Chapter 16

§ 130. _for they were not like_, &c. ([Greek: ouge gar h_onetuchen _en, all ois hu daemos kataratai]). The meaning is quite uncertain. The most likely interpretations are: (1) that given in the text, [Greek: a bebioken] being understood as the subject of [Greek: _en], and [Greek: _on etuchen] as = [Greek: tout_on a etuchen], i.e. 'not belonging to the class of acts which were such as chance made them,' but acts of a quite definite kind, viz. the kind which the People curses (through the mouth of the herald at each meeting of the Assembly); (2) 'for he was not of ordinary parents, but of such as the People curses'; the subject of [Greek: _en] being Aeschines. But there is the difficulty that, with this subject for [Greek: _en, _on etuchen] can only represent [Greek: tout_on _on etuchen _on], whereas the sense required is [Greek: tout_on oi etuchon], or (the regular idiom) [Greek: t_on tuchunt_on]; and the sense is not so good, for the context [Greek: opse gar]) shows that the clause ought to refer to the _acts_ of Aeschines about which he is going to speak, not to his parentage, which the orator has done with.

_Glaucothea_. Her real name is said to have been Glaucis. Glaucothea was the name of a sea-nymph. The change of the father's name Tromes ('Trembler') to Atrometus ('Dauntless') would also betoken a rise in the world.

_Empusa_, or 'The Foul Phantom': a female demon capable of assuming any shape. Obscene ideas were sometimes associated with her.

§ 132. For Antiphon, see Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.

_struck off the list_: at the revision of the lists in 346. (Each deme revised the list of its own members, subject to an appeal to the courts.)

_without a decree_: i.e. a decree authorizing a domiciliary visit.

§ 134. _when ... you elected him_. See Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.

_from the altar_: a peculiarly solemn form of voting; it is mentioned in the Speech against Macartatus, § 14.

§ 136. _when Philip sent_, &c. See Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.

§ 137. The ostensible purpose of Anaxinus' visit was to make purchases for Olympias, Philip's wife. Aeschines states that Anaxinus had once been Demosthenes' own host at Oreus.

§ 141. _paternal deity_: as father of Ion, the legendary ancestor of the Ionians, and so of the Athenians.

§ 143. _and of one_, &c. I have followed the general consensus of recent editors; but I do not feel at all sure that the antecedent of [Greek: us] is not [Greek: polemos]. In that case we should translate, 'which led to Philip's coming to Elateia and being chosen commander of the Amphictyons, and which overthrew,' &c.

§ 146. _nature of the resources_, &c.: i.e. especially the possession by Athens of a strong fleet.

§ 148. _representatives on the Council_. The Amphictyonic Council was composed of two representatives (Hieromnemones) from each of twelve primitive tribes, of which the Thessalians, the Boeotians, the Ionians (one of whose members was appointed by Athens), and the Dorians (one member appointed by Sparta) were the chief, while some of the tribes were now very obscure. There were also present delegates (Pylagori) from various towns. These were not members of the Council, and had no vote, but might speak. Athens sent three such delegates to each meeting. (See Goodwin, pp. 338, 339.)

§ 150. _make the circuit_, or 'beat the bounds'. The actual proceedings (according to Aeschines' account, summarized in the Introd. to this Speech) were much more violent.

_It was clearly impossible_, &c. The argument is unconvincing. Aeschines may have known of the intention of the Locrians without their having served a formal summons.

§ 158. _one man_: i.e. Philip.

§ 169. _the Prytanes_: the acting Committee of the Council.

_set fire to the wicker-work_: i.e. probably the hurdles, &c., of which the booths were partly composed. Probably a bonfire was a well-understood form of summons to an Assembly called in an emergency.

_the draft-resolution_. See Introd., vol. i, p. 18.

_on the hill-side_: i.e. on the Pnyx, the meeting-place of the Assembly.

§ 171. _the Three Hundred_. See n. on § 102.

§ 176. _philippize_. The word was coined during the wars with Philip, on the analogy of 'medize'--the term used of the action of the traitors who supported the invading Persians (Medes) early in the fifth century.

§ 177. _to Eleusis_, which was on the most convenient (though not the shortest) route for an army marching to Thebes.

§ 180. _Battalus_: a nickname given to Demosthenes by his nurse on account of the impediment in his speech from which he suffered in early days, or of his general delicacy. Aeschines had tried to fix an obscene interpretation upon it.

_Creon_. See Speech on the Embassy, § 247.

_at Collytus_: i.e. at the Rural Dionysia held in that deme.

§ 189. _any one_: lit. 'any one who chooses,' i.e. to call him to account. The expression ([Greek: ho boulomenos]) is apparently half technical, as applied to a self-appointed prosecutor. (Cf. Aristophanes, _Plutus_ 908 and 918.)

§ 194. _the general_: i.e. at Chaeroneia.

§ 195. _Philip employed_. Most editors say '_Aeschines_ employed'. But this would require [Greek: outos] not [Greek: ekeinos], and § 218 also supports the interpretation here given.

§ 198. _treasured up_, &c. The suggestion seems to be that Aeschines foresaw the disasters, but concealed his knowledge, 'storing them up' in order to make a reputation out of them later.

§ 204. _to leave their land_, &c.: i.e. at the time of Xerxes' invasion in 480, when the Athenians abandoned the city and trusted to the 'wooden walls' of their ships.

§ 208. On this magnificent passage, see the treatise _On the Sublime_, chaps, xvi, xvii.

§ 209. _poring pedant_: lit. 'one who stoops over writings'. Here used perhaps with reference to Aeschines' having 'worked up' allusions to the past for the purpose of his Speech, while he remained blind to the great issues of the present. Many editors think that the reference is to his earlier occupation as a schoolmaster or a clerk; but this is perhaps less suitable to the context.

§ 210. _staff...ticket_. The colour of the staff indicated the court in which the juror was to sit; the ticket was exchanged for his pay at the end of the day.

§ 214. _a very deluge_. He is thinking, no doubt, of the disaster at Chaeroneia and the destruction of Thebes.

§ 215. _while their infantry_, &c. The Theban forces when prepared for action would naturally camp outside the walls (see Olynth. I, § 27, where Demosthenes similarly thinks of the Athenian army encamping outside Athens). But although they were thus encamped outside, and had left their wives and children unguarded within, they allowed the Athenian soldiers to enter the city freely.

§ 216. _the river_: probably the Cephisus. Both battles are otherwise unknown. If one of them was in winter, it must have taken place not long after the capture of Elateia, and several months before the battle of Chaeroneia.

§ 219. _somewhere to lay the blame_: or possibly, 'some opportunity of recovering himself,' or 'some place of retreat'. But the interpretation given (which is that of Harpocration) is supported by the use of [Greek: anenenkein] in § 224.

§ 227. _counters all disappear_. The calculation was made by taking away, for each item of debt or expenditure, so many counters from the total representing the sum originally possessed. When the frame (or _abacus_) containing the counters was left clear, it meant that there was no surplus. (The right reading, however, may be [Greek: an kathair_osin], 'if the counters are decisive,' or [Greek: han kathair_osin], 'whatever the counters prove, you concede.')

§ 231. _cancel them out_ ([Greek: antanelein]): strictly, to strike each out of the account in view of something on the opposite side (i.e. in view of the alternative which you would have proposed).

§ 234. _collected in advance_: i.e. Athens had been anticipating her income.

§ 238. _if you refer_, &c. Aeschines had accused Demosthenes of saddling Athens with two-thirds of the expense of the war, and Thebes with only one-third.

_three hundred_, &c. See Speech on Naval Boards, § 29 n.

§ 243. _customary offerings_, made at the tomb on the third and ninth days after the death.

§ 249. _Philocrates_: not Philocrates of Hagnus, the proposer of the Peace of 346, but an Eleusinian. For Diondas, see § 222. The others are unknown.

§ 251. _Cephalus_. Cf. § 219. He was an orator and statesman of the early part of the fourth century. (The best account of him is in Beloch, _Attische Politik_, p. 117.)

§ 258. _the attendants' room_. The 'attendants' are those who escorted the boys to and from school--generally slaves.

§ 259. _the books_, &c. Cf. § 129 and notes. The books probably contained the formulae of initiation, or the hymns which were chanted by some Dionysiac societies. The service described here is probably that of the combined worship of Dionysus-Sabazios and the Great Mother (Cybele).

_dressing_, &c. The candidate for initiation was clothed in a fawn-skin, and was 'purified' by being smeared with clay (while sitting down, with head covered) and rubbed clean with bran, and after the initiation was supposed to enter upon a new and higher life. It is possible that the veiling and disguising with clay originally signified a death to the old life, such as is the ruling idea in many initiations of a primitive type. (Cf. Aristophanes, travesty of an initiation-ceremony in the _Clouds_ 256.)

§ 260. _fennel and white poplar_. These were credited with magical and protective properties.

_Euoe, Saboe_: the cry to Sabazios. One is tempted to render it by 'Glory! Hallelujah!' In fact, the Dionysiac 'thiasoi', or some of them, had many features, good as well as bad, in common with the Salvation Army. The cry 'Euoe, Saboe' is of Thracian origin; 'Hyes Attes' is Phrygian. The serpents, the ivy, and the winnowing-fan figured in more than one variety of Dionysiac service. It is not certain that for 'ivy-bearer' ([Greek: kittophorhos]) we should not read 'chest-bearer' ([Greek: kistophoros]) used with reference to the receptacle containing sacred objects, of which we hear elsewhere in connexion with similar rites.

§ 261. _fellow-parishioners_; lit. 'members of your deme'. Each deme kept the register of citizens belonging to it. Enrolment was possible at the age of 18 years, and had to be confirmed by the Council. (See Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, chap. xiii.)

§ 262. _collecting figs_, &c. Two interpretations are possible: (1) that the spectators in derision threw fruit--probably not of the best--at Aeschines on the stage, and he gathered it up, as a fruiterer collects fruit from various growers, and lived on it; or (2) that while he was a strolling player, Aeschines used to rob orchards. Of these (1) seems by far the better in the context.

§ 267. _I leave the abysm_, &c. The opening of Euripides' _Hecuba_. The line next quoted is unknown. 'Evil in evil wise' ([Greek: kakon kak_os]) is found in a line of Lynceus, a fourth-century tragedian.

§ 282. _denied this intimacy with him_: or possibly (with the scholiast), 'declined this office.'

§ 284. _the tambourine-player_. Such instruments were used in orgiastic rites.

§ 285. Hegemon and Pythocles were members of the Macedonian party, who were put to death in 317 by order of the Assembly. (See Speech on Embassy, §§ 215, 314.)

§ 287. _same libation_: i.e. the same banquet. The libation preceded the drinking. To 'go beneath the same roof' with a polluted person was supposed to involve contamination.

_in the revel_. Cf. Speech on the Embassy, § 128. The reference, however, is here more particularly to Philip's revels after the battle of Chaeroneia, in which, Demosthenes suggests, the Athenian envoys took part.

§ 289. The genuineness of the epitaph is doubtful. Line 2 is singularly untrue. The text is almost certainly corrupt in places (e.g. ll. 3 and 10).

_their lives_, &c. As the text stands, [Greek: aret_es] and [Greek: deimatos] must be governed by [Greek: brab_e,], 'made Hades the judge of their valour or their cowardice.' But this leaves [Greek: ouk esa_osan psuchas] as a quasiparenthesis, very difficult to accept in so simple and at the same time so finished a form of composition as the epigram. There are many emendations.

_'Tis God's_, &c. The line, [Greek: m_eden hamartein esti the_on kai panta katorhthoun], is taken from Simonides' epitaph on the heroes of Marathon. The sense of the couplet is plain from § 290; but [Greek: en biot_e] in l. 10 is possibly corrupt.

§ 300. _the confederacy_, i.e. Athens, Thebes, and their allies at Chaeroneia.

§ 301. _our neighbours_, especially Megara and Corinth.

§ 308. _the inactivity which you_, &c.: i.e. abstention from taking a prominent part in public life.

§ 309. _opening of ports_: i.e. to Athenian commerce.

§ 311. _What pecuniary assistance_, &c. Demosthenes is thinking of his own services in ransoming prisoners, &c. Some editors translate, 'What public financial aid have you ever given to rich or poor?' i.e. 'When have you ever dispensed State funds in such a way as to benefit any one?' It is impossible to decide with certainty between the two alternatives; but the meanings of [Greek: politik_e] ('citizen-like', 'such as one would expect from a good fellow-citizen') and [Greek: koin_e], which I assume, seem to be supported by §§ 13 and 268 respectively.

§ 312. _leaders of the Naval Boards_. See Introd. to Speech on Naval Boards.

_damaging attack_, &c. This probably refers to modifications introduced on Aeschines' proposal into Demosthenes' Trierarchic Law of 340, not at the time of its enactment, but after some experience of its working. (See Aeschines, 'Against Ctesiphon,' § 222.)

§ 313. Theocrines was a tragic actor, who was attacked in the pseudo-Demosthenic Speech 'Against Theocrines'. Harpocration's description of him as a 'sycophant', or dishonest informer, may be merely an inference from the Speech.

§ 318. _your brother_. See Speech on the Embassy, §§ 237, 249. It is not known which brother is here referred to.

§ 319. Philammon was a recent Olympic victor in the boxing match; Glaucus, a celebrated boxer early in the fifth century.

§ 320. _owner of a stud_. To keep horses was a sign of great wealth in Athens.

INDEX

Abdera, i. Abydos, ii. Acarnania, Acarnanians, ii. Achaeans, ii. Acropolis, i.; ii. Adeimantus, i. Admiralty Board ([Greek: apostoleis]), ii. Aeacus, ii. Aegina, ii. Aeschines, i.; ii. Aetolia, Aetolians, ii. Agapaeus, ii. Aglaurus, temple of, i.; ii. Agyrrhius, i. Alcidamas, i. Alenadae, i. Alexander (480 B.C.), i.; ii. Alexander the Great, ii. Amadocus, i. Ambassadors, duties of, i. Ambracia, ii. Amphictyonic Council, its constitution and functions, i.; ii. from 346-343 B.C., i.; ii. and the Amphissean War, ii. Demosthenes at the, ii. Amphipolis, i.; ii. Amphissa, Amphissean War: _see_ Amphictyonic Council. Anaximenes, i. Anaxinus, ii. Androtion, i. Anemoetas, ii. Antalcidas: _see_ Peace. Anthemus, i. Antipater, i. Antiphon, i.; ii. Aphobetus, i. Apollodorus, i. Apollonia, ii. Apollonides, of Cardia, i. of Olynthus, ii. Apollophanes, i. Arcadia, Arcadians, i.; ii. (_See_ also Megalopolis.) Areopagus, Council of, i.; ii. Argaeus, i. Argives, Argos, i.; ii. Ariobarzanes, i.; ii. Aristaechmus, ii. Aristides, i. Aristocrates, i. Aristodemus, i.; ii. Aristoleos, ii. Aristonicus, ii. Aristophanes, ii. Aristophon, i.; ii. Aristotle, i. Aristratus, of Naxos, ii. of Sicyon, ii. Arrhidaeus, i. Artabazus, i.; ii. Artaxerxes, i.; ii. (_See also_ Persia.) Artemisia, i.; ii. Artemisium, ii. Arthmius, i.; ii. Arybbas, i.; ii. Asiatic Greeks, i.; ii. Assembly, the Athenian, its functions, character, and defects, i.; ii. debates in, i.; ii. (_See also_ Athenian People.) Athenian People, their indifference and procrastination, i.; ii. their incalculability, i. their traditions and traditional policy, i.; ii. (_See also_ Assembly, Democracy.) Atrestidas, i. Atrometus, i.; ii. Auditors, Board of (Logistae), i.; ii. Automedon, ii.

Balance of Power, principle of, i. Battalus, ii. Boedromia, i.; ii. Boeotia, i.; ii. (_See also_ Thebes.) Boeotian War, ii. Brougham, Lord; Preface; i. Byzantium, i; ii.

Cabyle, ii. Callias (Author of Peace), i. (_See also _Peace.) (of Chalcis), ii. (public slave), i. Callisthenes, i.; ii. Callistratus, i.; ii. Cardia, Cardians, i.; ii. Caria, Prince of, i. (_See also_ Artemisia, Mausolus.) Ceos, ii. Cephalus, ii. Cephisodotus, i.; ii. Cephisophon, ii. Cercidas, ii. Cersobleptes, i.; ii. Chabrias, i.; ii. Chaeroneia, battle of, ii. Chalcedon, i.; ii. Chalcidic League, i.; ii. Chalcis, ii. Chares, i.; ii. Charidemus, i.; ii. Chelidonian Islands, ii. Chersonese, i.; ii. (_See also_ Cardia.) Chios, i.; ii. Cineas, ii. Cirrha, Cirrhaean plain, ii. Clearchus, i.; ii. Cleitarchus, i.; ii. Cleophon, i. Cleotimus, ii. Collytus, ii. Conon, i. Corcyra, i.; ii. Corinth, Corinthians, i.; ii. Corn-supply, &c. (Athenian), i.; ii. Coroneia, i.; ii. Corsia, i. Cos, i.; ii. Cottyphus, ii. Council, of Areopagus. (_See_ Areopagus.) of Five Hundred, i.; ii. Crenides, i. Creon, i.; ii. Cresphontes, ii. Ctesiphon (negotiator of Peace), i.; ii. (indicted by Eubulus), i. (proposer of Crown), ii. Curse, public, i.; ii. Cyanean Rocks, ii. Cyprothemis, i. Cyrebion, i.; ii. Cyrsilus, ii. Cyrus, i.; ii.

Daochus, ii. Dardani, i. Deceleian War, ii. Deinarchus, ii. Delos, i.; ii. Delphi, temple at, i.; ii. Demades, i.; ii. Demaretus, ii. Democracy, and Oligarchy, i. and Tyranny, i.; ii. (_See also_ Athenian People.) Demomeles, ii. Demosthenes (General), i.; ii. Dercylus, i. Diodorus, i. Dion, ii. Diondas, ii. Dionysia, i.; ii. Dionysius (General), i.; ii. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i. Dionysus, ii. Diopeithes (General), ii. (of Sphettus?), ii. Diophantus, i.; ii. Diotimus, ii. Disunion of the Hellenes, i.; ii. Dium, i. Dodona, oracle of, ii. Dolopes, ii. Dorians of Parnassus, ii. Doriscus, i.; ii. Drongilum, ii. Drymus, i.

Echinus, ii. Egypt, i; ii. Elateia, i.; ii. Election by lot, i. Eleusis, ii. Elis, i.; ii. Elpias, ii. Embassies to Peloponnesian States, ii. Embassy, the First, i. the Second, i.; ii. (_See also_ Peace of Philocrates.) the Third, i.; ii. Empusa, ii. Ephialtes, ii. Epichares, ii. Epicrates, i.; ii. (_See also_ Cyrebion). Epirus, ii. Eretria, i.; ii. Ergiske, ii. Ergocles, i.; ii. Ergophilus, i.; ii. Erythraeans, ii. Etesian Winds, i.; ii. Euboea, Euboeans, i.; ii. Eubulus, i.; ii. Eucleides, i.; ii. Eudicus, ii. Euphraeus, ii. Eurybatus, ii. Eurylochus, i. Euripides, i. Euthycles, i. Euthycrates, i.; ii. Execcstus, i.

Festival Fund, i.; ii. Financial System (Athenian), i.; ii. (_See also_ Military System, Naval System.) Fortifications, Commissioner of, ii. of Athens, ii. Fortune, i.; ii. Funeral Oration, after Chaeroneia, ii.

Geraestus, i.; ii. Getae, ii. Glaucothea, i.; ii. Glaucus, ii. Gods, and crime, i. and perjury, i. command issues of events, ii. protect Athens, i.; ii. Guest-friendship, ii.

Haliartus, i.; ii. Halonnesus, ii. Halus, i. Harmodius, i. Hedyleum, i.; ii. Hegemon, ii. Hegesilaus, i.; ii. Hegesippus, i.; ii. Hellespont, i.; ii. (_See also_ Chersonese, Thrace.) Heracles, sacrifice to, i.; ii. Heraeon Teichos, i.; ii. Hero of the Lancet (Hero-Physician), i.; ii. Hierax, i. Hieronymus, i. Hipparchus, ii. Hipponicus, ii. Hypereides, i.; ii.

Iatrocles, i. Illyria, Illyrians, i.; ii. Imbros, i.; ii. Iphicrates, i.; ii. Isaeus, i. Ischander, i. Isocrates, i.; ii.

Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonians. (_See_ Sparta, Spartans.) Lampsacus, i.; ii. Lasthenes, i.; ii. Larissa, i.; ii. Law-Courts, supremacy of, i.; ii. (_See also_ Trials.) Legislative Commission, i.; ii. Lemnos, i.; ii. Leon, i.; ii. Leptines, i. Leucas, ii. Leuctra, battle of, i.; ii. Locrians, i.; ii. (_See also_ Amphissa.) Logistae. (_See_ Auditors.) Longinus, i. Lycophron, i. Lycurgus, ii.

Macedonian Empire, i. Magnesia, i.; ii. Mantineia, battle of, i.; ii. oligarchy in, ii. Marathon, i.; ii. battle of, i.; ii. Mardonius, ii. Maroneia, i. Masteira, ii. Mausolus, i. Mecyberna, i. Megalopolis, i.; ii. (_See also_ Arcadia.) Megara, Megareans, i.; ii. Meidias, ii. Melantus, ii. Menecles, ii. Menelaus, i.; ii. Menippus, ii. Mercenaries, i.; ii. Messene, Messenians, i.; ii. Methone, i.; ii. Metroon, i.; ii. Military System (Athenian), i.; ii. (_See also_ Mercenaries, Naval System.) Miltiades, i. Mnaseas, ii. Moerocles, i. Molon, i. Molossi, ii. Molossus, ii. Minos, ii. Mother, the Great, ii. Mountain, Sacred, i.; ii. Munychia, ii. Murder, Law of, ii. Myrtenum, ii. Myrtis, ii. 'Mysian booty,' ii. Mysteries, the, ii. Mytilene, i.

Naval Boards, i.; ii. Naval System (Athenian), i.; ii. (_See also_ Financial System, Military System.) Naupactus, ii. Nausicles, ii. Neapolis, i. Neoptolemus, i.; ii. (another?), ii. Neon, ii. Neones, i.; ii. Nicaea, i.; ii. Nicias (General), i. (another), i. Ninus, ii.

Oenomaus, ii. Oligarchy, i.; ii. Olympian games, i. Olympias, ii. Olynthus, Olynthians, i.; ii. Onomarchus, i. Orators, corrupt and disloyal, i.; ii. and Speech on the Crown, _passim_. (_See also_ Traitors.) difficulties and risks of, i.; ii. duties of, i.; ii. past and present Athenian, i.; ii. position of, in Athens, i.; ii. recriminations of, i.; ii. seeking popularity, i.; ii. Orchomenus, i.; ii. Oreus, i.; ii. Orontas, i.; ii. Oropus, i.; ii. Paeonians, i.; ii. Pagasae, i. Pammenes, i. Panactum, i.; ii. Panathenaea, i.; ii. Pangaeus, Mount, i. Parmenio, i. Peace of Antalcidas, i.; ii. of Callias, i.; ii. of Demades, ii. of Philocrates, i.; ii. Peitholaus, i. Peiraeus, i.; ii. Pella, i.; ii. Pelopidas, ii. Peparethus, ii. Periander, Law of, i. Perdiccas, ii. Pericles, i. Perillus, i.; ii. Perinthus, i.; ii. Persia, Persian King, i.; ii. Phalaecus, i.; ii. Pharsalus, i. Pherae, Pheraeans, i.; ii. Philammon, ii. Philiadas, ii. Philinus, ii. Philip, his advantages over Athens, i.; ii. his army, ii. his character, i.; ii. his policy, i.; ii. Philippi, i. Philippopolis, ii. Philo, i.; ii. Philochares, i. Philocrates (author of Peace), i.; ii. (another), ii. Philonicus, i. Philistides, ii. Phlius, Phliasians, i.; ii. Phocians, Phocis, i.; ii. Phocion, i.; ii. Phormio, ii. Phryne, ii. Phrynon, i. Phyle, i. Pirates, &c., ii. Pittalacus, i. Plataeae, i.; ii. (battle of), ii. Plutarchus, i.; ii. Pnyx, ii. Polyeuctus, ii. Polystratus, i.; ii. Porthmus, i.; ii. Poteidaea, i.; ii. Prisoners, ransom of, i.; ii. Proconnesus, ii. Proedroi, ii. Prophets, i.; ii. Proxenus, i.; ii. Prytanes, i.; ii. Ptoeodorus, i.; ii. Pydna, i.; ii. Pythian Games, i.; ii. Pythocles, i.; ii. Python, i.; ii.

Rhadamanthus, ii. Rhodes, Rhodians, i.; ii. River, battle by the, ii. Round Chamber, i.; ii.