Part 43
[Three figures omitted in bonds and stock column.]
XIV
COST OF RAILWAY REGULATION
Nothing in the record of railway development in the United States has increased with the rapidity of the cost of their regulation under the act creating the Interstate Commerce Commission. Since the first Commission, composed of Judge Thomas M. Cooley, of Michigan, chairman, William R. Morrison, of Illinois, Augustus Schoonmaker, of New York, Aldace F. Walker of Vermont, and Walter L. Bragg, of Alabama, Commissioners, and Edward E. Moseley, Secretary, and Prof. Henry C. Adams, Statistician, to date the yearly expenditures on its account have been as follows:
============================+======== 1888 Five Commissioners | $97,867 1889 " " | 149,453 1890 " " | 180,440 1891 " " | 214,844 1892 " " | 221,745 1893 " " | 217,792 1894 " " | 209,250 1895 " " | 216,206 1896 " " | 234,941 1897 " " | 234,909 1898 " " | 237,358 1899 " " | 238,125 1900 " " | 243,624 1901 " " | 255,979 1902 " " | 271,728 1903 " " | 298,842 1904 " " | 321,533 1905 " " | 330,739 1906 " " | 382,141 1907 Seven Commissioners | 538,827 1908 " " | 736,530 1909 " " | 988,936 ----------------------------+--------
From this it appears that the cost of regulating American railways has increased tenfold in twenty years. Of this only $34,000 is chargeable to the increase in number and compensation for the Commission under the Hepburn Act. Of the balance it was charged by Representative Adair of Indiana in a speech in Congress last January that $450,000 annually was for "Interstate Commerce Detectives."
XV
STATISTICS OF FOREIGN RAILWAYS
In the following review of the mileage and traffic statistics of the principal divisions of Europe and other countries, the information has been derived from the latest official sources wherever available, and where estimates have been resorted to as noted they have been computed from ascertained facts.
====================================================================== | | Miles | | | | Covered | Capitalization | Passenger Country | Year | by | or Cost of | Revenues | |Capitalization| Construction | -----------------+------+--------------+-----------------+------------ United Kingdom | 1908 | 23,205 | $ 6,382,296,742|$207,539,004 German Empire | 1908 | 35,558 | 3,903,848,400| 178,100,400 France | 1907 | 24,817 | 3,455,436,000| 145,355,448 Russia in Europe | 1905 | 31,545 | (b)3,170,876,360| 58,813,500 Austria | 1907 | 13,427 | 1,515,576,800| 41,716,800 Hungary | 1907 | 11,769 | 741,586,200| 20,836,800 Italy(a) |1907-8| 8,762 | (c)1,091,608,000| 31,149,886 Spain | 1905 | 8,432 | 649,919,610| 16,215,866 Portugal | 1905 | 1,425 | 162,385,280| 4,014,196 Sweden | 1906 | 7,938 | 267,408,450| 10,665,270 Norway | 1908 | 1,608 | 61,841,610| 2,253,420 Denmark(a) |1907-8| 1,191 | 59,806,620| 5,111,910 Belgium | 1907 | 2,871 | (d)451,592,980| 18,340,790 Holland | 1907 | 2,225 | 191,821,000| 10,978,400 Switzerland | 1907 | 2,740 | 303,426,747| 16,222,422 Roumania |1907-8| 1,979 | 183,492,074| 5,089,191 Canada | 1909 | 24,104 | 1,608,963,337| 39,073,488 Argentine | 1907 | 13,690 | 820,433,280| 19,853,760 Japan(a) | 1908 | 3,982 | 190,173,728| 18,786,895 British India | 1908 | 30,809 | 1,336,005,760| 55,132,160 New South Wales | 1909 | 3,623 | 231,870,440| 8,380,744 |------+--------------+-----------------+------------ Total | | 255,700 | $ 26,780,369,418|$913,630,350 | | | | United States | 1908 | 230,494 |(e)12,840,091,462| 566,832,746 | | | | -----------------+------+--------------+-----------------+------------
(a) State only.
(b) Including Siberian.
(c) 1906-7.
(d) State only. 2,543 miles.
(e) Exclusive of switching and terminal companies (1,626 miles).
{table continued; part 2} =================================================================== | | | | | | Freight | Other | Total Country | Year | Revenues | Revenues | Earnings | | | | -----------------+------+--------------+------------+-------------- United Kingdom | 1908 | $ 286,786,249|$ 89,560,115| $ 583,885,371 German Empire | 1908 | 412,635,760| 56,715,200| 647,451,360 France | 1907 | 176,664,215| 6,421,010| 323,440,673 Russia in Europe | 1905 | 221,967,500| 39,678,500| 320,459,500 Austria | 1907 | 122,214,200| 5,692,800| 169,628,800 Hungary | 1907 | 54,650,400| 3,327,000| 78,814,200 Italy(a) |1907-8| 51,266,976| 6,929,979| 89,346,841 Spain | 1905 | 34,694,555| 6,190,271| 57,100,692 Portugal | 1905 | 5,322,875| 423,936| 9,761,000 Sweden | 1906 | 21,051,360| 815,670| 32,572,300 Norway | 1908 | 3,029,920| 108,810| 5,392,150 Denmark(a) |1907-8| 5,266,350| 680,400| 11,058,660 Belgium | 1907 | 38,532,450| 858,271| 89,731,511 Holland | 1907 | 10,664,400| 1,300,000| 22,942,800 Switzerland | 1907 | 21,204,331| 1,677,556| 39,114,310 Roumania |1907-8| 10,269,530| 629,373| 15,988,094 Canada | 1909 | 95,714,783| 10,268,065| 145,056,336 Argentine | 1907 | 56,597,760| 7,578,240| 83,029,760 Japan(a) | 1908 | 14,651,808| 1,448,881| 34,887,584 British India | 1908 | 84,225,280| 4,088,640| 143,446,080 New South Wales | 1909 | 14,437,981| 1,669,826| 24,488,551 |------+--------------+------------+-------------- Total | |$1,741,848,683|$246,062,543|$2,927,596,573 | | | | United States | 1908 | 1,665,419,108| 171,554,135| 2,393,805,989 | | | | -----------------+------+--------------+------------+--------------
(a) State only.
{table continued; part 3} ======================================================================== | | | | | | | | |Per Cent| | | Country | Year | Operating |Expense | |Average | | | Expenses | to | Passengers|Journey | | | |Revenue | Carried | Miles | | | | | | | -----------------+------+--------------+--------+-------------+--------+ United Kingdom | 1908 | $372,103,990| 63.7 |1,725,631,620| 7.8 | German Empire | 1908 | 476,290,080| 73.6 |1,361,655,150| 14.1 | France | 1907 | 183,444,503| 55.9 | 474,335,306| 19.9 | Russia in Europe | 1905 | 216,987,500| 67.8 | 116,441,000| 73.2 | Austria | 1907 | 120,103,800| 70.8 | 223,717,302| 19.1 | Hungary | 1907 | 53,309,000| 67.6 | 107,171,000| 21.4 | Italy(a) |1907-8| 73,735,071| 82.6 | 64,276,501| 25.0(f)| Spain | 1905 | 27,750,936| 48.6 | 41,846,249| 26.0(f)| Portugal | 1905 | 4,426,236| 45.3 | 13,446,043| 20.0(f)| Sweden | 1906 | 21,624,840| 66.3 | 46,452,445| 16.8 | Norway | 1908 | 3,727,620| 69.1 | 10,679,732| 15.5 | Denmark(a) |1907-8| 9,344,430| 84.5 | 20,818,639| 21.7 | Belgium | 1907 | 38,428,809| 64.4 | 181,216,314| 14.0 | Holland | 1907 | 19,174,400| 83.6 | 42,319,000| 18.4 | Switzerland | 1907 | 26,311,883| 67.3 | 97,752,465| 12.8 | Roumania |1907-8| 9,587,468| 60.0 | 8,193,037| 42.2 | Canada | 1909 | 104,600,082| 72.1 | 32,683,309| 62.0 | Argentine | 1907 | 56,198,080| 67.7 | 41,911,512| 25.2 | Japan(a) | 1908 | 17,875,971| 51.2 | 101,115,739| 23.3 | British India | 1908 | 86,408,000| 60.2 | 321,169,000| 37.7 | New South Wales | 1909 | 14,380,252| 58.7 | 52,051,556| 11.1 | |------+--------------+--------|-------------+--------+ Total | |$1,935,812,951| 66.1 |5,084,882,919| 16.52 | | | | | | | United States | 1908 | 1,669,547,876| 69.75 | 890,009,574| 32.66 | | | | | | | -----------------+------+--------------+--------+-------------+--------+
(a) State only.
(f) Estimated.
{table continued; part 4} ========================================================== | | | | | | | | |Per Cent| Country | Year |Freight Tons | Average | Net | | | Carried | Haul |Revenues| | | | (Miles) | to | | | | |Capital | -----------------+------+-------------+---------+--------+ United Kingdom | 1908 | 491,595,056| 25.0 | 3.32 | German Empire | 1908 | 461,296,759| 61.6 | 4.51 | France | 1907 | 156,504,353| 78.8 | 4.18 | Russia in Europe | 1905 | 156,129,875| 151.1 | 3.73 | Austria | 1907 | 151,941,132| 53.7 | 3.27 | Hungary | 1907 | 61,483,000| 69.5 | 3.6 | Italy(a) |1907-8| 32,635,763| 66.0(f)| 1.4 | Spain | 1905 | 22,662,548| 69.4 | 4.5 | Portugal | 1905 | 3,775,559| 54.0(f)| 3.3 | Sweden | 1906 | 31,961,244| 43.4 | 4.24 | Norway | 1908 | 4,501,455| 35.4 | 2.55 | Denmark(a) |1907-8| 4,726,757| 55.1 | 2.92 | Belgium | 1907 | 72,494,073| 43.5 | 4.72 | Holland | 1907 | 15,924,600| 53.8 | 1.93 | Switzerland | 1907 | 17,411,711| 69.5 | 3.7 | Roumania |1907-8| 6,796,315| 55.9 | 3.54 | Canada | 1909 | 66,842,258| 197.0 | 2.51 | Argentine | 1907 | 27,933,828| 115.9 | 3.95 | Japan(a) | 1908 | 18,312,223| 78.7 | 8.9 | British India | 1908 | 62,398,000| 159.1 | 4.33 | New South Wales | 1909 | 9,298,929| 68.4 | 4.36 | |------+-------------+---------+--------+ Total | |1,876,625,438| 66.7 | 3.71 | | | | | | United States | 1908 |1,532,981,790| 142.5 | 4.17 | | | | | | -----------------+------+-------------+---------+--------+
(a) State only.
(f) Estimated.
From the data here furnished it is possible to arrive at a close approximation of the passenger and freight rates in the countries named. The average passenger journey and freight haul in the United States is nearly twice as long as the average for the rest of the world. In comparing net results it should be remembered that rentals and taxes should be deducted from the American figures.
For further details of the railways of Canada, the United Kingdom and the German Empire, for which complete statistics are available, the reader is referred to succeeding pages.
Here the writer would acknowledge the courtesy of the Railway Department of Canada for advance copies of the Dominion railway statistics for 1909.
RAILWAYS OF CANADA.
STATISTICS OF THE RAILWAYS OF THE DOMINION FOR THE YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1907, 1908 AND 1909.
=========================+===============+===============+============== | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 -------------------------+---------------+---------------+-------------- Miles of line operated | 22,608 | 22,966 | 24,104 Second track | 1,096 | 1,211 | 1,464 Yard track and sidings | 4,092 | 4,546 | 4,761 +---------------+---------------+-------------- All tracks | 27,796 | 28,723 | 30,329 Capital cost: | | | Stock | $588,563,591 | $607,425,349 | $647,534,647 Funded debt | 583,369,217 | 631,869,664 | 660,946,769 Government railways | 100,958,402 | 109,423,104 | 111,545,903 Subsidies | 162,017,157 | 166,291,482 | 188,963,337 +---------------+---------------+-------------- Total capital cost |$1,434,908,367 |$1,515,009,599 |$1,608,990,656 Per mile of line | 63,910 | 65,968 | 66,752 Passenger traffic: | | | Passengers carried | 32,137,319 | 34,044,992 | 32,683,309 Pass. carried 1 mile | 2,049,549,813 | 2,081,960,864 | 2,033,001,225 Average journey (miles)| 64 | 61 | 62 Average pass. per train| 56 | 54 | 51 Mileage of pass. trains| 30,220,461 | 31,950,349 | 32,295,730 Mileage of mixed trains| 5,971,414 | 6,210,807 | 7,061,580 Receipts from pass. | $39,184,437 | $39,992,503 | $39,073,488 Receipts per pass. mile| | | (cents) | 1.911 | 1.920 | 1.921 Freight traffic: | | | Tons carried | 56,497,885 | 63,019,900 | 66,842,258 Tons carried 1 mile |11,687,711,830 |12,961,512,519 |12,961,512,519 Average haul (miles) | 183 | 206 | 197 Freight train mileage | 38,923,890 | 40,476,370 | 40,304,906 Average tons per train | 260 | 278 | 278 Receipts from freight | $94,995,087 | $93,746,655 | $95,714,783 Receipts per ton mile | | | (mills) | 8.12 | 7.23 | 7.27 Miscellaneous receipts | $12,558,689 | $13,179,155 | $10,268,065 Total receipts | 146,738,214 | 146,918,313 | 145,056,336 | | | Expenses of operation: | | | Way and structures | 20,887,092 | 20,778,610 | $21,153,274 Maintenance of | | | equipment | 21,666,373 | 20,273,626 | 21,510,303 Conducting | | | transportation | 57,325,543 | 62,486,270 | 54,284,587 General expenses | 3,869,664 | 3,765,636 | 3,853,094 Traffic expenses | -- | -- | 3,798,824 +---------------+---------------+-------------- Total expenses | $103,748,672 | $107,304,142 | $104,600,082 Ratio to earnings | 70.72% | 73.04% | 72.11% | | | Net receipts | $42,989,552 | $39,614,171 | $40,456,251 Percentage to | | | capital cost | 3.00% | 2.61% | 2.51% Gross receipts per mile | $6,535 | $6,398 | $6,018 Gross expenses per mile | 4,621 | 4,672 | 4,339 Number of employes | 124,012 | 106,404 | 125,195 Compensation | $58,719,493 | $60,376,607 | $63,216,662 Prop. of gross earnings | 40.02% | 41.10% | 43.58% Prop. of operating | | | expenses | 56.61% | 56.27% | 60.43% Average per employe | | | per year | $473 | $569 | $505 -------------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------
RAILWAYS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
STATISTICS OF MILEAGE, CAPITALIZATION, AND TRAFFIC FOR THE YEARS 1907 AND 1908.
========================================+===============+=============== | 1907 | 1908 ----------------------------------------+---------------+--------------- Length of railways: | | Double track or more (miles) | 12,845| 12,926 Single track | 10,263| 10,279 |---------------|--------------- Total length of line | 23,108| 23,205 Total length, all tracks, | | sidings, etc. | 53,158| 53,669 | | Total capitalization (paid up) | $6,302,099,773| $6,382,296,742 Capitalization per mile of line | 272,723| 275,040 | | Passenger traffic: | | Passengers carried | 1,259,481,000| 1,278,115,000 Season ticket journeys | 445,101,956| 447,516,620 Passengers carried one mile | 13,295,747,058| 13,459,926,636 Average journey (miles) | 7.8| 7.8 Receipts from passengers | $205,036,740| $207,539,004 Average receipts per passenger | | per mile (cents) | 1.54| 1.542 Mail and other passenger train | | receipts | $43,213,632| $44,067,043 | | Freight traffic: | | Minerals, tons carried | 407,602,177| 388,424,541 General merchandise | 108,284,939| 103,170,515 Total freight, tons | 515,887,116| 491,595,056 Tons carried one mile | 12,897,177,900| 12,289,876,400 Average haul (miles) | 25| 25 Receipts from freight | $298,058,610| $286,786,249 Average receipts per ton mile (cents) | 2.31| 2.333 | | Miscellaneous receipts | $45,634,648| $45,493,075 |---------------|--------------- Total receipts | $591,943,630| $583,885,371 | | Expenses of operation | 373,085,840| 372,103,990 Ratio of expenses to earnings | 63.0 | 63.75 | | Net receipts | $218,857,790| Percentage to total paid-up capital | 3.47| | | Gross receipts per mile | $25,616| $25,162 Gross expenses per mile | 16,165| 16,035 | | Number of employes | 621,341| (a)621,341 Total compensation | $158,116,560| $156,348,915 Proportion of gross earnings | 26.7| 26.78 Proportion of operating expenses | 42.4| 42.02 Average per employe per year | $254.47| $251.78 ----------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
(a) No enumeration of employes has been made since 1907, the last preceding, in 1904, gave a total of 581,664.
RAILWAYS OF GERMANY.
STATISTICS OF MILEAGE, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, AND TRAFFIC FOR THE YEARS 1906, 1907 AND 1908.