Part 11

[Footnote 118: Finnur Jónsson has also been struck by the similarity between the story connected with Bjarki's birth and the second story in the _rímur_, in which Hjalti slays a bear. He says, "I rimerne (V, 5-14) er der endnu tale om en 'gråbjörn.'"--_Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 22.]

[Footnote 119: _Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 18.]

[Footnote 120: See p. 16.]

[Footnote 121: The dogs are here said to be the herdsmen's dogs, in conformity with the spirit of the story in its new setting and to differentiate the story from what it is in the place whence the author of the _rímur_ took it.]

[Footnote 122: _Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 22.]

[Footnote 123: See pp. 50 ff.]

[Footnote 124: For further proof of this, see pp. 81 ff.]

[Footnote 125: See p. 11.]

[Footnote 126: In the foregoing no implication is intended as to the identity of the story of Beowulf's fight with Grendel and Saxo's story of Bjarki's slaying the bear. The result, however, of the discussion is to establish the priority of Saxo's story to that in the _Hrólfssaga_; hence, an attempt to identify Bjarki's exploit with Beowulf's exploit must consist principally in an attempt to identify the Grendel story with Saxo's version of the corresponding story told about Bjarki.]

[Footnote 127: I, pp. 175-78.]

[Footnote 128: "Det ældste vidnesbyrd om sagnet bar vi i den såkaldte _Vọluspá in skamma_; det hedder her: 'eru vọlur allar frá Viðolfi.' Denne troldkvindernes stamfader er identisk med troldmanden Vit[h]olphus i Sakses norske saga; og når vi ser, hvorledes digtets troldmandsremser nævner kendte sagnfigurer--Heiðr i _Voluspå_; Hrossþjófr i Sakses norske Baldersagn--, tör vi også i Viðolfr se hentydning til en bestemt digtning, i.e., til dette norske Skjoldungsagn. Desværre kendes digtets alder ikke videre nöje; det er efterhedensk og er digtet som et tillæg til _Voluspå_, sikkert efter at dette digt var blevet udvidet med dværgremserne. (F. Jónsson, _Oldn. lit. hist._, I, 204, gör det til islandsk og sætter det til 2. halvdel af 12te årh.)."--Olrik's note.]

[Footnote 129: See pp. 9, 15, 24.]

[Footnote 130: _St. Sag. Eng._, pp. 120-21.]

[Footnote 131: See R. Imelmann's edition, pp. 45 ff.]

[Footnote 132: "_Hroarr-Helgi_. Frodas, der Florencius gegenübersteht und Waldeus zu beseitigen sucht, hat zwar als Usurpator in einem ganzen Typus seine Verwandten, aber eine in formeller Hinsicht auffallende in der nordischen Sage von Hroarr und Helgi. Hier stellt Froði zwei Neffen nach, die aber durch ihren Erzieher in Sicherheit gebracht werden. Sie rächen sich später an dem Usurpator in seiner Halle. Bei seinen Nachstellungen lässt Froði sich täuschen. Für diese Züge bietet der Waldeus eine genaue parallele (S. 45-60). Seine Vorlage konnte die Sage kennen, da sie in England entstanden und beliebt war; und ihre Benutzung müsste angenommen werden, sobald man die Namensgleichheit Froði--Froda (Frode) für nicht zufällig hält. Der Name Froði scheint in England sonst zu fehlen; er steht nicht bei Björkman."--_Hist. Reg. Wald._, Introd., p. 52.]

[Footnote 133: _St. Sag. Eng._, pp. 103 ff.]

[Footnote 134: _St. Sag. Eng._, p. 134.]

[Footnote 135: _Hist. Mer._, Introd., p. 30.]

[Footnote 136: _St. Sag. Eng._, p. 139.]

[Footnote 137: See, for instance, _Dan. Nor. Rig._]

[Footnote 138: _Hist. Mer._, Introd., pp. 65-67.]

[Footnote 139: The version of the Havelok story here referred to is that contained in Geffrei Gaimar's _Estorie des Engles_ and summarized in _St. Sag. Eng._, pp. 98-100.]

[Footnote 140: _Hist. Mer._, Introd., p. 30, n.]

[Footnote 141: See _Helt._, I, pp. 22-23.]

[Footnote 142: _Hist. Mer._, p. 8.]

[Footnote 143: _Hist. Mer._, p. 9.]

[Footnote 144: _Hist. Mer._, p. 8.]

[Footnote 145: _Hist. Mer._, p. 9.]

[Footnote 146: _Gest. Dan._, p. 218.]

[Footnote 147: _St. Sag. Eng._, p. 129.]

[Footnote 148: _Hist. Mer._, Introd., p. 31.]

[Footnote 149: See pp. 86 ff.]

[Footnote 150: A variant of "Sævil" in the manuscripts is "Sævar." See _Hrs. Bjark._, pp. 3, n. and 5, n.]

[Footnote 151: _Chron._, V, p. 269.]

[Footnote 152: _Chron._, V, p. 269.]

[Footnote 153: There is something similar to this in _Meriadoc_. Orwen, the princess, marries the King of Scotland. This feature of _Meriadoc_, besides being in line with Hroar's marrying Northri's daughter, points toward Scotland also.]

[Footnote 154: Siward married Ælflæd, daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia in Northumbria (see p. 13).]

[Footnote 155: _Nor. Hist._, I, pp. 180-81.]

[Footnote 156: _Macb._, Introd., p. 15.]

[Footnote 157: _Chron._, V, p. 274.]

[Footnote 168: Quoted by Langebek in _Sc. Rer. Dan._, III. p. 291, n.]

[Footnote 159: Olrik; see p. 65.]

[Footnote 160: _Skjs._ (_Aarb._, pp. 110 ff.).]

[Footnote 161: _Oldn. Lit. Hist._, II, p. 665.]

[Footnote 162: See pp. 64 ff., where Olrik's explanation of the development in the relations between Frothi and Halfdan, from the earliest to the latest account, is given in full.]

[Footnote 163: See p. 69.]

[Footnote 164: "Vi finder _Skjoldungasagas_ kongerække bekræftet i de andre skrifter. _Langfeðgatal_ stemmer helt igennem i kongersekken og--på et enkelt punkt nær--også i slægstskabs-forholdene. Rolv krakes saga stemmer ligeledes; kun gör den sin konge Frode til Halvdans broder, ikke til hans brodersön som de to andre kilder. _Hervararsaga_ bar forvansket nogle af de mindre vigtige konge-og dronningnavne, men har i det hele samme bygning af Skjoldungslægten. De på Island bevarede oldkvad (_Grottesangen_, _Bjarkemål_, _Bråvallakvadet_ og _Hyndluljóð_) stemmer belt med prosaskrifterne."--Olrik, _Aarb._, p. 157.]

[Footnote 165: Son and successor of Scioldus.]

[Footnote 166: Said to have been king when Christ was born.]

[Footnote 167: Brothers, sons of Leifus.]

[Footnote 168: Married to Olafa, daughter of Vermundus.]

[Footnote 169: Chosen king upon the death of Frotho III, when Fridleus II was absent from the kingdom.]

[Footnote 170: Son and successor of Frotho III. He defeated Hiarnus and later slew him.]

[Footnote 171: Olaf appears here in a disturbing manner; but that Saxo had no clear conception of him is plain from the way he introduces his seventh book. He says: "Ingello quatuor filios fuisse, ex iisdemque, tribus bello consumptis, Olauum solum post patrem regnasse, perita rerum prodit antiquitas: quem quidam Ingelli sorore editum incerto opinionis arbitrio perhibent. Huius actus uetustatis squalore conspersos parum iusta noticia posteritatis apprehendit; extremum duntaxat prudencie eius monitum memoria uendicauit. Quippe cum supremis fati uiribus arctaretur, Frothoni et Haraldo filiis consulturus, alterum terris, alterum aquis regia dicione preesse, eamque potestatis differenciam non diutina usurpacione, sed annua uicissitudine sortini iubet."--_Gest. Dan._, p. 216.]

[Footnote 172: Son of Ingjald, but not his successor on the throne.]

[Footnote 173: Halfdan in _Hrs._ and _Skjs._]

[Footnote 174: Hroar in _Hrs._ and _Skjs._]

[Footnote 175: Helgi in _Hrs._ and _Skjs._]

[Footnote 176: _Beow._, ll. 2024-69.]

[Footnote 177: _Beow._, ll. 82-85.]

[Footnote 178: "Dette forhold, at det egenlige vikingeliv ligger forud for digtet, förer os hen til 10de årh. som dets tilblivelsestid."--_Helt._, II, p. 36.]

[Footnote 179: _Helt._, II, pp. 37-41. Olrik's notes, of which there are a number, have been omitted.]

[Footnote 180: Later, the statement is made that Hroar had a son called Waldar; but the statement causes no difficulty in this connection. First, we observe that when Hroar, who is older than Helgi, is slain, Helgi's son, Hrolf Kraki, becomes sole King of Denmark with no competitor for the throne. Secondly, Arngrim says: "Roas. Hujus posteros etsi non repperi in compendio unde Regum Daniæ Fragmenta descripsi; tamen genealogiam hanc alibi sic oblatam integre ut sequitur visum est contexere. Valderus cogn. munificus, Roæ prædicti filius."--_Aarb._, p. 139, n.]

[Footnote 181: Halfdan's brother, who, after Halfdan's death, married his widow, Sigrith.]

[Footnote 182: This is not expressly stated; but her appearance and action in the last scene admit of no other conclusion. This is Finnur Jónsson's opinion also; see p. 95, n.]

[Footnote 183: _Helt._, I, pp. 173-74.]

[Footnote 184: Finnur Jónsson, in his comment on the _Fróðaþáttr_, regards the version of the Hroar-Helgi story contained in the _Skjọldungasaga_ and the _Bjarkarímur_ as earlier than the version contained in the _Hrólfssaga_. His most significant statements bearing on the matter are as follows: "I _Skjọldungasaga_, der blandt de islandske kilder har störst betydning, har vi herfor [i.e., instead of Halfdan and Frothi] Hálfdan og Ingjaldr, der er halvbrödre, bægge sönner af kong Fróði froekni; Halvdans moder er en datter af kong Jörund i Sverrig, Ingjalds moder er en datter af Sverting og Frodes virkelige hustru; herom ved vor saga altså intet. Halvdan er ifg. _Skj._ gift med en Sigríðr (således også i _Hrs._, hvor hun pludselig dukker op). Deres börn er de samme som i sagaen; også her er Signý gift med Sævil. Ingjald dræber sin broder Halvdan og gifter sig med hans enke (heri finder vi motivet til at hun lader sig indebrænde med Frode i _Hrs._, hvilket dér står ganske umotiveret)."--_Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 9.

The _Skjọldungasaga_ does not, however, say that Ingjald's mother was a daughter of Swerting. It says, "Postea ducta alia, Ingialldum filium legitimum hæredem suscepit" (_Aarb._, p. 111). And later it says that Ingjald married Swerting's daughter. The words of the saga are, "Ingialldus Frodonis filius Svertingi baronis paulo ante commemorati filiam in uxorem accepit firmioris gratiæ, ut omnibus visum, conciliandæ ergo" (_Aarb._, p. 112). This would indicate that Ingjald was not the son of a daughter of Swerting.]

[Footnote 185: "Arngrim tilföjer, at natten efter var de hos en bonde, i.e., Hrane, hvis gaver de afslog. (Footnote. Her træffer vi sikkert det oprindelige forhold, kun ét mode med Odin.) Hvorledes Rolv rejste videre, siges ikke i nogen af kilderne. Det er klart heraf, at Arngrims fremstilling står sagaen nærmere end _Skj._, hvilket næppe kommer af, at Snorre skulde have udeladt det som Arngrim har; det har været den yngre bearbejdelse af _Skj._, som A. Olrik vistnok med rette har ment at kunne påvise, som Arngrims fremstilling beror på."--Finnur Jónsson, _Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 25.]

[Footnote 186: See, for instance, Sarrazin's _König Hrodhgeirr und seine familie_; _Eng. Stud._, XXIII, pp. 221 ff.]

[Footnote 187: _Aarb._, pp. 164.]

[Footnote 188: See p. 85.]

[Footnote 189: _Beow.-Stud._, pp. 41 ff., and _Eng. Stud._, XXIII, p. 228.]

[Footnote 190: _Notes, Beow._, pp. 43.]