology, 412 ff., 418, 443; in the 12th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 512-3; in the Etana legend, 527; theology in the Zu epic, 542.

_Thomas, Felix_, excavations, 8.

_Thousand and One Nights_, 494.

_Threshold of Long Life_, name of zikkurat in Sippar, 641.

_Tiamat_, mythical monster, conquered by Marduk, 140, 197, 408; fought by Anu, Ea, 197; synonymous with Apsu, 411; female principle, 411; personified chaos, 411, 414; dominion of T. and Apsu precedes that of the gods, 412; gods product of the union of T. and Apsu, 413; mythical monsters product of the union of T. and Apsu, 414; associates of T., 419; Ummu-Khubur, epithet of T., 419; Kingu her consort, 420; Tiamat epic compared with Zu myth, 543; comparison with Nergal-Allat fight, 585.

_Tiglathpileser I._, king of Assyria, nomenclature of Bel, 146; dedicates temple to Anu and Ramman, 154, 159; as a hunter, 216; rebuilds temple of Bel at Ashur, 225; pantheon, 236; dedicates captured gods, 675.

_Tiglathpileser II._, sacrifices in Babylonia, 664.

_Tigris_, course of, 28-9; comparison with Euphrates, 30; in garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506); one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._ 2).

_Tishri_, 7th month, sacred to Shamash, 462 (_cf._ 681, 685); 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Tombs_, see _Dead_.

_Triad_, the great, Anu, Bel, Ea, 107; relationship of the members, 147; product of theology, 147, 149; development of, 148; extraneous position, 149; representative of the three kingdoms, 155; punish the violator of monuments, 207; fix the name of the months, 208, 236; general position in Ass. pantheon, 236; give victory, 236; grant rule, 236; associated with Ashur, Ishtar, and Igigi, and Anunnaki, 236; in incantations, 273; associated with fire-god, 279; in Gudea, 418; in the cosmology, 418; ancestors of the triad, 418; symbolizes the eternal laws of the universe, 432.

_Triad_, second, Sin, Shamash, Ramman, 163; in incantations, 273.

_Tubal-cain_, biblical father of metal workers, 178.

_Tur-lil-en_, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242.

_Tychsen, Gerhard_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_Ubshu-kenna_, council chamber of the gods, 423, 629, 687.

_Uddushu-Namir_, a divine servant, created by Ea, 571.

_Ud-zal_ = Nimib, 166.

_Ukhat_, in the Gilgamesh epic, 475, 476 ff.; parallelism betw. U. and Eve, 511.

_Ukhati_, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Ul-mash-shi-tum_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Ululu_, 6th month, sacred to Ishtar, 462, 684; sacred to Ashur, 463, 685; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684; 3d day of U. sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Ululu 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Anu and Bel, 463.

_Umu_, goddess, 51; priestess of Uruk, 102; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110.

_Umun-pa-uddu_ = Shul-pa-uddu, 99.

_Ur_, city, home of Terahites, 9; dynasties, 36-7; sacred to Sin or Nannar, 69-70, 75, 242, 640, 647; sanctuary of Shamash, 70; starting point of Hebrew migrations, 77; association with Harran, 77; temple of Nana, 81; temple of Nin-gal, 97; temple of Sin, 70, 242, 295, 640; literary center, 245; zikkurat at Ur, 617; temple E-kharsag, 638; temple E-gal-makh, 639.

_Ur-Bau_, patesi of Lagash, builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds sanctuary to Ea in Girsu, 61-3; builds temple of Ninni in Gishgalla, 80; builds temple to Nin-Mar in Mar, 100; builds temple to Ku(?)-anna in Girsu, 102; erects a zikkurat in Nippier, 645.

_Ur-Gur_, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; preserves local cults in Larsa, Nippur, Uruk, 69; builds temple to Sin in Ur, 76; builds temple to Nana in Uruk, 81.

_Ur-Kasdim_ = Ur.

_Ur-Nin-Girsu_, of Lagash, priest of Anu, 90.

_Ur-Shul-pa-uddu_, ruler of Kish, 99.

_Uru-azagga_, quarter of Lagash, 57; temple of Bau, 59, 103.

_Uru-gal_, "great city," designation of nether-world, 592; Nin-azu, god of U., 592.

_Uruk_, ancient center, 9, 35, 245, 445, 472; excavated, 9; rulers, 37; temple of Nin-shakh, 93; temple of Lugal-banda, 95; temple of Nin-gul, 96; origin of cult of Nisaba, 102; Nana, or Ishtar, the great goddess of Uruk, 81, 84, 103, 242, 311, 445, 473, 475, 645, 648; importance of Uruk in Nippur inscriptions, 103; worship of Nisaba, 111; temple of Nana or Ishtar, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; Uruk supuri, 472; city of the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, 475, 531; conquered by Gilgamesh, 473, 513; attacked by Khumbaba, 430; Uruk under Cassites (?), 480; attacked by Dibbarra, 531; dwelling of Anu and Ishtar, 531; zikkurat at U., 619, 639.

_Uru-kagina_, patesi of Lagash, 53; king of Girsu, 56; erects temple of Bau at Uru-azagga, 103.

_Utu_, surname of Shamash, 72; etymology, 73.

_Utukku_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 511).

_Vases_, sacred objects, 652, 674-5 comparison with vases in the Solomonic temple, 653.

_Venus_ = Ishtar, name of planet, 370.

_Votive inscriptions_, see _Religious Texts_.

_Votive offerings_, 51, 57, 660 ff.; lists of, 165; popular character, 668-9; statues of kings votive offerings, 669; occasions for, 670; offered by kings and laymen, 671, 675; various objects, 671, 675; captured gods as offerings, 675.

_Warka_, see _Uruk_.

_Water_, see _Fire_ and _Ea_; means of purification, 276, 279, 282, 289.

_Wedge writing_, styles and varieties, 19, 20; origin, 21 ff., 454, 455.

_Witchcraft_, origin of belief in, 267; relationship betw. w. and demons, 267; the sex in w., 267, 342, 485; means of w., 268; protection against, 269; release from, 285, 657; causes of punishment by, 291.

_Worship_, tree worship compared with Hebrew-Phoenician Ashera cult, 689; symbolical in Bab., 689.

_Xenophon_, contemporary of Ctesias, 1.

_Xisuthras_, 505; see _Adra-Khasis_.

_Yakhin_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Zab_, lower, tributary of Tigris, 192.

_Zabu_, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Sippar, 117; restores Anunit temple at Agade, 117.

_Zag-muk_, festival of Bau, 59, 677; festival of Marduk, 127, 631, 678-9; festival of En-lil, 678; festival of Sin, 678; festival of Nana, 678; propitious time for asking oracles, 628-9; spring and fall the time of the z., 678; compared with Jewish New Year, 687.

_Zakar_, god, meaning of name, 172; place of worship, 172; "wall of Zakar," 172; relationship to Bel and Belit, 172.

_Zamama_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168; sanctuary to Z. in Kish, 169; god of battle (identified with Ninib, 640), 169; Ninni his consort, 169; in incantations, 273; temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

_Zarmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Za-za-uru_, son of Bau, 103.

_Zikkurat_, staged tower, 615; imitation of mountain, 615; house of oracle, 622; names of zikkurats, 638 ff.

_Zodiac_, z. system outcome of religious thought, 247, 434; zodiacal interpretation of the gods, 82, 310-1, 434, 462-3, 676; almost the entire zodiac known to the Babylonians, 456.

_Zoroastrianism_, 45.

_Zu_, personification of storm, 525, 537; myth of Zu, 537 ff.; compared with Tiamat epic, 543; explanation of name, 537; the chief worker of evil, 538; under the control of Shamash, 538; robs the tablets of fate, 540; conquered by Marduk, 542.

_Zurghul_, city in Babylonia, 578.

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