The psycho-analytic study of the family
CHAPTER XIX
ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS--DEPENDENCE ASPECTS
[Sidenote: Our conclusions with regard to the love and hate aspects hold good for the dependence aspects]
All that we have said with regard to the weaning of the child from the love relationship that binds him to the family applies with but little alteration to the dependence relationships. During his earliest years the child is necessarily dependent on his parents (or their substitutes) both for the actual means of his subsistence and for guidance and protection. As he grows up however (as we have seen specially in Chapters III and IV) the dependence on his family should gradually diminish, so that at maturity he should be able in most respects to face the world as an independent individual.
[Sidenote: The duty of parents to provide for offspring now well recognised]
The duty of the parents, or failing them of the community, in regard to the provision of material necessities for offspring is now sufficiently recognised, so that there is little need to insist upon it here. We may perhaps only suggest in passing that the profound and complex nature of the satisfactions which parents have in their children, and which we had occasion to refer to in Chapter XIV, would very possibly make the communistic rearing of children on a large scale as unsatisfying and inadequate from the point of view of the parents as it would probably be from that of the children themselves.
[Sidenote: The necessity for the gradual loosening of the dependence tie is however not fully realised]
The duty of the parents or their substitutes in the direction of gradually weaning the child from his initial condition of dependence has however received less adequate recognition nor has the difficult and delicate nature of this duty been sufficiently appreciated. On the economic and social sides indeed it is admitted that it is incumbent upon parents to provide their children with the means of earning their living and of taking their place generally among their social equals; though with regard to girls the views as to what was necessary as regards education for these purposes has, up till comparatively recently, often been lamentably narrow. In this country there is even now in many quarters a failure to realise the full nature of parental responsibilities with regard to daughters; much less financial provision being frequently made in their case, both for higher and professional education and for the expenses incidental to marriage, than in the case of sons; lack of adequate provision in these respects inevitably tending of course to produce an undue degree of dependence--economical and moral--on the parents.
[Sidenote: especially as regards the psychological aspect of this tie]
If, on the economic side, the duty of weaning children from their primitive dependence on the family is thus not yet always fully recognised, the recognition of the corresponding duties on the psychological side is still less complete. Parents are often unwilling to abandon the jurisdiction and control which they have been accustomed to exercise over their children and which may have become very pleasant to them, both as providing an agreeable source of interest and as ministering to their sense of power. Often too in the beginning it may be easier for them to help their children than to let the latter learn to help themselves. Not infrequently also they are directly or indirectly encouraged in this course by the children themselves, who, out of laziness or failure in initiative, prefer that their lives should be regulated by their parents rather than that they should make the effort and take on the responsibility of regulating it themselves. Sometimes, moreover, parents are unwilling to relinquish the management of their childrens' lives for fear of the disasters that may overtake these latter through ignorance and inexperience; or again because of an exaggerated tenderness which makes them loth to abandon those manifestations of affection which parental assistance may imply. It must be understood however that none of these motives--powerful though some of them may be--provide an adequate excuse for the omission to carry out the weaning process, which, as we have seen, is of such vast importance for the development of the full capacities of the individual. It can scarcely be too frequently emphasised that parents who bring their children up without regard to the necessity of this emancipation are guilty of a very serious neglect of their childrens' welfare[270].
[Sidenote: The danger is greatest in the case of parents of strong personality]
[Sidenote: though there may be difficulties also in the case of weak parents]
The danger is perhaps greatest in the case of strong willed, self-assertive and energetic parents, who in any case, as we have seen, are likely to exert a powerful influence over their children, and who, by an undue insistence on the authority which they possess, may easily cripple all initiative on the part of these latter. In parents who themselves are weak and averse from serious effort there is naturally less likelihood of this occurring: in such cases the danger lies more frequently in the direction of their devoting too little time, trouble or guidance to their children: or else in their adoption of a changeable and inconsistent attitude--petting, indulging, spoiling and bribing one minute, bullying, nagging and punishing the next; being now overstrict, now easy-going.
[Sidenote: Necessity of parental readjustment]
Here, as in the case of the love-weaning, it is difficult or impossible for parents to carry out satisfactorily the steps necessary for the gradual emancipation of their children, except in so far as they are able to make a corresponding readjustment of their own emotions and tendencies. New interests and occupations must gradually take the place of those that formerly centred round the children; otherwise there is likely to arise a blank in the affective life, which may lead to much unhappiness and even to neurosis.
[Sidenote: Too prolonged parental jurisdiction is a cause of filio-parental hatred in later life]
In considering the question of the emancipation of children from the authority and influence of their parents, it is well to bear in mind also that it is the exercise of this authority and influence which affords the principal occasion for the development or continuance of the hatred of children towards their parents in adolescent or adult life. The arousal of some hatred in the early years of childhood may indeed be inevitable. Its continuance into later life, with all the misery that this is apt to entail, may probably in nearly every case be avoided, provided that the stage of infantile jealousy has been successfully surmounted and that the child is endowed with something approaching the usual degree of amenability and sympathy with the point of view and susceptibilities of others; the rest is very largely a matter of the careful relaxation of parental authority and of the granting of reasonable and ever increasing amounts of liberty and of opportunity for self-guidance and self-control.
[Sidenote: The dependence of children upon parent-substitutes must also be gradually reduced]
What we have here said as regards the necessity for the gradual relaxation of parental control applies of course not only to the parents themselves but to their substitutes--guardians, nurses, teachers and others who are placed in similar positions of trust and authority. There is indeed reason to believe that in these quarters the necessity of emancipation is often more in need of emphasis than among actual parents. Particularly is this the case with regard to certain institutions, where children would seem to be brought up with but little freedom or opportunity to learn the nature and conditions of autonomy or to adapt themselves to the varied circumstances of the outer world. In many of our schools also there is to some extent a lack of proper understanding or application of the principles which demand the gradual relaxation of parental and quasi-parental authority. Though here, as a rule, the evil is in practice less serious than it would at first appear to be; the granting of autonomy and the cultivation of responsibility and self-control in some directions usually compensating in large measure for the petty and foolish restrictions to which adolescent boys and girls, or even fully grown young men and women, are subjected in some of our larger and better known educational establishments.
[Sidenote: The ethics of the family must however be brought into connection with wider social questions]
These last considerations point the way to certain wider issues that are connected with the ethics of the family--issues with which we have already been brought face to face in Chapters XIII and XIV, and which we need therefore only refer to here by way of recapitulation. We have seen in these chapters that there exists a correlation between certain aspects or stages of development of the family on the one hand and certain forms of social or ethical institutions or organizations--particularly in the sphere of education, politics and religion--upon the other. Inasmuch as the attitude of the individual towards his teacher, his social or political superior, or his God, is to a very considerable extent derived from, and dependent on, that of the child towards his parent (the former attitude being a displacement of the latter), it is obvious that moral considerations and decisions with regard to the relationship of parent and child cannot altogether be divorced from the wider questions involved in the relations of the individual to his religious, social, and educational environment.
[Sidenote: Our ethical conclusions in the two cases must harmonise with one another]
Thus it would be, in the main, a foolish and useless proceeding to urge, as we have done, the desirability of a gradual emancipation of the growing child from the controlling and protecting influences of the parents, unless we are at the same time willing to permit a corresponding growth of autonomy in school and college. Again, if we were right in assuming a connection, on the one hand between a highly developed _patria potestas_ and a relatively stable and unprogressive political condition, and on the other between the relaxation of parental authority and a state of rapid political development and loosening of governmental authority, then it would (in the absence of any counteracting influence) be absurd to demand the complete emancipation of the individual from his family, if at the same time we desired to uphold autocracy in government or to increase the stability of political and social forms. Nor, once more, would the encouragement of children to become independent of their fathers be logically compatible with the maintenance of a religion of the Judaic type, in which the severe and all-powerful Father-God is but a displacement of an earthly father whose stem authority is unquestioned within the bounds of his own family. It must be realised that our attitude in the one case must be brought into harmony with our views in the other. Our ultimate conclusions as to what is desirable within the family must be arrived at only after due consideration of their wider outside bearings; and again, our opinions on these wider issues may profitably be reviewed in the light of the knowledge that is gained by a biological and psychological study of the family.
[Sidenote: The extent of this harmony]
In the present pages we have followed in the main the latter course. Nevertheless it would appear that on the whole the conclusions we have arrived at by this method are not in any way seriously incompatible with the general tendencies of contemporary thought. While recognising the necessity and desirability of the family influences in early life, we have for the most part demanded emancipation of the individual from any such growth and retention of these influences as would be liable to hamper or delay his personal development. This is well in harmony with the tendencies which are manifested nowadays towards freedom in education, with the analogous tendencies aiming at the overthrow of autocracy and the establishment of democracy in politics and with the growing toleration and increasing abandonment of the Judaic attitude in religion.
[Sidenote: in education]
In education there would seem to be almost complete agreement between the implications of our own conclusions and all the more modern and progressive tendencies in discipline and teaching; it is only with the antiquated remains of systems that are now universally condemned by all reformers that there remain any serious elements of conflict.
[Sidenote: in religion]
In religion the agreement is also very considerable, though perhaps less thoroughgoing; there are perhaps many who would still retain the notion of a quasi-anthropomorphic Father-God as an extra-mental reality, even though the purely mental origin of such a God has become apparent.
[Sidenote: in politics]
It is in politics however that such discrepancy as there exists is perhaps most apparent. Although the primitive political father--the autocrat--would seem to be rapidly disappearing, it is fairly clear that there exists a tendency to resurrect some of the parental attributes and give them a political application by bestowing them upon the State. The world-war has taught us the necessity of implicit obedience to the State and its representatives--military and civil; the right of independent thought, action and criticism being to a large extent suspended and the minute details of our lives being subject to order and inspection in much the same way as in our childhood they were subject to the supervision of our parents. Again, modern socialistic thought--especially in its cruder aspects--has produced a state of mind, as a result of which the individual becomes to a large extent absolved from the responsibility for his own education, progress and maintenance, or for those of his children. The adult individual is thus led to transfer on to the State that attitude of dependence which he originally adopted in relation to his parents, failing to this extent to attain that full degree of self-reliance and independence which we have had in view in considering the gradual emancipation of children from their parents. In these respects it would seem that the conclusions arrived at in the course of our study of the family would point to a rather larger measure of Individualism than is contemplated by the great body of contemporary political thought. If our conclusions are correct, there is a danger in too wide a ramification of state provision and state control, inasmuch as it is liable to prevent that full development of individual power, initiative and self-reliance which can only be obtained by a high degree of emancipation from the primitive attitude of dependence on the parents. If, on the other hand, it is considered that the advantages of a far-reaching and complex state organization override those attending the full development of individuality, it is obvious that our ethical conclusions with regard to the family may have to be correspondingly revised.
[Sidenote: The individual's relations to his family in later life]
[Sidenote: They must be capable of being broken altogether]
[Sidenote: though it is natural that some relationship should be maintained]
There remains but one more set of ethical considerations to review before we finally take leave of the reader. Supposing that the relations of the individual to his family environment have successfully passed through the stages we have outlined and that the individual has at maturity attained the desirable degree of emancipation from, and independence of, the influences emanating from his family, there remains the problem of defining more precisely the nature of his relations to his family after he has reached maturity. It is evident enough from our previous considerations that these relations will be loose and far from binding. It is also fairly clear that they must be such as to be capable of being broken altogether without causing any very considerable amount of distress or inconvenience to any of the parties concerned. Sooner or later these relations are necessarily broken by the great divider Death, and even before this final and inevitable separation, distance, diversity of occupation or other considerations may place the members of a once closely knit family entirely out of touch with one another. According to our principles it is obviously desirable that these unavoidable separations should involve no element of bitter regret or paralysing sorrow.
Supposing however that circumstances are such as to make possible relations of some degree of intimacy between the members of a family, all of whom have reached maturity, what will be the desirable extent and nature of this relationship? Presupposing always a satisfactory previous history on the lines we have considered, there would seem reason to think that some kind of relationship will, and should be, usually maintained. The common interests, affections and associations formed during a lengthy and highly important period of life will, in the absence of reasons to the contrary, usually constitute sufficient ground for the continuance throughout life of the intimacies that have been formed between those who lived so long together and have so long been subject in varying degree to each other's influence.
[Sidenote: except where (as often happens) there are definite reasons to the contrary]
We must remember, however, that there very often _are_ reasons to the contrary. In many cases, for instance, the love or dependence fixations in an individual's mind are such that continued intimacy with the parents will seriously detract from that individual's capacity to make the best of life. Frequent meeting with the parents may sap his energy or deprive him of initiative and self-reliance in the manner we have studied: or again, it may cause serious interference with his love life, as where the constant arousal of the not wholly outgrown love impulses to father or mother may appreciably diminish the affection available for husband or wife respectively, thus producing an unhappy marriage. For similar reasons frequent meetings between brothers and sisters may often be disadvantageous. Still more clearly is it undesirable to continue family intimacies where not love but hatred is the predominant tendency aroused and fostered by these intimacies. In such cases it is evident hypocrisy for the parties concerned to meet more often than is absolutely necessary: the frequent stirring up of conscious or unconscious hatred can only cause unhappiness, unprofitable and dangerous mental conflict or deterioration of character; and the more that relatives who are unable to "get on" with one another keep apart, the better it will be for all concerned.
With these wide and sweeping reservations however, it would probably seem to accord best with psychological and sociological considerations if at any rate some moderate degree of connection be maintained between relatives, whom circumstances have not definitely set apart. Given freedom from all undesirable fixations (whether of hatred or of love), brothers and sisters have at least as good reasons for being permanently helpful and agreeable to one another as have friends who have been intimate with one another in the course of school, college, social or professional life. Still closer perhaps in some ways are the bonds that may permanently unite parents and children. The long period through which they have been bound to one another by ties that are biologically justifiable and necessary would seem to produce a psychological effect that inevitably tends to persist in some degree throughout the remainder of life. The relations of child to parent and of parent to child are so fundamental to all human existence and human intercourse, that most, if not all, of our mental life, in so far as it has reference to our fellow creatures, is to some extent reminiscent of them, or affected by them. We can never root out from our mind the tendencies connected with this most intimate and essential of human connections; and this being so, it would only be in accordance with the most fundamental promptings of our nature to permit a certain proportion of the energy involved in these tendencies to continue to flow in its original direction.
[Sidenote: But the relations between parents and children must undergo profound modification as time passes]
This is not to say however that the manifestations of this energy will not undergo considerable alteration as time passes. As children grow up and parents grow older, the former increase, the latter decrease in natural strength and ability of mind and body. In course of time therefore the attitude which parents and children naturally and reasonably adopt towards each other must gradually change to suit the varying conditions. At first children are dependent on the guidance and protection of their parents, who must make the necessary efforts to help and rear their offspring. Later on this differentiated relationship should give place to one in which parents and children are on equal terms. Finally, the original relationships may become to some extent reversed and, if parents and children are still within reach of one another, the former may come to look to the latter for some return of that help and protection that they themselves had previously afforded.
[Sidenote: The care of the aged by their children]
[Sidenote: is culturally very desirable]
In this last situation, we see a form of the relationship, which appears to be peculiar to human society. Throughout the animal world and even in many primitive human communities there is no thought or care or tenderness devoted to old age. The increasing moralisation of human character (in which the relationship between parent and child has probably played a leading part) has brought it about that at least some degree of attention is given in all civilised societies to the needs--material and mental--of those who are no longer able fully to support themselves or to carry on their life without assistance. In any society in which the family is a permanent and firmly organised social unit, the duty of caring for the aged will naturally fall to some extent upon their children. This care of elderly, lonely or infirm parents by their children may perhaps legitimately be considered one of the most beautiful and touching expressions of specifically human morality--a point in which Man has definitely risen superior to the conditions of a brutal struggle for existence. As such it both deserves, and stands in need of, every encouragement and support which a developed and enlightened system of practical Ethics can afford.
[Sidenote: though it has of necessity its limitations]
It is not however free from certain ethical difficulties of its own. Thus, it might seem at first as though the care and attention that a person of mature age may bestow upon his parents is but a just and reasonable return for the benefits which he himself received from these parents in his infancy and youth. Biologically however the cases are not similar. The care of parents for their young is necessary for the perpetuation of the race. The care bestowed upon the aged and infirm who are no longer able to provide adequately for themselves is of no direct value in the struggle for existence; it may even be a disadvantage in this struggle, a luxury that can only be afforded when the struggle is relaxed or when all competing individuals or races have adopted the practice. Further, from the point of view of the race, the real equivalent that is given in return for the benefits received from parents in early life lies in the corresponding benefits bestowed upon the next generation in its turn, and the double burden of maintaining and caring for both the young and the old may be definitely beyond the powers of many.
[Sidenote: Satisfactory family conditions conduce to happiness in old age]
Fortunately, it but rarely happens, even at the extreme end of a long life, that the old are entirely dependent upon the care and efforts of others. In a civilised society they usually remain permanently able to provide for a considerable part of their immediate needs, and the sounder and more stable is their own and the general economic condition, the more is this the case. On the whole it is perhaps rather on the psychological than on the strictly economic side that they will be in need of assistance, and here it is that the principles that have emerged from the study of the facts and tendencies with which we have been concerned in this book may prove of use. In so far as family life is able to proceed and develop on the lines which a true morality based on sound psychological principles and an adequate psychological knowledge would seem to indicate as most desirable, it should be possible for the older members of the family to participate freely in the joys and satisfactions which they may still find within the family circle and to escape the danger of being excluded from these satisfactions, by the disappointments and misunderstandings, or by the unhappiness and bitterness that the faulty development of the family so frequently, and so disastrously, brings in its train. The old tend always to live to some extent vicariously: they find a great part of their interests and their pleasures in the contemplation of the doings of others who are younger than themselves: their own lives are projected into those of their children and their grandchildren, and by means of this projection they enjoy the most natural compensation for the decline of their own personal interests and capacities. If they have found this compensation, it may well be said that life's concluding chapter has shaped itself for them in a form as satisfactory as any which it is granted to human nature to enjoy.
[Sidenote: Conclusion]
With these considerations regarding old age we may appropriately end. The subject of the human family is a mighty theme, of which no full treatment has been attempted here. If I have illumined certain aspects of the subject, if I have led the reader to realise something of the depth and complexity of the problems involved and of their vast importance for human weal and woe, nay, even for human existence, I shall have accomplished all, or more than all, that I set out to do. We have seen that, just as on the biological side the family is an essential factor in the development and preservation of the human race, so too on the psychological side, the thoughts, feelings and impulses that centre round the family belong to the most intimate and fundamental part of Man's spiritual nature. If we are to understand this nature and to control and mould it wisely in order that we may achieve those ends in life which seem to us desirable, it is very necessary that we should have a full and accurate knowledge of the way in which the mind is influenced by, and in its turn reacts upon, the forms, circumstances and conditions of the human family. It is this which makes the subject of this little volume one of such supreme importance.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 270: As regards the actual steps which should be taken to secure this gradual emancipation of the growing individual from the influence and control of his family and parents, it is perhaps superfluous (and in any case inappropriate in a book of this scope) to enter fully into details here. It will be sufficient to indicate a few very obvious directions in which the general principles here referred to may find application. Thus, it is clear that children should from early years have opportunity of acquiring experience in the use of money, having at first small sums at their disposal, with larger amounts as they advance in age. They should also have experience--at first perhaps occasionally and then regularly--in purchasing their own clothes, books, writing materials and other personal requirements. The ability to travel alone, to find one's way in strange places and to mix with unknown people is also one that should be acquired early, leading, as it tends to do, to the development of resourcefulness in dealing with new situations and with varieties of human character. In view of modern educational movements, it is perhaps hardly necessary to point out in this connection the desirability of considerable (and eventually of complete) freedom in the choice of studies, of occupations and of career. The need for toleration in religious and political matters is also nowadays one that is becoming recognised.
On the other hand, it is perhaps necessary to emphasise the advantages to be derived from the formation, by each individual member of the family, of his own friendships and companionships as distinct from those which are, so to speak, found for him by his family. Thus, it is far from desirable that members of the same family should always accompany one another to social gatherings, places of entertainment or instruction, or on visits to friends. On the contrary, they will often benefit by being freed from each other's society on these occasions, and no restraints should, as a rule, be placed upon habits of independent occupation or enjoyment or upon choice of associates. Nor should the individual members of the family be expected on every occasion to render a detailed account of all their activities outside the family circle, nor to confine these activities rigorously to certain days or hours. Much family friction can often be avoided by the simple process of bestowing a latchkey! As regards extreme cases, moreover, it should be realised that wherever there is unusual difficulty in the relations between an individual and the other members of his family, a removal from the family environment is the surest, perhaps the only, method of avoiding disaster.
Above all it is necessary, throughout the process of development and education, to aim at the attainment of a due measure of self-respect and self-reliance, avoiding the pitfalls of too great self-satisfaction on the one hand and an unreasonable sense of inferiority on the other. It is here, more than elsewhere, that considerable differentiation in the treatment of individuals is required. Those who are inclined to be too well pleased with themselves will usually benefit by a somewhat rougher treatment, and will need to have their deficiencies brought home to them. Those who lack self-confidence, or who have an unduly low estimate of their attainments or capacities, will need encouragement and reassurance. In the former case some very appreciable degree of parental authority may be called for, in the latter any treatment savouring of harshness is for the most part tragically out of place.]
INDEX
Abandonment of infantile tendencies, 83.
Abdication, 131.
Abnormalities of development, 48 ff., 61 ff., 88 ff., 102, 188, 191, 218, 219, 241.
Aborigines, 91, 140, 194 ff., 229.
Abortion, 160.
_Abraham, K._, 51, 92, 106, 148, 150, 185.
_Ach, N._, 7.
Acheron, 69.
Adam, 148.
Adaptation to reality, 68, 215, 216, 219 ff.
_Adler, A._, 14.
Admiration, 98, 110, 123, 124, 139, 186, 227.
Adolescence, 51, 149, 192, 233.
Adonis, 72.
Africa, 194, 197.
Age: As a factor in love, 28 ff., 89, 106, 207, 208. Classes, 87. Old, 239 ff.
Aged, care of, 240.
Agoraphobia, 67.
Agriculture, 147.
All-Father, 136, 137.
_Alma Mater_, 125.
"Alternation of generations", 63.
Altruism, 188.
Amazon, Indians of the, 194.
Ambivalency, 129 ff., 141, 143, 149, 150.
American Indians, 193, 194, 196.
American Psychological Association, 2.
Americans, 127, 170, 195.
Amnesia, infantile, 77, 83.
Amniotic fluid, 77.
A-moral, 21.
Anæsthetics, 167.
"Anagogic" symbolism, 37, 38.
Anal Libido, 192.
Ancestor Worship, 135 ff.
Ancestors, 86, 124, 135 ff.
Andamanese, 197.
Andromeda, 109.
Angel Clare, 116.
Anger, 9, 177, 222. _See also_ Hate.
Animals, 137 ff., 149 ff., 200, 202, 239.
Animism, 134, 135, 152, 153.
_Annunzio, G. d'_, 92.
Antombahoaka, 90.
Anxiety, 57, 70, 158, 159. _See also_ Fear.
Applications: Of Psychology, 2, 3, 65. Practical, 217 ff.
_Archer, William_, 107.
Art, so, 135.
Arthur, King, 69.
_Artzibasheff_, 92.
Ass, 139.
Assam, 196.
Atlas, 147, 148.
Atonement, 151.
Attila, 127.
Attis, 72, 144.
_Augustine, St._, 74.
Aunt, 92.
Australian, aborigines, 91, 140, 195, 196, 229.
Authority, 47, 119 ff., 125, 129, 152, 163. Parental, 43 ff., 58, 61, 63, 96, 118, 128, 152, 163, 171, 177, 181, 223, 233 ff.
Autocracy, 128, 235, 236.
Autoerotism, 14 ff., 122, 188, 192.
Autonomy and moral development, 44 ff., 234 ff.
_Avebury, Lord_, 205, 206.
Aversion to incest, 200 ff.
"Avoidances," 35, 85, 91, 93, 97, 195.
Awe, 139.
Babel, Tower of, 148.
_Bachofen, J. J._, 66.
"Backward" children, 43.
_Bailey, J._, 197.
_Bancroft, H. H._, 93.
Baptism, 71, 149.
"Barbary Sheep," 115.
Barrenness, 200.
Basket, 70.
_Bastian, A._, 194.
Beauty, 208.
Bedrooms (of child and parents), 224.
Beds, 66, 67.
"Bella Donna," 115.
_Beresford, J. D._, 112.
_Berkeley-Hill, O._, 114.
Birth, 66 ff., 82 ff., 146, 164 ff. Control, 222. Supernatural, 146.
Bisexual, God as, 143, 144.
_Bleuler, E._, 129, 215.
Blood, 201.
Boats, 69, 70, 80.
_Böcklin_, 69.
Body, 145.
Borneo, 197.
Brain, 77.
Brazil, 90, 194, 197.
Breath, Shortness of, 70.
Breeding, 202 ff.
_Breuer, Joseph_, 8.
_Brill, A. A._, 6, 163.
Brothers and Sisters, 19, 20, 27, 30, 86, 89 ff., 102, 104, 143, 144, 147, 180, 181, 184, 193, 205, 208, 209, 229, 238. Half-, 229.
Brothers through Totem feast, 151.
Buddhist monks, 67.
Bullying of children, 162, 233.
Burial, 69, 72.
Buried alive, fear of being, 67.
_Burrow, T._, 189.
_Burt, Cyril_, 20, 29, 120, 140.
Business, 59, 63, 210.
Byron, 109.
Caesarian Section, 78.
Cali, 90.
Cambyses, 90.
Canal, 70, 80.
Cannibalism, 147.
Care of aged, 240.
Career, 64, 232.
Casandra, 107.
Castration, 85, 113, 144, 147.
Caves, 67, 69.
Celebes, 194.
Celestial City, 69.
Cerebrum of infant, 77.
Ceremonies, 69, 71, 81 ff., 142, 149.
_Chalmers, Rev. J._, 194.
Change of parents' attitude, 71 ff., 226 ff., 233.
Character, 50, 61 ff., 187, 188, 238.
_Charcot, J. M._, 7.
Chastity, 113, 115, 116, 146.
_Chazac_, 86.
Chicago Vice Commission, 195.
Childbirth, 77, 164.
Childhood, duration of, 185.
Chinese, 114, 129.
Chippewayans, 193.
Christ, 56, 57, 143 ff., 148.
"Christian, The", 115.
Christianity, 139, 141, 143 ff.
Church, 69, 123, 143, 145.
Cimon, 91.
Cinderella, 99.
Circumcision, 82, 85.
"City of the Dead," 92.
Clan, 136 ff., 178, 180, 201.
Class: Poorer, 58, 195. Ruling, 109. Wealthy, 58. Working, 120.
Classificatory system of relationship, 90.
Claustrophobia, 67.
_Clavigero, F. S._, 90.
Clergymen's sons, 64.
Clitoris, 17.
"Cloacal theory" of birth, 74.
Club, 210.
Clubs, Men's, 87, 179.
_Cole, E. M._, 53.
College, 125, 210, 235, 239.
Coffin, 69,
Coitus, 73, 75, 76.
Communion, Sacrament of, 149 ff.
Communistic rearing of children, 230.
Community, _see_ Society.
Complex, 95, 157. _See also_ Œdipus Complex.
Compromise, 51, 52.
Conception, 74, 138. Immaculate, 146.
Confirmation, Sacrament of, 149.
Conflict, intra-psychical, 21 ff., 52, 81, 92, 93, 113, 143, 147, 148, 166, 167, 172, 175, 184, 190, 215, 218, 223, 238.
Conflicting Interests, 58, 158, 159.
_Conklin, E. S._, 56.
Conscience, 135.
Consciousness, Function of, 215, 216.
Conservatism, 124, 129, 153, 154.
Constellation, 157.
Contempt, 110 ff.
Continence, among savages, 197.
Contrast (in Displacement), 27.
Control, parental, 231 ff.
Conversion, 71.
"Cosiness", 66.
Cosmogonies, 146, 147.
Country, 124 ff. _See also_ Nation.
Court routine, 129.
Cousins, 27, 92, 102, 208, 229.
Couvade, 164 ff.
Cradle, 70.
Creator, 134, 135.
Criminals, 84, 119, 221. _See also_ Delinquents.
Cronos, 147, 150.
Cruelty, 58, 83, 84, 100, 130, 141, 142, 150, 162, 164.
Cupid, 104.
Curiosity, 74 ff., 224.
Cybele, 144, 147.
Cyrus, 56.
Czar, 127.
"Daddy Long Legs", 220.
Danger, 130, 131, 164, 170.
_Darwin, Charles_, 64.
Daughter, 46, 64, 83, 96 ff., 180, 207, 209, 227, 231.
Daughter-in-law, 94, 173.
_Dattner, B._, 125.
Day dreams, 155. _See also_ Phantasies.
Dead, the, 135.
Death, 10, 22, 68, 69, 76, 82, 83, 99, 109, 148, 237. Duties, 170. Wishes, 10 ff., 22, 59, 99, 135, 160, 165.
Deceased: Brother's wife, 93. Wife's sister, 93, 229.
Deëmotionalisation, 11.
Degradation of sexual object, 112.
Delinquents, 46, 120, 140, 221.
Democracy, 128, 236.
Demons, 165.
Dependence: Of child on adults, 42, 121. Of child on parents, 49, 51, 61 ff., 94, 95, 121, 154, 175, 181, 185, 188, 189, 211, 218, 219, 230 ff., 236 ff. Of individual on the State, 236, 237. Of old on young, 239 ff. Type of love, 103, 104.
Deposition of king, 131, 132, 147.
Descent: Through father, 166, 196. Through mother, 166, 196.
Development: Abnormal, 40 ff., 61 ff., 88 ff., 102, 188, 191, 241. Mental, 4, 13 ff., 21 ff., 31 ff., 40 ff., 48 ff., 61 ff., 83, 88 ff., 102 ff., 152, 171, 175, 186, 188, 191, 219 ff., 227 ff. Moral, 44 ff., 76, 152, 154, 155, 177, 183, 188, 210, 218 ff., 229, 240. Of individual personality, 31 ff., 40 ff., 171, 189, 211, 219 ff., 237 ff. Sexual and individual, 41, 187.
Devil, the, 142, 153.
Different, desire to be from parent, 64.
Differentiation in Society, 212.
Disappointment, 56, 171.
Disease, 3, 121, 166, 200. _See also_ Neurosis.
Disgust, 9, 10, 139, 145.
Disobedience, 223.
Displacement, 25 ff., 35, 49, 50, 62, 69, 88 ff., 98, 100 ff., 116 ff., 122, 125, 133 ff., 147, 158, 163, 171, 172, 175, 186, 187, 190, 193, 215, 228, 235.
Dissociation, 11, 21, 26, 110 ff., 142 ff., 152 ff., 215.
Distrust of women in Christianity, 144.
Division of labour, 43.
Divorce, 101, 224.
Doctor, 80, 120 ff.
Don Carlos, 107.
Don Juans, 55.
Dove, 139.
Dreams, 10 ff., 50, 66, 79, 80, 139, 160. "Typical", 10.
_Droit de Seigneur_, 143, 195.
Dualistic principle, 143.
Duplication, 143.
Duration of childhood, 185, 219.
_Durkheim, E._, 201.
Dysgenic influences, 202 ff., 208, 219, 229.
Earth, 69, 72, 83, 145, 147.
_East and Jones_, 203.
Eating, 147 ff., 165, 212.
Economic position, 58, 59, 231, 241.
Eden, 148.
Education, 65, 177, 186, 189, 225, 226, 230 ff., 234 ff.
Effort, 67 ff., 73, 170, 188.
Ego, _see_ Self.
Egypt, 90, 91, 203.
Electra Complex, 12.
Elixir of life, 72.
_Ellis, W._, 91.
Emancipation: From control, 44 ff., 70, 171, 190, 222, 231 ff. From early love objects, 29, 30, 70, 171, 190, 222, 227 ff.
Emergence from womb, 70.
Enclosed space, 67, 70.
Energy, psychic, 71, 192.
England, 127.
Environment, 15 ff., 24, 46, 64, 170, 198, 203, 204, 216, 220, 221, 232, 235, 237.
Envy, 167, 168, 224.
Ephialtes, 148.
Escape from life, 67.
Ethical applications, 217 ff.
Eugenics, 205, 208.
Eve, 148.
"Everyday psychopathology", 35.
Exaggerated love (or anxiety), 57, 130.
Excretory functions, 118.
Exhibitionism, 192.
Exogamy, 91, 137 ff., 195 ff., 200 ff., 229.
Ezekial, 90.
Fairy tales, 99, 155.
Falling in love, 51, 102 ff. With married or betrothed persons, 107.
Family, as object of love, 124.
Father, 17 ff., 46, 53, 54, 58, 64, 74, 75, 76, 80, 83 ff., 94, 95, 98, 110, 117, 120, 122, 125 ff., 132 ff., 160, 163 ff., 179 ff., 207, 209, 227, 235, 238. -in-law, 94, 95.
Favourite child, 163.
Fear, 9, 67, 70, 83, 130, 135, 139, 141, 142, 154, 175, 177. _See also_ Anxiety
Feast, 137.
_Fechner, G. T._, 7.
_Ferenczi, S._, 14, 37, 52 ff., 59, 67, 68, 116, 121, 139.
Fertility, 132.
Festivals, 131, 137, 195.
Fire, 148.
Fish, 139.
Fixation, 51 ff., 61, 86, 89, 94, 95, 102, 106, 118, 123, 124, 152, 158, 190, 193, 223, 226 ff., 238, 239.
_Flügel, J. C._, 116, 155, 215.
Foetal Posture, 67.
_Forsyth, David_, 14.
Foster parents, 56, 139.
Fowl, 139.
France, 127, 128.
Fratricide, 20.
_Frazer, Sir J. G._ 72, 82, 83, 90, 91, 92, 93, 130, 131, 132, 138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 150, 160, 161, 164, 194, 196, 201.
_Freud, Sigmund_, 6 ff., 22, 24, 26, 32, 33, 40, 51, 54, 55, 56, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 80, 96, 103, 107, 110, 113, 123, 129, 135, 138, 139, 140, 149, 152, 177, 182, 187, 192, 206, 207, 211, 215, 224.
Friends, 172, 232.
Frigidity, 51.
Functional symbolism, 37.
Gaboon, 194.
Gaia, 147.
Game, 139, 155.
"Gang", 84, 85.
George Junior Republic, the, 226.
Germany, 127, 128.
Gestation, 74, 75, 77, 189.
Ghosts, 135.
Giant, 109, 150.
_Gibbon_, 145.
God, 133 ff., 234 ff.
_Goethe_, 106.
"Golden Bough, The", 131.
Gonzalves, 194.
_Gosse, Edmund_, 182.
Grandchildren, 241.
Grandfather, 86, 161.
Grandparents, 161 ff.
Gratitude, 24, 98, 183.
Graves, 69.
Greece, 91.
Gregariousness, _see_ Herd Instinct.
Group marriage, 90, 179, 195.
Guardians, 234.
Guilt, 148.
_Gurney, E._, 7.
Half brothers and sisters, 229.
_Hall Caine, Sir_, 115.
Hamlet, 99, 115.
Happiness, possibility of, 169.
_Hardy, Thomas_, 116.
_Hart, B._, 7, 130, 182.
_Hartland, E. S._, 109, 138, 146, 198.
_Hartmann, E. von_, 7, 169.
Harvest, 72.
Hate, 11 ff., 18 ff., 24, 27, 28, 50, 57 ff., 61, 64, 83, 94 ff., 100, 117 ff., 128 ff., 139 ff., 151, 156 ff., 162, 171, 175, 177 ff., 184, 215, 222 ff., 233, 234, 238, 239.
_Healy, W._, 46.
Health of children, 208.
_Heape, Walter_, 138.
_Hearne Samuel_, 193.
Heaven, 147, 148.
Heirs, 170.
_Helmholtz, H. von_, 7.
Henry VIII, 116.
Hera, 92, 147.
Herd Instinct, 23, 24, 135, 182, 210, 212, 214, 215.
Hereditary wealth and rank, 170.
Heredity, 62 ff., 87, 105, 198, 199, 202 ff.
_Herodotus_, 90.
Heterosexuality, 15 ff., 54, 103, 156, 189.
Heterosis, 203.
_Hichens Robert_, 115.
_Hickson, S. J._, 194.
Hindrance, in love, 108.
Historical treatment of subject, 176 ff.
_Hodgson, R._, 7.
"Holy Father", 127.
Holy Ghost, 145.
Home, 51, 56, 123, 124, 159, 223.
Home-sickness, 51, 124.
Homosexuality, 16, 17, 53, 54, 74, 103, 113, 116, 189. In girls, 16, 17, 53, 113.
Honouring of father, 150, 151.
Hostility between members of family, 10 ff., 18 ff., 57 ff., 94 ff., 117 ff., 135, 141, 146 ff., 156 ff., 177 ff., 213, 214, 221 ff.
"Humdrum" activities, 214.
Husband and wife, 93 ff., 101, 158, 163 ff., 213, 227, 238.
Hybrid vigour, 203.
Hypnosis, 67, 121, 122.
_Ibsen, H._, 107.
Idealisation of parents, 54 ff., 62, 63, 94, 120, 124, 134, 137, 152, 163.
Idealism, 145.
Identification: Of husband and wife, 92. Of parents with children, 103, 168 ff. With country, 125 ff. With grandparents, 86, 160 ff., 165. With parents, 63, 105, 115, 163, 168. With self, 103, 189.
Illness, _see_ Disease.
Illusion of happiness, 169.
Imaginary fulfilment of desire, 42.
Imitation, 186.
Immaculate Conception, 145.
Immortality, 72, 162, 169, 170.
Impotence, 51, 81, 132, 200.
Inbreeding, 202 ff., 219.
Incas of Peru, 91, 203.
Incest, 12 ff., 22, 34 ff., 51 ff., 61, 73. 79 ff., 89 ff., 97 ff., 104 ff., 108, 116, 131, 139, 142 ff., 147, 184 ff., 193 ff., 200 ff., 219 ff. As symbolic, 34 ff. Examples of brother-sister, 90, 193 ff. Examples of parent-child, 193 ff.
Independence increasing with growth, 42 ff., 61 ff., 71, 76, 171 ff., 211, 230 ff.
Indian Archipelago, 194.
Indians: N. American, 193. S. American, 194.
Individual, the, 32 ff., 40 ff., 65, 72, 76, 81, 136, 137, 152, 154, 160, 169, 170, 175, 209 ff., 214, 215, 218, 227, 230 ff., 237 ff.
Individualism, 237.
Individuation and Genesis, 159, 214, 215.
Industrial life, 62.
Infanticide, 160.
Infantile attitude in love, 28 ff.
Inferiority, feeling of, 166, 232, 234.
Infertility, 201.
Infidelity, 99, 101.
Inheritance, _see_ Heredity.
Inhibition, 52. _See also_ Repression.
Initiation, 71, 79 ff., 142, 149, 195.
Innate: Ideas, 77. Tendencies, 15, 23, 77.
Insanity, 67.
Instinct, 157, 169, 186, 187, 212 ff.
Institutions, 160, 234.
Integration: In Society, 212. Psychic, 3, 122, 216.
Intercourse, sexual, 73, 75, 76.
Interests of parents, 157 ff., 171 ff.
Interference: With children's desires, 18, 28, 58, 64, 97, 118, 119, 157, 177, 178, 225. With parent's desires, 159, 160, 171 ff.
"Interpretation of Dreams, The", 10.
Intra-uterine life, 66 ff., 189, 198.
Inversion, sexual, _see_ Homosexuality.
"Inverted" Œdipus Complex, 54, 59.
Isanna River, Indians of, 194.
Ishtar, 144.
Isis, 92, 144.
Islands, 66, 69.
_Janet, Pierre_, 7.
Java, aborigines of, 194.
Jealousy, 17 ff., 28, 57, 84, 98, 100, 108, 116 ff., 132, 146, 156, 158, 159, 163, 164, 167, 171, 173, 178 ff., 209, 223 ff., 233, 234.
Jews, 90, 128, 129.
Jocasta, 37, 105.
_Jones, Ernest_, 6, 35, 37, 39, 71, 72, 99, 109, 115, 118, 121, 125, 126, 127, 128, 142, 161, 163.
Judaism, 141, 148, 235, 236.
_Jung, C. G._, 32 ff., 40, 69, 71, 72, 173, 211, 224.
Kacharis, 196.
Kadiaks, 193.
Kaiser Wilhelm II, 153.
Kalangs, 194.
Karens, 194.
Karna, 70.
"Keel-hauling", 84.
_Kempf, E. J._, 64.
_Ketjen, E._, 194.
Kikuyu, 86.
King, 119, 125 ff., 129 ff., 137, 141.
Kinship, 151.
_Knight Dunlap_, 7.
Knowledge, 120 ff., 138, 148, 154. Tree of, 148.
_Kohler, J._, 205, 206.
Labour, 77, 164.
Lactation, 189.
Lake, 69, 70, 125.
Lamb, 139.
_Landesvater_, 127.
_Lang, Andrew_, 205, 206.
Language, 135.
Latchkey, 232.
Latent sexual period, 26.
Laziness, 36, 61, 231.
Learning, process of, 186.
Legend, _see_ Myths.
_Leibnitz_, 7.
Lethe, 69.
Levels of development, 49.
Levirate, 93, 195.
Liberty, statue of, 127.
_Libido_, 33, 192.
Licence, period of, 82, 86, 89 ff., 131, 195.
Life after death, 68, 69, 76.
"Life task", 34.
"Literature", 13, 89, 91, 92, 101, 107, 135.
"Little Commonwealth, The", 226.
"Little Father", 127.
Livelihood, 41, 64, 231.
Lohengrin, 56, 70, 75, 104.
_Lombroso_, 140.
Loosening of parental ties, 218 ff., 226 ff., 230 ff.
_Lorenz, Emil_, 146.
Love, 8, 12 ff., 22, 27 ff., 49, 51, 57, 58, 61, 64, 89 ff., 94, 95, 98, 100 ff., 117, 123, 129 ff., 139 ff., 156 ff., 160, 171, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182 ff., 200 ff., 209, 221 ff., 230, 238, 239.
"Love at first sight", 103.
_Low, Barbara_, 6.
Lynching, 114.
_McCurdy, J. T._, 182.
_McDougall, W._, 136, 157, 185.
_McLennan, J. F._, 205, 206.
Madagascar, 90, 196.
Magic, 132, 152, 153, 164.
"Making good", 170.
Malay Peninsula, 197.
Marriage, 18, 51, 52, 59, 81, 82, 90 ff., 99, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 158, 172 ff., 178 ff., 195 ff., 205 ff., 213, 214, 224, 229, 238. By capture, 205. Group, 90, 179 ff., 195, 205, 206. Relatives by, 92 ff.
_Martius, C. F. P. von_, 194.
Mary (mother of Christ), 144 ff.
"Mary Rose", 69, 73.
Masochism, 139, 192.
_Maspero, Sir Gaston_, 91.
Masturbation, 111, 113.
Materialism, 145.
Matricide, 83.
Matter, 145.
Maturity, 102, 237 ff.
Medical attendant, 80, 120 ff.
Melanesia, 194.
Memories, recovery of, 77.
Memory, in savages, 204.
Men's Clubs, 87, 179.
Menstruation, 82, 201.
"Mentally deficient" children, 43.
Metempsychosis, 162.
Mexico, 90.
Midwifery, 167.
Military life, 62.
Monasteries, 67.
Money, 59, 232.
Monks, 67.
Monogamy, 111, 178, 197, 209, 210.
Monotheism, 144.
Monster, 82, 86, 109, 150.
_Montessori, Maria_, 226.
Moral code, 181 ff., 229, 240, 241.
Moral: Development, 44 ff., 76, 152, 154, 155, 177, 183, 188, 210, 218 ff., 229, 240. Influences, 182, 183. Tendencies, reinforcement of through primitive trends, 38. Tendency and repression, 23 ff., 61.
Morality, 170.
Morals of gods, 152.
_Morgan, H. L._, 90
_Morton Prince_, 7.
Moses, 56, 70.
Mother, 15 ff., 46, 53, 55, 64, 66 ff., 80, 82 ff., 104, 110, 115, 122, 125 ff., 131 ff., 143 ff., 158 ff., 163 ff., 171 ff., 180, 184, 189, 190, 198, 207, 209, 227, 238. Unmarried, 158. Holle, 100. -in-law, 94 ff.
Mowgli, 139.
Mountains, 66, 69, 73, 125.
_Müller, G. E._, 7.
_Müller, Max_, 138, 126.
Murder, 83, 84, 99, 119, 131, 148 ff., 160, 165.
Mysticism, 72.
"Myth of the birth of the hero", 56, 70.
Myths, 12, 13, 37, 56, 66, 69, 70, 75, 91, 92, 99, 101, 104, 105, 109, 116, 131, 138, 139, 143, 147, 148, 178.
Nagging, 162, 233.
Name, 105, 106, 161.
Narcissism, 54, 56, 103, 105, 113, 122, 152, 153, 188 ff., 198, 215, 221.
Narcissistic neuroses, 123.
Narcissistic type of love, 103, 105.
Nation, 109, 125 ff., 129, 136, 209.
Natural Selection, 198, 202 ff., 207, 208, 210, 211.
"Naturalistic" of interpretation myths, 37, 38.
Neglect, 100.
Negritos, 197.
Negroes, 114.
Neo-Malthusianism, 222.
Nephews, 92.
_Nepos, Cornelius_, 91.
"Neuclear complex", 13, 123.
Neurosis, 3, 17, 122, 166.
Neurotic symptoms and manifestations, 50, 57, 67.
Neurotic, the, 34, 36, 209.
New Guinea, 194.
New York, 127,
Nicodemus, 71.
Nieces, 92.
_Nietzsche_, 7, 142.
Nomadic peoples, 204.
Normal and abnormal development, 48.
Novels, 155.
Novice, in initiation ceremonies, 83.
Nunneries, 67.
Nurse, 15, 119, 234.
Nursery, 62.
Obedience, 50, 61, 62, 124, 125, 127, 134, 141, 200.
Object love, 14 ff., 102 ff., 152, 153, 169, 188 ff., 215, 226.
Obligation towards parents, 109.
Obsessional Neurosis, 123.
Obstacle, need for in love, 108.
Œdipus, 56, 75, 105, 131, 144.
Œdipus Complex, 12 ff., 37 ff., 49, 54, 57, 99, 105, 117, 123, 132, 140, 146, 209, 215.
Old age, 239 ff.
Old women, 86.
Omnipotence, 68, 134, 153.
Omniscience, 134.
Onanism, 111, 113.
Only child, 157, 222.
Oral Libido, 192.
"Original sin", 148, 149.
Osiris, 92, 144.
Otos, 148.
Ouranos, 147.
Outbreeding, 203, 204.
Overdetermination, 37, 132, 148.
Owl, 139.
"Papa", 127.
Parental: Control, 231 ff. Readjustment, 171 ff. Tendencies, 157, 169, 221.
Parental ties, loosening of, 218 ff., 226 ff., 230 ff.
Parenthood: Of father emphasised, 165. Sacrifices involved in, 159 ff., 167.
Parents, 8, 12 ff., 26 ff., 42, 45 ff., 61 ff., 71, 79 ff., 88, 89, 93 ff., 100, 104, 108 ff., 118 ff., 133 ff., 156 ff., 177 ff., 185 ff., 205, 207 ff., 221, 223. -in-law, 93 ff., 173. Strong and weak, 233. Substitutes for, _see_ Substitutes. World, 147.
Parricide, 12, 83, 131, 132.
Participation in divine nature, 151.
Paternity, knowledge concerning, 138, 146, 204.
_Patria potestas_, 128, 235.
Patriarchal system, 129, 136, 180 ff., 197.
"_Patrie_", 127.
Patriotism, 125 ff.
Pathological, the, in mental development, 48, 88, 89, 102, 229.
Paulo and Francesca, 107.
Pelican, 139.
Pelleas and Melisande, 107.
Penis, 73, 74, 80.
Perseus, 56, 70.
Persians, 90.
Peru, 91, 203.
Peruvian aborigines, 194
_Pfister, O._, 6.
Phallus, _see_ Penis.
Phantasies, 66 ff., 79, 108, 109, 111, 115, 117, 151, 155, 161.
Philippines, 197.
Philosopher's stone, 72.
Philosophy, 64, 74, 145.
Physician, 80, 120 ff.
_Piedrahita, L. F. de_, 90.
"Pilgrim's Progress", 69.
Plants, 137, 200.
_Plato_, 220.
Play, 43.
Politics, 64, 125 ff., 232, 234, 236, 237. _See also_ Society.
Polytheism, 142 ff.
Pond, 70.
Poorer Classes, 58, 195.
Pope, 120, 127.
_Porter, S. C._, 74.
Posterity, 169, 170.
Practical applications, 217 ff.
Prayer, 153.
Pregnancy, 160, 166.
Prematurely born children, 77.
Pre-natal life, 66 ff., 189, 198.
Pressure, 70.
Preventive sexual intercourse, 160.
Pride, 167, 168.
Priest, 120, 142.
Primitive Sympathy, 185, 186.
Priority of parent-love sentiment, 191, 192.
Privileges of maturity, 84.
Profession, 63, 163, 210, 212, 239.
Professional position, 59.
Prohibitions, 105, 131, 132, 148, 165, 177, 195, 202, 204, 213.
Projection, 103, 130, 135, 141, 143, 146, 151 ff., 163, 165, 241.
Prometheus, 148.
Promiscuity, 90, 197, 205.
Property, 169, 170.
Prostitute, 110 ff.
Prostitution, religious, 142.
Protestant Church, 145.
Psyche, 104.
Psychology: Applications of, 2, 3, 65. Present status of, 1 ff. The abnormal in, 48.
Ptolemies, 91, 202.
Puberty, 71, 82, 113.
Punishment, 85, 141, 147, 148, 165, 167, 177, 206, 209 233.
Puritanism, 142.
Purity, 146. _See_ also Chastity.
Queen, 127.
Questions: Children's, 74 ff., 224. In myths, 75, 104, 105, 148.
Racial factors, 72, 76, 81, 105, 109, 114 ff., 129, 152, 169, 170, 190, 198, 202 ff., 208, 219, 220, 240.
_Rank, Otto_, 13, 33, 50, 55, 56, 69, 70, 75, 92, 98, 100, 101, 106, 108, 109, 125, 126, 128, 132, 143.
Rationalisation, 84, 86, 200, 208.
Reaction formations, 155, 175, 182 ff.
_Read, Carveth_, 138.
Readjustment of parents attitude, 171 ff., 226 ff., 233.
Real world, 155.
Rebellion, 119, 120, 128, 129, 148, 223.
Rebirth, 66 ff., 79, 81 ff., 149.
Reciprocation of love, 15, 16, 226, 227.
Reconciliation, 86, 148, 179.
Reconstruction, 1.
Rectum, 74.
Regeneration, 71, 72.
Regicide, 119, 131, 132.
Regression, 13, 41, 61, 62, 68, 76, 88, 89, 121, 123, 190 ff.
_Reik, Th._, 83, 85, 164.
Reincarnation, 86.
Rejuvenation, 72, 76.
Relatives: By marriage, 92 ff., 195. -in-law, 92 ff.
Religion, 56, 64, 71, 72, 76, 81, 116, 120, 133 ff., 201, 232, 234 ff. Future of, 154. Value of, 152.
Remarriage, 99 ff.
Remus, 139.
Repression, 9 ff., 22 ff., 35, 37 ff., 49 ff., 57. 61, 62, 74, 80, 89, 91, 95, 98, 103 ff., 130, 138, 143 ff., 155, 165, 183, 192, 198, 200 ff., 229.
Rescue, 108 ff., 115, 117.
Resemblance, as a factor in displacement, 27, 102, 105, 189, 198.
Respect, 45, 110 ff., 186.
Return to womb, 66 ff.
Revenge, 162.
Reversal: Of filio-parental relationship, 239 ff. Of generations, 161.
Revision of standards of conduct, 226, 227.
Revolt against parental authority, 46, 47, 223.
_Ribot, Th._, 157.
Riches, 169, 170.
Rights, 82.
_Riklin, F._, 100.
Rio Negro, Indians of, 194.
Rites, 69, 71, 81 ff., 142, 149.
River, 69, 70, 80, 125.
_Rivers, W. H. R._, 90.
_Robertson Smith_, 149 ff.
Roman Catholic Church, 120, 127, 145.
Romans, 128, 136.
Romulus, 56, 70, 139.
Rooms, 66.
Royal families, 91.
Ruler, _see_ King.
Russia, 127, 128.
Sacrifice, 148 ff.
Sacrifices involved in parenthood, 159 ff.
Sadism, 98, 109, 164 ff., 192.
Sadistic theory of coitus, 109.
St. George, 109.
"Sanine", 92.
Saviour, 148.
Scapegoat, 148.
_Schiller_, 106, 108.
School, 43, 62, 124, 210, 234, 235, 239.
_Schopenhauer_, 7, 37.
_Schumann, F._, 7.
_Schwärmerei_, 28.
_Schweiger, A._, 85.
Science, 1 ff., 74.
Sea, 69, 70, 125.
Seasons, the, 72.
Seclusion before puberty, 82, 83.
Secrecy in love, 108, 113.
Secret societies, 72, 83, 86.
Self, 14 ff., 125, 153, 182, 188 ff. _See also_ Narcissism.
Self: -assertion, 46, 215. -begetting, 109. -determination, 43, 190, 231 ff. -feeling, 43. -love, _see_ Narcissism, -preservation, 41, 49, 169, 211, 212, 215, 231 ff. -reliance, 62, 211, 231 ff., 236, 238.
Selfishness, 172, 173, 183, 188, 227.
Semangs, 197.
Semites, 149 ff.
Senoi, 197.
Sentiment, 157, 169, 191 ff., 209.
Sexual: Enlightenment, 224. Factors, 9 ff., 21 ff., 31 ff., 40, 53, 73, 75, 76, 79 ff., 89, 95, 110 ff., 121, 131, 132, 138, 142 ff., 153, 158, 173, 177 ff., 185, 187 ff., 197, 198, 200 ff., 212 ff., 223 ff.
Sexuality, general inhibitions of, 212 ff.
_Shakespeare_, 99.
_Shaw, Bernard_, 159, 172.
_Shelley_, 58, 106.
Ship, 125.
Shortage of women, 56, 70.
Siegfried, 56, 70.
_Silberer, Herbert_, 37, 38, 71, 72, 132.
Similarity, as a factor in displacement, 27, 102, 105, 189, 198.
Sin, 148 ff., 167.
Sisters, _see_ Brothers and Sisters.
Size, 161, 162.
Sleep, 67.
Snow White, 100.
Social: Life, 46, 47, 81 ff., 89, 119 ff., 152, 170, 175, 188, 209, 219, 232, 239. Position, 59, 64.
Socialism, 236.
Society, 65, 81 ff., 119 ff., 123 ff., 136 ff., 152, 154, 169, 170, 188, 189, 200, 209 ff., 214, 219, 222, 227, 230, 234 ff., 240.
Son, 46, 64, 80, 83, 94, 109, 131, 132, 148 ff., 179 ff., 207, 209, 227. -in-law, 94 ff., 173.
_Sophocles_, 37, 105.
Sororate, 93, 195.
Soul, 145.
_Spencer, Sir Baldwin, and Gillen, F. J._, 196.
_Spencer, Herbert_, 135, 136, 205, 206, 212.
Spirit, 145.
Spoiling of children, 162, 233.
State, 119, 125, 141, 236, 237. _See also_ Society.
_Steiner, M._, 51.
_Stekel, W._, 64, 106.
Step: -child, 98 ff. -father, 98 ff. -mother, 98 ff., 107, 131.
Storm, John, 115.
Strength, sexual attractiveness of, 114, 115.
Strong parents, 233.
Struggle for existence, 198, 240,
Styx, 69.
Subincision, 85.
Sublimation, 25 ff., 74, 89, 109, 124, 145, 151, 152, 154, 155, 192, 210, 211, 215, 219.
Substitutes: For opposite sex, 54. For parents, 27 ff., 61, 86, 88 ff., 119, 220, 222, 228, 230, 234.
Succession to Kingship, 131.
Suggestion, 121, 132, 186.
_Sully, J._, 145, 161.
Superiors, 45.
Supermen, 142.
Superstitions, 72, 166, 200.
Symbolism, 33 ff., 72. "Anagogic", 37. "Functional", 37.
Symbols, 69, 71 ff., 80, 83, 85, 139, 148, 151.
Sympathy, 164, 166. "Primitive", 185, 186.
Taboo, 35, 52, 75, 82, 86, 91, 93, 97. 100, 129 ff., 150, 165, 206, 213, 229. _See also_ Pro-hibitions.
Talion, 83, 148, 165.
Tammuz, 144.
Tarzan of the Apes, 139.
Teacher, 43, 45, 119, 120, 186, 234.
Tenasserim, 90, 194.
Tenderness, 99, 100, 110 ff., 123, 141, 157, 183, 186, 192, 215, 226, 231, 240.
"Tess of the d'Urbervilles", 116.
Theoretical treatment of subject, 176 ff.
Theories of reproduction, in child, 74.
Theriomorphic gods, 139.
Ties, parental, loosening of, 218 ff., 226 ff., 230 ff.
Tinnehs, 193.
Titans, 148.
Toleration, 232, 236.
Totemic Age, 178 ff., 210.
Totemism, 137 ff., 149 ff., 196. 197, 201, 205.
Tower of Babel, 148.
Town, 125.
Transference, in Psycho-Analysis, 122, 123.
Transference Neuroses, 123.
Travel, 232.
Tree, 125, 148. Of Knowledge, 148.
Tribe, 136 ff., 152, 178, 180, 192, 197, 205, 209.
Trinity, 145.
Tristan and Iseult, 107.
_Trotter, W._, 23, 136, 182, 215.
Tunnel, 70, 73.
Twins, 78, 198.
Types: Of homosexuality, 54. Of love, 103.
Tyranny, 109, 110, 120.
Tyrant, 109, 117, 141, 224.
Uncle, 92.
Uncleanness, 149.
Unconscious, 6 ff., 11, 17, 31, 34 ff., 51, 54, 56, 64, 69, 71, 77, 79, 80, 81, 89, 92, 97, 100, 104, 106, 109, 110, 115, 116, 119, 122, 125, 126, 131, 138, 139, 146, 154, 157, 160 ff., 198, 209, 215, 217, 228, 229, 238.
Universe, 134, 136, 142, 143, 145, 151, 155, 184.
University, 125.
United States, 2. _See also_ Americans.
Unmarried mother, 158.
Unwanted child, the, 221, 222.
Urethral Libido, 92.
Vagina, 17, 70, 73, 74.
Variability, racial, 203.
Vaults, 69.
Veddahs, 197.
_Vega, Garcilasso de la_, 194.
Vegetation, 72, 131, 132.
Vicarious enjoyment, 169, 170, 241.
Vienna school, 40.
Virgin mother, 116.
Virginity, 115, 116.
Vitality of children, 208.
_Wallace, A. R._, 94.
Wangel, Hilda, 107.
War, 1, 2, 125, 205, 206.
War shock, 3.
Washington, 127.
Water, 69, 70.
Weak parents, 233.
Wealth, 169, 170.
Wealthy classes, 58, 181.
Weaning from parents, 220 ff., 230 ff.
_Webster, Jean_, 220.
_Wells, H. G._, 2.
_Westermarck, E._, 197, 201, 202, 204, 206, 212.
_Weule, K._, 85.
_White, R. E._, 91.
_White, W. A._, 6, 195.
Widowhood, 99, 158, 172.
Wife, 137, 158, 163 ff. _See also_ Husband.
Wilhelm II, 153.
_Wilken, G. A._, 194.
_Winterstein, A. von_, 143, 145.
Womb, 66 ff., 79, 80, 82, 138, 160.
Women: Dissociation in, 113 ff. Distrust of in Christianity, 144, 145. Old, 86. Shortage of, 205, 206.
Work, 67, 169.
Working classes, 120. _See also_ Poorer classes.
World parents, 147.
Worship, 137, 141, 145, 151, 152. _See also_ Religion.
_Wundt, W._, 178, 180, 197, 205.
Ymir, 144.
Zeus, 92, 139, 142, 147, 148.
Zürich school, 40, 46.
* * * * *
+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber Notes: | | | | P. 7. 'aquired' changed to 'acquired'. | | P. 53. Footnote #36: 'expecially' changed to 'especially'. | | P. 63. Sidenote: 'indentify' changed to 'identify'. | | P. 94. 'marrage' changed to 'marriage'. | | P. 102. 'successfuly' changed to 'successfully'. | | P. 107. 'persan' changed to 'person'. | | P. 110. 'as a a', taken out extra 'a'. | | P. 116. Footnote #138: 'irequently' changed to 'infrequently'. | | P. 147. 'indentified' changed to 'identified'. | | P. 155. 'virture' changed to 'virtue'. | | P. 158. 'addititon' changed to 'addition'. | | P. 172. 'acqaintance' changed to 'acquaintance'. | | P. 190. 'individiual' changed to 'individual'. | | P. 237. 'at it' changed to 'as it'. | | P. 240. 'certains' changed to 'certain'. | | P. 250. 'disires' changed to 'desires'. | | P. 255. 'Reincaration' changed to 'Reincarnation'. | | P. 256. 'S noi' changed to 'Senoi'. | | P. 256. 'Slberer' changed to 'Silberer'. | | Corrected various punctuation. | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------+