Volume 14, No. 15, pp. 363-473, 5 figs.

Published May 20, 1963

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1963

29-4228

The Recent Mammals of Tamaulipas, México

BY

TICUL ALVAREZ

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 365

PHYSIOGRAPHY 366

CLIMATE 368

AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS 370

PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS 371

BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT 376

HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY 379

CONSERVATION 381

METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 384

GAZETTEER 386

CHECK-LIST 388

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES 393

LITERATURE CITED 467

INTRODUCTION

From Tamaulipas, the northeasternmost state in the Mexican Republic, 146 kinds of mammals, belonging to 72 genera, are here reported. Mammals that are strictly marine in habit are not included. The state is crossed in its middle by the Tropic of Cancer. Elevations vary from sea level on the Golfo de México to more than 2700 meters in the Sierra Madre Oriental; most of the state is below 300 meters in elevation. Its area is 79,602 square kilometers (30,732 square miles).

Tamaulipas, meaning "lugar en que hay montes altos" (place of high mountains), was explored in 1516 by the Spaniard Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, but it was not until the 18th century that José de Escandón established several villages in the new province of Nueva Santender from which, in the time of Iturbide's Empire, Tamaulipas was separated as a distinct political entity, with about the same boundaries that it now has.

My first contact with the state of Tamaulipas, as a mammalogist, was in 1957, when in company with Dr. Bernardo Villa R. I visited the Cueva del Abra in the southern part of the state. On several occasions since then I have been in the state, especially when employed by the Dirección General de Caza of the Mexican Government. In 1960-1962 I had the opportunity of studying the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas at the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. The approximately 2000 specimens there represent many critical localities, but are not sufficient to make this report as complete as could be desired. Consequently the following account should be considered as a contribution to the knowledge of the mammals of México and is offered in the hope that it will stimulate future studies of the Mexican fauna, especially that of the eastern region.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

Tamaulipas can be divided into three physiographic regions, which from east to west are Gulf Coastal Plain, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Central Plateau or Mexican Plateau (Fig. 1).

Gulf Coastal Plain

This physiographic region covers most of the state and extends northward into Texas and a short distance southward into Veracruz.

According to Tamayo (1949) and Vivo (1953), the Gulf Coastal Plain is formed by sedimentary rocks from Mesozoic to Pleistocene in age. The most common type of soil is Rendzin, especially in the coastal area. Elevations range from sea level to 300 meters. The area is in general a flat plain inclined to the sea but this plain is broken by several small sierras. The more important of these are the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which rises to more than 1000 meters, and the Sierra San Carlos, which has a maximum elevation of approximately 1670 meters. The Sierra de San José de las Rucias is smaller.

Sierra Madre Oriental

This physiographic region is represented in Tamaulipas by a small part of the long Sierra Madre Oriental that extends from the Big Bend area in Texas southward to the Trans-volcanic Belt of central México. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the southwestern part of Tamaulipas. The Sierra was formed by folding of the Middle and Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits that now are 400 to 2700 meters in elevation. In general, the soils are Chernozems.

This physiographic region is situated between the other two physiographic regions in Tamaulipas and represents a barrier to the distribution of some tropical mammals on the one hand and to those from the Mexican Plateau on the other.

Central Plateau

This physiographic region, commonly termed the Mexican Plateau, occupies only a small area of Tamaulipas in its southwesternmost part. The plateau is approximately 900 meters above sea level. In general, the Mexican Plateau was formed by Cretaceous sediments. The most common type of soil is Chestnut.

CLIMATE

Owing to the differences in elevations and varying distances from the sea, the climate of Tamaulipas is varied. Tamayo (1949), following the Koeppen System, assigned to Tamaulipas 10 different climate types that result principally from differences in temperature, precipitation, and humidity.

Temperature

The annual mean temperature for the lands less than 1000 meters in elevation, which make up most of the state, is between 20° and 25° C.; and the difference in monthly means is 5° C.

In the areas above 1000 meters, the annual mean is between 15° and 20° C., and the difference in the monthly means is 15° C.

The maximum temperature recorded in the state is 45° C. in the region of Ciudad Victoria, between the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Sierra San Carlos, and the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Minima recorded are between O° and 5° C. on the southeastern coast, O° to -5° C. between 98° 20´ long. and 99° 00´ long., and -5° to -10° C. in the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Precipitation

Rainfall varies seasonally and can be described as follows: In January it amounts to 25 to 50 mm. in the coastal region and 10 to 25 mm. in the rest of the state. In April there is more than 25 mm. to the north of about 23° north latitude, 10 to 25 mm. in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental, and less than 10 mm. in the extreme southwestern part of the state.

In July rainfall amounts to less than 25 mm. in Nuevo Laredo and San Fernando, is from 25 to 50 mm. in the northeastern and central parts of the state, 50 to 100 mm. in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra Madre Oriental, and 100 to 200 mm. in the area south of Soto la Marina and east of the Sierra Madre Oriental. In October rainfall is less than 50 mm. in the northern half of the state, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, and 50 to 100 mm. in the rest of the state, except on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental and in the area near Tampico, which receive between 100 and 200 mm.

The number of rainy days per year varies from 60 to 90 at Sierra San Carlos, Sierra Madre Oriental, and in the lowlands south of 23° north latitude; the rest of the state has about 60 rainy days, excepting the Mexican Plateau, which has fewer than 60.

Although Tamayo (1949) followed the Koeppen System in classifying types of climate and thereby recognized 10 different kinds of climate in Tamaulipas, these can be grouped into three major categories as follows:

Steppe Dry Climate (Clima Seco de Estepa)

This kind of climate can be divided into two categories based on the average annual temperature.

_Warm_

The average annual temperature exceeds 18° C. but the mean of the coolest month is less than 18° C. This sub-climate is characterized by a short rainy season in summer and occurs on the west side of the southern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental and on the Mexican Plateau; it occurs also in the area northwest of Reynosa and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental but in these areas the rainfall is irregularly distributed in the year.

_Cool_

The average annual temperature is less than 18° C. but the mean of the warmest month exceeds 18° C. This sub-climate occurs only on the west side of the northern part of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Moderate Rainy Temperature Climate (Clima Templado Moderato Lluvioso)

This type of climate is characterized by the coolest month having a temperature of between -3° and 18° C. In the northeastern and central parts of Tamaulipas, including the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Gómez Farías, Rancho Pano Ayuctle, and Llera, the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C.; the winters are dry and not rigorous, and the wettest month has ten times as much rain as the driest. In the Sierra San Carlos the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 22° C., and the rainy season is in the autumn.

Tropical Rainy Climate (Clima Tropical Lluvioso)

This climate is characterized by the average temperature of all months being above 18° C. and the mean-annual rainfall being above 75 cm. According to the distribution of precipitation this type of climate can be divided into: (1) areas having periodic rain and wet winters (southeastern Tamaulipas, south of 22° north latitude and east of 99° west longitude), and (2) areas having an irregular rainy season and dry winters (area around Ciudad Mante, between 99° 30´ and 98° 30´ west longitude and south of 22° 30´ north latitude).

AFFINITIES OF TAMAULIPAN MAMMALS

Owing to the differences in climate from one region to another, the flora and fauna also differ, especially in the southern part of the state as compared with the northern part.

For expressing the taxonomic resemblance of mammalian faunas having nearly equal numbers of taxa, Burt (1959:139) recommended the following formula: C × 100/(N_{1} + N_{2} - C) (where C is the number of taxa common to the two faunas, N_{1} is the number of taxa in the smaller fauna, and N_{2} is the number of taxa in the larger fauna). For non-flying mammals the resemblance of the Tamaulipan fauna to that of Texas, adjacent to the north, and Veracruz, adjacent to the south, is as follows:

_Genera._--Texas 65 per cent, Veracruz 60 per cent.

_Species._--Texas 45 per cent, Veracruz 39 per cent.

For bats the resemblance of the Tamaulipan fauna to those of Texas and Veracruz is as follows:

_Genera._--Texas 40 per cent, Veracruz 51 per cent.

_Species._--Texas 24, Veracruz 39.

TABLE 1.--NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES OF NON-INTRODUCED LAND MAMMALS IN THREE STATES.

==========+===========================+=========================== | Number of taxa | Number of taxa in common +-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- | genera | species | genera | species ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+---- States |non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats|non-bats|bats ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+---- Texas | 51 | 12 | 103 | 25 | 39 | 10 | 58 | 12 Tamaulipas| 48 | 23 | 83 | 36 | .. | .. | .. | .. Veracruz | 53 | 36 | 94 | 60 | 38 | 20 | 50 | 27 ----------+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----+--------+----

For all of the land mammals of Tamaulipas, the resemblance is as follows:

_Genera._--Texas 58, Veracruz 57.

_Species._--Texas 40, Veracruz 39.

On the whole, the fauna of Tamaulipas resembles faunas of both the Brazilian Subregion and the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion (see Hershkovitz, 1958:611). Considering the 48 genera of non-flying land mammals of Tamaulipas, 24 genera occur in habitats from the North American part through habitats of northern México into the Brazilian Subregion. Of the remaining 24 genera, 16 occur in the North American part of the Nearctic Subregion or in it and the part of northern México north of the Brazilian boundary, whereas eight occur in the Brazilian Subregion or in it and the northern part of México. None occurs only in Tamaulipas or only in northern México.

The non-flying fauna of the coastal plain east of the Sierra Madre Oriental and south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina is mainly tropical in affinities; only 27 per cent of that fauna (at the subspecific level) resembles the fauna north of Soto la Marina, which is Nearctic in its affinities. The fauna of the Sierra de Tamaulipas has a greater taxonomic resemblance (20.4 per cent at subspecific level) to that of the Sierra Madre Oriental, than does the fauna of the Sierra San Carlos (17.6 per cent). Taxonomic resemblance between the faunas from the Sierra San Carlos and the Sierra de Tamaulipas amounts to only 16.1 per cent. Therefore, the faunas of these two Sierras (both are included in the same zoogeographic unit) resemble each other less than either resembles the fauna of the Sierra Madre Oriental (in another zoogeographic unit). Of the three sierran faunas, those of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra de Tamaulipas have most in common. Migration from one to the other in relative recent time may account for the resemblance. The Sierra San Carlos may have been isolated for a long time and interchange between its fauna and those of the other two sierras, therefore, may have been slight.

Study of the taxonomic resemblance shows that the dividing line, in eastern México, between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas is along the eastern base of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the southern base of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and thence to the coast at or near Soto la Marina.

PLANT-MAMMAL RELATIONSHIPS

Merriam (1898) assigned to Tamaulipas four Life-zones. There were: Transitional on the highest elevations of the Sierra Madre; Upper Austral at lower elevations on the Sierra Madre; Lower Austral over most of the state; and Tropical in the coastal areas.

Dice (1943) outlined Biotic Provinces on a map of North America and in the northern part of Tamaulipas showed two Biotic Provinces, Tamaulipan and Potosian. He did not show the southeastern limits of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province nor any of the limits of the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in text mentioned nothing about the limits of these two provinces with reference to Tamaulipas. Later, Goldman and Moore (1946) divided Tamaulipas in three Biotic Provinces: Tamaulipas, Sierra Madre, and Veracruz. Still later (1949), Smith published a map of Mexican Biotic Provinces based on the herpetofauna of the Republic. He divided Tamaulipas among four Provinces. Two were Nearctic (Austro-oriental and Tamaulipan) and the other two were Neotropical (Veracruzian and Cordoban).

Leopold (1950 and 1959) recognized five principal vegetational types in Tamaulipas as follows: Mesquite-grassland; Pine-oak Forest; Thorn Forest; Tropical Deciduous Forest; and Desert.

For dealing with the mammals of Tamaulipas in the following accounts the four Biotic Provinces (Tamaulipan, Potosian, Veracruzian, and Chihuahuan) of Dice are the most useful. For dealing with types of vegetation in the accounts that follow, Leopold's (1950) system is employed although reference is made to other associations and formations that have been reported in Tamaulipas.

Tamaulipan Biotic Province

This Province is recognized by most authors who have written about the zoogeography of México. It is the most extensive in the state and includes the northern part of the Coastal Plain (see Fig. 2).

The vegetation of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province is in general Mesquite-grassland but in the Sierra San Carlos and Sierra de Tamaulipas other types of vegetation are found.

Two formations occur in the Mesquite-grassland. The first is the Mesquite Scrub, in which the dominant plant is the mesquite (_Prosopis juliflora_), associated with _Cordia boissieri_, several species of _Acacia_, and in some areas with _Opuntia_ and _Yucca treculeana_. The dominant grasses are of the genera _Bouteloua_ and _Andropogon_. The second formation is the Gulf Bluestem Prairie, where species of _Andropogon_ are the dominants on the well-drained sites. Sloughs and depressions are occupied by cordgrass, _Spartina spartinae_. Many areas have been invaded by mesquite and other shrubs.

Around the Sierra de Tamaulipas and in the area between it and the Sierra San Carlos the vegetation is Thorn Forest (Tropical Thorn Forest of Martin _et al._, 1954), in which the dominant plants are _Acacia_, _Ichthyomethia_, _Ipomea_, _Prosopis_, and _Cassia_. Another type of vegetation in the Sierra de Tamaulipas is the Tropical Deciduous Forest at 300 to 700 meters elevation, the trees of which are 20 meters high with a canopy averaging eight meters high (Martin _et al._, _op. cit._). The common species of trees belong to the genera _Tabebuia_, _Ipomea_, _Bombax_, and _Conzattia_. Species of _Bursera_, _Acacia_, and _Cassia_ are less abundant. In the low canyons _Bursera_, _Ceiba_, and _Psidium_, draped with lianas and various epiphytes, can be found.

The Pine-oak Formation grows above an elevation of 800 meters in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and is characterized by _Pinus cembroides_, _P. nelsonii_, _P. teocote_, and _Quercus arizonica_. Martin _et al._ (_op. cit._) recorded Montane Scrub from the dry areas, between elevations of 600 and 900 meters. That scrub is formed by huisaches (_Acacia farnesiana_) along with a few oaks and some trees of the Tropical Deciduous Forest.

The vegetation of the Sierra San Carlos was studied by Dice (1937) and divided into three life belts, each with several associations. For more information about the plants of each association and their related mammals see the publication of the mentioned author.

Endemic mammals of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province, in the part of it that is in Tamaulipas, are the following: _Scalopus inflatus_; _Lepus californicus curti_; _Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_; _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_; _Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus_; and _Sigmodon hispidus solus_. Other characteristic mammals of this Province in the state of Tamaulipas are: _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_; _S. audubonii parvulus_; _Lepus californicus merriami_; _Perognathus merriami merriami_; _Dipodomys ordii compactus_; _Orzomys melanotis carrorum_; _Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius_; _Peromyscus boylii ambiguus_; _Canis latrans texensis_; _C. l. microdon_; _C. lupus monstrabilis_; _Taxidea taxus berlandieri_; _Mephitis mephitis varians_; _Felis pardalis albescens_; _Trichechus manatus latirostris_; and _Odocoileus virginianus texanus_.

Many other kinds of mammals occur mainly in the Tamaulipan Province but are not listed above because they occur also in one or more of the other provinces.

The Sierra de Tamaulipas is placed in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province because the fauna, especially of non-flying mammals, is closely related to that of the rest of the Province. Nevertheless, many mammals found in this Sierra are tropical in relationship. This is especially true of the bats. Therefore, most of the tropical bats that occur in Tamaulipas occur in the Veracruzian Biotic Province and in the Sierra de Tamaulipas.

Potosian Biotic Province

This Province occupies all of the Sierra Madre Oriental and, therefore, the southwestern part of the state.

The vegetation in general is Pine-oak Forest, in which the most common trees are _Abies religiosa_, _Pinus flexilis_, _P. patula_, _P. montezumae_, _P. teocote_, _Populus tremuloides_, _Juniperus flaccida_, _Quercus arizonica_, _Q. clivicola_ and _Q. polymorpha_.

In his study of plants of the Gómez Farías area, Martin (1958) recorded several different types of vegetation, which in part can be placed in the Potosian Biotic Province, especially those types that occur to the northwest of the Cloud Forest. In addition to the Cloud Forest, Martin recognized Humid Pine-oak Forest, Dry Oak-pine Forest, Chaparral, Thorn Forest and Scrub, and Thorn Desert.

The only mammal endemic to the Potosian Province in Tamaulipas is _Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis_. Other mammals that occur mainly in this Province are: _Sorex saussurei_; _Notiosorex crawfordi_; _Glaucomys volans herreranus_; _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_; _Perognathus nelsoni_; _Liomys irroratus alleni_; _Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus_; _Microtus mexicanus subsimus_; _Ursus americanus eremicus_; _Conepatus leuconotus texensis_; and _Odocoileus hemionus_.

The fauna of this Province is a mixture of elements with tropical affinities on the east side of the Sierra Madre and with those of the Mexican Plateau on the west side.

Chihuahuan Biotic Province

This Province occurs in Tamaulipas only in a small portion of the Central Plateau physiographic region and occupies the southwesternmost part of the state.

The vegetation is of two types: Desert or Mesquite-grassland. The last is like that described for the Tamaulipan Biotic Province. In the Desert type the dominant plants are the cactus, _Opuntia leptocaulis_, and yuccas, _Yucca filifera_ and _Y. potosina_. Subdominants are mariola, guayule, _Agave lechugilla_, _A. stricta_ or _Larrea divaricata_. Along stream banks mesquite, _Prosopis juliflora_, can be found.

No endemic mammals of the Chihuahuan Province are known in Tamaulipas. Mammals that occur principally in this Province are: _Dipodomys merriami atronasus_; _D. ordii durranti_; _Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus_; _P. difficilis petricola_; _Onychomys torridus subrufus_; and _Neotoma albigula subsolana_.

Veracruzian Biotic Province

This Province includes the southern part of the Coastal Plain physiographic region, south of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and Soto la Marina. But the exact line between this Province and the Tamaulipan Province to the north is difficult to draw. The northern boundary of the Veracruzian Province is the line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions in eastern México.

Vegetation of most of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is Tropical Deciduous Forest. This Forest is made up of _Tabebuia_, _Ipomea_, _Bombax_, and _Conzattia_, along with some _Ceiba_, _Bursera_, and _Psidium_.

The mammalia fauna of the Veracruzian Biotic Province is tropical in nature. This is especially true of the bats. Representatives of the tropical genera _Micronycteris_, _Sturnira_, _Artibeus_, _Enchistenes_, _Desmodus_, _Diphylla_, and _Molossus_ have their northern distributional limits in this Province. The non-flying mammals characteristic of the Province in Tamaulipas are: _Philander opossum pallidus_; _Marmosa mexicana_; _Ateles geoffroyi velerosus_; _Geomys tropicalis_; _Oryzomys melanotis rostratus_; _O. alfaroi huastecae_; _O. fulvescens engracie_ (endemic to this Province in Tamaulipas); _O. f. fulvescens_; _Reithrodontomys mexicanus_; _Peromyscus orchraventer_ (endemic); _Neotoma micropus angustapalata_; _Eira barbara senex_; _Felis wiedii oaxacensis_; and _Mazama americana temama_.

BARRIERS AND ROUTES OF MOVEMENT

The distributional patterns and affinities of the mammalian fauna of Tamaulipas suggest possible routes of migration and barriers that limited or controlled movements of the mammals.

Mammals may have reached Tamaulipas by way of a Northern route, a Trans-plateau route, a Montane route, or a Tropical route (Fig 3).

The Northern route permitted species of mammals from the temperate region to the north to enter the Tamaulipan Biotic Province from or via Texas. Several came from the Great Plains, and a few came from the eastern part of the United States. Also, a few mammals that may have originated in the Tamaulipan Province moved northwards. Some of these, according to Dice (1937:267) were _Liomys irroratus texensis_, _Peromyscus leucopus texensis_, and _Lepus californicus merriami_. Other mammals thought to have moved north by this route are _Didelphis marsupialis_, _Dasypus novemcinctus_, _Oryzomys palustris_, _Nasua narica_, and _Tayassu tajacu_. Some mammals that passed through Tamaulipas into Texas have extended their geographic ranges far north of Texas.

Mammals that came _via_ the Trans-plateau route (name proposed by Baker, 1956:146) came no farther into Tamaulipas than the Chihuahuan Biotic Province. They encountered the barrier formed by the Sierra Madre Oriental. These mammals were listed in the account of the Chihuahuan Biotic Province.

The route that Baker (1956:146) termed the "Southern Route" I here term the Montane route because I think it was used for movement southward as well as northward.

The Montane route was used by mammals of boreal affinities (_Microtus_ and _Neotoma_), that moved into Tamaulipas from the north; also in this category are bats of the family Vespertilionidae. For movement from south to north, the route was used by several species native to México, for example, _Cratogeomys castanops_. The seaward slope of the montane area has enabled some tropical mammals to move farther north than they have done at higher and lower elevations. _Philander opossum_ seems to be an example.

The fourth route, the Tropical one, was used by mammals of tropical origin. Most moved into Tamaulipas only as far as the Veracruzian Biotic Province. The principal mammals that have used this route are the bats and marsupials, but _Sylvilagus brasiliensis_, _Ateles geoffroyi_, _Heterogeomys hispidus_, _Eira barbara_, and _Mazama americana_ also can be included here. Some tropical mammals, as was pointed out previously, not only reached Tamaulipas but have moved through the state and far northward.

The major barriers to dispersal of mammals in Tamaulipas are three (see Fig. 2). Two of them, the Río Grande Barrier and the Sierra Madre Barrier, are physiographical, but the Tropical Barrier is maintained by a combination of environmental factors. The three barriers separate the four Biotic Provinces in Tamaulipas. The Sierra Madre Oriental, which forms the Potosian Biotic Province, lies between the Tamaulipan and Chihuahuan provinces. The Tropical barrier separates the Tamaulipan and Veracruzian biotic provinces.

The Río Grande, as was pointed out by R. H. Baker (1956:146), has low banks, is relatively shallow, and does not form an effective barrier for most mammals. For only two species, insofar as I know, has the Río Grande constituted a barrier. _Cratogeomys castanops_ has not entered southeastern Texas from México, and _Spermophilus spilosoma_ has not entered México from southeastern Texas except on the coastal barrier beach. Alvarez (1962:124) postulated that the beach was the route by which _S. spilosoma_ arrived at La Pesca where the barrier beach meets the mainland.

The Sierra Madre Barrier is a good filter for some small mammals, especially for those that occur on the Mexican Plateau and those of tropical origin. The mammals that occur on each side of the Sierra are listed in accounts of the Chihuahuan (west side), Veracruzian and Tamaulipan (east side) biotic provinces.

The Tropical Barrier is formed mainly by a climatic complex (probably a change in temperature and rainfall) in the coastal region at or about the latitude of Soto la Marina, where no geographic barrier is found. In the western and central part of the Tropical Barrier, the climatic factor is supported by a geographic factor. The Sierra Madre Oriental is in the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas is in the center. The several mammals that are affected by this barrier are listed in the accounts of the Veracruzian and Tamaulipan biotic provinces.

A peculiar pattern of distribution is that presented by _Scalopus inflatus_ and _Geomys tropicalis_. Both are the only known species of their genera in northeastern México. Each is isolated from other species of its genus. The nearest known record of _Scalopus_ is 45 miles northward and the nearest record of _Geomys_ is approximately 165 miles northward. A possible explanation for the distribution of these two kinds is that each was widely distributed in one of the glacial periods and when the glacier receded to the north these animals remained in Tamaulipas, where they evolved and formed distinct species. The two species, _G. tropicalis_ and _S. inflatus_, are fossorial and for this reason probably were able to resist inhospitable climates better than non-burrowing species.

HISTORY OF MAMMALOGY

In Tamaulipas the first exploration directed in substantial measure toward finding out about the mammalian fauna, at least as far as I know, was made by Dr. L. Berlandier, who traveled mainly in the northern half of the state. His collections provided specimens of several previously unknown mammals, which were described by Baird (1858). The original manuscript of Berlandier never has been published. About 1880 Dr. E. Palmer collected mammals in the southern part of Tamaulipas, in the area around Tampico. The results of his exploration were reported by J. A. Allen (1881). E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman twice collected in Tamaulipas (Goldman, 1951). In 1898 they visited and collected mammals in the southern part of the state, around Tampico, Altamira, Victoria, Forlón, and Miquihuana. In 1901-1902 they visited the area between Nuevo Laredo and Bagdad, then went south to Soto la Marina and Victoria. From their collections several species and subspecies have been described. Between 1910 and the early 1920's little was done in the way of scientific exploration because of the Mexican Revolution.

From 1930 on, several expeditions yielded new information about the native mammals. In that year L. B. Kellum visited the Sierra San Carlos. The results were reported by Dice (1937). Another important collection from Tamaulipas was made by Marian Martin in the area of Gómez Farías. Mammals collected by her were reported by Goodwin (1954). Hooper (1953) also reported specimens from Gómez Farías but included in his report records of mammals collected in other areas as well. In 1950 E. R. Hall and C. von Wedel made a trip to the barrier beach in the northeastern part of the state and collected several kinds of mammals among which three were described as new by Hall (1951).

The report here presented is based upon specimens in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas that were collected mainly by the persons named beyond. Gerd H. Heinrich and his wife Hilda collected in 1952 and 1953 in the areas around Miquihuana, Ciudad Victoria, Soto la Marina, Sierra de Tamaulipas, and Altamira. W. J. Schaldach collected in 1949 and 1950 in the Sierra Madre Oriental south of Ciudad Victoria; he returned to Tamaulipas in 1954 in company with V. Grissino and worked in the Sierra Madre Oriental south and north of Ciudad Victoria. In 1961 P. L. Clifton and J. H. Bodley collected in the northwestern part of the state and in the western part, around Tula, Nicolás, and Tajada. Some students and staff members of the Museum have occasionally collected in Tamaulipas.

As a result of all the mentioned expeditions and others, 32 species and subspecies have been described with type localities in Tamaulipas. They are:

Altamira

_Lepus californicus altamirae_ Nelson _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ (Cuvier) (by restriction) _Sciurus deppei negligens_ Nelson _Geomys tropicalis_ Goldman

Antiguo Morelos, 8 mi. N of

_Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea_ Goodwin

Brownsville (Texas), 45 mi. from

_Scalopus inflatus_ Jackson

Charco Escondido

_Perognathus hispidus hispidus_ Baird _Neotoma micropus micropus_ Baird

El Carrizo

_Peromyscus ochraventer_ Baker

Gómez Farías

_Heterogeomys hispidus negatus_ Goodwin

Hacienda Santa Engracia

_Oryzomys fulvescens engracia_ Osgood

Jaumave

_Dipodomys ordii durranti_ Setzer

La Pesca, 1 mi. E of

_Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_ Alvarez

Matamoros

_Cryptotis parva berlandieri_ (Baird) _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ (H. Allen) _Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus_ Peters (by restriction) _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman _Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli_ Berlandier

Matamoros, 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W of

_Lepus californicus curti_ Hall _Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus_ Hall _Sigmodon hispidus solus_ Hall

Mier

_Canis latrans microdon_ Merriam

Miquihuana

_Idionycteris mexicanus_ Anthony (_Plecotus phyllotis_) _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman _Onychomys torridus subrufus_ Hollister _Neotoma albigula subsolana_ Alvarez _Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis_ Goldman and Kellogg

Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gómez Farías

_Cryptotis mexicana madrea_ Goodwin _Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi_ Goodwin

Rancho Santa Ana, about 8 mi. SW Padilla

_Oryzomys melanotis carrorum_ Lawrence

Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra

_Myotis keenii auriculus_ Baker and Stains

Sierra San Carlos, 12 mi. NW San Carlos

_Peromyscus pectoralis collinus_ Hooper

CONSERVATION

A relatively large number of the species of Mexican big game occurs in Tamaulipas because its geographic position permits it to have species from the tropics and those from the northern plains and mountains. Eight of the 11 Mexican species that are considered as Big Game are recorded from the state. Until this century Tamaulipas was not densely populated by man either in the pre-colonial period or thereafter. Therefore many species of game are still relatively abundant.

Of the eight species that originally lived in Tamaulipas, the mule deer, brocket, and black bear never have been abundant there and now are in danger of extirpation. The pronghorn was also rare in the state and now has been extirpated as it has been in many other parts of México. The white-tailed deer, javalin, jaguar, and puma are still abundant in suitable habitats. The white-tailed deer is found almost everywhere in the state; in some areas it damages cornfields, and for this reason is killed by natives who eat the meat and sell the skins. The price of skins is low; in 1959 at Ciudad Mante tanners paid natives less than one dollar (10.00 Mexican pesos) per hide. Some idea of the abundance of deer in Tamaulipas is provided by our having found in one tanner's shop, in 1959 at Ciudad Mante, about 500 deer skins. Besides these, we found about 65 skins of other species--jaguar, bear, ocelot, puma, margay, and raccoon. Additionally there was a large number of coati skins. Considering that México has no professional trappers and that commerce in skins of wild animals is illegal, it is felt that the number of skins found in the tanner's shop indicated a relative large population of game mammals.

The number of species of small game also is large. Some species are killed by natives for food, but most are killed in order to protect the cultivated crops, which are injured mainly by rabbits and squirrels.

Baker (1958) pointed out that the future of the game species in the northern part of México was not encouraging. He gave valid reasons for his view. In Tamaulipas, however, in some respects the outlook is more encouraging because there are many areas in which with a minimum of effort the authorities can save a good number of species.

As Baker (_op. cit._) remarked, the fauna in México is declining mainly because many areas recently have been cultivated for the first time. Also, better roads have enabled hunters to reach areas that formerly were natural refuges for wild animals. Many times it has been said that the populations of wild animals were declining in México because the number of game wardens is too small to protect game in all parts of the country. In some ways this is true but it seems that the problem is really one of education. The people do not realize that the animals are part of nature and therefore have the same right to live that man has. Most people see only the bad side of the animals' activities and never consider the benefit that wild mammals provide for man. A typical case is that of the coyote, which is oftentimes killed only because it is a coyote. Sometimes individual coyotes do kill domestic animals, but the people seem never to understand that the coyote destroys a large number of mice, rabbits, and insects as has been shown by studies of the contents of coyote stomachs.

The Mexican Government at this time is making a concentrated effort to provide schools in all parts of the country and is formulating new programs of education. In this official program some lectures in conservation are needed with reference to the animal life. I know that some education now is given to people with respect to conservation of the water, soil, and forest, but gather that there is little that covers also conservation of animals.

I do not deny the necessity for some natives to kill wild animals. People need to eat fresh meat and for some it is almost impossible to obtain meat in any other way than by killing wild animals. Some natives cannot afford to purchase meat in the markets or they live too far from any village or city to do so. Also, natives need to protect their cultivated areas; some of them have only four to six acres of land, on which corn is the only crop. When one deer in a night can destroy part of the corn, and in some areas not only one deer but several invade a field, and when one considers that besides deer there are rabbits, squirrels, raccoons, and coati, to name only some animals that feed on the corn, we find that the small cornfield at the end of the season may not contain any corn to harvest. It is understandable, therefore, that the natives kill the animals. In this way they protect their cultivated fields, obtain food and sometimes money for the skins. Many natives, however, destroy the wildlife only for pleasure or to obtain money for skins and meat, which sometimes is sold to restaurants.

Probably the best solution for the problem of conservation of wild animals is the establishment of wildlife refuges. In Tamaulipas, at least three refuges are needed in order to preserve the mammalian wildlife. These areas would serve also as a refuge for game birds and other vertebrates. A large area with suitable habitat for white-tailed deer, brocket, jaguar, puma, javalin, and fox could be established in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, which presents favorable habitat for all of the species named. A second area that does not need to be so large as the first could be established in the Sierra Madre Oriental, probably including some part of Nuevo León, where the black bear and the mule deer find suitable habitat. Probably the beaver can be introduced in the streams of the high mountains; beaver live in the same Sierra a little farther north in Nuevo León. The three species mentioned are in imminent danger of disappearing from Tamaulipas, if they have not already disappeared. The third refuge could be in some area of the northern part of the state near the Río Grande. This refuge should give protection to the beaver--a rare animal in México and in danger of extirpation over all the country. The pronghorn also would find suitable habitat in this area, but would have to be reintroduced there. With the establishment of these three refuges and with good management the fauna of Tamaulipas could be saved from extinction, would provide some recreation for sportsmen, and especially for the people in general who wish to study, photograph, or merely observe the native animal life.

The time is excellent for the establishment of the wildlife refuges in Tamaulipas because large areas are still in Federal ownership and because a considerable number of animals remain. Other favorable factors are that roads are not yet good in the areas proposed for refuges, the human population is low, and agriculture consequently is not practiced. But, with the rapid increase in population in México, these favorable conditions will change in a few years and it will be almost impossible to establish the refuges then.

METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The families, genera, and species recorded in this report are arranged following Hall and Kelson (1959). Subspecies are in alphabetical order under the species. Remarks are given on natural history in each species account, if information is available. Discussion of subspecies known from the state is included. Under each subspecies, the citation to the original description is given with mention of type locality. Next is the citation to the first usage of the current name-combination. Then, synonyms are listed if there be such in the sense that original descriptions of the alleged species or subspecies had type localities in Tamaulipas.

Measurements, unless otherwise noted, are of adults and are given in millimeters. External measurements are in the following order: total length; length of tail vertebrae; length of hind foot; length of ear from notch. Capitalized color terms are those of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912. Capital letters designate teeth in the upper jaws and lower case letters designate teeth in the lower jaws; for example, M2 refers to the second upper molar and m2 refers to the second lower molar.

The localities of specimens examined and additional records are listed from north to south and their geographic positions can be found in the gazetteer and on the map (Fig. 4).

Most of the specimens examined are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas. Unless otherwise indicated, catalogue numbers relate to that collection. A few specimens from other collections were seen. Abbreviations identifying those collections are: UMMZ, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; AMNH, the American Museum of Natural History; and GMS, George M. Sutton collection (University of Oklahoma).

I am grateful to Prof. E. Raymond Hall and Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., for their advice and kind help that have enabled me to complete this work. I thank Dr. William E. Duellman for his advice concerning Zoogeography and Biologist Gastón Guzmán for help with the names of plants. For the loan of specimens I am grateful to Dr. George M. Sutton of the University of Oklahoma, to Dr. David H. Johnson and Dr. Richard H. Manville of the United States National Museum, to Drs. William H. Burt and Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and to Dr. Richard Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History. I thank, also, Dr. William Z. Lidicker, Jr., for information about the locality called Lulú, and the collectors from the Museum of Natural History, especially Gerd H. Heinrich, William J. Schaldach, Percy L. Clifton, and John H. Bodley. I am grateful also to Charles A. Long and to several other persons, not named here, who helped me in some way to complete my study of the mammals of Tamaulipas.

Most of the field work was financed by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Some laboratory work was done when the author was half-time Research Assistant under Grant No. 56 G 103 from the National Science Foundation.

GAZETTEER

The specimens examined and additional records are listed with reference to the following place names. The geographic position of each was taken from the maps of the American Geographical Society of New York, scale 1:1,000,000, and the Atlas Geográfico de la República Mexicana, scale 1:500,000.

Acuña.--23°26´, 98°25´. Agua Linda.--23°05´, 99°14´. Aldama.--22°55´, 98°04´. Alta Cima.--23°05´, 99°11´. Altamira.--22°23´, 97°56´. Antiguo Morelos.--22°33´, 99°05´. Aserradero del Infernillo [Infiernillo].--23°04´, 99°13´. Aserradero del Paraiso.--22°59´, 99°15´. Bagdad.--25°57´, 97°09´. Camargo.--26°20´, 98°50´. Cerro del Tigre.--23°04´, 99°17´. Chamal.--22°49´, 99°14´. Charco Escondido.--25°46´, 98°22´. Ciudad Victoria.--23°45´, 99°07´. Cueva de Quintero.--22°39´, 99°02´. Cueva La Esperanza.--23°55´, 99°17´. Cueva La Mula.--see La Mula. Cueva Los Troncones.--23°49´, 99°15'. Cues.--22°58', 98°13´. Ejido Santa Isabel.--23°14´, 99°00´. El Carrizo.--23°15´, 99°05´. El Encino.--23°08´, 99°07´. El Mante (Cd. Mante).--22°45´, 99°01´. El Mulato.--24°54´, 98°57´. El Pachón.--22°36´, 99°03´. Forlón.--23°14´, 98°49´. Gómez Farías.--23°02´, 99°10´. Guemes.--23°55´, 99°00´. Guerrero.--26°48´, 99°20´. Hacienda Santa Engracia.--24°02´, 99°12´. Hidalgo.--24°15´, 99°26´. Jaumave.--23°24´, 99°23´. Joya de Salas.--23°11´, 99°17´. Joya Verde.--23°35´, 99°14´. La Azteca (Ejido).--23°05´, 99°08´. La Mula.--23°36´, 99°17´. La Pesca.--23°47´, 97°48´. La Purisima.--24°18´, 99°28´. La Vegonia.--24°40´, 99°05´. Limón.--22°49´, 99°00´. Marmolejo.--24°38´, 99°00´. Matamoros.--25°55´, 97°30´. Mesa de Llera.--23°20´, 99°01´. Mier.--26°27´, 99°09´. Miquihuana.--23°27´, 99°46´. Nicolás.--23°21´, 100°04´. Nuevo Laredo.--27°30´, 99°30´. Ocampo.--22°50´, 99°21´. Ojo de Agua.--22°35´, 98°58´. Padilla.--24°01´, 98°46´. Palmillas.--23°18´, 99°33´. Piedra.--23°30´, 98°06´. Rancho del Cielo.--23°04´, 99°12´. Rancho Pano Ayuctle.--23°07´, 99°13´. Rancho Santa Rosa.--23°58´, 99°16´. Rancho Tigre.--22°54´, 99°20´. Rancho Viejo.--23°02´, 99°13´. Reynosa.--26°06´, 98°15´. Río Bravo (Town).--26°04´, 98°08´. Río Corono [Corona].--23°50´, 98°50´. San Antonio.--23°08´, 99°23´. San Carlos.--24°35´, 98°57´. San Fernando.--24°51´, 98°09´. San José.--24°41´, 99°06´. San Miguel.--24°45´, 99°05´. Santa María.--23°31´, 98°41´. Santa Teresa.--25°27´, 97°29´. Savinito.--(?)23°43´, 98°51´. Soto la Marina.--23°46´, 98°15´. Tajada.--23°16´, 99°55´. Tamaulipeca.--24°45´, 99°05´. Tampico.--22°12´, 97°51´. Tula.--23°00´, 99°42´. Villagran.--24°29´, 99°29´. Villa Mainero.--24°34´, 99°36´. Washington Beach.--25°53´, 97°09´. Xicotencatl.--23°00´, 98°57´. Zamorina.--23°20´, 97°58´.

CHECK-LIST

The 146 kinds of native mammals of 120 species found in Tamaulipas belong to 72 genera of 25 families of 10 orders. Non-native mammals introduced by man are not included.

Class MAMMALIA

Order MARSUPIALIA

Family Didelphidae PAGE _Didelphis marsupialis californicus_ Bennett 393 _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen 394 _Philander opossum pallidus_ (J. A. Allen) 394 _Marmosa mexicana mexicana_ Merriam 395

Order INSECTIVORA

Family Soricidae _Sorex saussurei saussurei_ Merriam 396 _Cryptotis parva berlandieri_ (Baird) 396 _Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis_ Jackson 396 _Cryptotis mexicana madrea_ Goodwin 396 _Notiosorex crawfordi_ (Coues) 397

Family Talpidae _Scalopus inflatus_ Jackson 397

Order CHIROPTERA

Family Phyllostomatidae _Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicana_ (Miller) 398 _Pteronotus davyi fulvus_ (Thomas) 398 _Choeronycteris mexicana_ Tschudi 399 _Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla_ (Peters) 399 _Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_ Miller 400 _Glossophaga sorocina leachii_ (Gray) 400 _Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis_ (Saussure) 401 _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman 401 _Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis_ Leach 402 _Artibeus lituratus palmarum_ Allen and Chapman 402 _Artibeus toltecus_ (Saussure) 403 _Artibeus aztecus_ Andersen 403 _Enchistenes hartii_ (Thomas) 404 _Centurio senex_ Gray 404

Family Desmodontidae _Desmodus rotundus murinus_ Wagner 405 _Diphylla ecaudata_ Spix 406

Family Natalidae _Natalus stramineus saturatus_ Dalquest and Hall 407

Family Vespertilionidae _Myotis velifer incautus_ (J. A. Allen) 407 _Myotis keenii auriculus_ Baker and Stains 408 _Myotis californicus mexicanus_ (Saussure) 408 _Myotis nigricans dalquesti_ Hall and Alvarez 409 _Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus_ (F. Cuvier) 409 _Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus_ Dalquest 410 _Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis_ (H. Allen) 410 _Lasiurus borealis borealis_ (Müller) 411 _Lasiurus borealis teliotis_ (H. Allen) 412 _Lasiurus cinereus cinereus_ (Palisot and Beauvois) 412 _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ H. Allen 412 _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_ (Thomas) 413 _Nycticeus humeralis humeralis_ (Rafinesque) 413 _Nycticeus humeralis mexicanus_ Davis 413 _Rhogeëssa tumida tumida_ H. Allen 414 _Plecotus phyllotis_ (G. M. Allen) 415 _Antrozous pallidus pallidus_ (Le Conte) 415

Family Molossidae _Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana_ (Saussure) 415 _Tadarida aurispinosa_ (Peale) 415 _Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea_ Goodwin 416 _Molossus ater nigricans_ Miller 417

Order PRIMATES

Family Cebidae _Ateles geoffroyi velerosus_ Gray 417

Order EDENTATA

Family Dasypodidae _Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus_ Peters 418

Order LAGOMORPHA

Family Leporidae _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei_ (J. A. Allen) 418 _Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus_ (J. A. Allen) 418 _Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani_ (J. A. Allen) 419 _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_ (Nelson) 419 _Lepus californicus altamirae_ Nelson 420 _Lepus californicus curti_ Hall 420 _Lepus californicus merriami_ Mearns 421

Order RODENTIA

Family Sciuridae _Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens_ Mearns 421 _Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_ Alvarez 422 _Spermophilus variegatus couchii_ Baird 422 _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ Cuvier 423 _Sciurus deppei negligens_ Nelson 424 _Sciurus alleni_ Nelson 424 _Glaucomys volans herreranus_ Goldman 425

Family Geomyidae _Geomys personatus personatus_ True 425 _Geomys tropicalis_ Goldman 426 _Heterogeomys hispidus negatus_ Goodwin 427 _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman 428 _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman 428

Family Heteromyidae _Perognathus merriami merriami_ J. A. Allen 429 _Perognathus hispidus hispidus_ Baird 429 _Perognathus nelsoni nelsoni_ Merriam 430 _Dipodomys ordii durranti_ Setzer 431 _Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus_ Hall 431 _Dipodomys ordii compactus_ True 431 _Dipodomys merriami atronasus_ Merriam 432 _Liomys irroratus alleni_ (Coues) 433 _Liomys irroratus texensis_ Merriam 433

Family Castoridae _Castor canadensis mexicanus_ V. Bailey 434

Family Cricetidae _Oryzomys palustris aquaticus_ J. A. Allen 435 _Oryzomys palustris peragrus_ Merriam 435 _Oryzomys melanotis carrorum_ Lawrence 436 _Oryzomys melanotis rostratus_ Merriam 437 _Oryzomys alfaroi huastecae_ Dalquest 437 _Oryzomys fulvescens fulvescens_ (Saussure) 438 _Oryzomys fulvescens engracie_ Osgood 438 _Reithrodontomys megalotis hooperi_ Goodwin 438 _Reithrodontomys fulvescens griseoflavus_ Merriam 438 _Reithrodontomys fulvescens intermedius_ J. A. Allen 439 _Reithrodontomys fulvescens tropicalis_ Davis 439 _Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus_ (Saussure) 440 _Peromyscus maniculatus blandus_ Osgood 440 _Peromyscus melanotis_ J. A. Allen and Chapman 440 _Peromyscus leucopus texanus_ (Woodhouse) 441 _Peromyscus boylii ambiguus_ Alvarez 443 _Peromyscus boylii levipes_ Merriam 443 _Peromyscus pectoralis collinus_ Hooper 444 _Peromyscus pectoralis eremicoides_ Osgood 445 _Peromyscus melanophrys consobrinus_ Osgood 445 _Peromyscus difficilis petricola_ Hoffmeister and de la Torre 446 _Peromyscus ochraventer_ Baker 446 _Baiomys taylori taylori_ (Thomas) 447 _Onychomys leucogaster longipes_ Merriam 447 _Onychomys torridus subrufus_ Hollister 448 _Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri_ Baird 449 _Sigmodon hispidus solus_ Hall 450 _Sigmodon hispidus toltecus_ (Saussure) 450 _Neotoma albigula subsolana_ Alvarez 450 _Neotoma angustapalata_ Baker 451 _Neotoma micropus littoralis_ Goldman 453 _Neotoma micropus micropus_ Baird 453 _Microtus mexicanus subsimus_ Goldman 454

Order CARNIVORA

Family Canidae _Canis latrans microdon_ Merriam 454 _Canis latrans texensis_ V. Bailey 455 _Canis lupus monstrabilis_ Goldman 455 _Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii_ Mearns 455

Family Ursidae _Ursus americanus eremicus_ Merriam 456

Family Procyonidae _Bassariscus astutus flavus_ Rhoads 456 _Procyon lotor fuscipes_ Mearns 457 _Procyon lotor hernandezii_ Wagler 457 _Nasua narica molaris_ Merriam 458 _Potos flavus aztecus_ Thomas 458

Family Mustelidae _Mustela frenata frenata_ Lichtenstein 458 _Mustela frenata tropicalis_ (Merriam) 459 _Eira barbara senex_ (Thomas) 459 _Taxidea taxus berlandieri_ Baird 460 _Taxidea taxus littoralis_ Schantz 460 _Spilogale putorius interrupta_ (Rafinesque) 461 _Mephitis mephitis_ varians Gray 461 _Mephitis macroura macroura_ Lichtenstein 461 _Conepatus mesoleucus mearnsi_ Merriam 462 _Conepatus leuconotus texensis_ Merriam 462

Family Felidae _Felis concolor stanleyana_ Goldman 462 _Felis onca veraecrucis_ Nelson and Goldman 463 _Felis pardalis albescens_ Pucheran 463 _Felis wiedii oaxacensis_ Nelson and Goldman 464 _Felis yagouaroundi cacomitli_ Berlandier 464 _Lynx rufus texensis_ J. A. Allen 464

Order SIRENIA

Family Trichechidae _Trichechus manatus latirostris_ (Harlan) 465

Order ARTIODACTYLA

Family Tayassuidae _Tayassu tajacu angulatus_ (Cope) 465

Family Cervidae _Odocoileus hemionus crooki_ (Mearns) 465 _Odocoileus virginianus miquihuanensis_ Goldman and Kellogg 466 _Odocoileus virginianus texanus_ (Mearns) 466 _Odocoileus virginianus veraecrucis_ Goldman and Kellogg 466 _Mazama americana temama_ (Kerr) 466

Family Antilocapridae _Antilocapra americana mexicana_ Merriam 467

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

=Didelphis marsupialis=

Opossum

The opossum occurs throughout Tamaulipas but is commonest in the south, especially in the areas of tropical forest and along water courses. Most of the specimens examined were caught in steel traps baited with remains of small animals (mostly mammals and birds, but one trap was baited with the head of a black bass). At Villa Mainero five individuals were caught in one night in five of seven traps scented with spilogale musk. These traps were set in runways along a thick thorn-brush fence, which separated a cornfield from thorn-brush desert. Along the Río Purificación 36 kilometers north and 10 kilometers west of Victoria an opossum was eaten in a trap by a small carnivore, probably a felid judging from tracks around the trap.

A female with 14 pouch young was taken in June in the Sierra de Tamaulipas and weighed 1350 grams; a March-taken female with nine small young in her pouch, from Soto la Marina, weighed 1800 grams. A male from the Sierra de Tamaulipas also weighed 1800 grams.

=Didelphis marsupialis californica= Bennett

1833. _Didelphis Californica_ Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 40, May 17, type locality restricted to Sonora by Hershkovitz (_infra_).

1951. _Didelphis marsupialis californica_, Hershkovitz Fieldiana-Zool., Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., 31(47):548, July 10.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southeastern part of state, north at least to Soto la Marina.

In studying Tamaulipan specimens, I was mindful that Hershkovitz (1951:550) regarded all opossums of this species in México as a single subspecies, even though J. A. Allen (1901) recognized two subspecies in the northeastern part of the Republic. According to Allen (p. 172), _D. m. texensis_ (to which he ascribed a distribution in Texas and adjoining Tamaulipas) was described as: "Similar in coloration to _D. marsupialis_ (_typica_) [_D. m. californica_], but with a relatively longer tail, longer nasals, usually terminating posteriorly in an acute angle, instead of being rounded or more or less abruptly truncated on the posterior border." The available material from Tamaulipas can be divided into two groups on the basis of shape and proportion of the nasals. In opossums from the southeast the nasals are truncate posteriorly and average 47.0 (45.1-48.4) per cent of the condylobasal length, whereas in specimens from elsewhere the nasals are acute posteriorly and average 50.7 (49.7-51.8) per cent of the condylobasal length. Tentatively, therefore, I follow Allen in recognizing two subspecies in northeastern México.

I note no especial difference in length of tail between _texensis_ and _californica_. Hooper (1951:3) followed Hershkovitz in reporting as _californica_ a specimen from Rancho del Cielo; to me, specimens from this area are referable to _texensis_.

One of the specimens from two miles south and 10 miles west of Piedra (54917) has a supernumerary tooth lingual and anterior to the last upper molar. The tooth is small (2.7 mm. long) and peglike.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 8: 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 1; 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 12,000 ft., 7.

Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:234); Altamira (J. A. Allen, 1901:167).

=Didelphis marsupialis texensis= J. A. Allen

1901. _Didelphis marsupialis texensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Hist., 14:172, June 15, type from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Northern, central and southwestern parts of state.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 7: San Fernando, 180 ft., 1; Villa Mainero, 1700 ft., 2; 36 km. N, 10 km. W Cd. Victoria (1 km. E El Barretal), on Río Purificación, 1; 12 km. N, 4 km. W Cd. Victoria, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel (12 km. S Llera), 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 1; 4 mi. N Jaumave, 2500 ft., 1.

Additional records: Matamoros (J. A. Allen, 1901:173); El Mulato, San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:249); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:3).

=Philander opossum pallidus= (J. A. Allen)

Four-eyed Opossum

1901. _Metachirus fuscogriseus pallidus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:215, July 3, type from Orizaba, Veracruz.

1955. _Philander opossum pallidus_, Miller and Kellogg, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 205:8, March 3.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from along eastern side of Sierra Madre Oriental, north to vicinity of La Purisima.

In Tamaulipas, the four-eyed opossum is seemingly common at relatively low elevations in the Tropical Deciduous Forest along the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, but the species is not restricted to this area as one specimen is available from a place seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima, in the drier forest of west-central Tamaulipas. The highest elevation at which individuals have been taken in the state is approximately 2500 feet.

Specimens obtained two kilometers west of El Carrizo were caught in steel traps that were baited with the bodies of small birds and mammals and that were set in trails leading through a fence of piled logs that separated a cornfield from adjacent forest. At Rancho Pano Ayuctle, some individuals were trapped in steel sets baited with scraps of meat; others were shot at night in the forest along the Río Sabinas. Schaldach reported in his notes that four-eyed opossums robbed trap lines set for small mammals at Rancho Pano Ayuctle. W. W. Dalquest trapped an individual seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima using the body of an armadillo as bait. The natives of southern Tamaulipas refer to this animal as "tlacuache cuatrojos."

Tamaulipan specimens of _P. o. pallidus_ differ from topotypes and other specimens from the vicinity of the type locality in averaging somewhat paler dorsally and slightly smaller in cranial dimensions when specimens of equal age are compared. They differ also in having a longer terminal area of white on the tail, 53.1 per cent (43.3-62.8) of the length of the tail in 13 specimens from Tamaulipas, and 38.7 (30.9-48.2) per cent in 14 specimens from the vicinity of the type locality of _pallidus_ in Veracruz; specimens from northern Veracruz are intermediate between the two mentioned populations in amount of white on the tail. Baker (1951:210) noted that the specimens from two kilometers west of El Carrizo had "proportionately longer tails than typical _P. o. pallidus_ from central Veracruz," but I do not find this character to be consistent in the more abundant material now available.

_Measurements._--External and cranial measurements of three adults, a male and female from Rancho Pano Ayuctle and a male from two kilometers west of El Carrizo, respectively, are as follows: 577, 580, 568; 294, 288, 290; 46, 43, 43; 40, 42, 37; condylobasal length, ----, 70.1, 69.9; palatal length, 43.2, 42.3, 41.9; lambdoidal breadth, 23.6, 22.0, 22.7; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 29.5, 28.4, 29.0.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 15: 7 km. SW La Purisima, 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N Mante and 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 300 ft., 7; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 3; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2500 ft., 3 (one specimen deposited in Instituto de Biología, México).

=Marmosa mexicana mexicana= Merriam

Mexican Mouse-opossum

1897. _Marmosa murina mexicana_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:44, March 16, type from Juquila, 1500 m., Oaxaca.

1902. _Marmosa mexicana_, Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39:19, April.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:3) in southwestern part of state.

_Marmosa_ has been reported from Tamaulipas only by Goodwin (1954:3), who examined "15 rami, and one fragment of maxillary" that were found in a cave. Possibly they were remains from owl pellets.

=Sorex saussurei saussurei= Merriam

Saussure's Shrew

1892. _Sorex saussurei_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:173, September 29, type from N slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, approximately 8000 ft., Jalisco.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Miquihuana.

Jackson (1928:156) reported four specimens from Miquihuana, which he incorrectly located in Nuevo León.

=Cryptotis parva berlandieri= (Baird)

Least Shrew

1858. _Blarina berlandieri_ Baird, Mammals, _in_ Repts. Expl. Surv. ..., 8(1):53, July 14, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

1941. _Cryptotis parva berlandieri_, Davis, Jour. Mamm., 22:413, November 13.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Throughout state.

A female taken on July 5, one mile south of Altamira, carried three embryos 5 mm. in crown-rump length. A female from the same locality and another taken on June 6 in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were lactating. Weight of each of six males was 5.0 grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 9: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Altamira, 8.

Additional records: Matamoros (Baird, 1858:53); 9 km. N Rancho Tigre (Goodwin, 1954:3).

=Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis= Jackson

Slender Small-eared Shrew

1933. _Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis_ Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:79, April 27, type from Huachinango, 5000 ft., Puebla.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Aserradero del Paraiso.

The only report from Tamaulipas of this small shrew is that of Goodwin (1954:3) who listed a cranium and mandible, possibly of the same individual, found on the floor of a cave. Goodwin referred the remains to _pueblensis_ because of the "noticeably broader and heavier rostrum than in ... _C. parva berlandieri_ from Rancho Tigre."

=Cryptotis mexicana madrea= Goodwin

Mexican Small-eared Shrew

1954. _Cryptotis mexicana madrea_ Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:1, June 28, type from Rancho del Cielo, 5 mi. NW Gómez Farías, 3500 ft., Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from the type locality and vicinity thereof.

This subspecies is known only from two complete specimens, six crania and four rami collected in two different localities--the type locality and Aserradero del Infernillo, only seven kilometers from the type locality. All the specimens were examined and reported by Goodwin (1954:1; 1954:4). The type specimen "was taken in a low section of an overgrown ditch" and the other complete specimen was trapped in a stone wall that separated an orchard from a pasture. The six skulls were found in owl pellets.

=Notiosorex crawfordi= (Coues)

Crawford's Desert Shrew

1877. _Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi_ Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Territories, 3:651, May 15, type from near old Fort Bliss, approximately 2 mi. above El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas.

1895. _Notiosorex crawfordi_, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, Dec. 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas_.--Known only from two localities in southwestern part of state.

The two specimens examined were collected in July, one in tropical forest and the other in pine-oak forest; each was a lactating female and each weighed 5 grams.

Judging from Merriam's (1895:32) description, the two females differ from the type and three specimens from San Diego, Texas, in having a unicolored tail and in being slightly larger externally. When more abundant material is available the _Notiosorex crawfordi_ of northeastern México probably will be found to represent a new subspecies; for the present I follow Findley (1955:616) in referring Tamaulipan specimens to _N. crawfordi_.

_Measurements._--External measurements of the specimens from Jaumave and Palmillas, respectively: 90, 90; 28, 31; 11, 11.5; 8, 8. For cranial measurements see Findley (1955:32).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 2: Jaumave, 2400 ft., 1; Palmillas, 4400 ft., 1.

=Scalopus inflatus= Jackson

Tamaulipan Mole

1914. _Scalopus inflatus_ Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:21, February 2, type from Tamaulipas, 45 miles from Brownsville, Texas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from the type locality.

_Scalopus inflatus_ is known only from the type specimen, which is imperfect and lacks complete data according to Jackson (1914:21). The type locality is in Tamaulipas, 45 miles from Brownsville, Texas, but the exact direction from Brownsville is unknown; probably the locality was on the road between that town and San Fernando, Tamaulipas, which is south-southwest of Brownsville.

=Pteronotus rubiginosus mexicanus= (Miller)

Mustached Bat

1902. _Chilonycteris mexicana_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:401, September 12, type from San Blas, Nayarit.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state in areas of tropical forest.

Most individuals of this species were taken in mist nets. Northwest of El Encino for example, bats were collected from a net placed in "a strategic position across a narrow opening" (Schaldach, fieldnotes) in a cave near the headwaters of the Río Sabinas; along the same river at Rancho Pano Ayuctle some were taken in a net stretched across a little creek (arroyo). In the cave near El Encino the collector (Schaldach) estimated the population of _P. rubiginosus_ at between two and three hundred; at Ojo de Agua this bat was found in the deepest part of a cave in association with _Myotis nigricans_.

Two June-taken females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were lactating, and weighed 17 and 18 grams.

The generic name _Pteronotus_ is employed instead of _Chilonycteris_ following Burt and Stirton (1961:24-25). The specific name _rubiginosus_ is used in accordance with de la Torre (1955:696). Tamaulipan specimens are assigned to _P. r. mexicana_ because they do not differ from specimens of that subspecies from Nayarit, except that the coloration of Tamaulipan specimens averages slightly darker in both color phases.

Specimens of this subspecies from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, previously recorded by Anderson (1956:349), are the northernmost reported in eastern México.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 31: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 3; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante, 3 mi. W Pan-American Highway, 300 ft., 3; Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N El Mante, and 3 km. W Pan-American Highway, 300 ft., 2; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 22.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:4): Aserradero del Paraiso; El Pachón.

=Pteronotus davyi fulvus= (Thomas)

Davy's Naked-backed Bat

1892. _Chilonycteris davyi fulvus_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:410, November, type from Las Peñas, Jalisco.

1912. _Pteronotus davyi fulvus_, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:33, December 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from the two localities reported in this paper.

According to field-notes of Schaldach _et al._, individuals of _P. d. fulvus_ appear when it is almost dark (about 6:30 p. m. in December and January), ordinarily fly about 25 feet above the ground, but occasionally are seen at heights of between 60 and 70 feet (near tops of the largest cypress trees). Most bats flew in a straight line for 10 to 20 yards, then zig-zagged, and repeated the same movements. All specimens examined are in the brown color phase.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 11: Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 10; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1.

=Choeronycteris mexicana= Tschudi

Mexican Long-tongued Bat

1844. _Choeronycteris mexicana_ Tschudi, Untersuchungen über die fauna Peruana ..., p. 72, type from México.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--East side of Sierra Madre in southwestern part of state.

Specimens from La Mula were obtained in a small cave, which was inhabited also by _Desmodus rotundus_ and _Tadarida brasiliensis_. The specimens from Miquihuana were captured in a mine by a native. Those from four kilometers north of Joya Verde also were taken from a mine. Females obtained in August at La Mula were lactating.

Specimens examined are indistinguishable from _C. mexicana_ from Oaxaca and Jalisco. Baker (1956:172) found no differences between Coahuilan and Tamaulipan specimens. Most Tamaulipan specimens are dark grayish, but some are brownish and some are intermediate between the two colors mentioned. Fourteen adults weighed an average of 16.0 (12-18) grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 19: 4 km. N Joya Verde, 4000 ft., 3; La Mula, 13 mi. N Jaumave, 4; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 2; Miquihuana, 6500 ft., 10.

=Mormoops megalophylla megalophylla= (Peters)

Peters' Leaf-chinned Bat

1864. _Mormops megalophylla_ Peters, Monatsb. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 381, type from southern México.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Throughout state, except possibly west of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in mist nets in which _Pteronotus rubiginosus_, _Lasiurus borealis_, or _Centurio senex_ also were captured. The specimen from Rancho Santa Rosa was shot as it flew at a height of six feet.

Tamaulipan specimens of _Mormoops megalophylla_ are here assigned to _M. m. megalophylla_ instead of to _M. m. senicula_ following Villa and Jimenez (1961:503), who regarded _senicula_ as indistinguishable from _megalophylla_.

Weight of four specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas averaged 16.2 (15-18) grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 5: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1300 ft., 2; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 1; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 1.

Additional records: Cueva de Los Troncones, 7.5 km. NNW, 3.5 km. S Cd. Victoria (Villa and Jimenez, 1961:503); Cueva de Quintero, 15 km. SSW Cd. Mante (_ibid._); Tampico (Davis and Carter, 1962:67).

=Micronycteris megalotis mexicana= Miller

Brazilian Small-eared Bat

1898. _Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 50:329, August 2, type from Platanar, Jalisco.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle (Goodwin, 1954:4). The single specimen of this species presently known from Tamaulipas was shot while it was roosting in a ranch house.

=Glossophaga soricina leachii= (Gray)

Pallas' Long-tongued Bat

1844. _Monophyllus leachii_ Gray, _in_ The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur ..., 1 (1, Mamm.): 18, April, type from Realego, Chinandega, Nicaragua.

1913. _Glossophaga soricina leachii_, Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 46:419, December 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical region of southern part of state.

Specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in a cave along with _Desmodus rotundus_ and _Tadarida laticaudata_. Specimens from 20 miles north of El Mante were collected from a cave about 50 yards deep. Weights of two females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were 9 and 12 grams. Tamaulipan specimens examined do not differ from specimens from Nicaragua that were used in comparison.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 6: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 2; 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N El Mante, and 3 km. W Highway, 300 ft., 2; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 1.

Additional records: 5 mi. NE Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachón (de la Torre, 1954:114); Altamira (Miller, 1913:420).

=Leptonycteris nivalis nivalis= (Saussure)

Long-nosed Bat

1860. _M. [= Ischnoglossa] nivalis_ Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:492, November, type from near snow line of Mt. Orizaba, Veracruz.

1900. _Leptonycteris nivalis_, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:126, April 6.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably throughout southern part of state, but presently known only from one locality.

The specimens herein reported were taken in a cave. They provide the first record of the species from Tamaulipas and are assigned to the subspecies _nivalis_ on the basis of their brownish color and small size in comparison with specimens of _L. n. longala_ from Coahuila (see also description and measurements of _longala_ given by Stains, 1957:356). None of the specimens suggests intergradation in color between _nivalis_ and _longala_, but some are slightly larger than specimens of the former from Veracruz.

Twelve females taken on August 27, 1961, were pregnant. Each carried a single embryo, the embryos averaging 15.7 (12-20) mm. in crown-rump length. The average weight of the 12 females was 26.9 (24.5-30.0) grams; 10 males weighed an average of 24.6 (21-28) grams.

_Measurements._--Average and extremes of ten specimens (5 males and 5 females) are as follows: 78.2 (76-80); 0.0; 16.4 (15-17); 16.7 (16-19); length of forearm, 48.4 (45.2-54.3); length of third finger, 100.8 (99.2-103.7); greatest length of skull, 26.8 (25.9-27.6); zygomatic breadth (6 only), 10.9 (10.7-11.1); least interorbital constriction, 4.6 (4.5-4.9); mastoid breadth, 10.8 (10.5-11.2); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.7 (8.4-9.0).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 28: all from 6.5 mi. N, 13 mi. W Jimenez, 1250 ft.

=Sturnira lilium parvidens= Goldman

Yellow-shouldered Bat

1917. _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:116, May 23, type from Papayo, about 25 mi. NW Acapulco, Guerrero.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known presently only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle.

The two specimens from Tamaulipas were reported by de la Torre (1954:114) and in eastern México are the northernmost yet reported of the genus.

=Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis= Leach

Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat

1821. _Artibeus Jamaicensis_ Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13:75, type from Jamaica.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical region of southern part of state.

The specimens from northwest of El Encino were shot deep (250 yards) in a cave; specimens of _Myotis nigricans_ were obtained in the same cave. A female taken on May 24 carried a single embryo that was 43 mm. in crown-rump length. Six March-taken females reported by de la Torre (1954:114) had one embryo each that varied from 20 to 38 mm. in length.

_Artibeus jamaicensis_ and _A. lituratus_ are the largest bats known from Tamaulipas. In addition to the differences between the two species pointed out by Lukens and Davis (1957:9), I note, in Tamaulipas at least, that the postorbital constriction is narrower in relation to the condylobasal length in _lituratus_, 24.6 (23.7-26.0) per cent as compared to 27.9 (26.7-29.9) per cent in _jamaicensis_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 19: 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 10; Aserradero del Paraiso, 19 km. N Chamal (by road), 8 (AMNH); Cueva El Pachón, 5 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, 1 (AMNH).

Additional records: Rancho Pano Ayuctle (de la Torre, 1954:114); 4 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachón (_ibid._).

=Artibeus lituratus palmarum= J. A. Allen and Chapman

Big Fruit-eating Bat

1897. _Artibeus palmarum_ J. A. Allen and Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:16, February 26, type from Botanical Gardens at Port of Spain, Trinidad.

1949. _A[rtibeus]. l[ituratus]. palmarum_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:447, May 10.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical region in southern part of state.

Two specimens from the Río Sabinas were taken in a mist net placed across the small, crevicelike entrance to a cave. Ten pregnant females taken in late May each contained a single embryo; average crown-rump length of the 10 embryos was 43 (35-55) mm.

Tamaulipan specimens of _lituratus_ do not differ appreciably in color from topotypes except that the facial stripes are narrow and, in three individuals, poorly marked. Lukens and Davis (1957:9) reported that females from Guerrero were paler than the males, but the male examined in this study does not differ in color from the females seen.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 15: Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 13; cave at headwaters of Río Sabinas, 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 2.

=Artibeus toltecus= (Saussure)

Toltec Fruit-eating Bat

1860. _Stenoderma toltecus_ Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:427, October, type from México. Type locality restricted to Mirador, Veracruz, by Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 99:449, May 10, 1949.

1908. _Artibeus toltecus_, Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 296, April 7.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably lowlands of southern part of state; known presently only from Rancho Pano Ayuctle.

_Artibeus toltecus_ is closely related to another species, _A. aztecus_, that occurs also in Tamaulipas. Externally, _toltecus_ differs from _aztecus_ in being smaller and darker; cranially, _toltecus_ also is the smaller and the P2 and M2 are more angular lingually than in _aztecus_, in which the teeth are rounded. One of the most important differences between these two species is that they occur at different altitudes. Davis (1958:165) reported that _toltecus_ occurred at elevations below 5000 feet at more southerly localities in México, whereas _aztecus_ occurred above 5000 feet. In Tamaulipas the two species probably have parallel distributions from south to north but _A. toltecus_ is known from Rancho Pano Ayuctle at an elevation of 300 feet in rain forest, whereas _A. aztecus_ is known from Rancho del Cielo at an elevation of 3300 feet in cloud forest. The two localities are only four miles apart.

One of the specimens examined (GMS 10640) is smaller, cranially and externally (see beyond), than any recorded by Davis (1958:165).

_Measurements._--Some external and cranial measurements of two females and a male (GMS 10668, 10646 and 10640) are, respectively, as follows: length of hind foot, 12.5, 12.0, 11.0; length of ear from notch, 15, 17, 15; length of forearm, 40.5, 40.0, 36.5; greatest length of skull, 20.9, 20.7, 19.7; zygomatic breadth, 12.3, 12.3, 11.7; least interorbital constriction, 5.2, 5.0, 5.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 6.8, 6.8, 6.5; breadth of braincase, 9.3, 9.2, 9.1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 3 from Río Sabinas, near Gómez Farías (Rancho Pano Ayuctle) (GMS).

=Artibeus aztecus= Andersen

Aztec Fruit-eating Bat

1906. _Artibeus aztecus_ Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 18:422, December, type from Tetela del Volcán, Morelos.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably higher areas of southern part of state; known presently only from Rancho del Cielo.

I follow Davis (1958:165) in treating _A. aztecus_ and _A. toltecus_ as distinct species. Differences between the two are discussed in the preceding account of _toltecus_.

One specimen examined (AMNH 146980) is distinctly larger than the others here assigned to _A. aztecus_, but does not exceed the maximal measurements given by Davis (_loc. cit._) for the species. This specimen also has a narrower M2, and relatively and actually narrower braincase than other specimens (see measurements).

Specimens from Rancho del Cielo were collected in a limestone cave in the cloud forest. A female taken on July 2 carried a small embryo and another obtained on August 14 had an embryo that appeared to be nearly ready for birth.

_Measurements._--Respective external and cranial measurements of three males (AMNH, uncatalogued) and a female (AMNH 146980) are as follows: total length, 58, 65, 66, 73; length of hind foot, 13, 12, 12, 13; length of forearm, --, 43, 40, 41; greatest length of skull, 21.6, 22.4, 21.5, 23.0; zygomatic breadth, 13.0, 12.8, 13.0, 12.4; least interorbital constriction, 5.2, 5.7, 5.5, 6.0; length of maxillary tooth-row, 7.0, 7.1, 6.9, 7.1; breadth of braincase, 10.0, 9.8, 10.0, 9.5.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 7, all from Rancho del Cielo, 3300 ft., (AMNH).

=Enchistenes hartii= (Thomas)

Little Fruit-eating Bat

1892. _Artibeus hartii_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 10:409, November, type from Trinidad, Lesser Antilles.

1908. _Enchistenes hartii_, Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 2:224, September 7.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Aserradero del Infernillo.

_Enchistenes hartii_ is known from Tamaulipas only by the cranium reported by Goodwin (1954:5), and this is the northernmost known occurrence. The bat has not been reported from any other Mexican state bordering on the Gulf of Mexico.

=Centurio senex= Gray

Wrinkle-faced Bat

1842. _Centurio senex_ Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 10:259, December, type locality erroneously given as Amboyna, East Indies; subsequently restricted to Realejo, Chinandega, Nicaragua, by Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87:327, December 31, 1946).

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical areas of southern part of state.

The single specimen examined, a female weighing 23 grams that carried an embryo (17 mm. crown-rump length), was taken on June 14 in a mist net stretched between oak trees in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. One other female and one cranium have been reported from Tamaulipas.

The specimen examined differs from two seen from southern México (5 mi. SW Teapa, Tabasco, and 2 mi. S Tollosa, Oaxaca) in being brownish instead of grayish, but resembles in color two specimens from Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo.

_Measurements._--A female from the Sierra de Tamaulipas affords the following measurements: Total length, 67; length of hind foot, 13; length of ear from notch, 15; length of forearm, 43.1; condylobasal length, 15.0; zygomatic breadth, 5.1; palatal length, 4.1; least interorbital constriction, 5.3; length of maxillary tooth-row, 5.1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimen examined, one from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1300 ft.

Additional records: Rancho Pano Ayuctle (de la Torre, 1954:114); Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:5).

=Desmodus rotundus murinus= Wagner

Vampire

1840. _D[esmodus]. murinus_ Wagner, _in_ Schreber, Die Säugthiere ..., Suppl., 1:337, type from México.

1912. _Desmodus rotundus murinus_, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 155, Zool. Ser., 10:63, January.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state, north at least to vicinity of Jiménez.

Hall and Kelson (1959:151) listed a place 12 kilometers west and 8 kilometers north of Ciudad Victoria as the northernmost locality of record for _Desmodus_, but three specimens from Cueva La Esperanza, 6 kilometers southwest of Rancho Santa Rosa, are from a site slightly to the northwestward (12 mi.) of the locality first mentioned and a specimen from 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jiménez represents the northeasternmost known occurrence of _Desmodus_ in eastern México.

Most of the vampires examined in this study were taken in caves; those from four miles southwest of Padilla were obtained from a hollow tree. Nine specimens were collected in a small cave 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria on January 18, when water on the floor of the cave was frozen; the bats were congregated on the ceiling at a height of 20 feet. In a cave in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, 16 miles west and three miles south of Piedra, females and young were found some 50 yards from the entrance; _Natalus stramineus_ and _Glossophaga soricina_ were obtained from the same cave. In another cave only half a kilometer distant, 12 males were collected. In Cueva La Mula, _Desmodus_ was found near the mouth, whereas _Choeronycteris mexicana_ and two _Tadarida brasiliensis_ were collected in the deepest part. At Cueva La Esperanza, 300 feet deep and on the east side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, four different congregations of vampires were found along with about 400 _Natalus_. A male _Desmodus_ obtained in a cave 13 miles west and six and a half miles north of Jiménez also was associated with _Natalus_.

Females with embryos or in lactation were collected as follows: Rancho Pano Ayuctle, March 10, one pregnant female (embryo 40 mm. in crown-rump length); Río Sabinas, May 23, two pregnant females (embryos 36 and 43 mm.); Sierra de Tamaulipas, June 13, five lactating females and one female taken alive that gave birth on June 16 to one young; Cueva La Mula, August, nine lactating females. A male from the Sierra Madre that was obtained on January 5 had testes 8 mm. long.

The average weight of 21 adults from four miles southwest of Padilla was 39.1 (32.0-44.5) grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 107: 3 mi. W, 6.5 mi. N Jiménez, 1250 ft., 1; Río Soto la Marina, 4 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 23; Cueva La Esperanza, 6 km. SW Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m., 3; Cueva Los Troncones, 8 km. N, 12 km. W Cd. Victoria, Sierra Madre Oriental, 2500 ft., 2; Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra Madre Oriental, 1900 ft., 5 mi. S, 3 mi. W Cd. Victoria, 3; La Mula, 13 mi. N Jaumave, 19; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 16; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW [Cd.] Victoria, 3800 ft., 6; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 1400 ft., 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 10; 70 km. S Cd. Victoria (_via_ Highway), 6 km. W of Highway, 5; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 7; cave near headwaters Río Sabinas, 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 11.

Additional records (Malaga and Villa, 1957:539): Cueva La Sepultura, 7.5 km. NNW and hence 7 km. SSW (_via_ highway) Cd. Victoria; El Ojo de Agua, at km. 10 on Valles-Tampico highway; Cueva del Abra, 2 km. SSW Cd. Mante.

=Diphylla ecaudata= Spix

Hairy-legged Vampire

1823. _Diphylla ecaudata_ Spix, Simiarum et vespertilionum Brasiliensium ..., p. 68, type locality, Brazil, restricted to Rio San Francisco, Baía, by Cabrera (Rev. Mus. Argentino Cien. Nat., 4:94, March 27, 1958).

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern and central parts of state.

The hairy-legged vampire was first reported from Tamaulipas by de la Torre (1954:114), who recorded a male from five miles northeast of Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachón. Later in the same year Martin and Martin (1954:585) listed another male from El Pachón. Subsequently, Malaga and Villa (1957:543) reported specimens from two additional localities in the state, one of which (Cueva de la Sepultura) provides the northernmost place from which the species has been recorded. Malaga and Villa remarked that the species was abundant at Cueva de la Sepultura, being found in small groups clinging to the roof of the cave. Two females taken there on November 11 carried one embryo each; a lactating female was taken on November 14. The vampire, _Desmodus rotundus_, also was taken at Cueva de la Sepultura.

I follow Burt and Stirton (1961:37) in treating _Diphylla ecaudata_ as a monotypic species.

_Records_: Cueva de la Sepultura, 7.5 km. NNW and hence 7 km. SSW (_via_ highway) Cd. Victoria (Malaga and Villa, 1957:543); 5 mi. NE Antiguo Morelos, near El Pachón (de la Torre, 1954:114); El Pachón (Martin and Martin, 1954:585); Cueva de Quintero, 4 km. SSW Quintero (Malaga and Villa, 1957:543).

=Natalus stramineus saturatus= Dalquest and Hall

Mexican Funnel-eared Bat

1949. _Natalus mexicanas saturatus_ Dalquest and Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62:153, August 23, type from 3 km. E San Andrés Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz.

1959. _Natalus stramineus saturatus_, Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1977:7, December 22.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Central and southwestern parts of state.

All specimens examined were obtained from caves. At Cueva la Esperanza, approximately 400 individuals were found along with individuals of _Desmodus rotundus_; _Natalus_ and _Desmodus_ also were collected together in a cave approximately 30 yards deep three miles south and 14 miles west of Piedra, and in a cave six and a half miles north and 13 miles west of Jiménez, the northernmost locality from which _N. stramineus_ is presently known.

Tamaulipan specimens do not differ significantly in external or cranial measurements in comparison with the specimens from Veracruz reported by Dalquest and Hall (1949:154), but do differ in color. Most are in the gray phase and are Avellaneus (grayish with yellowish hairs mixed) instead of Clay Color as are specimens from Veracruz; those few in the red phase are between Clay Color and Tawny-Olive instead of between Burnt Sienna and Chestnut. By consequence, bats from Tamaulipas resemble in color the smaller _N. s. mexicanus_ of western México to a greater degree than they resemble _N. s. saturatus_, but I follow Goodwin (1959:7).

Dalquest and Hall (1949:154) reported the specimen from eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos as from San Luis Potosí, from which state the collector (Dalquest) evidently thought it had originated. Actually the place eight kilometers northeast of Antiguo Morelos is in Tamaulipas.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 64: 6.5 mi. N, 13 mi. W Jiménez, 1250 ft., 14; Cueva de la Esperanza, 6 km. SW Rancho Santa Rosa, 360 m., 20; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7; 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 2; Ejido Ojo de Agua, 20 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 20; 8 km. NE Antiguo Morelos, 500 ft., 1.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1959:8): Antiguo Morelos; El Pachón.

=Myotis velifer incautus= (J. A. Allen)

Cave Myotis

1896. _Vespertilio incautus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8:239, November 21, type from San Antonio, Bexar Co., Texas.

1928. _Myotis velifer incautus_, Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:92, May 25.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably most of northern part of state; presently known only from three localities.

The two specimens examined from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in a mist net in which _Eptesicus fuscus_, _Myotis keenii_, and _Tadarida brasiliensis_ also were captured. Both are females, one of which was lactating (June 20). Specimens from San Fernando probably were taken in houses by natives, who brought the bats to the collectors (Clifton and Bodley). The maxillary tooth-row and tibia are shorter, breadth across M3 narrower, and ear slightly longer in Tamaulipan specimens than in those for which measurements were given by Miller and Allen (1928:95), but the Tamaulipan specimens do not differ otherwise. The color in general is slightly more brownish than in Texan _incautus_, but about as in Oklahoman specimens examined. Three from San Fernando, Tamaulipas, are darker than others from that state.

The average weight of 12 non-pregnant females from San Fernando was 11.0 (9.5-13) grams. The only male obtained at the same locality weighed 12 grams.

_Measurements._--Six females from San Fernando afford the following measurements: 100.0 (95-107); 42.5 (38-46); 10.3 (10-11); 15.3 (14.5-16); length of tibia, 17.4 (16.5-18.9); length of forearm, 44.8 (43.4-45.7); greatest length of skull, 16.5 (16.1-16.9); condylobasal length, 15.6 (15.3-15.8); least interorbital constriction, 4.0 (3.9-4.1); mastoid breadth, 8.3 (8.1-8.6); length of maxillary tooth-row, 6.5 (6.3-6.7); breadth across M3, 6.5 (6.0-6.9).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 15: San Fernando, 180 ft., 13; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 2.

Additional record: Soto la Marina (Miller and Allen, 1928:93).

=Myotis keenii auriculus= Baker and Stains

Keen's Myotis

1955. _Myotis evotis auriculus_ Baker and Stains, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:83, December 10, type from 10 m. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., Sierra de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas.

1960. _Myotis keenii auriculus_, Findley, Jour. Mamm., 41:18, February.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from type locality (2 specimens), but probably widely distributed in western part of state.

The two specimens known from Tamaulipas were caught in a mist net stretched across a narrow, brush-bordered arroyo in the Sierra de Tamaulipas. I tentatively follow Findley (1960) in arranging _auriculus_ as a subspecies of _M. keenii_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, the holotype and one topotype.

=Myotis californicus mexicanus= (Saussure)

California Myotis

1890. _V[espertilio]. mexicanus_ Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:282, July, type from an unknown locality, but Dalquest (Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:49, December 28, 1953) restricted the type locality to the "desert (warmer part) of the state of México, México."

1897. _Myotis californicus mexicanus_, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:73, October 16.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Western mountains of state in pine-oak forest.

Only ten specimens of this species, five from Nicolás, two from Miquihuana and the other three, each from a different locality, have been reported from Tamaulipas. The specimen examined from 14 miles north and six miles west of Palmillas, a young female that still has deciduous incisors, was obtained on July 24. Of the five specimens from Nicolás, which represent the largest series of _M. californicus_ ever reported from eastern México, some were caught in mist nets and others were shot over a water-hole.

_Measurements._--Five skins and four skulls from Nicolás afford the following measurements: 86.0 (80-94); 39.0 (36-41); 7.4 (7-8.5); 13.7 (13.5-14.0); length of forearm, 33.0 (31.8-34.2); weight, 3.6 (3-4) grams; greatest length of skull, 13.9 (13.8-14.1); least interorbital constriction, 3.2 (3.1-3.3); breadth of braincase, 6.5 (6.4-6.5); length of maxillary tooth-row, 5.2 (5.1-5.3); breadth across M3, 5.1 (5.0-5.3).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 6: Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 5; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1.

Additional records: San José (Dice, 1937:249); Miquihuana (Miller and Allen, 1928:160); La Joya de Salas (Goodwin, 1954:5).

=Myotis nigricans dalquesti= Hall and Alvarez

Black Myotis

1961. _Myotis nigricans dalquesti_ Hall and Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:71, December 29, type from 3 km. E of San Andrés Tuxtla, 1000 ft., Veracruz.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical part of state, presently known only from two localities.

For taxonomic remarks concerning this bat see Hall and Alvarez (1961:72).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 5, from 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft.

Additional record: Cave in canyon of Río Boquillas, 8 km. SW Chamal (Goodwin, 1954:6).

=Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus= (F. Cuvier)

Eastern Pipistrelle

1832. _V[espertilio]. subflavus_ F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1:17, type locality restricted to 3 mi. SW Riceboro, Liberty Co., Georgia, by W. H. Davis, Jour. Mamm., 40:522, November 20, 1959.

1897. _Pipistrellus subflavus_, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Presently known only from three localities, but probably occurs in most of eastern part of state.

Specimens examined are intermediate in color and measurements between _Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus_ and _P. s. veraecrucis_, but the color resembles that of individuals of _subflavus_ from Kansas more than that of specimens of _veraecrucis_ from Las Vigas, Veracruz.

The two males from eight kilometers west and 10 kilometers north of El Encino represent the southernmost record of the subspecies.

_Measurements._--External measurements of two males (58849, 58848) from 8 km. west and 10 km. north of El Encino and a male (60296) from Rancho Pano Ayuctle are, respectively, as follows: 78, 81, 83; 36, 38, 36; 10, 10, 9; 11, 11, 11; length of forearm, 33.1, 32.0, --; length of tibia, 14.6, 13.4, 13.0. Some cranial measurements of the two specimens from northwest of El Encino are: greatest length of skull, 12.8, 12.9; breadth of braincase, 6.5, 6.5; length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.0, 4.1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 3: 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1.

Additional record: Matamoros (H. Allen, 1894:128).

=Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus= Dalquest

Western Pipistrelle

1951. _Pipistrellus hesperus potosinus_ Dalquest, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64:105, August 24, type from Presa de Guadalupe, San Luis Potosí.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably occurs throughout southwest part, but presently known only from Joya Verde.

The specimens reported herein were shot in July in a canyon that contained some standing water. According to the field notes of the collector (Schaldach), individuals of this bat in Tamaulipas flew later, in his experience, than bats of the same species in Sonora, Arizona and Coahuila, not emerging until it was almost fully dark.

_Pipistrellus hesperus_ from Tamaulipas is identified as _P. h. potosinus_ owing to the dark color, but the averages of some measurements differ slightly from those given by Dalquest (1951:106) for _potosinus_ as follows: tail and ear shorter; foot larger; condylobasal length and cranial breadth less.

_Measurements._--Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of five males from Joya Verde are: 73.2 (70-75); 27 (26-28); 7 (7); 12.4 (12-13); length of forearm, 31.0 (29.5-31.5); greatest length of skull, 12.4 (12.2-12.8); condylobasal length, 11.8 (11.4-12.3); breadth of braincase, 6.3 (6.0-6.5). Corresponding measurements of three females (60204, 60209, 60210) from the same locality are: 72, 78, 76; 27, 33, 35; 7, 7, 7; 12, 12, 12; 31, 31, 32; 12.3, 12.9, 13.5; 11.7, 12.2, --; 6.0, 6.6, 6.1.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 8, from Joya Verde, 35 km. SW Cd. Victoria, 3800 ft.

=Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis= (H. Allen)

Big Brown Bat

1866. _S[cotophilus]. miradorensis_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18:287, type from Mirador, Veracruz.

1812. _Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis_, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:62, December 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state, north at least to Miquihuana.

Specimens from Miquihuana, Palmillas, and Nicolás were shot in flight at dusk; those from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were collected in a mist net. Five females, all taken in June, were lactating.

Judging from Hall and Kelson's (1959:185) distribution map for the species, two subspecies, _E. f. fuscus_ and _E. f. miradorensis_, possibly occur in Tamaulipas, the former in the north and the latter in the south. Comparison of specimens presently available from the state (all from the southern part) with typical individuals of the two subspecies mentioned reveal that they resemble _miradorensis_ to a greater degree than _fuscus_ and they accordingly are assigned to the former. In measurements, the Tamaulipan specimens agree closely with _miradorensis_; in color, some resemble _miradorensis_ but others approach _fuscus_, possibly indicating intergradation between the two subspecies in the material at hand. Probably _E. f. fuscus_ will be found in the northern part of the state.

_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of nine females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas and three males, two from Miquihuana (55137, 55138) and one from Palmillas (55139), are respectively: 121.3 (111-127), 115, 107, 115; 51.9 (50-56), 50, 45, 52; 10.9 (9.5-11.0), 10, 10, 11; 17.8 (17-18), 18, 18, 18; length of forearm, 49.6 (48-52.6), 48.9, 49.1, 49.1; length of tibia, 18.8 (18.2-19.3), 20.5, 17.3, 18.0; condylobasal length, 18.9 (18.5-19.3), 19.3, --, 18.8; zygomatic breadth, 13.1 (12.7-13.5), --, 13.0, 13.3; interorbital constriction, 4.2 (3.7-4.4), 4.0, 4.3, 4.1; length of maxillary tooth-row, 7.3 (7.1-7.5), --, 7.2, 7.2. Five lactating females weighed 20 (17-23) grams, and three males 17.5 (17-8) grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 17: Miquihuana, 6200 ft., 2; 14 mi. N, 6 mi. W Palmillas, 5500 ft., 1; Nicolás, 56 km. NW Tula, 5500 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 12; Joya Verde, 35 km. SW [Cd.] Victoria, 3800 ft., 1.

Additional record: Aserradero del Paraiso (Goodwin, 1954:186).

=Lasiurus borealis=

Red Bat

Two subspecies of _Lasiurus borealis_ have been reported from Tamaulipas. One, _L. b. borealis_, is known only from Matamoros, whereas the other, _L. b. teliotis_, is widely distributed in the central and southern parts.

A young animal from Ciudad Victoria was captured inside a house. All specimens taken in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were caught in mist nets, in which _Centurio senex_, _Pteronotus parnelli_, and _Mormoops megalophyla_ also were taken.

=Lasiurus borealis borealis= (Müller)

1776. _Vespertilio borealis_ Müller, Des Ritters Carl von Linné ... vollständiges Natursystem ..., Suppl., p. 20, type from New York.

1897. _Lasiurus borealis_, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:105, October 16.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only by two specimens from Matamoros (Miller, 1897:108).

=Lasiurus borealis teliotis= (H. Allen)

1891. _Atalapha teliotis_ H. Allen, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 29:5, April 10, type from an unknown locality, probably some part of California.

1897. _Lasiurus borealis teliotis_, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:110, October 16.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Generally distributed in higher parts of state.

Eight June-taken females, all lactating, from the Sierra de Tamaulipas averaged 10.0 (8-12) grams; five males from there weighed 9.2 (8-10) grams. According to Hall and Kelson (1959:188), males of this species usually are more brightly colored than females but this phenomenon is not evident in the Tamaulipan specimens. Males do, however, average slightly smaller than females.

The name _Lasiurus borealis teliotis_ is employed following Handley (1960:472); formerly _L. b. ornatus_ Hall was applied (Hall and Kelson, 1959:190) to bats here referred to as _teliotis_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 7: Cd. Victoria, 1800 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 14 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 4.

=Lasiurus cinereus cinereus= (Palisot de Beauvois)

Hoary Bat

1776. _Vespertilio cinereus_ (misspelled _linereus_) Palisot de Beauvois, Catalogue raisonné du muséum de Mr. C. W. Peale, Philadelphia, p. 18, type from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1864. _Lasiurus cinereus_ H. Allen, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 7 (publ. 165): 21, June.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably state-wide but so far reported only from Matamoros (Miller, 1897:114), and Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:6--cranium only).

=Lasiurus intermedius intermedius= H. Allen

Northern Yellow Bat

1862. _Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Eastern half of state, known only from three localities.

The three specimens examined were taken in mist nets along with _Lasiurus ega_, _Pteronotus rubiginosus_ and _Mormoops megalophylla_.

The generic name _Lasiurus_ is used instead of _Dasypterus_ following Hall and Jones (1961).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 3: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 2.

Additional record: Matamoros (H. Allen, 1862:246).

=Lasiurus ega xanthinus= (Thomas)

Southern Yellow Bat

1897. _Dasypterus ega xanthinus_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544, December, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California.

1953. _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_, Dalquest, Louisiana State Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:61, December 28.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably occurs in southern and western parts of state; certainly known only from the Sierra de Tamaulipas.

Three June-taken females, all captured in mist nets, were lactating.

Hall and Jones (1961:91) assigned all Mexican specimens of the southern yellow bat to _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_, but remarked that specimens from western México were paler than those from the east. Of the six specimens examined from Tamaulipas, four are dark, resembling in color specimens from Veracruz, Yucatán and Costa Rica, and the other two are somewhat paler, approaching specimens from Baja California, Zacatecas and Coahuila. In measurements, Tamaulipan specimens of _Lasiurus ega_ generally resemble specimens from the west, but differ from any other _L. ega_ seen in having a longer tail, longer ear, and shorter maxillary tooth-row.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 6: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 4; 10 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S. Piedra, 1400 ft., 1.

=Nycticeius humeralis=

Evening Bat

_Nycticeius humeralis_ has the same distributional pattern in Tamaulipas as has _Lasiurus borealis_ in that both are represented there by two subspecies, one known only from Matamoros and the other occurring in the rest of the state. Bats of this species (_N. h. mexicanus_) from Ciudad Victoria and some from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were shot in flight in evening; others from the last-mentioned locality were taken in mist nets. Lactating females (22 specimens) were collected in June and July.

=Nycticeius humeralis humeralis= (Rafinesque)

1818. _Vespertilio humeralis_ Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 3(6):445, October, type from Kentucky.

1819. _N[ycticeius]. humeralis_ Rafinesque, Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et Arts, Paris, 88:417, June.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Matamoros (Miller, 1897:120), one specimen.

=Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus= Davis

1944. _Nycticeius humeralis mexicanus_ Davis, Jour. Mamm., 25:380, December 12, type from Río Ramos, 1000 ft., 20 km. NW Montemorelos, Nuevo León.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known certainly only from central part, but probably occurs at suitable places in all but extreme northern Tamaulipas.

Twenty-seven of 37 adults of _N. humeralis_ examined from Tamaulipas are pale as is _N. h. mexicanus_, but 10 are darker and approach _N. h. humeralis_ in this respect. Twenty-two females averaged 10.3 (9-13) grams and eight males averaged 9.5 (8-11) grams in weight.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 45: Cd. Victoria, 10; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2-3 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 31; 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 4.

=Rhogeëssa tumida tumida= H. Allen

Little Yellow Bat

1866. _R[hogeëssa]. tumida_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18:286, type from Mirador, Veracruz.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southeastern part of state.

Specimens obtained from the vicinity of La Pesca were shot as were some from the Sierra de Tamaulipas. Others from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were taken in mist nets that were stretched across a small pool in an arroyo; _Eptesicus fuscus_, _Myotis velifer_, _M. keenii_ and _Nycticeus humeralis_ were captured in the same nets.

Females evidently bear young in Tamaulipas in April and May. Fourteen of 15 females collected at La Pesca in May were lactating, as were five of 31 taken in the Sierra de Tamaulipas in June. The weight of 46 females averaged 5.5 (4-7) grams, and that of nine males, 4.5 (4-5) grams.

Comparison of specimens from Tamaulipas with individuals from Veracruz reveals little difference in general color between the two samples. Most Tamaulipan specimens examined are dull yellowish brown, but some are darker. Goodwin (1954:6) reported a specimen from Santa María as being dark brown. Measurements of 10 females (see below) from the Sierra de Tamaulipas average a little larger than those reported by Miller (1897:123-124), Hall (1952:232), and Goodwin (1958:10-12). I follow the last author in using the specific name _R. tumida_ for this bat.

_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of 10 females from the Sierra de Tamaulipas are as follows: 80.1 (78-83); 35.5 (33-37); 7.9 (7.5-8.0); 13.1 (13-14); length of forearm, 31.9 (30.6-33.0); greatest length of skull, 13.4 (13.1-13.8); zygomatic breadth, 8.6 (8.2-8.8); mastoid breadth, 5.6 (5.3-5.8); breadth across M3, 5.7 (5.5-6.0); length of maxillary tooth-row, 4.8 (4.7-4.9).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 59: 4 mi. N La Pesca, 1; 3 mi. N La Pesca, 3; 2 mi. N La Pesca, 11; 1 mi. N La Pesca, 4; La Pesca, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 39.

Additional record: Santa María (Goodwin, 1958:3).

=Plecotus phyllotis= (G. M. Allen)

Allen's Big-eared Bat

1916. _Corynorhynus phyllotis_ G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60:352, April, type from San Luis Potosí, probably near city of same name.

1959. _Plecotus phyllotis_, Handley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:130, Sept. 3.

1923. _Idionycteris mexicanus_ Anthony, Amer. Mus. Novit., 54:1, January 17, type from Miquihuana, Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Miquihuana.

The only specimen of this bat known from Tamaulipas was reported by Anthony (1923:1), and formed the basis of his description of _Idionycteris mexicanus_, a synonym of _Plecotus phyllotis_ according to Handley (1956:53 and 1959:130).

=Antrozous pallidus pallidus= (Le Conte)

Pallid Bat

1856. _V[espertilio]. pallidus_ Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, 7:437, type from El Paso, El Paso Co., Texas.

1864. _Antrozous pallidus_, H. Allen, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 7 (Publ. 165): 68, June.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from a single ramus from Aserradero del Infernillo (Goodwin, 1954:6).

=Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana= (Saussure)

Brazilian Free-tailed Bat

1860. _Molossus mexicanus_ Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 12:283, July, type from Cofre de Perote, 13,000 ft., Veracruz.

1955. _Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana_, Schwartz, Jour. Mamm., 36:108, February 28.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably state-wide, but presently known from only five localities.

A female taken on June 21 in a mist net on the Sierra de Tamaulipas carried an embryo that was 29 mm. in crown-rump length. Two specimens were shot in flight in the deepest part of Cueva La Mula.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 4: 8 km. S Cd. Victoria, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 1; Cueva La Mula, 10 km. W Joya Verde, 2400 ft., 2.

Additional records: Río Bravo (town) (Villa, 1956:8); Rancho "La Isla," 3 km. N El Limón (Malaga and Villa, 1957:560); Cueva del Abra (_ibid._); no specific locality (Shamel, 1931:6).

=Tadarida aurispinosa= (Peale)

Peale's Free-tailed Bat

1848. _Dysopes aurispinosus_ Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8:21, type taken on board the U. S. S. Peacock at sea, approximately 100 mi. S Cape San Roque, Brazil.

1931. _Tadarida aurispinosa_, Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78:11, May 6.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from Cueva del Abra, six miles north-northeast of Antiguo Morelos.

Carter and Davis (1961) recorded for the first time this species from North America, on the basis of five specimens collected at Cueva del Abra. From the same locality P. L. Clifton collected several owl pellets which provide, besides many skulls of _Tadarida laticaudata_, four crania of _T. aurispinosa_. Available measurements of three, of the four _T. aurispinosa_, resemble those given by Carter and Davis (_op. cit._) for their specimens. Measurements of the fourth cranium are smaller (greatest length of skull, 19.4; zygomatic breadth, 11.1; interorbital constriction, 3.7; cranial breadth, 9.1; mastoid breadth, 10.7; basal length, 16.3; length of maxillary tooth-row, 7.4; breadth across M3, 7.9), but not outside the expected range of individual variation if we can judge by the range recorded by Jones and Alvarez (1962) for the related _Tadarida laticaudata_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 4, from [Cueva del Abra], 6 mi. (by road) NNE Antiguo Morelos.

=Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea= Goodwin

Geoffroy's Free-tailed Bat

1954. _Tadarida laticaudata ferruginea_ Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novit., 1670:2, June 28, type from 8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from southeastern part of state.

Specimens from three miles south and 16 miles west of Piedra were found in a crevice inside a cave. Two days previously _Desmodus rotundus_ and _Natalus stramineus_ were obtained from the same cave. All other specimens from the Sierra de Tamaulipas were caught in mist nets. _Nycticeus humeralis_, _Myotis velifer_, _Eptesicus fuscus_, _Lasiurus borealis_ and _L. intermedius_ were taken in nets that also captured _T. laticaudata_.

All specimens taken (June 19-23) in the Sierra de Tamaulipas were females, except one. Of 33 females taken, 27 carried a single embryo each, the embryos averaging 27.0 (25-28) mm. in crown-rump length; the other five were lactating. Weight of the pregnant females averaged 16.0 (13-18) grams and that of the five lactating individuals averaged 13.0 (12-14) grams. A male weighed 22 grams.

For the taxonomic status of this species in North America see Jones and Alvarez (1962).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 65: Sierra de Tamaulipas, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 27; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 3 mi. S, 16 mi. W Piedra, 1400 ft., 7; 5 mi. S El Mante, 8 (AMNH); 11 mi. S El Mante, 13 (AMNH); 10 km. NNE Antiguo Morelos, 1; 8 mi. N Antiguo Morelos, 7 (5 AMNH, 2 KU); 20 mi. SW El Mante, 2 (AMNH).

=Molossus ater nigricans= Miller

Red Mastiff Bat

1902. _Molossus nigricans_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 54:395, September 12, type from Acaponeta, Nayarit.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state, north at least to Guemes.

At Rancho Pano Ayuctle, according to the field notes of the collector (Schaldach), the red mastiff bat was common, and found daytime retreats in hollows in cypress trees. Schaldach twice found groups of bats in such hollows. _M. a. nigricans_ is an early forager and most individuals seen were in flight before sunset, usually flying in a more or less straight line at heights of 25 to 60 feet above the ground. The odor of the chest gland was described by Schaldach as "strong" and "geranium-like." A female obtained three miles northeast of Guemes on August 19 carried a single embryo that was 33 mm. in crown-rump length.

Specimens examined average slightly smaller than the type specimen, especially in total length, length of hind foot, length of skull and length of maxillary tooth-row. Davis (1951:219) also noted some of these same differences in a specimen examined by him from two miles south of Ciudad Victoria. The variation in color is great among Tamaulipan specimens. Of the 15 examined, two are Dark Mummy Brown, six are Mummy Brown, six are Sudan Brown, and one is paler than Sudan Brown.

I follow Goodwin (1960:6) in using the specific name _ater_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 15: 3 mi. NE Guemes, 2; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 1; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N El Mante and 3 km. W Pan-American Hwy., 2200 ft., 8; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2.

Additional records (Davis, 1951:219): 2 mi. S Cd. Victoria; Altamira.

=Ateles geoffroyi velerosus= Gray

Spider Monkeys

1866. _Ateles vellerosus_ Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 773 (for 1865), April, type locality "Brasil?"; restricted to Mirador, 2000 ft., about 15 mi. NE Huatusco, Veracruz, by Kellogg and Goldman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 96:33, November 2, 1944.

1944. _Ateles geoffroyi vellerosus_, Kellogg and Goldman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 96:32, November 2.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably extreme southern part.

No specimens of this monkey have been taken in Tamaulipas although Kellogg and Goldman (1944:34) pointed out that it probably occurred in the tropical forest of the southern part of the state. Later, Villa (1958:347) reported that A. Malaga Alba saw monkeys in 1954 at Barranca de Caballeros, approximately 25 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Victoria. No other report of their occurrence in the state has been forthcoming.

=Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus= Peters

Nine-banded Armadillo

1864. _Dasypus novemcinctus_ var. _mexicanus_ Peters, Montsb. preuss Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 180, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas (see Hollister, Jour. Mamm., 6:60, February 9, 1925).

1920. _D[asypus]. novemcinctus mexicanus_, Goldman, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 69 (5):66, April 24.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Probably state-wide except on Mexican Plateau; presently known only from five localities.

A 13-pound female from four kilometers west-southwest of La Purisima was captured after it was forced by the collector (Dalquest) and his dog out of the burrow that was under a log. A young specimen examined from seven kilometers southwest of La Purisima was captured by a dog. A partial skeleton including the skull was picked up on the barrier beach at a place 33 miles south of Washington Beach.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 3 (see text immediately above).

Additional records: Matamoros (Hollister, 1925:60); Rancho del Cielo (Hooper, 1953:11).

=Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei= (J. A. Allen)

Forest Rabbit

1890. _Lepus truei_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:192, December 10, type from Mirador, Veracruz.

1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:351, May 26.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state; known only from Rancho del Cielo (Goodwin, 1954:7).

=Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus= (J. A. Allen)

Desert Cottontail

1904. _Lepus (Sylvilagus) parvulus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:34, February 29, type from Apam, Hidalgo.

1909. _Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:236, August 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Western part of state.

The specimen examined, a male that weighed 646 grams, was shot at night.

This species occurs only in western Tamaulipas. Hall and Kelson (1959:267, map 187) mistakenly plotted El Mulato, as being in the eastern part of the state; actually this locality is in the San Carlos Mountains of the west, near the boundary between Tamaulipas and Nuevo León.

_Records of occurrence._--One specimen examined from 4 mi. SW Nuevo Laredo, 900 ft.

Additional records (Nelson, 1909:237, unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Guerrero; Mier; Camargo; El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Miquihuana.

=Sylvilagus floridanus=

Eastern Cottontail

This species occurs throughout Tamaulipas. A female from Soto la Marina, obtained on May 17, was lactating; another from 12 miles northwest of San Carlos, on August 23, carried two embryos that were 15 mm. in crown-rump length.

=Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani= (J. A. Allen)

1899. _Lepus floridanus chapmani_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:12, March 4, type from Corpus Christi, Nueces Co., Texas.

1904. _Sylvilagus (Sylvilagus) floridanus chapmani_, Lyon, Smith. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Northern two-thirds of state.

A male and pregnant female from 12 miles northwest of San Carlos weighed, respectively, 650 and 690 grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 17: San Fernando, 180 ft., 3; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 3; La Pesca, 3; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 6; Ejido Eslabones, 2 mi. S, 10 mi. W Piedra, 1200 ft., 2.

Additional record: Jaumave (Nelson, 1909:178).

=Sylvilagus floridanus connectens= (Nelson)

1904. _Lepus floridanus connectens_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:105, May 18, type from Chichicaxtle, Veracruz.

1909. _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:32, January 28.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern part of state.

This subspecies has been reported previously from Tamaulipas only from Altamira. Specimens from 10 kilometers north and eight kilometers west of El Encino and 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria, judging by their large size, dark color, and ochraceous brown (rather than pale ochraceous as in _S. f. chapmani_) upper sides of the hind feet are assignable to _connectens_.

Goodwin (1954:7) reported specimens from Chamal, Joya de Salas, Gómez Farías, and Pano Ayuctle as _S. f. chapmani_, remarking that they were intergrades between _chapmani_ and _connectens_. Specimens reported by Goodwin are here assigned to _S. f. connectens_ because the measurements of the specimen from eight kilometers west of El Encino are typical of that subspecies.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 4: 10 km. N, 8 km. W El Encino, 400 ft., 1; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 2; 9 mi. SW Tula, 5200 ft., 1.

Additional records (Goodwin, 1954:7, unless otherwise noted): Chamal; La Joya de Salas; Gómez Farías; Rancho Pano Ayuctle; Altamira (Nelson, 1909:186).

=Lepus californicus=

Black-tailed Jack Rabbit

The black-tailed jack rabbit is the only species of _Lepus_ known from Tamaulipas and is represented there by three subspecies, _L. c. merriami_ of the northern part of the state, _L. c. altamirae_ of the southeastern coastal plains, and _L. c. curti_ of the barrier beach south of Matamoros. The known ranges of the three subspecies are not presently known to meet in Tamaulipas.

=Lepus californicus altamirae= Nelson

1904. _Lepus merriami altamirae_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:109, May 18, type from Altamira, Tamaulipas.

1951. _Lepus californicus altamirae_, Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Southern coastal plain north certainly to vicinity of Soto la Marina.

The two specimens examined in this study (see below) are intermediate between _L. c. altamirae_ and _L. c. curti_, but show greater resemblance to the former. In measurements they resemble _altamirae_ rather than the smaller _curti_. They approach the latter in length of hind foot and are intermediate between the two subspecies in basilar length; in one specimen, the dimensions of the rostrum are as in _curti_ and the other has the black patch on the posterior surface of the ear well developed, as in _altamirae_, but in the other the black is reduced. _L. c. altamirae_ has been known previously only from Altamira.

_Measurements._--Two male adults (55415, 55416) from north of Soto la Marina, afford the following external measurements: 610, 590; 100, 100; 124, 125; 124, 122 (length of ear from notch, dry, 114, 110). Cranial measurements are: basilar length, 75.1, 74.4; length of nasals, 46.1, 41.9; width of rostrum at PM, 25.1, 28.7; height of rostrum in front of PM, 25.2, 21.5; diameter of auditory bulla, 14.1, 13.0.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 2: 3 mi. N Soto la Marina, 1; 2 mi. NW Soto la Marina, 1.

Additional record: Altamira (Nelson, 1904:109).

=Lepus californicus curti= Hall

1951. _Lepus californicus curti_ Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:42, October 1, type from barrier beach 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only by the three specimens mentioned in the original description from two barrier islands in northeastern part of state.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 3: 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 2; 90 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1.

=Lepus californicus merriami= Mearns

1896. _Lepus merriami_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 2, March 25, type from Fort Clark, Kinney Co., Texas.

1909. _Lepus californicus merriami_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:148, August 31.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Northern and western parts of state.

The two specimens examined, an adult female and a young male, from the barrier beach 33 miles south of Washington Beach are intergrades between _L. c. merriami_, reported from the mainland from as near as Matamoros, and _L. c. curti_, which occurs farther to the south on the same series of barrier beaches. Of seven characters that seem to differentiate the two subspecies, the adult female from 33 miles south of Washington beach resembles _merriami_ in four as follows: tips of ears black (white in _curti_); nasals long; hind foot long; and supraoccipital process broad. The specimen resembles _curti_ in shortness of tail and in having small auditory bullae. Breadth of rostrum above premolars, the seventh character, is less than in typical specimens of either of the two subspecies. More material is needed from the barrier beach in order to establish with certainty the relationships between jack rabbits occurring there.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 4: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 2; 12 mi. NW San Carlos, 1300 ft., 2.

Additional records: Nuevo Laredo (Nelson, 1909:150); Mier (_ibid._); Camargo (_ibid._); Matamoros (Hall, 1951:185); Tamaulipeca, San Carlos Mts. (_ibid._).

=Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens= Mearns

Mexican Ground Squirrel

1896. _Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 1, March 25, type from Fort Clark, Kinney Co., Texas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Northern part of state, south at least to Xicotencatl.

Most of the specimens examined from Tamaulipas are in the brown phase (Howell, 1938:121) and differ from _S. m. parvidens_ from Texas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León in being darker dorsally. Nevertheless, some individuals are as pale as those examined from the mentioned states. Measurements of Tamaulipan specimens average smaller than those given by Howell (1938:121) and Baker (1956:205) for _parvidens_.

Specimens from San Fernando differ slightly from those from Soto la Marina in having a relatively long tail (average 69.2 instead of 62.1 per cent of length of head and body) and in having the upper parts of the hind feet ochraceous instead of nearly white.

Two May-taken females from Soto la Marina carried 5 and 7 embryos that were 10 mm. in crown-rump length; another taken there was lactating. Weight of six non-pregnant females from San Fernando averaged 160.6 (129-197) grams. Two males from the same locality weighed 164 and 145 grams.

_Measurements._--Average and extreme measurements of four males and three females from Soto la Marina are, as follows: 312.6 (296-330); 119.8 (110-130); 41.6 (38-43). Average cranial measurements of five specimens (two males, three females) from same locality are: greatest length of skull, 44.7 (43.7-47.4); zygomatic breadth, 26.9 (25.3-28.6); breadth of braincase, 19.4 (19.2-19.5); interorbital constriction, 13.3 (12.5-14.1); length of nasals, 15.9 (14.6-17.5); length of maxillary tooth-row, 8.3 (8.0-8.5).

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 20: San Fernando, 180 ft., 12; Soto la Marina, 500 ft., 8.

Additional records (Howell, 1938:121 unless otherwise noted): Nuevo Laredo; Mier; Camargo; Reynosa; Bagdad; Victoria; Xecotencatl [= Xicotencatl] (J. A. Allen, 1891:223).

=Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus= Alvarez

Spotted Ground Squirrel

1962. _Spermophilus spilosoma oricolus_ Alvarez, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:123, March 7, type from 1 mi. E La Pesca, Tamaulipas.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Known only from the type locality and from parts of the barrier beach, but possibly occurs at other places in northeastern parts of state.

The 10 specimens from the type locality were trapped or shot on the beach, which was covered by thick, low, scattered bushes and grass. Of the many holes found there, some probably were used by ground squirrels and others by crabs. A female, taken on July 7 with two young at a place 33 miles south of Washington Beach, weighed 133 grams and had six placental scars. This specimen (reported as _Spermophilus spilosoma annectens_ by Selander _et al._, 1962:335) resembles others examined from the barrier beach (see Alvarez, 1962:124) and is therefore assigned to _S. s. oricolus_.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 24: 33 mi. S Washington Beach, 1; 88 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 12; 89 mi. S, 10 mi. W Matamoros, 1; 1 mi. E La Pesca, 10.

=Spermophilus variegatus couchii= Baird

Rock Squirrel

1855. _Spermophilus couchii_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1:332, April, type from Santa Catarina, a few miles west of Monterrey, Nuevo León.

1955. _Spermophilus variegatus couchii_, Baker, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist, 9:207, June 15.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Possibly in southwestern part; reported only from Ciudad Victoria (Howell, 1938:141).

Since Baird (1855:332) described _S. v. couchii_ and mentioned a specimen from Ciudad Victoria that was obtained by Berlandier, no other record from Tamaulipas has come to light. Probably the species obtained by Berlandier was introduced at Ciudad Victoria by man.

=Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster= Cuvier

Red-bellied Squirrel

1829. [_Sciurus_] _aureogaster_ Cuvier, _in_ Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, and F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., 6, livr. 59 pl. with text, September (binomen published only at end of work, table générale et méthodique, 7:4, 1842), type locality "California"; restricted to Altamira, Tamaulipas, by Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, 1899).

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical forest of southern part; north at least to Rancho Santa Rosa.

According to one collector (Schaldach), natives referred to _Sciurus aureogaster_ as "ardilla pinta" or "ardilla colorada." He recorded in his field notes that _S. aureogaster_ was most active between 7:00 and 9:00 a. m. and again from 3:00 to 5:00 p. m., that the nest was constructed of green oak leaves, and that the nest resembles somewhat in size and form that of _S. carolinensis_.

Of 53 specimens examined, 17 are black and one from 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria is clearly more whitish than the others. Specimens from the northeastern part of the range of the species (= southeastern Tamaulipas) average darker than those from the south and west. In individuals that are not black, the ventral reddish color covers the shoulders and in some it extends between the shoulders to the median dorsal area.

Among females collected from December through May, only one, taken 43 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria on March 17, was pregnant (one embryo).

The weight of seven adult males from Soto la Marina and the Sierra de Tamaulipas averaged 492.5 (400-575) grams.

Specimens herein reported from San Fernando provide the northernmost record of the species.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 53: San Fernando, 180 ft., 5; 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 5; Soto la Marina (3 mi. N), 500 ft., 6; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 8 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 6; 43 km. S Cd. Victoria, 1; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 5; 70 km. (by highway) S Cd. Victoria, 6 mi. W of Pan-American Highway, 3; 2 mi. W El Carrizo, 7; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 6 mi. N Gómez Farías, 300 ft., 2; Rancho Pano Ayuctle, 25 mi. N, 3 km. W El Mante, 300 ft., 1; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 1.

Additional records: Río Corono (= Corona) (J. A. Allen, 1891:222); Victoria (Kelson, 1952:249); Santa María (Goodwin, 1954:8); 3 mi. NW Acuña, 3500 ft. (Hooper, 1953:4); Forlón (Nelson, 1899:42); NE Zamorina (Hooper, 1953:4); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:8); Altamira (Nelson, 1899:42); Tampico (J. A. Allen, 1891:222).

=Sciurus deppei negligens= Nelson

Deppe's Squirrel

1898. _Sciurus negligens_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:147, June 3, type from Altamira, Tamaulipas.

1953. _Sciurus deppei negligens_, Hooper, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 544:4, March 25.

_Distribution in Tamaulipas._--Tropical forest in southern part of state, north to Rancho Santa Rosa and Padilla.

In Tamaulipas this squirrel is called "ardilla chica" or "ardilla barcina," and is abundant in areas where tall trees and dense brush prevail. This species evidently does not have restricted periods of activity, as does _S. aureogaster_, but is active throughout the day. At El Carrizo a nest, nine to 10 inches in diameter and constructed of leaves and small sticks, was in a thick tangle of branches 25 feet above the ground. A male having testes 11 mm. long was in the nest. Among 16 females collected in the months of February, May and June, only two, taken in February, were lactating. A female from 70 kilometers south of Ciudad Victoria, had four placental scars, three on the right side and one on the left, along with a resorbed embryo on the right side; according to the collector "the scars appeared quite recent, as evidenced by the fact that not all of the blood had been resorbed yet."

The northernmost localities from which _S. d. negligens_ has been reported are nine and a half miles southwest of Padilla in the east, and Rancho Santa Rosa in the west.

Three males from the vicinity of Padilla weighed 309, 276, and 261 grams.

_Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 92: 9-1/2 mi. SW Padilla, 800 ft., 3; Rancho Santa Rosa, 25 km. N, 13 km. W Cd. Victoria, 260 m., 8; 3 mi. NE Guemes, 1; Sierra de Tamaulipas, 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1200 ft., 3; Ejido Santa Isabel, 2 km. W Pan-American Highway, 2000 ft., 20; 70 km. (by highway) S Cd. Victoria and 6 mi. W Pan-American Highway, 43; 2 km. W El Carrizo, 12; 8 km. W, 10 km. N El Encino, 400 ft., 2.

Additional records: Victoria (Nelson, 1898:147); Santa María (Goodwin, 1954:8); Rancho Viejo (_ibid._); Rancho del Cielo (_ibid._); 3 mi. NW Acuña (Hooper, 1953:4); Pano Ayuctle (_ibid._); Gómez Farías (Goodwin, 1954:8); Mesa de Llera, 10