Chapter 10

Per Sandager, 29.

"quercus," 74.

Ragnar, 64.

Ragnar Lodbrok, 15.

Ravenlandeye, 14, 18.

Regin, 61-63, 68.

Remus, 67.

Roland, 43.

Romulus, 67.

Russia, 81.

"Sakser," 90, 91.

Scandinavians, 10, 70, 80, 98.

"Scania," 82.

Scioldus, 86.

Scotland, 13, 17, 71, 72, 78.

Scots, 13, 15.

Scyld, 9.

Scylding kings, 67, 69.

Seeland, 64, 77, 82.

"seid," 79.

"seiðkona," 79, 81.

Sigar, 73.

Signy, 61-63, 73, 77, 82, 83, 93, 95.

Sigrith, 63, 82, 83, 92, 93, 95.

Sigurd, 23, 28, 67.

Sigurdur, 31-33.

Silfrúnarstadir, 31.

Siward, 10, 13-20, 23, 24, 56, 59, 63, 77, 78, 80.

Sjávarborg, 31.

Skåne, 82.

Skagafjördur, 31.

_Skjọldungasaga_, 18, 65, 81-84, 86, 87, 91-96, 98.

"Skjoldunger," 65, 88.

"Skjoldungsagaer," 67.

"Skjoldungsagn," 64, 66.

"Skjoldungslægt," 84.

"Skjoldungæt," 65, 90.

Skofnung, 39, 40.

Sleipnir, 19.

Snowdon, Mount, 72.

soothsayers, 61, 79.

Spratlingus, 14.

Starkad, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90.

Sweden, 8, 17-19, 63, 77, 81, 82, 87, 95, 97.

Swedes, 81.

Swerting, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94-96.

Sævar, 78.

Sævil, 61-63, 73, 78, 82, 83, 93, 95.

Thames, 14.

Thebes, 67.

Thessaly, 67.

Tosti, 14, 17.

troll, 7, 9, 11, 16, 21, 22, 24-28, 30-35, 38, 52, 53, 59.

troll-animal, 29.

troll-bird, 29.

troll-dragon, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 49, 50, 53, 55, 58, 59.

troll-hare, 29.

troll-wife, 35, 66.

Ulf, 16, 55, 56.

Ulfius, 14.

Ulsius, 14.

Uplands in Norway, 81.

Urien, 71-73.

Ursus, 14.

Uther Pendragon, 71.

Valhalla, 19.

Valsleit, 17.

"Vender," 90.

Vifil, 61, 62, 73, 74, 76, 79.

Vitholphus, 66.

Viðolfi, 66.

"Volsunger," 90.

Waldar, 92, 93.

Waldef story, 69.

Wales, 71.

Wealhtheow, 97.

Weder-Geats, 41.

Welsh, 70.

werewolf myth, 12.

Westminster, 14.

Westmoreland, 14.

Widsith, 61, 89, 91, 98.

winged monster in _Hrs._, 7-12, 20-22, 25, 55, 95, 98.

witch, 26, 61, 62, 64, 78, 79, 97.

wizard, 26, 79.

wolf in _Bjark._, 7, 10-12, 28, 47, 49-52, 54, 57, 58, 60, 95, 98.

wolves in _Gest. Dan._, bk. seven, 63, 64.

wolves in _Hist. Mer._, 71, 75, 76.

Worcestershire, 13.

York, 13.

Young Siward, 13.

Yrsa, 66, 69, 83, 96.

Yule, 25.

Yule Eve, 22, 25, 30.

Yule-feast, 22, 25.

Yule-tide, 27.

Ælflæd, 13, 78.

Æsir, 26.

Ögn, 63, 78, 92, 94, 97.

"Östersöen," 90.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: For these portions of the _Bjarkarímur_, see pp. 47-48.]

[Footnote 2: For the story of Bjarki's fight with the winged monster, see pp. 20-22.]

[Footnote 3: See p. 51.]

[Footnote 4: _Ant. Tid._, 1852-54, p. 130.]

[Footnote 5: _Ang._, 1886, IX, pp. 198-201.]

[Footnote 6: _P.B.B._, 1887, XII, pp. 55-57.]

[Footnote 7: _Beow. Stud._, 1888, pp. 62-63.]

[Footnote 8: _Beow. Unt. Ang._, 1889, p. 55.]

[Footnote 9: _Beow. Unt._, 1888, pp. 185-88.]

[Footnote 10: _Eng. Stud._, 1892, XVI, p. 80.]

[Footnote 11: The list is "Osbern Thruwin Aeskitil Riculf Aeskyl Rikui Boduwar Berki Esel Petre Osbern."]

[Footnote 12: _P. B. B._, 1895, XX, pp. 157-58.]

[Footnote 13: _Eng. Stud._, 1897, XXIII, pp. 243-46.]

[Footnote 14: _Notes, Beow._, 1898, p. 96.]

[Footnote 15: _Grundr._, 1898, III, p. 649.]

[Footnote 16: _Ark._, 1903 (the article is dated 1901), XIX, pp. 19 ff.]

[Footnote 17: _Oldn. Lit. Hist._, II, 1901, p. 832.]

[Footnote 18: _Helt._, I, 1903, pp. 135-36.]

[Footnote 19: _Helt._, I, p. 135.]

[Footnote 20: _Helt._, I, pp. 139-41.]

[Footnote 21: _Helt._, pp. 215-17.]

[Footnote 22: _Helt._, I, p. 248.]

[Footnote 23: _Hrs. Bjark._, 1904, Introd., p. 22.]

[Footnote 24: _Eng. Stud._, 1905, XXXV, pp. 19 ff. The similarity between "Gullinhjalti," in the _Hrólfssaga_, and "gylden hilt," in _Beowulf_, was first pointed out by Friedrich Kluge in _Englische Studien_, 1896, XXII, p. 145. Sarrazin would write "gylden hilt," the form in which the words appear in _Beowulf_, in one word and capitalize it (i.e., Gyldenhilt). This manner of writing the words brings them nearer in form to "Gullinhjalti," as this word is written in the _Hrólfssaga_. Holthausen in his latest edition (1909) of _Beowulf_ also uses the form "Gyldenhilt." Lawrence, likewise, identifies "gylden hilt" with Gullinhjalti (see p. 12), as does also Panzer (see p. 12).]

[Footnote 25: _St. Sag. Eng._, 1906, pp. 249 ff.]

[Footnote 26: _Camb. Hist. Lit._, I, 1907, pp. 29-30.]

[Footnote 27: _Gesch. Alteng. Lit._, 1908, p. 993.]

[Footnote 28: _P. M. L. A._, 1909, XXIV, p. 237.]

[Footnote 29: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 239.]

[Footnote 30: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 231.]

[Footnote 31: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 231.]

[Footnote 32: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 224.]

[Footnote 33: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 223.]

[Footnote 34: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 224.]

[Footnote 35: _St. germ. Sag._, 1910, pp. 366 ff.]

[Footnote 36: _St. germ. Sag._, pp. 372-73.]

[Footnote 37: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 383.]

[Footnote 38: XVIII, pp. 318-19.]

[Footnote 39: See the legendary life of Siward in the following.]

[Footnote 40: _Ark._, XIX, p. 199.]

[Footnote 41: Olrik, _Ark._, XIX, p. 205.]

[Footnote 42: _Ark._, XIX, pp. 212-13.]

[Footnote 43: _Ark._, XIX, pp. 205-07. See also _Helt._, I, pp. 215-17. In his _St. germ. Sag._, p. 378, n., Panzer calls in question the connection that Olrik makes between Bjarki's bear-ancestry and that of Siward. But Olrik's theory furnishes the only satisfactory explanation of all the phenomena involved, and is so extremely probable that it must be regarded as correct.]

[Footnote 44: _Hrs. Bjark._, pp. 59-60.]

[Footnote 45: _Sn. Ed._, pp. 107-10.]

[Footnote 46: See p. 95, 3 and note.]

[Footnote 47: _Ark._, XIX, p. 211]

[Footnote 48: _Helt._, I, p. 136.]

[Footnote 49: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 367.]

[Footnote 50: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 239.]

[Footnote 51: _Hrs. Bjark._, pp. 68-71. Lawrence's translation of the above is as follows:--

"And as the Yule-feast approached, the men grew depressed. Bothvar asked Hott the reason; he told him that a beast had already come two successive winters, a great and terrible one,--'and it has wings on its back and flies about continually; two autumns it has already sought us here, and it does great damage; no weapon wounds it, but the king's champions, the best warriors of all, don't come home at this time.' Bothvar said, 'The hall isn't so well defended as I thought, if a beast can destroy the domain and property of the king.' Hott answered, 'That is no beast, it is rather the greatest of monsters.' (þat er ekki dýr, heldr er þat hit mesta trọll). Now came the Yule-even; and the king said, 'Now I desire that the men be still and quiet in the night, and I forbid them all to run any risk on account of the beast; let the cattle fare as fate wills (sem auðnar); my men I do not wish to lose.' All promised to act as the king commanded. But Bothvar crept secretly out in the night; he made Hott go with him, but Hott only went because he was forced to, crying out that it would surely be the death of him. Bothvar told him it would turn out better. They went out of the hall, and Bothvar had to carry him, so full of fear was he. Now they saw the beast, and Hott shrieked as loud as he could, and cried that the beast was going to swallow him. Bothvar commanded the dog (bikkjuna hans, i.e. Hott) to keep still, and threw him down in the moss, and there he lay in unspeakable terror, and didn't even dare to run home. Then Bothvar attacked the beast, but it chanced that the sword stuck in the sheath when he wanted to draw it; then he pulled so hard at the sword that it flew out of the sheath, and he plunged (leggr) it immediately with such force under the shoulder of the beast that it penetrated the heart, and hard and heavily fell the beast down on the ground dead. Then Bothvar went over to where Hott was lying. He took him up and carried him over to the place where the beast lay dead. Hott trembled frightfully. Bothvar said, 'Now you must drink the blood of the beast.' For a long time he was loth to do this, but he finally didn't dare to do otherwise. Bothvar made him drink two big gulps, and eat some of the beast's heart; then Bothvar grappled with him, and they struggled long with each other. Bothvar said, 'Now you have become very strong, and I don't believe that you will be afraid of the troop of King Hrolf any longer.' Hott answered, 'I shall not fear them any more, nor shall I be afraid of you henceforth.' 'That is well, comrade Hott,' [said Bothvar] 'and now will we set up the beast, and arrange it so that the others will think it alive.' They did so. Then they went in and were quiet; no one knew what they had done.

"The king asked in the morning whether they knew anything of the beast; whether it had showed itself anywhere in the night; they told him the cattle were all safe and sound in the folds. The king bade his men see if they couldn't find any indication that it had come thither. The warders obeyed, came quickly back again and told the king that the beast was advancing rapidly to attack the town (borginn). The king bade his men be courageous, [and said] each one should help, according as he had courage for it, and proceed against this monster. It was done as the king commanded; they made themselves ready for it. The king looked at the beast and said, 'I don't see that the beast moves; but who will undertake the task and attack it?' Bothvar answered, 'A brave man might be able to satisfy his curiosity about this! (þat væri næsta hrausts manns forvitnisbót.) Comrade Hott, destroy this evil talk about you,--men say that there is neither strength nor courage in you; go up and kill the beast!--you see nobody else wants to.' 'Yes,' said Hott,'I will undertake it.' The king said. 'I don't know whence this courage has come to you, Hott, you have changed marvellously in a short time.' Hott said, 'Give me your sword Gullinhjalti, which you are bearing, and I will kill the beast or die in the attempt.' King Hrolf said, 'This sword can only be borne by a man who is both brave and daring.' Hott answered, 'You shall be convinced that I am such a man.' The king said, 'Who knows whether your character hasn't changed more than appearances show? Take the sword and may you have good fortune!' Then Hott attacked the beast and struck at it as soon as he was near enough so that he could hit it, and the beast fell down dead. Bothvar said, 'Look, lord, what he has done!' The king replied, 'Truly he has changed much, but Hott alone didn't kill the beast, you were the man who did it.' Bothvar said, 'It may be so.' The king said, 'I knew as soon as you came here that only few men could compare with you, but this seems to me your most illustrious deed, that you have made a warrior out of Hott, who appeared little born to great good fortune. And now I wish him called Hott no longer, he shall from this day be named Hjalti,--thou shalt be called after the sword Gullinhjalti.'"--P. M. L. A., XXIV, pp. 226-27.]

[Footnote 52: _Ark._, XIX, pp. 207-08.]

[Footnote 53: See p. 7.]

[Footnote 54: _Gratis_., p. 92.]

[Footnote 55: _Sc. Folkl._., p. 65.]

[Footnote 56: _Sc. Folkl._., p. 66.]

[Footnote 57: _Sc. Folkl._., p. 108.]

[Footnote 58: _Sagn._, p. 34.]

[Footnote 59: _Event. Sagn._., p. 10.]

[Footnote 60: _Event. Sagn._., pp. 52-53.]

[Footnote 61: "Ebbe svarede, at trolde kæmpede ved nar."--_Helt._., I, p. 126. The sunlight is represented as being invariably fatal to trolls.]

[Footnote 62: George Webbe Dasent says (_Pop. Tales_, Introd., pp. 57-58): "The trolls, or, the other hand [i.e., in comparison with the Giants], with whom mankind had more to do, were supposed to be less easy tempered, and more systematically malignant, than the Giants, and with the term were bound up notions of sorcery and unholy power.... But when Christianity came in, and heathendom fell; when the godlike race of Æsir became evil demons instead of good genial powers, then all the objects of the old popular belief, whether Æsir, Giants, or Trolls, were mingled together in one superstition, as 'no canny.' They were all trolls; all malignant; and thus it is that, in these tales, the traditions about Odin and his underlings, about the Frost Giants, and about sorcerers and wizards, are confused and garbled; and all supernatural agency that plots man's ill is the work of Trolls, whether the agent be the arch enemy himself, or giant, or witch, or wizard."

It is quite impossible to characterize trolls in detail with unqualified words or phrases. They are usually malignant, though there are instances of their doing men a good turn. They are always very powerful, and are usually very large. It is told of one troll that, had she not made a misstep, she would have succeeded in wading from Norway to Iceland; and of another, that the thumb of his glove held four bushels, good measure. In some instances, however, it is possible for many trolls to enter one room of an ordinary dwelling house. There are trolls with three heads, with six heads, with nine heads, and with twelve heads. Sometimes they are one-eyed, and sometimes they have other characteristics that differentiate them from human beings. In fact, anything with supernatural qualities is apt to be called a troll. As a rule, it is impossible for human beings to cope with trolls except by outwitting them, which often is done. They are inimical to Christianity; and, though their depredations may occur on any day of the year, between sunset and sunrise, adventures with trolls, as stated above, are frequently represented as occurring Christmas Eve; and that is the time when particular precaution must be taken to avoid them. Usually it is taken for granted that trolls will not attack the inmates of a house, and people feel perfectly safe so long as they do not venture out. In another type of troll story, however, people expect trolls to invade the house Christmas Eve and attack them; and to avoid injury, the inmates vacate the house for the night, before sunset. Illustrations of these statements are found in such well known collections of fairy tales as _Sc. Folkl._, _Nor. Tales_, _Folk. Huld. Even._, _Event. Sagn_.]

[Footnote 63: This story is in print and was related to the present writer by one who had read it; and, though diligent search has failed to locate it again, the writer ventures to reproduce it, for he is certain that it is in existence.]

[Footnote 64: _Folk. Huld. Even._, Pt. I, pp. 66ff.]

[Footnote 65: _St. germ. Sag._, pp. 367-68.]

[Footnote 66: "Dette hallen hjemsögende uhyre."--_Hrs. Bjark._, Introd., p. 22.]

[Footnote 67: _Icel. Leg._, pp. 140 ff.]

[Footnote 68: That it was the cattle of King Hrolf that the dragon attacked has been recognized by others, Müllenhoff (_Beow. Unt. Ang._, p. 55) and Chadwick (_Camb. Hist. Lit._, I, p. 29), for instance; but they make no more of the matter than to state it correctly.]

[Footnote 69: _Grettis._, pp 92 ff.]

[Footnote 70: _Folk. Huld. Even._, Pt. II, pp. 53 ff.]

[Footnote 71: _Helt._, I, pp. 117-18.]

[Footnote 72: _P. M. L. A._, XXIV, p. 239.]

[Footnote 73: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 366.]

[Footnote 74: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 368.]

[Footnote 75: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 372.]

[Footnote 76: See pp. 11-12.]

[Footnote 77: _Beow. Unt. Ang._, p. 55.]

[Footnote 78: _Beow. Unt._, p. 187.]

[Footnote 79: _Helt._, I, p. 135.]

[Footnote 80: _Nor. Tales_, p. 366. The sword here in question is just like the sword in Grendel's cave in _Beowulf_, except that it is not said to have a golden hilt.]

[Footnote 81: Other tales which contain the motive that a strength-giving drink enables one to wield a sword that has supernatural qualities are: _The Big Bird Dan_ and _The Seven Foals_ (_Nor. Tales_, pp. 266 and 449); _The Three Brothers_ (Polish, _Yel. Fair. Bk._, p. 144); and _Lonkenlus_ (_Event. Sagn_, p. 268). It may be urged that in all these instances the drinking imparts strength, not bravery. But the two qualities are closely related; and the saga-man makes it plain that, by means of the drink, Hott has acquired both. Bothvar says, "Now you have become very strong, and I don't believe that you will be afraid of the troop of King Hrolf any longer." Hott answers, "I shall not fear them any more." Later Bothvar says, referring to the proposed attack on the propped-up dragon, "A brave man might be able to satisfy his curiosity about this! Comrade Hott, destroy this evil talk about you,--men say that there is neither strength nor courage in you; go up and kill the beast!" "Yes," says Hott, "I will undertake it." The king says, "I don't know whence this courage has come to you, Hott, you have changed marvellously in a short time." From the foregoing and what is said about Hott's wrestling with Bothvar, it is plain that the author has taken particular pains to emphasize the fact that, by partaking of the heart and blood of the dragon, Hott has acquired great strength, the lack of which seems to have been the cause of his cowardice. It seems equally plain that when Hott knocks over the dead propped-up dragon by means of the sword Gullinhjalti, which the king explicitly says "can only be borne by a man who is both brave and daring," the purpose is to call particular attention to the fact that it is by wielding the sword that Hott gives proof of the change that has come over him. Regardless of the deceit that has been practiced in connection with the dead dragon, the king is compelled, if he believes what he has said about Gullinhjalti, to recognize that Hott has demonstrated by his ability to wield the sword that he is now "a man who is both brave and daring." And the king does recognize it, for he says to Bothvar, "You have made a warrior out of Hott."]

[Footnote 82: _Hrs. Bjark._, p. 100.]

[Footnote 83: Ll. 1557, 1567, 1607, 1666.]

[Footnote 84: Ll. 1558, 1569, 1605, 1615, 1663, 1696.]

[Footnote 85: Ll. 1559, 1573.]

[Footnote 86: Ll. 1564, 1616, 1667.]

[Footnote 87: L. 1697.]

[Footnote 88: _Eng. Stud._, XXXV, p. 22.]

[Footnote 89: L. 1697.]

[Footnote 90: Ll. 1573-74.]

[Footnote 91: "The chief of the Weder-Geats took no more of the treasure-holdings in the dwelling, though he saw many there, but only the head, and with it, the sword's hilt, brave with gold; the sword had already melted" (ll. 1612-15).--_Beow._, Child.]

[Footnote 92: "I bore the hilt thence away from my enemies" (ll. 1668-69).]

[Footnote 93: "Then the golden hilt, the work of giants long ago, was given into the hand of the old prince, the white-haired battle-leader" (ll. 1677-79).--_Beow._, Child.]

[Footnote 94: "Hrothgar spake, looked on the hilt, the old heirloom, on which was written the beginning of that far-off strife, when the flood, the streaming ocean slew the giant kind--they had borne themselves lawlessly. The people were estranged from the Eternal Lord; the Wielder, therefore, gave them their requital through the whelming of the waters. So was it duly lined in rimed staves on the guard of gleaming gold, set down and told for them for whom that sword was wrought, choicest of blades, with twisted hilt and decked with dragon-shapes." (LI. 1687-93).--_Beow._, Child.]

[Footnote 95: L. 1687.]

[Footnote 96: L. 1698.]

[Footnote 97: "He gave the guardian of the boat a sword ornamented with gold" (ll. 1900-1901).]

[Footnote 98: "Then the shield of earls, the king stout in battle, bade fetch Hrethel's sword, mounted in gold; there was not then among the Geats a better treasure in the like of a sword. He laid it on Beowulf's lap." (ll. 2190-94).--_Beow._, Child.]

[Footnote 99: _Mort. d'Arth._, p. 480.]

[Footnote 100: "En l'orie pont assez i at reliques."--_Ext. Ch. Rol._, p. 103.]

[Footnote 101: "Preditum auro capulum."--_Gest. Dan._, p. 118.]

[Footnote 102: See pp. 31 ff.]

[Footnote 103: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 370.]

[Footnote 104: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 372.]

[Footnote 105: _Eng. Nov._, p. 2.]

[Footnote 106: _Hrs. Bjark._, pp. 139-40 and 141-42. Lawrence's translation of the above selections from the _rímur_ is as follows:--

"Most of the men insulted Hjalti; he was not clever in speech. One day they (Bjarki and Hjalti) went out of the hall, so that the king's men did not know of it. Hjalti was afraid, and cried, 'Let us not go near this wood; there is a she-wolf here, which eats men; she will soon kill us both.' The she-wolf burst out of a thicket, frightful, with gaping jaws. Hjalti thought this terrible; his legs and all his limbs trembled. Undaunted Bjarki advanced upon her, struck deep with his axe; fearful blood streamed from the she-wolf. 'Between two things,' said Bothvar, 'shall you choose, Hjalti,--drink this blood, or I will kill you, no courage seems to be in you.' Angrily answered Hjalti, 'I don t dare to drink blood; (but) it is best to do it if I must; now I have no better choice.' He lay down to drink the blood; then he drank three swallows,--enough for fighting with one man! His courage increased, his strength waxed, he became very strong, mighty as a troll, all his clothes burst open. So he became courageous at heart, he feared not the flight of steel, the name of coward he feared no more, he was equal to Bothvar in courage." (IV, 58-66.)

"He (Hjalti) has gained a brave heart and a courageous disposition; he has got strength and valor from the blood of the she-wolf. The folds at Hleidargard were attacked by a gray bear; many such beasts were there far and wide thereabout. Bjarki was told that it had killed the herdmen's dogs; it was not much used to contending with men. Hrolf and all his men prepared to hunt the bear--'he shall be greatest in my hall, who faces the beast!' Roaring the bear ran from its lair and shook its baleful paws, so that the men fled. Hjalti looked on when the combat began; he had nothing in his hands. Hrolf tossed to Hjalti his sword; the warrior stretched forth his hand and grasped it. Then he plunged it into the bear's right shoulder, and the bear fell down dead. That was his first heroic deed, many others followed; his heart was ever brave in the battle. From this exploit he got the name of Hjalti the brave, and was the equal of Bjarki." (V, 4-13.)--_P. M. L. A._, XXIV, pp. 229-30.]

[Footnote 107: _Helt._, I, p. 118.]

[Footnote 108: When, here and elsewhere in this discussion, the _Hrólfssaga_ is referred to as an earlier composition than the _Bjarkarímur_, the implication is not intended that the version of the saga which we now have was earlier committed to writing.]

[Footnote 109: See p. 51.]

[Footnote 110: _St. germ. Sag._, p. 367.]

[Footnote 111: _Beow. Unt. Ang._, p. 55.]

[Footnote 112: _Beow. Unt._, p. 186.]

[Footnote 113: _Helt._, I, p. 116.]

[Footnote 114: _St. Sag. Eng._, p. 250.]

[Footnote 115: _Gest. Dan._, p. 56. Elton's translation of the passage is as follows: "When he was triumphing in these deeds of prowess, a beast of the forest furnished him fresh laurels. For he met a huge bear in a thicket, and slew it with a javelin; and then bade his companion Hjalti put his lips to the beast and drink the blood that came out, that he might be the stronger afterwards. For it was believed that a draught of this sort caused an increase of bodily strength."--_Elton's Saxo_, p. 69.]

[Footnote 116: See pp. 36 ff.]

[Footnote 117: See, for instance, _Sc. Folkl._, p. 253, where dragons are said to have been pierced "under their shoulders to the heart."]