Part 11

Inks--importance and necessity of good, 47, 57, 83; composition of ancient, 83, 84; lost art, 86; various kinds and colors, 84, 85, 86; uses of colored, 85; millenniums-old, 84; tests of genuineness of written documents, 57; printers', 14; "royal," 86; "India," 86.

"Interrogation" (?)--punctuation mark, 124.

Inventions--outgrowth of necessity, 40, 60, 62; in printing, 11; in paper, 72; in the alphabet, 91, 92, 106, 107; improvement and progress in, 16, 17, 62, 63; in punctuation, 120, 121, 123, 125; improvement in materials and arrangement of books, 62, 69, 70, 72-77, 81, 82.

Jews--devotion to sacred books, 49; rules governing copyists, 49, 50, 51; Septuagint Version for, 141.

Language--most distinguishing characteristic of mankind, 90; earliest decipherable, 108-111; first use of alphabetic writing, 105, 106; the Gospel in many languages, 34-38, 41; many and various versions, 38, 39.

Leather--earliest material of portable books, 59; Hebrew statutes written on, 59; age of skin-rolls, 59; royal archives of Persia on, 59; Yemanite rolls, 59.

Libraries--earliest at Nippur, 133-135; contents of Nippur tablets, 134, 136; "deluge" tablet, 134, 135; at Assur-bani-pal, 103, 135; scribes of, 135, 136; the number of tablets therein, 135, 136; size of tablets and of writing, 136; magnifying lens found, 136; contents of tablets, 134, 136, 137; at Pergamos, 137; number of rolls in, 137; disposition of, 137, 145; at Alexandria, 137, 138; treasures of learning in, 127, 137, 138, 141; preëminence of, 137, 138; books of, 138; how books secured, 135, 138, 140, 141; scribes of, 127, 128, 136, 137, 138, 140; number and size of books therein, 137-140; varying fortunes of, 143-145; irreparable loss, 145; tradition of the destruction, 143, 144; at Constantinople, 146-148; fostered by the Emperor, 147-148; successively wasted and renewed, 148, 152; of monasteries, 131, 132, 148, 149, 151, 152; of churches, 148; at Paris, and elsewhere, 64, 94, 149, 151-153; the Vatican, 64, 170; British Museum, 59, 64, 80, 136; how libraries perpetuated and replenished, 130, 135, 136-141, 147, 152, 157, 163; number of books in leading modern, 142.

Literature--how first perpetuated, 19, 22, 27, 28; period of the MSS, 19; materials of written MSS, 46-88; punctuation and other devices of literature, 120-125; stichometry, 123; chapters and verses of the Bible, 120-124; ideomatic use of language in, 123; modern distinctions of, 120-125; Aldus Manutius and modern punctuation, 125; extended by Arabian conquests, 152, 153; system of notation, 126.

Manuscripts--form of book, 61-65; period of, 19-33; two desiderata for, 46, 47; cost of, 29-36, 46, 54, 130; enemies of, 48; restoration of palimpsest, 63; repairing old and damaged, 49, 130; abundance of Bible and why, 33, 35-39; preservation of, 47, 48, 130, 165, 167; the preëminent "uncials": codex "א" (Sinaitic), 44, 64, 65, 147, 166; codex "B" (Vatican), 44, 64, 65; codex "A" (Alexandrian), 64, 65; codex "C" (Ephraem), 63, 64, 65; rare and embellished, 52-54, 93, 94, 159; the Septuagint, 141.

Materials--variety and changes in, 44, 47, 55-58, 79; skin of animals, 59; leather, 59, 60, 61; parchment, 59; vellum, 59, 61, 147; papyrus, 57; preparation of papyrus, 67, 68; first form of books, 61, 62; letter form, 62; earliest known roll-books, 59; commerce in, 31, 70, 71; paper introduced in West, 73; variety of substances used in paper-making, 72; other materials displaced by paper, 75; development of paper-making and printing-press, 75; paper long made by hand, 75, 76; "India" paper, 76, 77; tablets of various kinds, 78-81, 101; protected tablets, 81, 82 (see Tablets).

Manutius--and system of punctuation, 125.

"Mazarin"--Bible, first printed book, 14; why so called, 14.

Memory--phenomenal and reliable, 24-27.

Middle Ages--referred to, 53, 63, 115, 116, 125, 163; bounds of, 127, 129; ignorance in, 130-132, 149, 150, 154; period of emergence (renaissance), 168, 169.

Minstrelsy--relation to history and literature, 22-26.

Moabite Stone--referred to, 79; discovered, described, and deciphered, 79, 108, 109; age and importance, 109-111; kinship with the Siloam Inscription, 111, 112.

Monasteries--widely established, 148-152, 154-157, 159-168; seats of book-making industry, 157-159; depositories of books, 157-169; relation to learning, 150, 151, 156, 157, 162-164; extent and value of schools' instruction, 156, 160.

Monasticism--origin of, 154, 155; extent of, 150-152, 155; weaknesses, 159, 160; contributions to society, 156-165, 168.

Monks--copyists, 132, 157, 158, 161-165; civilizers, 162, 163, 164, 167; promoted learning and letters, 161-164.

Moors--relation to civilization in Europe, 73; first paper-makers of Spain, 73.

Museum--British, 59, 64, 80, 93, 104, 136; Alexandrian, 137, 138, 145; destruction of, 143, 145; Berlin, 80.

Nippur--antiquity of, 133; results of explorations on site, 133-137.

Notation--system, a development, 125, 126; "cipher" of, 126.

"Orders"--first, 150, 155 (see monasteries, monasticism, monks).

Paintings--mural, at Washington, 20, 21; on MSS, 52, 53, 54.

Palæography--art and science of, 89, 90, 159; development, 90, 92; modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, 90; writing, crystalized speech, 90, 91; three sources of written language: (1) _Hieroglyphics_, 20, 21, 91-99; (2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104; (3) Alphabetic, 91, 92, 104-112; classic writing a product, 112; two stages of classic writing--"uncial," 113, 114; "minuscule," 113, 114; undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, 100, 108; provincial and national "hands," 115-117; the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116; changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117; the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, 117-119.

"Palimpsests"--defined, 63; examples, 63.

Paper--origin of, 72, 73; itinerary of progress in making, 72, 73; substances used as "pulp" for, 72; materials for making--cotton, 57, 73, 74; linen, 58, 74; flax and rags, 58, 74; other substances, 72, 74, 78; supercession of other materials by, 75, 76; earliest documents on, 74; "water marks" of, 55, 56; long made by hand, 75; interleaved and "reinforced," 69, 75; improved methods of making, 74-76; complement of the printing-press, 74, 75; "India" paper and tests and examples of, 76, 79.

Papyrus--source of, 66; plant described, 67, 101; preparation of, 67, 68; cost, 31, 66; general use of, 66, 70, 71; period of use, 44, 70, 71; commerce in, 70, 71; exportation from Egypt forbidden, 60, 70, 71; roll-books on, 68, 69; "reinforced," 69; subdivision of large rolls on, 139, 140; fragile, 44, 48, 69, 103; the oldest rolls on, 70, 84, 85; the "Prisse" papyrus, 93.

Parchment--from skins of animals, 59, 60, 62; preparation of, 60; best material, 60, 61; scarcity and cost and "palimpsests," 63; valuable MSS of Bible on, 52-54, 64, 65.

Pergamos--parchment first made at, 60; library of, 137, 145.

Pens--for writing, 87; "pen-knife," 87.

Pentecost--relation of first to spread of Gospel, 34-36.

"Period"--punctuation mark, 124.

Phœnicians--developed ideographic alphabet, 105-107, 109, 110; earliest traders and first to need a communicable language, 106; alphabet and Philistines, 106.

"Phonetic"--writing, described, 94-96.

"Pointings"--a development, 122, 123, 124.

"Polyptych"--described, 82.

Printing--the invention of, 11-13; reputed examples in China and Japan, 11, 12, 14; Gutenberg the inventor, 13; first types, 13; original press and modern, 13, 28, 29, 30; importance of, 16-18, 28, 29, 75; typography witness to date of, 117, 118; contrasted with oral tradition, 24, 25; "proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, 17, 18.

Punctuation--system developed, 120-125; modern, 114, 120, 125; indispensable to literature and commerce, 120-122; system completed, 125.

Ptolemaic (dynasty)--"Soter," 137; "Philadelphus," 137, 138; relation to Alexandrian Library, 137, 138; "Epiphanes," 98, 99.

Renaissance--time and importance of, 150-152, 168, 169.

Revelation--progressive, 41, 42; materials embodying, subject to exposure, 42-44.

Revised Version--feat of N. T. publication, 28; errors in, 17.

Roll-book--earliest form in leather and papyrus, 59, 61, 68, 69; antiquity of, 59, 70, 84; size of, 68, 69, 83, 139, 140.

Roman alphabet--ascendancy of and reasons for, 114, 115, 116.

Rosetta Stone--referred to, 70, 79; discovery of, 79, 94, 98; described, 98, 99; tri-lingual inscription on, 70, 98, 99; key to decipherment, 99; and Egyptian literature, 79, 99.

Schools--of abbeys and monasteries, 151, 156, 157, 163, 164; Arabian, 155.

Scribes--professional, 127; monks, 128, 157-159, 163, 164; dignitaries and princes, 128; slaves, 129, 130; persons of sedentary habits, 129; women, 128; dictation to by reader, 157, 158; beauty of work, 52-54, 159; wages of, 29-32; employed in libraries, 135, 138, 140, 145, 147.

"Scriptorium"--of monasteries, 157, 158, 165.

"Semicolon"--punctuation mark, 124.

"Septuagint"--what and for whom, 141; probable fate of original, 141; compared with, 145.

Siloam Inscription--place, date, and object, 111, 112; discovery and significance of, 111, 112; related to Moabite Stone, 112.

Sinaitic Manuscript--referred to, 44; when and by whom discovered, 166; described, 61, 64, 65, 148; where treasured, 64; rank, 65.

Speech--distinguishing characteristic of man, 90.

St. Catharine--convent of, 64, 166, 167; depository of Sinaitic MS for centuries, 166; location and entrance, 167.

"Stichometry"--species of early punctuation, 123, 124.

Stylus--instrument used on clay, wax, etc., 81, 82, 87, 101, 102.

Tablets--early, 28, 48; the material of and preparation, 78, 79, 81, 101, 102; size and form, 79, 135, 136; number, 79, 104, 134, 135, 136; Tel-el-Amarna, 79, 80; Cnossos, 107; character of writing on, 79, 80, 101-103, 136; subjects treated, 79, 80, 134, 136, 137; wood for, 81; wax, 78, 81, 82; envelopes for, 101; protected, 82, 101; "deluge," 134.

Thirteenth century--referred to, 30, 39, 54, 159; great, 151, 159, 168; renaissance began in, 151; libraries and universities founded during, 151, 152.

"Tongues"--at Pentecost, 34; object of the "gift," 34-36.

Tradition--preceded written records, 22; preserved and perpetuated literature, 21-27; of the Alexandrian Library's destruction, 143, 144.

"Triptych"--described, 82.

Types--printing, 12; composition of, 13, 14; changes in, an aid in determining age of literature, 117, 118.

"Uncial"--the earliest classic "hand," 113, 114; the "hand" of the preëminent MSS of the Bible, 64, 65.

Universities--when founded, 151; expeditions of Pennsylvania University, 134.

Vatican--manuscript referred to, 44, 53; described, 64, 65; on vellum, 52-54, 61; depository of, 64; Library, 64, 169, 170.

Vellum--described, 61; Bible MSS on, 52-54, 61.

Versions--of the Bible, 35-39, 45; Septuagint, 141.

Volume--earliest form of books, 61-65, 68; size of, 68, 69, 139; first writing on one side of, 61, 138; larger works divided, 139, 140; roll-books designated by letters, 140.

Wage--for scribe in time of Diocletian, 31.

"Water marks"--impressed in fiber of paper, 55, 56; old custom and test of genuineness of documents, 56, 57.

Writing--materials used and changes in, 46-48, 50, 52-58, 60, 70, 71, 78; instruments adaptable to, 87; inks, 83-86; art and science of, 89, 90; modern neglect of the art, 90; "crystalized" speech, 90, 91; development of, 91, 92; picture writing, 20, 91-98; the three great "species" of, 92-- (1) _Hieroglyphic_, 91-99; two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," 94-96; distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," 70, 94, 98, 99; the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing, 94, 98, 99; clumsy and uncertain, 97, 98; (2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104; Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, 103; tablets and cylinders, 79-82; Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, 79, 80; (3) _Alphabetic_, 104-112; origin of, 91, 92, 105, 106; oldest deciphered, 108-110; the undeciphered Minoan script, 108; Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, 108-112; Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, 105-108; the pre-exilic of Palestine, 111; classic writing, 112-117; development of national and provincial "hands," 112-117; "uncial" and "cursive" "hands," 113, 114; Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116; changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117; style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, 117-119; determining age of composition, 118, 119; compared and contrasted with printing, 27-32, 138.

Young (Dr.)--labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, 98, 99.

"Zero"--the cipher completing the system of notation, 126; when and by whom added, 126.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 119.

[2] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 121.

[3] Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 7.

[4] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, art. "Books."

[5] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[6] Authors and Their Public, pp. 63, 106.

[7] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."

[8] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, pp. 13, 14.

[9] The Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 1, p. 111.

[10] Amenities of Literature.

[11] The Near East, p. 40.

[12] Monument Facts, p. 60.

[13] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."

[14] Authors and Their Public, pp. 93, 94.

[15] The Influence of the Bible, Etc., pp. 124, 125.

[16] Divine Authority of the Bible, p. 103.

[17] The Chief End of Revelation, pp. 99, 134.

[18] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."

[19] Prideau's Connections.

[20] The Jewish Encyclopedia.

[21] Story of My Life and Work, pp. 403, 404.

[22] The Influence of the Bible, Etc., pp. 30, 31.

[23] The Quest of John Chapman.

[24] The Jewish Encyclopedia.

[25] The Influence of the Bible, Etc., p. 29.

[26] Greek Papyri, Prof. Geo. Milligan, D.D., p. xxiii.

[27] Prideau's Connections, Vol. 2, p. 510.

[28] Authors and Their Public, p. 142.

[29] Appleton's New Practical Encyclopedia.

[30] Chambers' Encyclopedia.

[31] The Americana.

[32] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[33] Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 1, p. 102.

[34] Monument Facts, Etc., pp. 37-40.

[35] The Code of Hammurabi, R. F. Harper, Ph.D.

[36] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[37] The Dwellers on the Nile, p. 41.

[38] Childhood of the World, p. 13.

[39] Assyrian Life and History, p. 40.

[40] The Dwellers on the Nile, pp. 42-44.

[41] The Conquest of Mexico, Vol. I; p. 98.

[42] The Beginnings of Civilization, pp. 39, 40.

[43] Assyrian Life and History, pp. 39, 40.

[44] National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXIX, p. 135.

[45] National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXIX, p. 166.

[46] Assyria: Its Princes, Priests, and People, p. 93.

[47] National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXIX, p. 166.

[48] Authors and Their Public, p. 270.

[49] Nelson's Encyclopedia.

[50] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[51] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition) "Crete." National Geographic Magazine, January, 1912.

[52] Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments, pp. 79, 82.

[53] Article on "The World's One Alphabet."

[54] International Standard Bible Ency., art. "Books."

[55] Monument Facts, Etc., pp. 28, 29.

[56] Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments, pp. 83, 84.

[57] The Jewish Encyclopedia.

[58] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[59] History of the Transmission of Ancient Books.

[60] Recent Research in Bible Lands, pp. 194, 195.

[61] The Influence of the Bible on Civilisation, p. 13.

[62] National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXIX, p. 167.

[63] Middle Ages, Vol. II, pp. 459, 463.

[64] Authors and Their Public, pp. 273, 274.

[65] Recent Research in Bible Lands, pp. 45-63.

[66] Authors and Their Public, p. 142.

[67] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[68] World Almanac.

[69] June, 1914.

[70] The Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries, Chapter IX.

[71] Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition).

[72] Europe in the Middle Ages, pp. 325, 326.

[73] The Influence of the Bible, Etc., pp. 70, 71.

[74] Medieval Civilisation, Edited by Munro and Sellery.

[75] Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries, pp. 162, 163.

[76] History of European Morals, 2: 207, 208.

[77] Medieval Civilisation, pp. 282, 290, 330.

[78] Middle Ages, 2: 484.

[79] Europe in the Middle Ages, p. 333.

[80] Medieval and Modern History, pp. 26, 27.

[81] Introduction to Study of the Middle Ages, p. 144.

[82] Medieval and Modern History, p. 87.

[83] History of the Middle Ages, p. 288.

[84] Hastings' Bible Dictionary.

[85] Authors and Their Public, pp. 292, 293.

[86] Medieval and Modern History, p. 270.

Transcribers' Notes:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Text uses both "mediæval" and "medieval"; both retained.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

The Hebrew letter "aleph" appears on pages 64 and 174. Devices that cannot display it may use a "?" or other symbol.

Page 70: "most ancient or the picture-writing" probably should be "of".

Page 102: "well-kneeded" was printed that way.

Page 105: "concensus" was printed that way.

Page 129: "Origin" may be a misprint for "Origen".

Page 169: The sentence beginning "For it was a specific outgrowth" was printed as shown in this eBook, but seems to be incomplete or incorrectly worded.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Reign of the Manuscript, by Perry Wayland Sinks