The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica

preparing for, some specific occupation. To the beginner, who still has everything to learn, the advantages derived from such a course of study may well be so great as to make t...

study designed to supplement, or to take the place of, some part of the usual school and college curriculum. The educational articles in the Britannica are the work of 704 profe...

chapters describes Britannica articles of the utmost practical value to parents, dealing with the care of children’s health, with their mental and bodily training, and with the...

American citizenship and to current politics. A study of the articles indicated in this section of the Guide will aid the reader not only to form sound opinions for himself, but...

status in various parts of the world, their achievements in scholarship, art and science, as well as with home-making, domestic science and kindred subjects. The important part...

relate to recreation and vacations, travel at home and abroad, photography, motoring, out-door and indoor games and other forms of relaxation and of exercise. The extent to whic...

„ 2. For Stock-Raisers 10 „ 3. For Dairy Farmers 14 „ 4. For Merchants and Manufacturers, General and Introductory 19 „ 5. Textiles 21 „ 6. Machinery 28 „ 7. Metals, Hardware, G...

„ 32. The Fine Arts, Introductory and General 187 „ 33. Painting, Drawing, Etc. 189 „ 34. Sculpture 198 „ 35. Language and Writing 207 „ 36. Literature, Introductory and General...

Education, Training of Defectives, Psychology Crime, Juvenile Courts, Alcoholism Heredity and Eugenics Wages and Labour, Labour Organization Immigration, The Negro Problem Trust...

The many subjects on which Women contributed to the Britannica Accomplishments of Women in Scholarship, Art and Science Women’s Legal Position in the United States and elsewhere...

Motoring, a Specimen Trip: New York to the White Mountains Photography Out-door Games and Athletic Sports Hunting, Fishing and Taxidermy Sailing, Canoeing and Boating Mountainee...

Every farmer in the United States knows that farming is to-day an industry which calls for study of the world’s agricultural products, processes, and markets as well as for scie...

Stock-raising in the United States was, until quite recent years, under the evil influence of the careless methods which had been handed down from the old days of the range-catt...

The admirable set of rules for dairy farmers issued by the United States Department of Agriculture begins by telling you to “read current literature and keep posted on new ideas...

The article on TECHNICAL EDUCATION in the new (Eleventh) Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Vol. 26, p. 487), written by Philip Magnus, one of the greatest educational auth...

The Course of Reading outlined in this chapter will help anyone who has to do with the making or with the buying and selling of textiles, in three ways, at least, each of the gr...

An appreciation of the science of mechanical engineering is so indispensable to the manufacture and sale of machinery that the reader of this Guide might simply have been referr...

Elisée Reclus, the great French student of the origins of civilization, says, in the Britannica article FIRE (Vol. 10, p. 399), that “human culture may be said to have begun wit...

When you think of your home, making a picture in your mind of the familiar surroundings associated in your memory with your greatest pleasures, you are really thinking of furnit...

The purpose of the department of the Guide in which this chapter appears, addressed to persons engaged in certain important occupations, is not only to show them how Britannica-...

By long established custom, watches and the higher grade of clocks form part of the jeweller’s stock, and he sells a few other articles of utility, such as purses and bags, but...

Electrical machinery and supplies include three main groups of appliances: The apparatus by which electricity is originally generated; the apparatus by which current is transmit...

The chemical and drug industry is not only in itself an enormous business, but it supplies essential materials for almost every branch of manufacturing. Chemical products are em...

The manufacturer of or dealer in food products must of necessity be interested in questions of transportation by land and sea, of taxation, of agriculture, stock-raising and fis...

For the insurance man, whether veteran or tyro, the new ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA has much of value and importance, _and it has it in quickly available form so that the desired i...

Although architecture is more and more coming to be recognized as one of the fine arts, it is at the same time so largely practical and utilitarian that its theory and methods m...

The rapid increase in population, and especially in its density, the congestion in great cities, with the consequent building up of suburbs; and the equally rapid upward tendenc...

The decorator and designer is a specialist in his purposes rather than in his methods, and his taste and judgment must be based upon a wide range of information. His selection a...

1. Articles on continents contain authoritative and original accounts of trans-continental routes and traffic. For example the article EUROPE has a table in which the 19 chief a...

The immediate future of marine commerce cannot fail to be very greatly affected by changed conditions. No one believes that England, Germany, France, Russia, Austria, Japan and...

The history of a word will sometimes supply the key to the gradual development of an art. “Engineering” was originally used to describe a mere branch of military science, the co...

“An author, even an immortal genius, is, from the economic point of view, a producer of raw material,” says the Britannica article PUBLISHING, and from the educational point of...

No writer can consider the use he will make of the tools of his trade—and the Britannica is certainly the chief among them—unless he has very definite views as to the particular...

Every teacher has one pupil who tries harder than any of the others to absorb knowledge, and yet is never content with the progress made, who knows how hard the teacher works, a...

The minister or candidate for the ministry will find a valuable course of reading laid out for him in this Guide under the heading _Bible Study_, and it might be said with littl...

The Britannica adds so largely to medical literature that, in outlining the services which the work can render to those engaged in the prevention and treatment of disease, it is...

In the days when Marshall and Story, on the bench of the Supreme Court at Washington, were listening to Webster’s thunder; when Chancellor Kent was scrutinizing precedents in Ne...

Of all classes of business men, bankers and financiers study most closely the general tendencies of public opinion and the general course of industrial and commercial developmen...

Federal, state and municipal civil service includes so many specialized branches that a number of the chapters in Part 1 of this Guide, devoted to courses of reading adapted to...

which administration and legislation are chiefly directed, should be carefully examined. There the reader will find lists of articles dealing with schools and institutions; the...

It is often said of an article in the Britannica that it is “_the last word_ on the subject,” so thoroughly has the authority of the book been recognized. This is quite as true...

The scope of a naval officer’s professional interests is so broad that the present chapter of this Guide could not, without duplicating other chapters, indicate all the aspects...

The general articles on music in the Encyclopaedia Britannica provide an illuminative discussion of broad artistic principles which cannot fail to stimulate the musical sense an...

The art-student and every other reader interested in the fine arts will find in the Britannica the material for courses of reading of very great range and of the utmost interest...

The article PAINTING (Vol. 20, p. 459; equivalent to 190 pages of this Guide) is an elaborate “key” article which may well be the starting point for more definite study. The art...

The Britannica article SCULPTURE (Vol. 24, p. 488; equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide) is a complete treatise on the technique and history of this branch of art by J. H. Middl...

One of the most interesting subjects of scientific study developed during the last century is that of primitive culture and the gradual advancement of primitive man from a state...

The student of literature, like the student of painting, finds it as necessary to examine the great examples of the art as to study the laws which guide the artist, for the hist...

The list in the preceding chapter of the key articles dealing with national literatures shows that the Britannica separately treats the literary products of some 30 countries. T...

On English literature, with its vastly longer history and greater volume, there is much more matter in the Britannica than on American literature—or of course any other national...

The article in the Britannica on German Literature (Vol. 11, p. 783; equivalent to 55 pages of this Guide) is by Professor John George Robertson, University of London, author of...

The evolution of literature is completed in Greece, and there its subdivisions may best be studied. Epic poetry is represented by the Homeric cycle, lyric poetry by Tyrtaeus, dr...

It is impossible for the student to consider the subject of Bible Study without being impressed by the immense labour and the profound scholarship which have been devoted to the...

PETER, EPISTLES OF, by Dr. Kirsopp Lake; the article on ST. PETER, by the same scholar. For a date earlier than that of the Epistle of James, see the article on that book. See a...

When you turn to the new Britannica to study history, you naturally expect to learn a great deal that will be new to you. But you can anticipate something more and better than t...

The plan adopted in most of the chapters of this Guide is to give a separate account of each of the more important articles on the subject to which the chapter is devoted. But i...

All the world thinks of Canada as the youngest of countries, for the extraordinary rapidity with which her western territory has been developed within recent years surpasses eve...

The student of English history in the Britannica may well begin with the summary view in the article BRITISH EMPIRE (Vol. 4, p. 606), equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide, by La...

The article FRANCE in the Encyclopaedia Britannica includes a section on _History_ (Vol. 10, pp. 801–906) equivalent to 320 pages of this Guide, of which the first part, down to...

An account, in this chapter, of the principal articles dealing with the history of India, China and Japan, will sufficiently indicate to the student the plan adopted in the Brit...

Many topics in the field of economics and social science are treated with some detail in other parts of this Guide. For public finance, for instance, see the chapter _For Banker...

were wholly supported out of the public resources.” In Athens, charity by: legal enactment for release of debts; assisted emigration; gifts of grain; poor relief for infirm and...

Jewish and Greco-Roman practice. Summary of Hebrew Charity. “To mark the line of development, we compare: 1. The family among Jews and in the early Christian church. 2. The sour...

democratic—not in religious bodies, but in the whole people; and in a new sense—in relation to family and social life—it was to be moral. That was the significance of the Reform...

You may have happened to glance at one of the text-books written for the use of medical students and of doctors, and found that you could hardly understand a word of it. And yet...

The Britannica devotes nearly one fourth of all its space to geographical subjects. You may miss the full significance of this statement; therefore let us put it differently. Th...

These two sciences are devoted to the study of mankind before written history began; and they have an interest for every reader who has asked, when he was a child and had a stor...

There is no single book in the English language, save the Britannica, in which the whole body of mathematical knowledge is examined and classified with special reference to the...

No greater homage has ever been paid to the progress of American science than when the planning and supervision of the astronomical section of the new Encyclopaedia Britannica w...

More than two thousand years ago the poet Lucretius, reviewing the physical knowledge and theories of the Greeks, described, as the Britannica tells us, how “the world was forme...

We have traveled far since Chemistry had as its simple basis four elements: fire, air, water, and earth, regarded as perfect and complete since they embody every essence of whic...

Shakespeare tells us that “there are sermons in stones.” No science, except possibly astronomy, appeals more to the imagination or carries one further away from our present work...

The Britannica tells us that Sir Thomas Browne, the famous 17th century physician and author, once ventured to doubt “whether mice may be bred by putrefaction,” and Alexander Ro...

There are many gardeners and lovers of gardens, but comparatively few have even the most elementary knowledge of botany. How many, for instance, know or remember that in the lea...

At the very outset of his zoological studies the reader will find that the doctors still differ as to the best and most scientifically logical system to be employed in classific...

Philosophers, says Plato, are “those who are able to grasp the eternal and immutable”; their pursuit is wisdom. The history of philosophy is, therefore, the history of the ideas...

The new Encyclopaedia Britannica is full of encouragement for parents who are tempted to feel that the proper care and training of a child require almost superhuman skill and en...

When a stick of hot glass is drawn out, no matter how far it is stretched, the slender stick retains the original shape of the piece—square, round or oval. In the same way, a ch...

A child gains a great part of its knowledge by asking questions, and he should be encouraged to ask them. But parents often find the child’s questions, even those about the obje...

The old idea of an encyclopaedia as a remote book, distant from every-day needs and the real public questions of the day, and to be consulted only for information about ancient...

It would be absurd, in the full stream of the 20th century, to imagine that any of the articles in the new edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica can be either beyond the compr...

“Laying out your work” is a familiar phrase, and describes a common practice. But hardly one man in a hundred deliberately “lays out” his play, planning his recreation so as to...