part 8, Paris, 1897.

[Footnote 58: According to the quinary nomenclature adopted in many countries of Europe, the indices are grouped by series of five: dolichocephalic from 70 to 74.9; mesocephalic from 75 to 79.9; brachycephalic from 80 to 84.9; hyper-brachycephalic from 85 to 89.9. The two systems might be combined with advantage, as I proposed ten years ago, under the following nomenclature, which I have adopted in this work:--Cephalic index of the skull: From 69.9 and under, hyper-dolichocephalic; from 70 to 74.9, dolichocephalic; from 75 to 77.7, sub-dolichocephalic; from 77.7 to 79.9, mesocephalic; from 80 to 83.2, sub-brachycephalic; from 83.3 to 84.9, brachycephalic; from 85 to 85.9, hyper-brachycephalic; from 90 and upwards, ultra-brachycephalic.]

[Footnote 59: Skulls may also be grouped by sections (for instance, ascending to the quinary nomenclature of the cephalic index) to see what is the proportional part of each of these sections. Thus if we take a series of 10 skulls having the following indices, 75, 77, 78, 80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 84, their _average_ index will be expressed by the figure 80 (the sum of the indices divided by the number of skulls), while the most frequent _mean_ index will be 81. Further, the series should be considered as not very homogeneous, for it comprises 1 dolichocephalic, 1 sub-dolichocephalic, 1 mesocephalic, 6 sub-brachycephalic, and 1 brachycephalic.]

[Footnote 60: It is rather a line than a plane; the cranium always being asymmetrical, we cannot make a horizontal plane pass exactly through the borders of the two orbits and the two auditory meatus.]

[Footnote 61: Broca, “Recherches sur l’indice orbitaire,” _Rev. Anthro._, p. 577, Paris, 1875.]

[Footnote 62: C.E., an abbreviation which is met with in other tables for _Crania ethnica_ of De Quatrefages and Hamy, Paris, 1882.]

[Footnote 63: L. Weiss, _Beitr. Anat. der Orbita_, part 3, p. 25, Tübingen, 1890.]

[Footnote 64: Ten Kate, _L’Anthropologie_, 1894, p. 617.]

[Footnote 65: Ten Kate, _Zur Anthropologie der Mongoloiden_, Berlin, 1882 (thesis).]

[Footnote 66: See P. Broca, _Instruc. gén., etc._; Garson and Read, _Notes and Queries, etc._; as well as P. Topinard, “Instruc. Anthropometr. pour les voyageurs,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, p. 397, Paris, 1885.]

[Footnote 67: Sergi, _Congr. internat. d’Archéol. et d’Anthr. préhist._, 11th sess., Moscow, 1893, vol. ii., p. 296.]

[Footnote 68: Ehrenreich, _Anthr. Stud. Urbewohner Brasiliens_, chap. i., Brunswick, 1897.]

[Footnote 69: A. Gonner, “Vererbung der Forme ... des Schädels,” _Zeits. für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie_, 1895, vol. xxxiii., p. 1.]

[Footnote 70: Spalikowski, “Études d’anthropologie normande,” _Bull. Soc. amis Sciences nat. Rouen_, 1895, Nos. 1 and 2, p. 113; Ammon, _loc. cit._, p. 143; Johansson, and F. Westermarck, _Skandin. Arch. f. Physiol._, vol. vii., 1897, p. 341; Miss Fawcett and K. Pearson, _Proc. Roy. Soc. London_, vol. 62, 1898, p. 413.]

[Footnote 71: _Elem. Anthro. gén._, p. 567.]

[Footnote 72: Regalia, “Orbita ed obliquità dell’ occhio Mongolico,” _Archivio p. Antr._, vol. xviii., p. 1, Florence, 1888.]

[Footnote 73: E. Metchnikof, _Zeitsch. f. Ethnol._, p. 153, Berlin, 1874.]

[Footnote 74: J. Deniker, “L’Étude sur les Kalmouks,” _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 2nd series, vol. vi., p. 696, Paris, 1883.]

[Footnote 75: Collignon, “La nomenclature quinaire de l’indice nasal,” _Rev. d’Anthropol._, 3rd series, t. ii., p. 8, Paris, 1887.]

[Footnote 76: German anthropologists take the measurement of the breadth of the nose, not level with the nostrils, but behind, at the point of their attachment to the maxillary bone, compressing the soft parts; the nasal indices thus obtained are much too low, and not comparable to those which result from the measurements taken according to the Broca-Collignon method.]

[Footnote 77: A. Bertillon, “Morphologie du Nez,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, 3rd series, vol. ii., 1887.]

[Footnote 78: P. Broca, “Recher. sur l’ind. nas.,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, vol. i., Paris, 1872; Houzé, “L’ind. nas. des Flamands et des Wallons,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, Bruxelles, vol. vii., 1888-89; O. Hovorka, _Die aussere Nase_, Wien, 1893; Hoyer, “Beitr. zur Anthr. der Nase,” Schwalbe’s _Morph. Arb._, vol. iv., p. 151, 1894.]

[Footnote 79: Schwalbe, “R. Virchow’s Festschrift,” 1891; E. Wilhelm, _Rev. Biol. du nord de la France_, Lille, 1892, No. 6.]

[Footnote 80: See the summing up of the question in Cunningham, “The Neural Spine,” _Journal of Anat. and Physiol._, vol. xx., p. 637.]

[Footnote 81: See, for further details, Verneau, _Le bassin dans les sexes_, etc., Paris, 1875; Turner, “Report Hum. Skelet.,” _Rep. of Challenger: Zoology_, part 47; J. Garson, “Pelvimetry,” _Journ. Anat. Physiol._, vol. xvi., London, October, 1881; Henning, “Rassenbecken,” _Arch. für Anthr._, 1885, and _Sitzungsb. Naturforsch. Gesell._, Leipzig, 1890-91, p. 1; Marri, _Archivio per l’Antr._, 1892, p. 17.]

[Footnote 82: On the index of the shoulder-blade see Broca, _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, 1878, p. 66; Livon, _De L’omoplate_ (thesis), Paris, 1879; Garson, _Journ. Anat. Physiol._, vol. xiv., 1879-80, p. 13; Turner, _loc. cit._]

[Footnote 83: Transformed into terms of the pelvic index of Broca these figures, according to the formula: ind. Turn.: 100 = 100: _x_, we have the figures: Fuegians, 129.8; Australians, 129.8; Europeans, 126.5; European women, 134.6; Australian women, 130.5; Andamanese women, 131.5.]

[Footnote 84: It has been thought that this frequency was due to the facility with which the thin lamella in question forming the bottom of the cavity can be destroyed after prolonged interment. However, there are prehistoric burial-places, as, for example, certain long barrows of Great Britain, in which not a single perforated humerus in a series of from ten to thirty bones has been found.]

[Footnote 85: Houzé, “Le 3ᵉ trochanter,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, Brussels, 1883.]

[Footnote 86: See the summary of the question by Dwight in _Journ. of Anat. Physiol._, vol. xxiv., pt. i., London, 1889, p. 61; also that by Costa, in _Archivio per l’Antr._, vol. xx., 1890, p. 280; and by Poirier in his _Traité d’Anatomie_, vol. i., p. 221, Paris, 1890.]

[Footnote 87: Manouvrier, _Mémoires Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii., Paris, 1888.]

[Footnote 88: _Ibid._, vol. iv., 1890.]

[Footnote 89: Hamy, _Rev. d’Anthrop._, 1872, p. 79.]

[Footnote 90: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 126.]

[Footnote 91: Rojdestvensky, “Proportions of the Head,” _Bull. Soc. Friends of Nat. Sc._, vol. xc., part 1, Moscow, 1895 (in Russian).]

[Footnote 92: Ivanovsky, “Mongols, etc.,” _Bull. Soc. Friends of Nat. Sc._, vol. lxxi., Moscow, 1893 (in Russian); Topinard, _Elem. Anthro. générale_, p. 1076.]

[Footnote 93: See Ivanovsky, _loc. cit._, p. 257; Topinard, _loc. cit._, p. 1089.]

[Footnote 94: Deniker and Boulart, _loc. cit._, p. 53.]

[Footnote 95: M. Bartels, _Arch. f. Anthr._, vol. xiii., 1880, p. 1.]

[Footnote 96: Lartschneider, “Die Steissbeinmuskeln, etc.,” _Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. mat. nat. Kl._, vol. lxii., 1895.]

[Footnote 97: See on this subject, Le Double, _Traité des variations du Syst. musc. de l’homme_, 2 vols., Paris, 1897; and Testut, _Anomalies muscul._, Paris, 1884.]

[Footnote 98: Hovelacque and Hervé, _Précis d’Anthro._, p. 301. Paris, 1887.]

[Footnote 99: Ten Kate, “Sur quelques points d’ostéologie ethnique,” _Revista del Museo de La Plata_, vol. vii., 1896, p. 263.]

[Footnote 100: R. Blanchard, “Observations sur le tablier ... d’après Peron et Lesueur,” _Bull. Soc. Zool. de France_, 1883, with Figs.]

[Footnote 101: H. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 5th edit., by Max Bartels, vol. i. Leipzig, 1897.]

[Footnote 102: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 215.]

[Footnote 103: Topinard, _Elem. d’Anthrop. génér._, p. 571.]

[Footnote 104: According to the same author, the average weight of the brain of 364 Bavarians is 1372 grammes.]

[Footnote 105: Manouvrier, “De la quantité dans l’encéphale,” _Mém. Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii., p. 162. Paris, 1888.]

[Footnote 106: _Elem. Anthr. gén._, pp. 611 _et seq._ The figures are drawn from the series of Broca and Flower, the latter being augmented by 64 c.c. (the mean difference established by Topinard and Garson between the two systems of determining cranial capacity).]

[Footnote 107: Article “Cerveau,” in the _Dict. de Physiol._ of Ch. Richet, vol. ii., part 3, p. 687. Paris, 1897.]

[Footnote 108: “11 Ossetes, 1465 grammes; 15 Ingush-Chechen, 1454 grammes; 11 Georgians, 1350 grammes; but 12 Armenians of medium height of 1634 mm. give 1369 grammes for the brain.”--Gilchenko, _Congr. Intern. Arch. préhis._, vol. i., p. 183, Moscow, 1892.]

[Footnote 109: C. Voit, “Gewichte d. Organe,” _Zeitsch. für Biologie_, 1894, p. 510.]

[Footnote 110: Manouvrier has demonstrated (_Dict. Phys._, p. 688), working on three series of from 54 to 58 Frenchmen, that individuals of low stature have a lighter brain (1329 grammes) than those of high stature (1398 grammes); two series of women (23 and 27 individuals) yielded a similar result (1198 grammes for the low-statured, and 1218 for the tall). A series of 44 distinguished men of _all_ nations and _all_ statures gave a mean weight of 1430 grammes--that is to say, exceeding that of the French of high stature and the Scotch. From this may be drawn the conclusion that _intelligence_ causes an increase in the weight of the brain independently of the stature. Here, by way of documents, are several data of this interesting series. The minimum of this series belongs to the anatomist Döllinger, who died at the age of seventy-one (1207 grammes), the maximum to the novelist Thackeray, who died at the age of fifty-three (1644 grammes). Between these two extremes are inserted, Harless (1238 grammes), Gambetta (1294 grammes), Liebig (1352 grammes), Bischoff (1452 grammes), Broca (1485 grammes), Gauss (1492 grammes), Agassiz (1512 grammes), and De Morny (1520 grammes), to mention only the best known names ranging between these extremes. M. Manouvrier has excluded from this series exceptionally heavy brains, like those of Schiller (1781 grammes), of Cuvier (1829 grammes), of Tourgenieff (2012 grammes), and lastly of Byron (2238 grammes).]

[Footnote 111: According to Danilevsky and Dr. Regibus, the weight of the grey substance represents 37 or 38 per cent. of the total weight of the brain.]

[Footnote 112: Every nerve-fibre of the adult is composed of an axis-cylinder which communicates with the nerve-cells and with a myeline sheath formed around it. In the course of the development of the embryo this sheath appears after the formation of the axis-cylinder.]

[Footnote 113: Flechsig, _Gehirn und Seele_, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1896; _Die Localization der geistigen Vorgänge_, Leipzig, 1896.]

[Footnote 114: Sir W. Turner, Opening Address at the British Association, Toronto, 1897, _Nature_, 2nd Sept. 1897.]

[Footnote 115: See the summary of the question in Ramon y Cajal, _Nouv. idées struct. syst. nerveux_, French trans., Paris, 1894; also Donaldson, _Growth of the Brain_, ch. vii., 1895.]

[Footnote 116: See the works of Bowditch on 2,500 American children of both sexes, _Eighth Ann. Rep. State Board of Massachusetts_ (1877); of Pagliani on the Italians (_Archivio per l’Antr._, 1876, vol. vi.); of Axel Key on 1,800 Swedish children (_Intern. Congr. Med._, Berlin, 1887); of Schmidt on 10,000 German children, etc.]

[Footnote 117: H. Vierordt, “Das Massen-wachsthum, etc.,” _Arch. für Anatom. u. Phys.; Anatom. Division_, 1890, supplem. volume, p. 62.]

[Footnote 118: Baelz, “Die Körperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner,” _Mittheil. Deutsch. Gesell. Ost. Asi._, 1882, vol. iii., p. 348; Hamada and Sasaki in _Seii-Kwai_ (_Japanese Med. Journ. of Tokio_), February No., 1890.]

[Footnote 119: Lapicque, _Rev. Mens. École. Anthr._, 1897, No. 12.]

[Footnote 120: Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._, p. 181.]

[Footnote 121: These figures, as well as those relating to the pulse, are borrowed for the Fuegians from Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._, p. 182; for the American populations from Gould, _loc. cit._; for the Europeans from the work of H. Vierordt, _Anatomische Daten und Tabellen_, 1893; and for the rest from the memoir (in Russian) of Ivanovsky, “The Mongol-Torgootes,” already quoted.]

[Footnote 122: Maurel, _Bull. Soc. Anth. Paris_, 1883, p. 699; Hyades and Deniker, p. 183.]

[Footnote 123: R. Andree, _Ethnol. Parallele_, Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889.]

[Footnote 124: Darwin, _Expression of the Emotions_, London, 1872; Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_ (English trans.), London, 1895; M. Duval, _Anatomie artistique_, p. 285, Paris, 1881.]

[Footnote 125: See _Globus_, 1897, vol. xxi., No. 7.]

[Footnote 126: Kotelmann, “Die Augen, etc.,” _Zeit. f. Ethn._, 1884, Verh., p 77.]

[Footnote 127: Dr. Herzenstein, _Izviestia_, etc., of _Friends of Science_, Moscow, vol. xlix., part 4, p. 347 (in Russian).]

[Footnote 128: See for further details, Ploss, _loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 288.]

[Footnote 129: B. Rosenstadt, “Ursachen welche die Zahl der Conceptionen, etc.,” _Mitth. Embryol. Instit. Univers. Wien_, 2nd series, part 4, Vienna, 1890.]

[Footnote 130: Fr. Müller, _Allgem. Ethnographie_, 2nd ed., p. 212, Vienna, 1879; Kulischer, _Zeit. f. Ethn._, vol. viii. (Verh., p. 152), Berlin, 1876.]

[Footnote 131: Correspondence of the _Temps_ of the 6th of February 1896.]

[Footnote 132: J. M. Campbell, _Journ. Anthr. Soc. Bombay_, vol. iv., 1895, No. 1.]

[Footnote 133: I cannot refute here all the erroneous assertions in regard to the assumed influence of environment, referring the reader to the works of Pallas (_Acta of the Acad. of St. Petersburg_, 1780,