ii. 1120, 2015); these events prove at least that the conflicts with

the Moors on the Riff and the associates that flocked to them from the country lying behind did not cease. When the Baquates on the same coast besieged the pretty remote Cartenna (Tenes) in the Caesariensis (_C. I. L._ viii. 9663), they perhaps came by sea. Where the wars with the Moors under Hadrian (_vita_, 5, 12) and Commodus (_vita_, 13) took place is not known.

[290] More information than in the scanty accounts of Victor and Eutropius is supplied as to this war by the inscribed stones, _C. I. L._ viii. 2615, 8836, 9045, 9047. According to these the _Quinquegentiani_ may be followed out from Gallienus to Diocletian. The beginning is made by the Baquates who, designated as _Transtagnenses_, must have dwelt beyond the Shott. Four “kings” combine for an expedition. The most dreaded opponent is Faraxen with his _gentiles Fraxinenses_. Towns like Mileu in Numidia not far from Cirta and Auzia in the Caesariensis are attacked, and the citizens must in good part defend themselves against the enemy. After the end of the war Maximian constructs great magazines in Thubusuctu not far from Saldae. These fragmentary accounts give in some measure an insight into the relations of the time.

[291] Apart from the coins this is proved also by the inscriptions. According to the comparison, for which I am indebted to Herr Euting, the great mass of the old Punic inscriptions, that is, those written probably before the destruction of Carthage, falls to Carthage itself (about 2500), the rest to Hadrumetum (9), Thugga (the famous Phoenico-Berber one), Cirta (5), Iol-Caesarea (1). The new Punic occur most numerously in and around Carthage (30), and generally they are found not unfrequently in the proconsular province, also in Great Leptis (5) and on the islands of Girba (1) and Cossura (1); in Numidia, in and near Calama (23), and in Cirta (15); in Mauretania hitherto only in Portus Magnus (2).

[292] The coining in Africa ceases in the main after Tiberius, and thereafter, since African inscriptions from the first century after Christ are before us only in very small numbers, for a considerable period documents fail us. The coins of Babba in the Tingitana, going from Claudius down to Galba, have exclusively Latin legends; but the town was a colony. The Latin-Punic inscriptions of Great Leptis, _C. I. L._ viii. 7, and of Naraggara, _C. I. L._ viii. 4636, may doubtless belong to the time after Tiberius, but as bilingual tell rather for the view that, when they were set up, the Phoenician language was already degraded.

[293] From the expression in the epitome of Victor, that the emperor Severus was _Latinis litteris sufficienter instructus, Graecis sermonibus eruditus, Punica eloquentia promptior, quippe genitus apud Leptim_, we may not infer a Punic course of rhetoric in the Tripolis of that time; the late and inferior author has possibly given a scholastic version of the well-known notice.

[294] On the statement of the younger Arnobius, writing about 460 (_ad Psalm._ 104, p. 481 Migne: _Cham vero secundus filius Noe a Rhinocoruris usque Gadira habens linguas sermone Punico a parte Garamantum, Latino a parte boreae, barbarico a parte meridiani, Aethiopum et Aegyptiorum ac barbaris interioribus vario sermone numero viginti duabus linguis in patriis trecentis nonaginta et quattuor_), no reliance is to be placed, still less upon the nonsense of Procopius, _de bello Vand._ ii. 10, as to the Phoenician inscription and language in Tigisis. Authorities of this sort were hardly able to distinguish Berber and Punic.

[295] In a single place on the Little Syrtis the Phoenician may still have been spoken in the eleventh century (Movers, _Phön._ ii. 2, 478).

[296] More clearly than by the Latin inscriptions found in Africa, which begin too late to illustrate the state of things before the second century A.D., this is shown by the four contracts of _patronatus_ from the time of Tiberius, quoted in next note, concluded by two small places of the proconsular province Apisa maius and Siagu, and two others nowhere else mentioned, probably adjacent, Themetra and Thimiligi; according to which the statement of Strabo (xvii. 3, 15, p. 833) that at the beginning of the last war the Carthaginian territory numbered 300 towns, appears not at all incredible. In each of those four smaller places there were sufetes; even where the old and new Punic inscriptions name magistrates, there are regularly two sufetes. That these are comparatively frequent in the proconsular province, and elsewhere can only be pointed out in Calama, serves to show how much more strongly the Phoenician urban organisation was developed in the former.

[297] The contracts of _patronatus_ from the time of Caesar (_C. I. L._ viii. 10525), of Augustus (_ib._ 68 comp. 69), and Tiberius (_C. I. L._ v. 4919-4922), concluded by the _senatus populusque_ of African communities (_civitates_) of peregrine rights with Romans of rank, appear to have been entered into quite after the Roman fashion by the common council, which represents and binds the community.

[298] On the coin undoubtedly struck under Caesar (Müller _Num. de l’Afr._ ii. 149) with _Kar(thago) Veneris_ and _Aristo Mutumbal Ricoce suf(etes)_, the first two names are probably to be taken together as a Graeco-Phoenician double name, such as elsewhere is not rare (comp. _C. I. L._ v. 4922: _agente Celere Imilchonis Gulalsae filio sufete_). Since on the one hand sufetes cannot be assigned to a Roman colony, and on the other hand the conducting of such a colony to Carthage itself is well attested, Caesar himself must either have subsequently changed the form of founding the city, or the founding of the colony must have been carried into effect by the triumvirate as a posthumous ordinance of the dictator (as is hinted by Appian, _Pun._ 136). We may compare the fact that Curubis stands in the earlier time of Caesar under sufetes (_C. I. L._ viii. 10525), in the year 709 U.C. as a Caesarian colony under duoviri (_ib._ 977); yet the case is different, since this town did not, like Carthage, owe its existence to Caesar.

[299] For Africa and Numidia Pliny (_H. N._, v. 4, 29 f.) numbers in all 516 communities, among which are 6 colonies, 15 communities of Roman burgesses, 2 Latin towns (for the _oppidum stipendiarium_ must, according to the position which is given to it, have been also of Italian rights), the rest either Phoenician towns (_oppida_), among which were 30 free, or else Libyan tribes (_non civitates tantum, sed pleraeque etiam nationes iure dici possunt_). Whether these figures are to be referred to Vespasian’s time or to an earlier, is not ascertained; in any case they are not free from errors, for, besides the six colonies specially adduced, six are wanting (Assuras, Carpi, Clupea, Curubi, Hippo Diarrhytos, Neapolis), which are referable, partly with certainty partly with probability, to Caesar or Augustus.

[300] Pliny, v. 1, 2, says indeed only of Zulil or rather Zili _regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa_, and this might be connected with the transfer of this community to Baetica as _Iulia Traducta_ (Strabo, iii. 1, 8, p. 140). But probably Pliny gives this notice in the case of Zili alone, just because this is the first colony laid out beyond the imperial frontier which he names. The burgess of a Roman colony cannot possibly have had his forum of justice before the king of Mauretania.

[301] Frontinus in the well-known passage, p. 53 Lachm., respecting processes between the urban communities and private persons, or, as it may be, the emperor, appears not to presuppose state-districts _de iure_ independent and of a similar nature with urban territories--such as are incompatible with Roman law--but a _de facto_ refractory attitude of the great land-owner towards the community which makes him liable, _e.g._ for the furnishing of recruits or compulsory services, basing itself on the allegation that the piece of land made liable is not within the bounds of the community requiring the service.

[302] The technical designation _gens_ comes into prominence particularly in the fixed title of the _praefectus gentis Musulamiorum, etc._; but, as this is the lowest category of the independent commonwealth, the word is usually avoided in dedications (comp. _C. I. L._ viii. p. 1100) and _civitas_ put instead, a designation, which, like the _oppidum_ of Pliny foreign to the technical language (p. 331, note), includes in it all communities of non-Italian or Greek organisation. The nature of the _gens_ is described by the paraphrase (_C. I. L._ viii. 68) alternating with _civitas Gurzensis_ (_ib._ 69): _senatus populusque civitatium stipendiariorum pago Gurzenses_, that is, the “elders and community of the clans of tributary people in the village of Gurza.”

[303] When the designation _princeps_ (_C. I. L._ viii. p. 1102) is not merely enunciative but an official title, it appears throughout in communities which are neither themselves urban communities nor parts of such, and with special frequency in the case of the _gentes_. We may compare the “eleven first” (comp. _Eph. epigr._ v. n. 302, 521, 533) with the _seniores_ to be met with here and there. An evidence in support of both positions is given in the inscription _C. I. L._ viii. 7041: _Florus Labaeonis f. princeps et undecimprimus gentis Saboidum_. Recently at Bu Jelîda, a little westward of the great road between Carthage and Theveste, in a valley of the Jebel Rihan, and so in a quite civilised region, there have been found the remains of a Berber village, which calls itself on a monument of the time of Pius (still unprinted) _gens Bacchuiana_, and is under “eleven elders”; the names of gods (_Saturno Achaiaei [?] Aug[usio]_), like the names of men (_Candidus Braisamonis fil._), are half local, half Latin. In Calama the dating after the two sufetes and the _princeps_ (_C. I. L._ viii. 5306, comp. 5369) is remarkable; it appears that this probably Libyan community was first under a chief, and then obtained sufetes without the chief being dropped. It may readily be understood that our monuments do not give much information upon the _gentes_ and their organisation; in this field doubtless little was written on stone. Even the Libyan inscriptions belong, at least as regards the majority, to towns in part or wholly inhabited by Berbers; the bilingual inscriptions found at Tenelium (_C. I. L._ viii. p. 514), in Numidia westward from Bona in the Sheffia plain, the same place that has furnished till now most of the Berber stone inscriptions, show indeed in their Latin part Libyan names, _e.g._ _Chinidial Misicir_ f. and _Naddhsen Cotuzanis_ f., both from the clan (_tribu_) of the _Misiciri_ or _Misictri_; but one of these people, who has served in the Roman army and has acquired the Roman franchise, names himself in the Latin text _in civitate sua Tenelio flamen perpetuus_, according to which this place seems to have been organised like a town. If, therefore, success should ever attend the attempt to read and decipher the Berber inscriptions with certainty, they would hardly give us sufficient information as to the internal organisation of the Berber tribes.

[304] That the Gaetulian purple is to be referred to Juba is stated by Pliny, _H. N._ vi. 31, 201: _paucas (Mauretaniae insulas) constat esse ex adverso Autololum a Iuba repertas, in quibus Gaetulicam purpuram tinguere instituerat_; by these _insulae purpurariae_ (_ib._ 203) can only be meant Madeira. In fact the oldest mention of this purple is that in Horace, _Ep._ ii. 2, 181. Proofs are wanting as to the later duration of this manufacture, and, as the Roman rule did not extend to these islands, it is not probable, although from the _sagum purpurium_ of the tariff of Zarai (_C. I. L._ viii. 4508) we may infer Mauretanian manufactures of purple.

[305] The tariff of Zarai set up at the Numidian customs-frontier towards Mauretania (_C. I. L._ viii. 4508) from the year 202 gives a clear picture of the Mauretanian exports. Wine, figs, dates, sponges, are not wanting; but slaves, cattle of all sorts, woollen stuffs (_vestis Afra_), and leather wares play the chief part. The Description of the earth also from the time of Constantius says, c. 60, that Mauretania _vestem et mancipia negotiatur_.

[306] According to an epitaph found in Mactaris in the Byzacene (_Eph. epigr._ v. n. 279), a man of free birth there, after having been actively engaged in bringing in the harvests far around in Africa, first throughout twelve years as an ordinary reaper and then for another eleven as a foreman, purchased for himself with the savings of his pay a town and a country house, and became in his turn a member of council and burgomaster. His poetical epitaph shows, if not culture, at least pretensions to it. A development of life of this sort was in the Roman imperial period doubtless not so rare as it at first may seem, but probably occurred in Africa more frequently than elsewhere.

[307] How far our Latin texts of the Bible are to be referred to several translations originally different, or whether, as Lachmann assumed, the different recensions have proceeded from one and the same translation as a basis by means of manifold revision with the aid of the originals, are questions which can scarcely be definitely decided--for the present at least--in favour of either one or the other view. But that both Italians and Africans took part in this work--whether of translation or of correction--is proved by the famous words of Augustine, _de doctr. Christ._ ii. 15, 22, _in ipsis autem interpretationibus Itala ceteris praeferatur, nam est verborum tenacior cum perspicuitate sententiae_, over which great authorities have been perplexed, but certainly without reason. Bentley’s proposal, approved afresh of late (by Corssen, _Jahrb. für protestant. Theol._ vii. p. 507 f.), to change _Itala_ into _illa_ and _nam_ into _quae_, is inadmissible alike philologically and in substance. For the twofold change is destitute of all external probability, and besides _nam_ is protected by the copyist Isidorus, _Etym._ vi. 4, 2. The further objection that linguistic usage would require _Italica_, is not borne out (_e.g._ Sidonius and Iordanes as well as the inscriptions of later times, _C. I. L._ x. p. 1146, write _Italus_ by turns with _Italicus_), and the designation of a single translation as the most trustworthy on the whole is quite consistent with the advice to consult as many as possible; whereas by the change proposed an intelligent remark is converted into a meaningless commonplace. It is true that the Christian Church in Rome in the first three centuries made use throughout of the Greek language, and that we may not seek _there_ for the _Itali_ who took part in the Latin Bible. But that in Italy outside of Rome, especially in Upper Italy, the knowledge of Greek was not much more diffused than in Africa, is most clearly shown by the names of freedmen; and it is just to the non-Roman Italy that the designation used by Augustine points; while we may perhaps also call to mind the fact that Augustine was gained for Christianity by Ambrosius in Milan. The attempt to identify the traces of the recension called by Augustine _Itala_ in such remains as have survived of Bible translations before Jerome’s, will at all events hardly ever be successful; but still less will it admit of being proved that Africans only worked at the pre-Hieronymian Latin Bible texts. That they originated largely, perhaps for the most part, in Africa has certainly great probability. The contrast to the one _Itala_ can only in reason have been several _Afrae_; and the vulgar Latin, in which these texts are all of them written, is in full agreement with the vulgar Latin, as it was demonstrably spoken in Africa. At the same time we must doubtless not overlook the fact that we know the vulgar Latin in general principally from African sources, and that the proof of the restriction of any individual linguistic phenomenon to Africa is as necessary as it is for the most part unadduced. There existed side by side as well vulgarisms in general use as African provincialisms (comp. _Eph. epigr._ iv. p. 520, as to the cognomina in _-osus_); but that forms like _glorificare_, _nudificare_, _justificare_, belong to the second category, is by no means proved from the fact that we first meet with them in Africa, since analogous documents to those which we possess, _e.g._ for Carthage in the case of Tertullian, are wanting to us as regards Capua and Milan.

[308] The arguments of Mr. B. W. Henderson (_English Hist. Review_, 1903, 1-23) for a different advance seem to me to be based on a misconception of some of the evidence. Thus, there is no tile of Leg. ix. at Leicester, nor any trace yet noted of Leg. ii. Aug. at Cirencester or Gloucester.

INDEX

Abdagaeses, ii. 44.

Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 (under Severus).

Abrinca, rivulet, i. 119 _n._

Achaeans, diet, i. 264.

Achaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, 10; “seven houses,” 6.

Achaia, province, i. 255 f. _n._; under the emperors, 260.

Acraephia, inscription, i. 265 _n._, 273 _n._

Actiads, i. 296 _n._

Actian games, i. 296 _n._

Adane, ii. 288 f.; destroyed, 293 f. _n._

Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 _n._, 88.

_Adiabenicus_, ii. 78 _n._

Adminius, i. 174.

Adrianopolis, i. 307.

Adulis, ii. 280, 281, 282, 296.

Aedemon, ii. 313.

Aegium, diet of, ii. 264 _n._

Aeizanas, ii. 284 _n._

Aelana, ii. 288.

Aemilianus, Marcus Aemilius, i. 241.

Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 251.

Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275-278; traffic, 278.

_Afer_, ii. 304 _n._

Africa, North, ii. 303; Berber stock, 303-305; Phoenician immigration, 306; government of republic, 306 f.; Caesar’s policy, 307 f.; extent of Roman rule, 308 f.; no strict frontier, 309; province of, 310; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; physical conformation, 314; Africano-Numidian territory, 316 f.; war against Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317-320; Roman civilisation in Mauretania, 320 f.; continuance of Berber language, 325 f.; of Phoenician, 326 f.; coinage, 327 _n._; Latin language, 329; Phoenician urban organisation, 329; transformed into Italian, 331; number of towns, 331 _n._; Italian colonists, 332; large landed estates, 333 f.; husbandry, 336; corn supplied to Rome, 337; oil and wine, 337 f.; manufactures and commerce, 338 f.; prosperity, 339; roads, 339 f.; introduction of camels, 340; character and culture of people, 340 f.; scholasticism, 342; Christian literature, 343-345; Latin Scriptures, 343 f. _n._

Agonistic institutes, i. 289 _n._

_Agonothesia_, i. 347 _n._, 348 _n._

Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. 182-184, 194.

Agrippa; _see_ Herod Agrippa.

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on the Danube, i. 22; transference of Ubii, 25; combats in Gaul, 80.

Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. 218.

Agrippina (Cologne), i. 119.

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedition to Elbe, i. 31; dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34.

Ahuramazda, ii. 10 f., 84.

Alamanni, war with, i. 161 f., 163; raids, 166 f.

Alani, ii. 62 _n._, 64, 73, 74 _n._

Albani, ii. 72 f.

Alexander the Great, basing his empire on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120.

Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. 232.

Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, 26; installed king of Armenia, 33.

Alexander Severus, purchases peace in Germany, i. 162; murder, 162; ii. 91; character, 89 f.; war with Ardashir, 90 _n._; nicknamed “chief Rabbi,” 263.

Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 350.

Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 242 _n._, 246 _n._

Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Palmyrenes, ii. 107, 108 _n._, 250; number and position of Jews, 165 _n._, 200 _n._, 267; Jew-hunt, 192, 193 _n._; deputations to Gaius, 193 f.; “Greek city,” 235 f.; chief priest of, 238; exemptions and privileges, 240 _n._; libraries, 246, 271; chief officials, 248 _n._; distribution of corn, 251 _n._; Italian settlement in, 257; mariners’ guilds, 257 _n._; comparison with Antioch, 262; Alexandrian Fronde, 263; nicknames, 263; tumults frequent and serious, 264 _n._, 265; worship, 265 f., 266 _n._; old cultus retaining its hold, 267; learned world, 267 f.; physicians and quacks, 268; scholar-life, 269 f.; Museum, 271 f., 272; labours of erudition, 271 f.; “jointure” of Greek science, 273; camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274.

Alexandria, in Troas, i. 326 f.

Alexandropolis, ii. 15.

Aliso, fortress, i. 34 f., 36; defence by Caedicius, 48.

Allegorical interpretation, Jewish, ii. 168 f.

Allobroges, i. 87, 88 _n._, 91.

Alps, subjugation, i. 15; military districts, 17 f.; roads and colonies, 19.

Amasia, i. 331.

Amâzigh, ii. 303.

_Ambubaia_, ii. 133.

Amida, ii. 115.

Amisus, i. 331 f.

Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, i. 254 _n._, 255 _n._

Amsivarii, i. 124.

Amyntas, i. 335 _n._; ii. 24, 37.

Ananias, ii. 102 f.

Ancyra, i. 341 _n._, 342 _n._

Anthedon, ii. 210.

Antigonea, ii. 127 _n._

Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175-178.

Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 _n._, 297 _n._

Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68; capture by the Persians (260), 101, 132; and by Aurelian, 109; creation of monarchic policy, 127; capital of Syria, 127; Daphne, 128; water supply, and lighted streets, 129 _n._; poverty of intellectual interests, 130; paucity of inscriptions, 132; exhibitions and games, 132; races, 132 _n._; immorality, 133; dissolute cultus, 134; fondness for ridicule, 134 f.; support of pretenders, 134; reception of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135; Jew-hunt at, 219.

Antioch in Pisidia, i. 336 f.

Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, 53; tomb of, 125; his buildings at Athens, i. 278.

Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196.

Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174-177.

Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to Clyde, i. 187 _n._; conflicts in Britain under, 188 _n._

Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.; position in 38 B.C., 23 f.; his army, 24; his aims, 24 f.; children by Cleopatra, 26 _n._; preparations for Parthian war, 26 f.; temperament, 27; Parthian war, 27 f.; resistance in Atropatene, 29; retreat, 30, 31; last years in the East, 32; dismisses Octavia seeking reconciliation, 33; punishes those blamed for his miscarriage, 33; attempt on Palmyra, 93; government in Alexandria, 232.

Apamea in Phrygia, i. 327.

Apamea in Syria, ii. 136, 141.

Aper, Marcus, i. 113.

Apharban, ii. 114.

Apion, ii. 193, 194 _n._

Apocalypse of John: conception of Roman and Parthian empires as standing side by side, ii. 1 _n._; pseudo-Nero of, 64 f.; directed against the worship of the emperors, 196, 197-199 _n._

Apollinaris, Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342.

Apollo, Actian, i. 295 f.

Apollonia, i. 201 f., 299.

Apollonius of Tyana, i. 350.

Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223.

Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342.

Appuleius, Pseudo-, Dialogue of the gods quoted, ii. 266 _n._

Apri, i. 306.

Apronius, Lucius, i. 125.

Apulum, i. 228.

Aquae Sextiae, i. 78, 81.

Aquileia, i. 197 f., 231, 233.

Aquincum, i. 228; contra-Aquincum, 249.

Aquitania, wars, i. 64, 80; coins, 79 _n._; province, 88; cantons of, 96.

Arabia, ii. 13; Roman, what it included, 143 f.; institution of province by Trajan, 152; west coast of, 284 f.; Homerites, 286 f.; Felix, 285, 289; policy of Augustus, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; state of the coast, 291 _n._; expedition of Gaius, 293 _n._; injury to its commerce, 293.

Arachosia, ii. 13, 15.

Aradus, ii. 138 _n._

Aramaic language, ii. 164.

Arbela, ii. 4, 88.

Archaism, Greek, i. 282 _n._

Archelaus of Cappadocia, ii. 41.

Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, ii. 183 f.

Architecture, Syrian, ii. 156 f.

Ardashir (Artaxares), ii. 81 _n._, 83 _n._, 84, 85, 89 _n._, 91.

Arelate, i. 86, 89; amphitheatre, 106.

Aretas, ii. 148 _n._, 149 f. _n._, 150 f.

Argentoratum, i. 119, 147, 159.

Ariarathes of Cappadocia, ii. 33.

Ariobarzanes, ii. 38, 39.

Aristobulus, of Chalcis, ii. 49.

Aristobulus, prince of Judaea, ii. 175 f.

Aristotle’s recommendation to Alexander, ii. 241.

Armenia, ii. 6, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 f.; Parthian appanage for second son, 51, 60; Roman policy as to, 50-52; subdued by Corbulo, 53 f.; under Parthian prince vassal to Rome, 60 f.; Roman province under Trajan, 67 f., 70 f.; becomes again vassal-state, 72; Parthian invasion, 74 f., 80 _n._, 89 f., 92, 102, 104, 112 _n._, 113, 114 _n._, 115 _n._

Arminius, i. 43; defeat of Varus, 46 f.; combats with Germanicus, 54; attack on Maroboduus, 60 f.; desertion of Inguiomerus, 61; civil war and end, 62.

Arnobius, ii. 345.

Arrianus, Flavius, ii. 20 _n._, 73 _n._

Arsaces, founder of Parthian dynasty, ii. 3, 4, 6.

Arsaces, son of Artabanus, ii. 42.

Arsacids and their rule, ii. 3-12 _el._

Arsamosata, ii. 56, 59.

Arsinoe, ii. 280, 291 f.

Art, constructive, in Gaul, i. 115; in Syria, ii. 156 f.

Artabanus (III.), king of the Parthians, ii. 40-45.

Artabanus (IV.), ii. 87 f.

Artageira, ii. 40.

Artavazdes of Armenia, ii. 28-33.

Artavazdes of Atropatene, ii. 28, 29, 32.

Artaxares; _see_ Ardashir.

Artaxata, ii. 48, 53 f., 75.

Artaxes, ii. 33-38.

Artaxias of Armenia, ii. 42 f.

Asander, i. 312, 313 _n._

Ascalon, ii. 212.

Asia Minor: natives and colonists, i. 320; Hellenism, 321 f.; formation of new centres, 322; provinces of, 323; territories added to empire, 323 f.; senatorial and imperial government, 323 f.; changes in boundaries of provinces and vassal-states, 324 _n._; municipal vanity, 328 _n._; honorary Hellenism, 344; leagues of Hellenism, 343, 344 _n._; representatives, 344 _n._; land-diets and land festivals, 344 f.; provincial priests and Asiarchs, 345 f.; superintendence of emperor-worship, 348; system of religion, 350; public safety, 350; occupying force, 350 f.; justice in, 352 _n._; constitution of towns, 352 f.; clubs, 353; free autonomous communities, 354; urban life, 354 f.; prosperity, 354 f.; defects of municipal administration, 357; roads, 358 _n._; trade, 359 f.; commerce, 360; supplies teachers and physicians to Italy, 361, 365; literary activity, 362; instruction, 362; sophistic system, 362-366.

Asia, Roman: extent of province, i. 325; coast-towns, 325 f.; inland townships, 326 f.; position under Romans, 327; urban rivalries, 329 f.; legions in, ii. 63.

Asiarchs, i. 345-347 _n._

Asklepios, i. 350.

Asoka, ii. 13, 14 _n._

Astarte, ii. 331.

Astingi, i. 237.

Astures, i. 65, 71.

Asturica Augusta, i. 66.

Athens: privileged position, i. 254, 258; administration, 276 f.; possessions, 277; Hadrian’s grants, 277 f.; street-riots, 279; state of the language, 281, 282 _n._

Atropatene, ii. 6, 19, 28 f., 33 f., 38.

Attalia, i. 334.

Augusta Emerita, i. 64 _n._

Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), i. 19 f.

Augusta Vindelicorum, i. 19, 20, 154, 196 f.

Augustamnica, ii. 298.

Augustan History, falsification as to Postumus, i. 164 _n._

Augustodunum, seat of Gallic studies, i. 112 f.

Augustinus, Aurelius, picture of Carthage, ii. 341; _Itala_, 343 _n._; _Confessions_, 345.

Augustus, the Emperor: expedition against Alpine tribes, i. 16; monument to, above Monaco, 17; roads or colonies in Alps, 19 f.; visit to Germany, 26; German policy and motives for changing it, 56-59; visits Spain, 64; organisation of towns there, 68 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; restricted franchise of Gauls, 98; altar at Lugudunum, 94; altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 97, 118; discharge of Batavian guards, 121; project of connecting Rhine and Danube, 148; projects as to Britain not carried out, 172; reasons for and against its occupation, 172; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; arrangements on the Danubian frontier, 195 f.; Illyricum subdued, 201; settlement of veterans in Dalmatia, 202; his Amphictiony, 254 f.; dealings with Greece, 261; treatment of Athens, 277; insurrection at, 279; foundation and privileges of Nicopolis, 294 f.; colonies in Macedonia, 301; pacification of Cilicia and Pisidia, 335 f.; diets and festivals for, in Asia Minor, 345; cancels debtors’ claims there, 357; decorum of, ii. 26 _n._; first arrangements in East, 34 f.; policy open to him, 36; inadequate measures, 36 f.; in Syria (20 B.C.), 37 f.; mission of Gaius to East, 39; Nicolaus Damascenus on his youth, 168; treatment of the Jews, 171 f.; dealing with Herod’s testament, 182, 184; attitude towards Jewish worship, 187; annexation of Egypt, 232 f., 239; Egyptian titles, 244; policy as to south-western Arabia, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; of Gaius, 293; repression of piracy in Red Sea, 298; colonisation in Mauretania, 333; death, i. 50.

Aurelianus, defeats the Juthungi, i. 166; combats with the Goths on Danube, 248 f.; against the Palmyrenes, ii. 108 f.; battle of Hemesa, 109 _n._, 110 _n._; destruction of Palmyra, 111 _n._

Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Germany under, i. 160; Chattan war, 161; Roman wall in Britain attacked, 188; Marcomanian war, 229 f.; his qualities, 232; progress of war, 232 f.; takes name of Germanicus, 234; terms laid down for the vanquished, 234; second war, 235; death, 235; Parthian war under Marcus and Verus, ii. 74 f.; embassy to China, 302.

Aures, ii. 317, 318, 320.

Ausonius, i. 109, 113, 114 _n._

Autonomy, idea of, ii. 120.

Autricum, i. 91.

Auzia, ii. 319, 325.

Aventicum, i. 129.

Avestâ, ii. 10.

Axidares, ii. 66 _n._

Axomis, kingdom of, ii. 281 _n._; extent and development, 282 f.; Rome and the Axomites, 284; envoys to Arvidian, 284; relation to piracy, 298.

Azania, ii. 289.

Bactra, ii. 14, 15 _n._, 18.

Bactro-Indian empire, ii. 14, 16 _n._

Baetica, i. 67; towns with burgess-rights, 68; exemption from levy, 73; Moors in, ii. 324.

Bagradas, ii. 336.

Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, ii. 315 _n._

Ballomarius, i. 230 _n._

Bâmanghati, coins found at, ii. 301 _n._

Baquates, ii. 324, 325 _n._

Bar-Kokheba, Simon, ii. 224 _n._

Barley-wine, i. 108 _n._

Barsemias of Hatra, ii. 78.

Barygaza, ii. 16 _n._, 300.

Basil of Caesarea, i. 333.

Bassus, Caecilius, ii. 21 f.

Bassus, Publius Ventidius, ii. 23, 27.

Bastarnae, i. 12, 217, 238.

Batanaea, ii. 144; _see_ Haurân.

Batavi, i. 26, 43, 97 _n._; settlements and privileges, 120; rising of Batavian auxiliaries, 129 f.; Civilis, 130; progress of the movement, 130 f.; its consequences, 143 f.; later attitude, 145.

Bato, the Dalmatian, i. 39, 41.

Bato, the Pannonian, i. 39-42.

Beads, glass, ii. 255.

Beer, i. 108.

Belatucadrus (Mars), i. 193.

Belgica, i. 85; division of command, 118 _n._

Belus, ii. 266.

Berbers, ii. 302 f.; type, 304, 305 _n._; language, 325 f.; organisation of _gentes_, 334 f.

Berenice, sister of Agrippa II., ii. 219.

Berenice, Trogodytic, ii. 280, 284 _n._, 286, 288, 297.

Beroe, i. 240.

Berytus, ii. 121; Latin island in the East, 130; factories in Italy, 139 _n._

Bescera, ii. 319.

Bessi, i. 12, 209 _n._

Bether, ii. 225.

Betriacum, i. 130, 143.

Biriparach, ii. 80.

Bithynia, i. 323, 324, 330; Greek settlements in, 330 f.; Hellenism of, 330 f.; place in literature, 331; Gothic raids, 245.

Bithyniarch, i. 346.

Blaesus, Quintus Junius, ii. 318.

Blemyes, ii. 250 _n._, 277 _n._, 278.

Bocchus, ii. 309, 310, 311 _n._

Boeotian league, i. 259, 265.

Bogud, ii. 308 f., 310, 311 _n._

Borani, i. 243, 245.

Bosporan kingdom, i. 242; Greek towns of, 244, 312; kings, 314 _n._; extent of, 314 f.; coins, 317 _n._, 318; titles, 316 _n._; military position, 316 f.; court, 318; trade and commerce, 319.

Bostra, ii. 95; plain around, 144 f.; legionary camp at, 153; importance of, 155; Hellenic basis, 155.

Boudicca, i. 179, 181.

Boule, the, in Egyptian cities, ii. 236 _n._

Bracara, i. 16.

Breuci, i. 23.

Brigantes, i. 178, 181, 182, 188.

Brigetio, i. 228.

Britain, Caesar’s expedition, i. 170; designs of Augustus, 171; reasons for and against occupation, 172 f.; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; occasion for the war, 174; arrangements for occupation, 174 _n._; its course, 175 f.; Roman towns, 176 f.; resistance in West Britain, 177 f.; national insurrection, 179 f.; subjugation of the West, 180 f.; of the North, 182; Caledonia abandoned, 184; grounds for this policy, 184 f.; diversities of race, 185; fortifying of northern frontier, 186 f.; wars in second and third centuries, 188 f.; Roman fleet, 189; garrison and administration, 190; taxation and levy, 190 f.; communal organisation, 191; prosperity, 192; roads, 192; Roman manners and culture, 193; country houses, 194; scholastic training, 194.

Brixia, i. 191.

Bructeri, i. 36, 51, 133, 145.

Burdigala, i. 113.

Burebista, i. 10, 216, 220, 309 f.

Burgundiones, i. 167.

Buri, i. 221, 224.

Burnum, i. 203.

Burrus, ii. 206.

Busiris, ii. 251.

Buthrotum, i. 295.

Byzacene, ii. 336.

Byzantium, i. 246, 292, 305, 306 _n._, 308.

Cabinet-secretary, imperial, ii. 272 f.

Cadusians, ii. 88 _n._

Caecina, Aulus, governor of Moesia, i. 40 f.; march to the Ems, and retreat, 52 f.

Caedicius, Lucius, defence of Aliso, i. 48.

Caesar, Gaius Julius, measures for Dalmatian war, i. 7 f.; Romanising of southern Gaul, 86; policy as to cantons of Gaul, 92 f.; Britannic expedition and aims, 170; project of crossing Euphrates, ii. 22; arrangements as to Judaea, 175 f.; African policy, 307 f.; Italian colonists in Africa, 332.

Caesar, Gaius, mission to East, ii. 38 f.; meeting with Phraataces, 39; early death, 40.

Caesaraugusta, i. 68.

Caesarea in Cappadocia, i. 332; ii. 101 f.

Caesarea (Iol), province of, ii. 313, 314, 321.

Caesarea Paneas, ii. 65, 147, 151.

Caesarea Stratonis, ii. 182, 186 f.; insurrection, 205 f., 209 f.; obtains Roman organisation, 218.

Caesarion, ii. 25 _n._, 26 _n._

Caesian Forest, i. 124.

Calama, ii. 319 _n._, 329 _n._, 335 _n._

Calceus Herculis, ii. 319.

Caledonia abandoned, i. 184; probable grounds for this policy, 184 f.; under Severus, 189.

Caligula, Gaius Caesar, incapable of serious plans, i. 172; declines “great number” of statues, 291; the East under, ii. 45; pardons Aretas, 151; treatment of Jews, 191 f.; Jewish deputations to, 193 f.; orders his effigy to be set up in the Temple, 195; death, 195.

Callaecia, Roman, i. 63 f.; separated from Lusitania, 65.

Callistus, ii. 102 _n._, 103.

Calybe, i. 303, 305 _n._

Camalodunum, i. 170, 171, 175, 176, 180, 192 f.

Camels in Africa, ii. 340.

Camunni, i. 15 f.

_Canabae_, i. 168.

Canal, Egyptian, ii. 279, 280, 297 f.

Canatha, ii. 147; temple of Baalsamin, 156; “Odeon,” 157.

Candace, ii. 275 _n._, 276, 277.

Cane, ii. 296.

Canius Rufus, i. 76.

Cannenefates, i. 36, 97 _n._, 121, 126 f., 131, 139, 141.

Canopus, ii. 258 _n._; decree of, 260.

Cantabri, i. 65, 66, 67.

Cantonal system of Spain, i. 71, 72 _n._; of Gaul, 90 f.; influence of, 94; cantons represented in diet, 95 _n._, 96 _n._; in Britain, 191.

Cappadocia, i. 323, 324; inland, 332; division into praefectures, 332; Greek accent of, 333; ii. 19, 41, 63.

Caracalla, Severus Antoninus, campaign against Alamanni, i. 162; named _Geticus_, 139; Parthian war, ii. 87; assassinated, 88; treatment of Alexandria, 263; uniting the vices of three races, 126, 340.

Caratacus, i. 175 f., 178.

Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 _n._

Carên, ii. 6, 46, 84.

Carnuntum, i. 23, 198, 206.

Carnutes, i. 91.

Carpi, i. 238 f.

Carrhae, ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, 114.

Carteia, i. 68.

Carthage, ii. 307, 330, 331, 341.

Carthage, New, i. 68.

Cartimandus, i. 182 f.

Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. 112 f.; death, 113.

Caspian gates, ii. 62 _n._

Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 _n._, 262.

Cassivellannus, i. 170.

Castra Regina, i. 197.

Cattigara, ii. 302.

Catualda, i. 61, 215.

Caucasian tribes, ii. 35, 36, 61, 68, 72 _n._, 73, 91 _n._

Cavalry recruited mainly from Gaul, i. 107.

Celtic inscriptions, i. 100 _n._; divinities, 104 f.; language; _see_ Gaul.

Cenomani, i. 91.

Census of Gaul, i. 84.

Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. 140 f., 142, 180, 183.

Cernunnos, i. 104.

Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 _n._

Chaeronea in the civil wars, i. 267.

Chalcedon, i. 245.

Chalcidian peninsula, i. 300.

Chandragupta, ii. 13.

Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 _n._

Charibael, ii. 294 _n._

Chariomerus, i. 146.

Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 240 _n._

Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295.

Chatti, i. 27, 28, 29, 51, 133; take the lead, 149; Chattan wars, 150 _n._; under Domitian, 151 _n._, 158; under Marcus, 161, 197, 230 f.

Chauci, i. 28, 29; renewed rising, 36, 43; settlements and attitude, 121; revolt, 125.

_Chemi_, ii. 251.

Chemmis, ii. 235.

Cherusci, i. 27, 28, 29; rising, 36; under Arminius, 43, 52, 60; later position, 146.

China, embassy to, ii. 302.

Chosroes, ii. 66.

Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135.

Chrestus, ii. 199 _n._

Christianity in Syria, ii. 126; Syriac Christian literature, 124; Christian symbols, 141; effect on Christians of destruction of Jerusalem, 220 f.; Christians not, like Jews, a nation, 226 _n._; Christianity and Judaism, 229 f.; Christians and the imperial cultus, i. 348; conception of the persecutions of the Christians, ii. 198 _n._

Chrysogonus, i. 245.

Cidamus, ii. 316.

Cilicia, i. 323, 324; piracy in, 334; becomes province, 334.

Cimbri, i. 37.

Cinithii, ii. 317.

Circesium, ii. 91, 95 _n._

Circumcision, ii. 224; prohibited, 228 _n._, 229.

Cirta, ii. 310, 311 _n._, 319, 332, 342.

Civilis, i. 130 f.; siege of Vetera, 133 f.; capitulation of Romans, 138; last struggles, 141 f.

Classieus, Julius, i. 137 f., 139.

Claudius I., emperor, a true Gaul, i. 98; cancels restriction of Gallic franchise, 99; rising of Chauci, 125; directs withdrawal from right bank of Rhine, 125; occupation of Britain, 172, 175 f.; Jazyges under, 216; re-establishes old arrangement in Greece, 276; policy of Claudius in the East, ii. 45; death, 49; policy towards the Jews, 199 f.; directs his works to be read publicly, 271.

Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, i. 247 f.; renewed fortifying of Danubian frontier, 248.

Cleopatra, ii. 25 _n._, 27, 178 f.

Clitae, i. 336.

Clubs, i. 353, 354 _n._, 356.

Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, 352 _n._

Cogidumnus, i. 176.

Colonate, i. 237.

Columella, i. 76.

Column of Trajan, i. 124 f.

Commagene, ii. 19; annexed, 41; kingdom revived by Gaius, 45; province, 63 _n._, 118.

Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. 188; frontier-regulation in Dacia, 228; character, 236; peace with Marcomani, 236.

Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140.

Coptic, ii. 244.

Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 _n._

Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Frisians, i. 125; directed to withdraw from right bank of Rhine, 125; sent to Cappadocia, ii. 49; character of troops, 50; offensive against Tiridates, 52; in Armenia, 53 _n._; capitulation of Paetus, 57 _n._, 58 _n._; conclusion of peace, 58-60; partiality of Tacitus’s account, 57 _n._, 58 _n._, 60 _n._

Corduba in Latin literature, i. 75.

Corinth, treatment of, i. 257; Caesar’s atonement, 260 f.

Corn drawn from Egypt, ii. 239 f.

_Correctores_, i. 279 f.

Corycus, epitaphs of Christians at, i. 359 _n._, 361 _n._

Costoboci, i. 242.

Cottius of Segusio, i. 16, 18.

Cotys, i. 210 _n._

Cragus-Sidyma, i. 355 f.

Cremna, i. 335, 337, 338.

Crete, i. 323, 324, 343.

Ctesiphon, ii. 3, 8, 28, 77, 79, 83, 113.

Cugerni, i. 33, 124 _n._

Cunobelinus, i. 171 _n._, 174, 175.

Cyprian, ii. 345.

Cyprus, i. 323, 324, 343; Jews in, ii. 221 f., 223, 226.

Cyrene, i. 323 f.; Pentapolis, 343; “peasants,” 343; categories of population, ii. 165 _n._; Jewish rising in, 221, 223, 234 _n._

Cyzicus, i. 330, 348.

Dabel, ii. 149 _n._, 151.

Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dacian war, i. 10; internal troubles, 11; raid to Apollonia, 13; war of Lentulus, 42; Dacian language, 208; Daci under Tiberius, 217; war under Domitian, 219; chronology of it, 220 _n._; war under Trajan, 221 f.; second war, 222 f.; Dacia an advanced position, 228 f.; loss of Dacia, 241.

Daesitiatae, i. 38 f., 41.

Dalmatia, war, i. 8 f.; towns with Roman franchise, 10; Dalmato-Pannonian rising, 38 f.; Italian civilisation, 201; ports, 202; state of interior, 203; prosperity under Diocletian, 203 f.

Damascus, environs of, ii. 144; Greek, 146; under Nabataean protection, 148 _n._; relation to Aretas, 149 _n._; Jews in, 167; Jews put to death, 209.

Danava, ii. 95, 153.

Danube, region of, i. 21 f.; boundary of empire, 23, 195 f.; fleet, 205; army, 218 f.; military position after Trajan, 225; primacy of Danubian armies, 250.

Daphne, ii. 109; pleasure-garden, 128, 129 _n._

Dardani, i. 9, 12, 299.

Decapolis, ii. 146 _n._

Decebalus, i. 220 f., 223.

Decianus, i. 76.

Decianus Catus, i. 180.

Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, i. 240; conflicts with Goths and relief of Nicopolis, 240; death, 241.

Declamations in Gaul, i. 114.

_Decumates_ (_agri_), i. 152 _n._, 196 f.

Deiotarus, i. 339 f.

Dellius, ii. 32 _n._

Delminium, i. 203.

Delos, i. 258, 269; Delian inscriptions, ii. 257 f.

Dentheletae, i. 12.

Deultus, i. 307.

Deva, camp of, i. 178, 193.

Dexippus, i. 239 _n._, 241 _n._, 243 _n._, 246 _n._, 247 _n._, 281.

Diegis, i. 221.

Dio of Prusa, i. 268 f., 274, 293 _n._, 366 f.; address to Rhodians, i. 270 f.

Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and Salonae, i. 203 f.; Sarmatian victories, 250; Persian war under, ii. 110 f.; terms of peace, 115; revolt in Egypt, 251; edict, as to grain, 251 f.; as to linen, 254 _n._; resolves to cede the Dodecaschoinos to Nubians, 277 f.

Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. 250 _n._

Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 _n._

Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. 14, 24; Thracian god, 209.

Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296.

Dioscurias, i. 242.

Dmêr, ii. 149, 153.

Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 _n._, 277 _n._, 278 _n._

Dodona, i. 297 _n._

Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, ii. 318.

Domitianus: careful administration, i. 108; restricts number of vines, 108 f.; wars with the Chatti, 150 f.; construction of the “Flavian altars,” 153; Dacian war, 219 f.; defeated by Marcomani, 221; gives urban rights to Philippopolis, 307.

Domitius Afer, Gnaeus, i. 111.

Double names in Egypt, ii. 244.

Drobetae, bridge at, i. 222.

Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. 104 f.; prohibited by Tiberius and Claudius, 105; schools of priests, 112; in Anglesey, 185.

Druidesses, i. 106.

Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Raeti, i. 16, 17; sent to the Rhine, 22; German war, 26 f.; expedition to North Sea, 28; death of, 29 f.; character, 26, 30; German tribes subdued, 123 f.

Dubnovellaunus, i. 171 _n._

Durocortorum, i. 89, 90.

Durostorum, i. 227, 309.

Dusaris, ii. 153; Dusaria, 153 _n._

Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. 233.

Dyme, letter of governor to, i. 237 _n._, 260 _n._

Dynamis, i. 313.

Dyrrachium, i. 201, 299, 301.

Earthquakes in Asia Minor, i. 358.

Eburacum, i. 183, 186, 193, 194.

Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28.

Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 102, 125 _n._

Education in Gaul, i. 112 f.; in Asia Minor, 362 f.; in Africa, ii. 341 f.

Egypt: annexation, ii. 232 f.; exclusively an imperial possession, 233 f.; twofold nationality, 234; land-districts and Greek cities, 235 f.; coinage, 237 _n._; absence of land-diet, 238; government of Lagids, 238 f.; imperial administration financially, 239 f.; revenues, 239 f.; privileged position of Hellenes, 240 f.; personal privileges in Roman period, 242; native language, 243; titles of Augustus in, 244 _n._; abolition of resident court, 244 f.; officials, general and local, 246-248; insurrections, 249; in the Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), 249 f.; revolt under Diocletian, 251; opposition emperors, 251; agriculture, 251; granary of Rome, 252 f.; revenue from imperial domains, 253 _n._, 254; trades, 254; linen, 254; papyrus, 255; building materials, 256; navigation of Mediterranean, 257 f.; population, 258; manners, 258 f.; religious customs, 259 f.; sorcery, 261; other abuses connected with the cultus, 261; revolt of the “Herdsmen,” 261 f.; Alexandria, 262-273; strength of occupying army, 273 f.; recruited from camp-children, 274; task of the troops, 274; east coast and general commerce, 278 f.; canal, 279 f.; sea-route to India, 279; eastern ports, 280; relations with west coast of Arabia, 284 f.; land-routes and harbours, 297; piracy repressed, 298; active traffic to the east, 298 f.

Eirenarchs, i. 351 _n._, 353.

Elagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123.

Elateia, i. 242.

Eleazar, ii. 207, 208, 214, 215.

Eleazar of Modein, ii. 224 _n._

Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74.

Elentherolacones, i. 260.

Elis, i. 261; flax of, 292.

Elymais, ii. 7.

Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218.

Emona, i. 10, 20, 198, 206.

Ephesus, i. 329, 360, 361.

Epictetus, i. 273.

_Epidaphne_, a blunder of Tacitus, ii. 128 _n._

Epirus, i. 294 f.; northern, i. 297.

Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. 233 _n._, 242 _n._, 246, 247, 249.

Eratosthenes, ii. 241 _n._

Esus, i. 104.

Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. 193 _n._

Euergetes, title of, ii. 238.

Eumolpidae, i. 281.

Eupatorids, i. 314.

Euphorion, librarian to Antiochus the Great, ii. 130.

Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. 1; Romano-Parthian frontier-regions, 19; recognised as boundary, 21; customs-district, 70 f., 97 _n._; Romans on left bank, 77; need of watch, 118 f.; as route for commerce, 278 f.

Europus, battle at, ii. 76.

Eurycles, i. 283.

_Exegetes_ in Alexandria, ii. 248 _n._

Eziongeber, ii. 288 _n._

Ezra, ii. 161.

Fadus, Cuspius, ii. 204.

Faustinopolis, i. 333.

Favorinus, polymath, i. 110 f.

Felix, Antonius, ii. 202, 204.

_Filosofi locus_, ii. 342.

Firmus in Egypt, ii. 111 _n._

Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 _n._, 193.

“Flavian altars,” i. 153 _n._

Floras, Gessius, ii. 206.

Forath, ii. 98 _n._

Forum Julii, i. 86.

Frankincense routes, ii. 286 _n._, 288 _n._, 299.

Franks, i. 163, 165, 167; settled on Black Sea, 250.

Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. 181.

Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. 234.

Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342.

Frisians, i. 27, 28, 43, 97 _n._, 121, 124, 126 _n._, 129, 131, 145.

Furtius, i. 233 f.

Fuscus, Arellius, i. 365.

Fuscus, Cornelius, i. 220.

Gabinius, Aulus, ii. 174 f., 232.

Gades, i. 68, 74 f.; Gaditanian songs, 75.

Gaetulians, ii. 304, 322 _n._, 323 f.

Galatia, i. 323 f., 336, 338 f.; Galatian kingdom, 339 f.; province, 340; inhabitants, 340; former cantons, 341; language under the Romans, 341 f.; Galatians as soldiers, 342; garrison of, 350.

Galatarchs, i. 344 _n._; Julian’s letter to, 349 _n._

Galba, i. 130; ii. 198 _n._, 213.

Galenus of Pergamus, i. 366.

Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius, ii. 64 _n._

Gallienus, energetic action in Germany, i. 163; victory over pirates at Thrace, 246; character, 247; murder, 247; recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f.

Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of, ii. 290 f.; Strabo’s account of it, 291 _n._

Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f.

Gallus, Trebonianus, i. 240 f.

Ganna, i. 146.

Gannascus, i. 125.

Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318.

Gaul, administrative partition of, i. 33 _n._; acquisition of Southern, 78; later conflicts in three Gauls, 79 f.; Celtic rising under Tiberius, 80; gradual pacification, 81; rising after Nero’s death, 82, 136 f.; Romanising policy, 82 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; law and justice, 85; Romanising of Southern province, 88 f.; cantonal organisation, 90 f.; influence of cantonal constitution, 92; smaller client-unions, 92 _n._; diet, 94; altar and priest, 94; composition of the diets, 95 f.; officials, 94 _n._, 95 _n._; restricted Roman franchise, 98 f.; Latin rights conferred on individual communities, 99; Celtic language, 99 f.; evidences of its continued use, 101; Romanising stronger in Eastern Gaul, 102; land measurement, 102; religion, 103; economic condition, 106; culture of vine, 108; network of roads, 109; Hellenism in South Gaul, 110; Latin literature in Southern province, 111; literature in imperial Gaul, 112; constructive and plastic art, 114; extent of the three Gauls, 117; attempt to establish a Gallic empire, 137-141.

Gaza, ii. 210.

Gedrosia, ii. 13.

Gelduba, camp at, i. 144 f.

Geneva, i. 91.

_Gens_ and _civitas_, ii. 334 _n._

Georgius, murder of, ii. 265.

Gerba, ii. 338.

Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, i. 41; in sole command on the Rhine, 49; course after death of Augustus, 50; renewed offensive, 51 f.; expedition to the Ems, 50 f.; campaign of the year 16, 53 f.; disaster to his fleet, 54; recall, 55; aims and results of campaigns, 55-59; triumph, 62; mission to the East, ii. 40; its results, 41 f.

Germany and Germans: Rhine-boundary, i. 25 f.; war of Drusus, 26 f.; Roman camps and base, 31 f.; organisation of province, 35; altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 118; rising under Arminius, 42 f.; character of Romano-German conflict, 49; abolition of command-in-chief on the Rhine, 55; Elbe frontier and its abandonment, 56-59; Germans against Germans, 60; original province, 117; Upper and Lower, 118 f.; strength of the armies, 119 _n._; right bank of Rhine abandoned, 125 f.; position after fall of Nero, 127; consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.; later attitude of Romano-Germans on left bank, 144 f.; free Germans there, 145; Upper Germany, 147 f.; _Limes_, 154-160; distribution of troops, 156 _n._, 159 _n._; under Marcus, 160; later wars, 161-167; Romanising of, 167; towns arising out of encampments, 168; Germanising of the Roman state, its beginnings and progress, 168 f.; picture of, by Tacitus, 169.

Gerusia, i. 353, 354 _n._

Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323.

Getae, language of, i. 208.

Gibbon, i. 6.

Gindarus, battle of, ii. 23.

Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. 272.

Glass of Sidon, ii. 137; glass-wares, 255.

Gods, Iberian, i. 75; Celtic, in Spain, 75 _n._; British, 193; Syrian, ii. 123; Egyptian, 235, 260 f.

Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 _n._

Gordianus, “conqueror of Goths,” i. 239; Persian wars of, ii. 91.

Gordiou Kome, i. 330.

Gorneae, ii. 48 _n._

Gotarzes, ii. 7 _n._, 12 _n._, 46, 47.

Goths: migrations, i. 238; Gothic wars, 239; under Decius, 240 f.; invasions of Macedonia and Thrace, 240; maritime expeditions, 243 f.; victories of Claudius, 247 f.; character of these wars, 248.

Graupian Mount, battle of, i. 183 f., 190.

Great-king, ii. 7.

Greece: Hellas and Rome, i. 253; towns under republic, 256; city-leagues broken up, 256 f.; revived, 259; freed communities and colonies, 258-261; decay of, 261; decrease of population, 268; statements of Plutarch, Dio, and Strabo, 268 f.; tone of feeling, 270 f.; good old manners, 271 f.; parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273; misrule of provincial administration, 275; misrule in towns, 276; clinging to memories of past, 280; religion, 280; worship of pedigrees, 280 f.; language--archaism and barbarism, 281 f.; great families, 283 f.; career of state-offices, 284 f.; personal service of the emperor, 285; municipal administration, 285; Plutarch on its duties, 286; games, universal interest in, 287-290; municipal ambition, its honours and toils, 290 f.; trade and commerce, 292 f.; roads, 294; piratic invasions, i. 245 f.; description of Greece from the time of Constantius, i. 293 _n._

Greek islands, places of punishment, i. 343.

Gregorius Nazianzenus, i. 333.

Hadrianoi, i. 328.

Hadrianus: Hadrian’s wall, i. 186; disaster at Eburacum, 188 _n._; Panhellenism at Athens, 266; grants to Athens, 277 f.; his _Novae Athenae_, 278; Olympieion, 278; evacuates Assyria and Mesopotamia, and restores Armenia as vassal-state, ii. 71, 72; Jewish rising under, 223 f.; lays out Antinoopolis, 236; gives exceptional right of coining, 237; alleged letter to Servianus, 256 _n._ “Hadrian’s road” in Egypt, 297 _n._

Haedui, i. 80, 99.

Hairanes, Septimius, ii. 97 _n._

Harmozika, ii. 64.

Hasmonaeans, ii. 161.

Hatra, ii. 69, 78, 79, 89.

Haurân, red soil, ii. 144; mountain-pastures, 145; cave-towns, 147; robbers, 147 _n._; bilingual inscriptions, 148 _n._; forts, 153; agriculture, 154; Ledjâ, 154; aqueducts, 155; buildings, 156.

Hebron, ii. 213.

Hecatompylos, ii. 4.

Heliopolis, ii. 121, 123.

Helladarch, i. 255, 265 _n._, 344 _n._

Hellenism and Panhellenism, i. 252 f.

Helvetii, i. 27, 92, 93, 99, 117, 119, 128; “Helvetian desert,” 152.

Hemesa, ii. 103, 106, 109 f.; oil-presses near, 136 _n._

Heraclea (Chersonesus), i. 305, 312; coins of, 315 _n._

Hercules in Gaul, i. 106.

Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. 366 _n._

Hermunduri, i. 31, 38, 150 f., 158, 214 f.

Herod the Great, ii. 176 f.; confirmed by Antonius as tetrarch, 177; king of Judaea, 178; under Augustus, 179; government in relation to the Romans, 179 f.; in relation to the Jews, 180; character and aims, 180 f.; energy of his rule, 182; extent of his dominions, 182; partition of his kingdom, 183; revenues of, 187 _n._; territory beyond the Jordan, ii. 146 f.; represses brigandage, 147.

Herod Agrippa I., ii. 49, 191, 194 f., 200.

Herod Agrippa II., ii. 152, 171, 173 _n._, 181, 183, 207, 208, 209, 219.

Herod Antipas, ii. 150.

Herod of Chalcis, ii. 201.

Herodes Atticus, i. 281, 282, 283 _n._, 284.

Herodians, ii. 218.

Heroonpolis, ii. 261.

Heruli, i. 246 f.

Hiera Sycaminos, ii. 276 _n._

Hieronymus, i. 101.

Hilary of Poitiers, opinion of his countrymen, i. 83.

Hippalus, ii. 299.

Hippo, ii. 310, 319, 328, 339.

Homerites, ii. 286 f.; coinage, 287 f., 290; later fortunes, 294; united with kingdom of Axomites, 295 _n._; commercial intercourse of, 296.

Homonadenses, i. 335 f.

Hordeonius Flaccus, i. 132.

Hyginus, i. 75.

Hypatia, murder of, ii. 265.

Hyrcanus, ii. 174, 175 _n._, 177, 179.

Iapydes, i. 9.

Iazyges, i. 216, 220, 230, 234.

Iberians, range and language, i. 69; Romanising, 69 f.; north of Pyrenees, 79; coinage, 79 _n._

Iceni, i. 179.

Iconium, i. 336 f.

_Idiologus_, ii. 247 _n._

Idumaea, ii. 213, 214.

Igel column, i. 115 f.

Igilgili, ii. 324.

Illyrian stock, i. 199 f.; range and character, 199 f.; admixture of Celtic elements, 200 f.

Illyricum, relation to Moesia, i. 14 _n._; erection and extent of province, 20 f.; rising in, 39; administrative subdivision, 195, 201; excellence of Illyrian soldiers, 250 f.; Illyrian emperors, 251.

India, commercial intercourse with, ii. 300 f.

Indus, region of, ii. 13 f.

Inguiomerus, i. 52, 60, 61.

Insubres, i. 91.

Iol (Caesarea), ii. 311, 321.

Iran, empire of: Iranian stocks and rule, ii. 1 f.; religion, 9 f.; Bactria bulwark of Iran, 18. _See_ Persia.

Irenaeus, i. 101.

Isauria, i. 334 f., 337.

Isca, camp of, i. 178, 193.

Isidorus (leader of “herdsmen”), ii. 262.

Isidorus, geographer, ii. 39.

Isis, i. 280; ii. 266.

Istachr; _see_ Persepolis.

Isthmus of Corinth, piercing of, i. 294.

Istria, i. 200.

Istros, i. 239.

Istropolis, i. 13.

_Itala_ version of Bible, by whom prepared, ii. 343 _n._

Italica, i. 67.

Italicus, i. 146.

Italy, northern frontier of, i. 7 f.; ceases to be military, 251.

Ivernia, i. 178, 182, 184.

Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46, 167.

Jahve, ii. 160, 161, 169.

Jamblichus, ii. 76 _n._, 123 _n._, 131.

Jannaeus Alexander, ii. 162.

Jerusalem, standing garrison, ii. 186; destruction of, 215, 218; colony of Hadrian, 224 _n._ _See_ Judaea.

Jews: Jewish traffic, ii. 141 f.; Pariah position in Rome, 142 f.; Diaspora, 142, 162 f.; at Alexandria, 162 _n._, 163; at Antioch, 163; in Asia Minor, 163 _n._; Greek language compulsory, 163 f.; retention of nationality, 164 f.; self-governing community in Alexandria, 165; extent of the Diaspora, 166 f.; proselytism, 166 f.; Hellenising tendencies, 167; Jewish-Alexandrian philosophy, 168; Neo-Judaism, 168 f.; fellowship of, as a body, 169 f.; Philo, 170; Roman government and Judaism, 171 f.; policy of Augustus, 171 f.; of Tiberius, 172; treatment in the West, 172; and in the East, 173 f.; treatment by Gaius, 191 f.; Jew-hunt at Alexandria, 192 f.; statue of emperor in the Temple, 194 f.; impression produced by the attempt, 195; hatred of emperor-worship depicted in the Apocalypse, 196-198 _n._; treatment by Claudius, 199 f.; preparations for the insurrection, 201 f.; high-priestly rule, 202; Zealots, 203 f.; outbreak in Caesarea, 205 f.; and in Jerusalem, 206 f.; struggle of parties, 208 f.; extension of the war, 209; war of Vespasian, 210 f.; forces, 211 _n._; first and second campaigns, 213; Titus against Jerusalem, 213; task of assailants, 214 f.; destruction of Jerusalem, 215; breaking up of Jewish central power, 216; central worship set aside, 216 f.; tribute transferred to Capitoline Jupiter, 217 f.; territory becomes domain-land, 218 _n._; further treatment, 219 f.; consequences of catastrophe, 220; Palestinian Jews, 220 f.; rising under Trajan, 221; under Hadrian, 223, 225 _n._; position in second and third centuries, 225 f.; toleration of worship, 226; corporative unions, 226 f.; patriarchs, 227 _n._; exemptions from, and obligations to, public services, 227, 228 _n._; circumcision prohibited, 228 _n._; altered position of Jews and altered character of Judaism in the imperial period, 229, 230.

John of Gischala, ii. 214.

Joppa, ii. 175 _n._, 176.

Josephus, on cave-towns of Haurân, ii. 147; account of Titus’s council of war, 217 _n._; value of statements in the preface to his History of the Jewish War, ii. 205 _n._

Jotapata, ii. 212.

Juba I., ii. 308.

Juba II., ii. 312, 313, 338 _n._; his Collectanea, ii. 39, 293 _n._

Judaea: distinction between Jewish land and Jewish people, ii. 160; priestly rule under Seleucids, 160 f.; kingdom of Hasmonaeans, 161; Pharisees and Sadducees, 161; under the republic, 174; Caesar’s arrangements, 175 f.; freedom from dues, 175 _n._; Parthians in Judaea, 177 f.; under Herod, 180-182; under Archelaus, 183 f.; Roman province, 184, 185 _n._; provincial organisation, 186; military force in, 186; tribute, 186 f.; native authorities, 187; deference to Jewish scruples, 189 f.; the Jewish opposition, 190 f. _See also_ Jews.

Judaism; _see_ Jews _and_ Judaea.

Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198.

Jugurtha, war with, ii. 307.

Julianus defeats Dacians at Tapae, i. 220.

Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley-wine, i. 108; reply to “beard-mockers” of Antioch, ii. 135.

Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. 115.

_Juridicus_, ii. 247 _n._

Jurisprudence, studied at Berytus, ii. 130.

Juthungi, i. 161, 166.

Kainepolis, ii. 75 _n._

Kanata and Canatha, ii. 146 _n._

Kanerku, ii. 16, 17 _n._

Kerykes, i. 246, 281.

King of kings, ii. 11.

Labeo, Claudius, i. 136.

Labienus, Quintus, ii. 22, 23.

Lachares, i. 283.

Lactantius, ii. 345.

Lactora, i. 97 _n._

Laetus, ii. 79.

Lagids, government of, ii. 238; finance of, 239 f., 241.

Lambaesis, ii. 319.

Lancia, i. 66.

Langobardi, i. 35, 37, 146, 230.

Laodicea, i. 327, 360; ii. 130.

Larisa, i. 298.

_Latifundia_, ii. 334.

Latin version of Bible, ii. 343 _n._

Latobici in Carniola, i. 200.

Latro, Marcus Porcius, i. 76.

Lauriacum, i. 198.

Leagues of Greek cities, i. 259, 264 _n._; diets, 264 f.

Lentulus, Gnaeus, Dacian war, i. 42.

Leptis, Great, ii. 316, 326, 327, 328.

Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 291.

_Leuga_, i. 103.

_Lex Julia_ II., i. 10.

Libanius, description of Antioch, ii. 129 _n._

Library of Alexandria, ii. 271 f.

Libyans, ii. 304, 317.

Licinianus, Valerius, i. 76.

_Limes_, meaning of, i. 122 _n._; _Limes Germaniae_, 122 f.; Upper Germanic, 154 f.; _Raetiae_, 155 f.; construction of, 156, 197; object and effect of these structures, i. 157-160.

Lindum, i. 182.

Linen, Syrian, ii. 137, 138; Egyptian, 254 _n._

Lingones, i. 102, 139, 140; testament of man of rank among, i. 107.

_Logistae_, i. 353.

Lollius, Marcus, defeat of, i. 26.

Londinium, i. 177, 180, 192.

Longinus (Pseudo-), on the Sublime, ii. 168, 231.

Lucanus, i. 76.

Lucian of Commagene, ii. 131; on the Syrian goddess, 134 _n._; (Pseudo-), parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273 f.

Lugii, i. 37, 215, 220.

Lugudunum, i. 87-90.

Lusitania, i. 63, 64; towns with burgess-rights in, 68.

Lutetia described by Julian, i. 109.

Lycia, i. 323 f., 333; Lycian cities-league, 333.

Lydius, robber-chief, i. 337.

Lysimachia, i. 303, 322 _n._

Macedonia, frontier of, i. 11 f.; extent under the empire, 298 f.; nationalities, 299 f.; Greek polity, 300 f.; diet, 300; economy, roads and levy, 301 f.; Macedonians at Alexandria, ii. 164, 165 _n._

Machaerus, ii. 215.

Macrianus, Fulvius, ii. 102 _n._, 103.

Macrinus, ii. 88.

Mactaris, ii. 339 _n._

Madaura, ii. 341.

Madeira, dyeworks at, ii. 323, 338 _n._

Maeates, i. 189.

Magians, ii. 10, 84.

Magnesia on Maeander, i. 325, 329.

Malchus, ii. 151.

Mamaea, ii. 90.

Marble quarries, i. 292.

Marcianopolis, i. 308, 310.

Marcomani, i. 27; retire to Bohemia, 29; isolated, 31; under Maroboduus, 37, 60 f.; under Roman clientship, 214 f.; war under Marcus Aurelius, 229 f.; invasion of Italy, 231; pestilence, 231; progress of war, 232; submission of Quadi, 233; terms of, 234; second war, 235; results, 235 f.; conclusion of peace by Commodus, 236.

Mareades, ii. 101 _n._

Margiane (Merv), ii. 18.

Mariaba, ii. 287 _n._, 292, 295.

Mariamne, ii. 177, 181.

Mariccus, i. 129.

Marmarica, ii. 315.

Marnus, temple of, ii. 133.

Maroboduus, i. 37, 43, 48, 60 f.

Marsi, i. 51.

Martialis, Valerius, i. 76.

Mascula, ii. 319.

Massada, ii. 215.

Massilia, i. 78, 79, 86, 110.

Massinissa, ii. 305, 309.

Mattiaci, i. 33, 133, 149 _n._

Mauretania, Roman dependency, ii. 308; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; Roman civilisation in, 320 f.; Gaetulian wars, 322; incursions of Moors into Spain, 324 _n._; colonisation of Augustus, 333; large landed estates, 333 f.

Mauri, ii. 304.

Maximianus, Galerius, ii. 114.

Maximinus, expedition into heart of Germany, i. 162; Mesopotamia falls to Ardashir, ii. 91.

Maximus, Terentius, ii. 65.

Mazices, ii. 303, 324.

Media, ii. 4, 6, 10.

Mediolanum, i. 91.

Mediomatrici, i. 141.

Megasthenes sent to India, ii. 130.

_Megistanes_, ii. 5 f.

Meherdates, ii. 46.

Mela, Pomponius, i. 76.

Menahim, ii. 208.

Menecrates, physician, i. 366 _n._

Menippus of Gadara, ii. 131.

Meroe, ii. 275, 277.

Mesembria, i. 305.

Mesene, ii. 68.

Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians, ii. 21; Vologasus in, 55; occupied by Trajan, 68; revolt of Seleucia and siege, 68 f.; Roman province, 68, 70 f.; evacuated by Hadrian, 72; again Roman province under Severus, 79; battle of Nisibis, 88; falls to Ardashir, 91; reconquered by Gordian, 91; but ceded by Philippus, 92; struggle under Valerian, 100; action of Odaenathus, 104; once more Roman under Carus, 113 _n._; invaded by Narseh, but recovered by Diocletian, 113-115.

Messalla, Marcus Valerius, vanquishes the Aquitanians, i. 80.

Minaeans, ii. 285 _n._, 286 _n._, 290, 295.

Minnagara, ii. 15, 16 _n._

Minucius, Felix, ii. 345.

Mithra, worship of, ii. 126.

Mithradates I., ii. 4, 5.

Mithradates, brother of Pharasmanes, ii. 43, 45, 46 _n._, 47.

Mithradates of Pergamus, i. 313, 340.

Moesia, i. 12; subjugation by Crassus, 13, 212; relation to Illyricum, 14 _n._; province, 22; Latin civilisation of, 213; legionary camps, 213 _n._, 218, 227; Greek towns in lower, 308 f.; mints in, 308 _n._

Mogontiacum, i. 32, 49, 118, 149, 168.

Mona, i. 178, 179, 180, 182.

Monachism cradled in Egypt, ii. 267.

Monaeses, ii. 24, 26, 28, 29, 31.

Monobazus of Adiabene, ii. 54.

Montanus, Votienus, i. 111.

Months, Persian names of, ii. 85 _n._; Palmyrene, 96 _n._

Morini, i. 80.

Mosaic pavements in Britain, i. 194.

Moselle valley, i. 115 f.

Museum of Alexandria, president of the, ii. 248 _n._; _savants_ of the, 268 f., 271 _n._, 272.

Musulamii, ii. 317, 318, 319 _n._

Muza, ii. 289, 296, 299 _n._

Muziris, ii. 301.

Myos Hormos, ii. 280, 288, 297, 298.

Nabata, ii. 275, 281, 282 _n._

Nabataea: language and writing, ii. 146; kingdom of Nabat, 148; its extent and power, 148 f.; Nabataean inscriptions, 148, 149 _n._; king subject to the Romans, 150; coins of, 150 _n._; Greek designations of magistrates, 181 f.; merged partly in Roman province of Arabia by Trajan, 152; worship, 153; Phylarchs, 154.

Naissus, i. 248.

Namara, stronghold of, ii. 153, 157.

Napoca, i. 228.

Narbo, i. 78 f., 86.

Narcissus, i. 175.

Naristae, i. 237.

Narona, i. 202.

Narseh, ii. 114 _n._

Nasamones, ii. 316.

Nattabutes, ii. 319 _n._

Naucratis, ii. 235 _n._, 236 _n._

Nauplia, i. 293.

Nauportus, i. 8, 198.

Neapolis, Flavia, ii. 218.

Necho, ii. 278.

Neckar, region of the, i. 152 f.

Negrin, oasis of, ii. 320.

Neith, sanctuary of, ii. 260.

Nelcynda, ii. 301.

Nemausus, i. 87; temples, 106; coins, 110.

Neocorate, i. 346 f.

_Neoi_, i. 353.

Neo-Judaism, ii. 269.

Neo-Platonism, ii. 126, 209.

Neo-Pythagoreanism, ii. 269.

Nero, report of Aelianus as to Moesia, i. 217; attempt to pierce the Isthmus of Corinth, 294; under Burrus and Seneca, ii. 49; aims of the government in the East, 50, 51; Parthian war under, 55 f.; intended Oriental expedition, 61 f.; Vologasus on Nero’s memory, 62; confiscations in Africa, 334; Pseudo-Nero, ii. 62, 64.

Nicaea, i. 245, 329.

Nicanor, Julius, buys back Salamis, i. 278.

Nicephorium, ii. 76, 94, 114.

Nicetes of Smyrna, i. 365.

Nicolaus of Damascus, ii. 167 f.

Nicomedia, i. 245, 329, 345; Dio’s address to, 330 _n._

Nicopolis, Epirot, i. 254, 295 f.

Nicopolis on Haemus, i. 240, 307.

Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria, ii. 274.

Niger, Pescennius, ii. 77, 78 _n._, 118.

Nile: Nile-flood, ii. 252, 253; Nile-route for commerce, 278.

Nisibis, ii. 68 f., 76, 78 _n._, 79, 115; battle at, 88, 91.

Nomes, constitution and distinctive features of, ii. 235 f.; agoranomy in, 235 f., 239 _n._; presidents of the nomes, 248 f.

Nonnus, epic of, ii. 268.

Noreia, i. 198.

Noricum, province of, i. 18, 196; Italising of, 197 f.; military arrangements, 198; townships, 199.

Novae, i. 227.

Novaesium, i. 132-136, 141, 142.

Novempopulana, i. 197.

Noviodunum, i. 87 _n._

Noviomagus, i. 119, 120.

Nubians, ii. 275, 278.

Numidians, ii. 304; Numidia in civil wars, 307; a province, 307, 310.

Obodas, ii. 150, 290.

Octavia, ii. 27, 32.

Odaenathus, Septimius, ii. 97 _n._

Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, ii. 103 _n._; campaign against Persians, 104 f.; assassination, 106 _n._

Odessus, i. 13, 315.

Odrysae, i. 11, 209 f., 304, 306 _n._

Oea, ii. 316, 327.

Oescus, i. 214, 309.

Ogmius, i. 104.

Olbia, i. 239, 242, 305, 310 _n._, 311.

Olympic games, i. 288 f.

Ombites, ii. 261, 262.

Onias, temple of, closed, ii. 217.

Ordovici, i. 178, 182.

Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23 f., 43.

Orontes valley, ii. 134, 141.

Osicerda, coin of, i. 70.

Osiris worship, ii. 266 _n._

Osrhoene, ii. 88.

Otho, defeat of, i. 128.

Oxus, ii. 83.

Pacorus I., son of Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23.

Pacorus, Parthian king in time of Trajan, ii. 65 _n._

Paetus, Lucius Caesennius, ii. 56 f.; capitulation at Rhandeia, 57 f.; recalled, 59.

Pahlavi language, ii. 11, 12 _n._, 85.

Palikars, i. 207.

Palma, Aulus Cornelius, ii. 152.

Palmyra, ii. 92 f.; predatory expedition of Antonius, 93; military independence, 93, 94 _n._; distinctive position, 93 f.; administrative independence, 95 f.; language, 95 f.; votive inscriptions, 96 _n._; magistrates, 96 f.; “Headman,” 97; official titles, 97 _n._; customs-district, 97 _n._; commercial position, 98; under Odaenathus, 103 f.; under Zenobia, 106-110; destruction, 111 f.; chronology, 111 _n._

Pamphylia, i. 324; coast towns, 333 f.; earlier rulers, 334; assigned to governor of its own, 336.

Panhellenism, i. 252 f.; Panhellenes, 265; Panhellenion of Hadrian, 266 _n._; letters of recommendation, 267 _n._; Olympia, 288 f.

Pannonia, province, i. 22; first Pannonian war, 22 f.; Dalmatio-Pannonian rising, 38 f.; military arrangements, 204 f.; urban development, 206 f.; camps advanced, 219; prosperity, 229.

Panopeus, i. 290.

Panopolis, ii. 235.

Panticapaeum, i. 305, 312, 313, 315 _n._, 316 f., 318, 319.

Papak, ii. 87 _n._

Papyrus, ii. 255 _n._

Paraetonium, ii. 235 _n._

Paropanisus, ii. 14.

Parthamaspates, ii. 69.

Parthia and Parthians, rule of, ii. 2 f.; Parthians Scythian, 3; regal office, 5; Megistanes, 5, 6 _n._; satraps, 6; as vassals, 7; Greek towns, 8; counterpart to Roman empire, 9; language, 11 f.; coinage, 12; extent of empire, 12 f.; wars between Parthians and Scythians, 18; Romano-Parthian frontier-region, 19; during the civil wars, 21; at Philippi, 22; in Syria and Asia Minor, 22; [Judaea, 177 f.]; seizure of Armenia, 45 _n._; occupation of Armenia, 47 f.; war under Nero, 55 f.; the East under the Flavians, 61 f.; coinage of pretenders, 65 _n._; war under Trajan, 65 f.; his oriental policy, 70 f.; reaction under Hadrian and Pius, 71 f.; war under Marcus and Verus, 74 f.; wars under Severus, 77 f.; wars of Severus Antoninus, 87; beginning of Sassanid dynasty, 80 f., 89; Partho-Indian empire, ii. 15 f., 17 _n._

Parthini, i. 9.

Parthomasiris, ii. 66 _n._, 67.

Patrae, i. 260 f., 292 f., 297.

Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 _n._

Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, ii. 130.

_Patronatus_, contracts of, ii. 329 _n._, 330 _n._

Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. 149 _n._

Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. 179 f., 181, 182; ii. 313, 323.

Pedigrees, i. 287 f.

Pentapolis, Pontic, i. 308 f.; coinage of, 309.

Pergamus, i. 326, 329, 345, 350.

Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83.

Persian empire, extent of, ii. 1 f.; _see_ Sassanids.

Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 _n._; king of, 7; royal dynasty, Sassanids, 81.

Pertinax, Helvius, i. 233.

Petra, client-state of Nabat, ii. 65; residence of king, 148; traffic-route, 151 _n._, 288; constitution under Hadrian, 155; structures of, 156; rock-tombs, 157.

Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. 276.

Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, ii. 194.

Pessinus, i. 341, 342 _n._

Phanagoria, i. 315, 319.

Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43, 47, 53.

Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73.

Pharisees, ii. 161, 183, 188, 208.

Pharnaces, i. 312, 339.

Pharnapates, ii. 23.

Pharsalus, i. 298 _n._

Phasael, ii. 177 f.

Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. 360.

Philadelphia (in Syria), ii. 146.

Philae, ii. 276, 278.

Philhellenism of the Romans, i. 276 f.

Philippi, i. 301, 303.

Philippopolis, i. 211, 232, 260, 304, 307.

Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed emperor, ii. 91 f.; cession of Euphrates frontier, 92.

Philo, Neo-Judaism, ii. 170; deputations to Gaius, 193; silence accounted for, 196 _n._

Phoenician language in Africa, ii. 326 f., 328 _n._

Phraataces, ii. 39.

Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38.

Phrygia, Great, i. 325; language, i. 328; coins and inscriptions, 328.

Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 _n._

_Picti_, i. 189.

Piracy in Black Sea, i. 242 f.; expeditions to Asia Minor and Greece, 245 f.; in Pisidia, 334 f.; in Red Sea, ii. 298.

Piraeus, i. 278, 293.

Pirustae, i. 41.

Pisidia, independence, i. 334; subdued by Augustus, 335; Pisidian colonies, 336; brigandage in, 351.

Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. 24 f.

Pityus, i. 242, 243 f.

Pius, Cestius, i. 365.

Plataeae, i. 266 _n._, 267 _n._

Plautius, Aulus, i. 175, 177.

Plotinus, ii. 126.

Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. 272; account of his countrymen, 272; on population of Greece, 268; character of, 274 f.; view of municipal duties, 286, 290.

Poetovio, i. 18, 23, 205, 206.

Polemon, i. 313; ii. 24, 35.

_Polis_ and _Nomos_, ii. 237.

Politarchs, i. 300 _n._

Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48.

Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. 233.

Pompeiopolis, ii. 102.

Pontus, province organised by Pompeius, i. 331 f.; annexation of kingdom of, ii. 61.

Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167.

Porphyrius, ii. 126.

Portus, mariners’ guild at, ii. 257 _n._

Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133.

Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, proclaimed emperor in Gaul,