li. 20: τοῖς ξένοις, Ἕλληνας σφᾶς ἐπικαλέσας, ἑαυτῷ τινα, τοῖς μὲν

Ἀσιανοῖς ἐν Περγάμῳ, τοῖς δὲ Βιθυνοῖς ἐν Νικομηδείᾳ τεμενίσαι ἐπέτρεψε.]

[238: Besides the Galatarchs (Marquardt, _Staatsverw._ i. 515) we meet in Galatia even under Hadrian Helladarchae (_Bull. de corr. Hell._ vii. 18), who can only be taken here like the Hellenarchs in Tanais (p. 315, note 2).]

[239: The συνέδριον τῶν ἐννέα δήμων (Schliemann, _Troia_, 1884, p. 256) calls itself elsewhere Ἰλιεῖς καὶ πόλεις αἱ κοινωνοῦσαι τῆς θυσίας καὶ τοῦ ἀγῶνος καὶ τῆς πανηγύρεως (_ib._ p. 254). Another document of the same league from the time of Antigonus is given in Droysen, _Hellenismus_, ii. 2, 382 ff. So too other κοινά are to be taken, which refer to a narrower circle than the province, such as the old one of the thirteen Ionic cities, that of the Lesbians (Marquardt, _Staatsverw._ i. p. 516), that of the Phrygians on the coins of Apamea. These have also had their magisterial presidents, as indeed there has recently been found a Lesbiarch (Marquardt, _l.c._), and likewise the Moesian Hellenes were under a Pontarch (p. 308). Yet it is not improbable that, where the archonship is named, the league is more than a mere festal association; the Lesbians as well as the Moesian Pentapolis may have had a special diet, over which these officers presided. On the other hand the κοινὸν τοῦ Ὑργαλέου πεδίου (Ramsay, _Cities and bishoprics of Phrygia_, p. 10), which stands alongside of several δῆμοι, is a quasi-community destitute of civic rights.]

[240: The composition of the diets of Asia Minor is most clearly apparent in Strabo's account of the Lyciarchy (xiv. 3, 3, p. 664) and in the narrative of Aristides (_Or._ 26, p. 344) as to his election to one of the Asiatic provincial priesthoods.]

[241: See examples for Asia, _C. I. Gr._ 3487; for Lycia, Benndorf, _Lyk. Reise_, i. p. 71. But the Lycian federal assembly designates the years not by the Archiereus but by the Lyciarch.]

[242: Tacitus, _Ann._ iv. 15, 55. The town which possesses a temple dedicated by the diet of the province (the κοινὸν τῆς Ἀσίας κ. τ. λ.) bears on that account the honorary predicate of the "(imperial) temple-keeper" (νεωκόρος); and, if one of them has several to show, the number is appended. In this institution one may clearly discern how the imperial worship obtained its full elaboration in Asia Minor. In reality the _neocorate_ is general, applicable to any deity and any town; titularly, as an honorary surname of the town, it meets us with vanishing exceptions only in the imperial cultus of Asia Minor--only some Greek towns of the neighbouring provinces, such as Tripolis in Syria, Thessalonica in Macedonia, participated in it.]

[243: However little the original diversity of the presidency of the diet and the provincial chief-priesthood for the cultus of the emperor can be called in question, yet not merely in the case of the former does the magisterial character of the president, still clearly recognisable in Hellas, whence the organisation of the κοινά generally proceeds, fall completely into the shade in Asia Minor, but here in fact, where the κοινόν has several ritual centres, the Ἀσιάρχης and the ἀρχιερεὺς τῆς Ἀσίας seem to have amalgamated. The president of the κοινόν never bears in Asia Minor the title of στρατηγός, which sharply emphasises the civil office, and ἄρξας τοῦ κοινοῦ (p. 344, note) or τοῦ ἔθνους (_C. I. Gr._ 4380_ᵏ_⁴, p. 1168) is rare; the compounds Ἀσιάρχης, Λυκιάρχης, analogous to the Ἑλλαδάρχης of Achaia, are already in Strabo's time the usual designation. That in the minor provinces, like Galatia and Lycia, the Archon and the Archiereus of the province remained separate, is certain. But in Asia the existence of Asiarchs for Ephesus and Smyrna is established by inscriptions (Marquardt, _Staatsverw._ i. 514), while yet according to the nature of the institution there could only be one Asiarch for the whole province. Here, too, the Agonothesia of the Archiereus is attested (Galen on Hippocrates _de part._ 18, 2, p. 567, Kühn: παρ' ἡμῖν ἐν Περγάμῳ τῶν ἀρχιερέων τὰς καλουμένας μονομαχίας ἐπιτελούντων), while it is the very essence of the Asiarchate. To all appearance the rivalries of the towns have here led to the result, that, after there were several temples of the emperor dedicated by the province in different towns, the Agonothesia was taken from the real president of the diet, and, instead, the titular Asiarchate and the Agonothesia were committed to the chief priest of each temple. In that case the Ἀσιάρχης καὶ ἀρχιερεὺς ιγʹ πόλεων is explained on the coins of the thirteen Ionic towns (Mionnet, iii. 61, 1), and on Ephesian inscriptions the same Ti. Julius Reginus may be named sometimes Ἀσιάρχης βʹ ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ (Wood, _Inscr. from the great theatre_, p. 18), sometimes ἀρχιερεὺς βʹ ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ (_ib._ n. 8. 14, similarly 9).--Only in this way, too, are the institutions of the fourth century to be comprehended. Here a chief priest appears in every province, in Asia with the title of Asiarch, in Syria with that of Syriarch, and so forth. If the amalgamation of the Archon and the Archiereus had already begun earlier in the province of Asia, nothing was more natural than now, on the diminution of the provinces, to combine them everywhere in this way.]

[244: _C. I. Gr._ 3902_ᵇ_.]

[245: Dio of Prusa, _Or._ 35, p. 66 R., names the Asiarchs and the analogous archons (he designates clearly their _Agonothesia_, and to it also point the corrupt words τοὺς ἐπωνύμους τῶν δύο ἠπείρων τῆς ἑσπέρας ὅλης, for which probably we should read τῆς ἑτέρας ὅλης) τοὺς ἁπάντων ἄρχοντας τῶν ἱερέων. There is, as is well known, an almost constant absence in the designation of the provincial priests of express reference to the worship of the emperors; there was good reason for that absence, if they were expected to play in their spheres the part of the Pontifex Maximus in Rome.]

[246: Maximinus for this purpose placed military help at the disposal of the chief priest of the individual province (Eusebius, _Hist. Eccl._ viii. 14, 9); and the famous letter of Julian (_Ep._ 49, comp. _Ep._ 63) to the Galatarch of the time gives a clear view of his obligations. He is to superintend the whole religious matters of the province; to preserve his independence in contradistinction to the governor, not to dance attendance upon him, not to allow him to appear in the temple with military escort, to receive him not in front of, but in, the temple, within which he is lord and the governor a private man. Of the subsidies which the government has settled on the province (30,000 bushels of corn and 60,000 sextarii of wine), he is to expend the fifth part on the poor persons who become clients of the heathen priests, and to employ the rest otherwise on charitable objects; in every town of the province, if possible, with the aid of private persons, to call into existence hospitals (ξενοδοχεῖα), not merely for heathens, but for everybody, and no longer to allow the Christians the monopoly of good works. He is to urge all the priests of the province by example and exhortation generally to maintain a religious walk, to avoid the frequenting of theatres and taverns, and in particular to frequent the temples diligently with their family and their attendants, or else, if they should not amend their ways, to depose them. It is a pastoral letter in the best form, only with the address altered, and with quotations from Homer instead of the Bible. Clearly as these arrangements bear on their face the stamp of heathenism already collapsing, and certainly as in this extent they are foreign to the earlier epoch, the foundation at any rate--the general superintendence of the chief priest of the province over matters of worship--by no means appears as a new institution.]

[247: This troop, according to its position in Josephus, _Bell. Jud._ ii. 16, 4, between the provinces of Asia and Cappadocia not provided with garrisons, can only be referred to Galatia. Of course it furnished also the detachments, which were stationed in the dependent territories on the Caucasus, at that time--under Nero--apparently also those stationed on the Bosporus itself, in which, it is true, also the Moesian corps took part (p. 318).]

[248: Praetorian _stationarius Ephesi_, _Eph. epigr._ iv. n. 70. A soldier _in statione Nicomedensi_, Plin. _ad Trai._ 74. A legionary centurion in Byzantium, _ib._ 77, 78.]

[249: In the municipal matters of Asia Minor everything occurs except what relates to arms. The Smyrnaean στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ὅπλων is of course a reminiscence equally with the cultus of Herakles ὁπλοφύλαξ (_C. I. Gr._ 3162).]

[250: The Eirenarch of Smyrna sends out these _gens d'armes_ to arrest Polycarp: ἐξῆλθον διωγμῖται καὶ ἱππεῖς μετὰ τῶν συνήθων αὐτοῖς ὅπλων, ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν τρέχοντες (_Acta mart._, ed. Ruinart, p. 39). That they had not the armour of soldiers proper, is also elsewhere remarked (_Ammian._ xxvii. 9, 6: _adhibitis semiermibus quibusdam_--against the Isaurians--_quos diogmitas appellant_). Their employment in the Marcomanian war is reported by the biographer of Marcus, c. 26: _armavit et diogmitas_, and by the inscription of Aezani in Phrygia, _C. I. Gr._ 3031 _a_ 8 = Lebas-Waddington, 992: παρασχὼν τῷ κυρίῳ Καίσαρι σύμμαχον διωγμείτην παρ' ἑαυτοῦ.]

[251: In Cnidus (_Bull. de corr. Hell._ vii. 62), in the year 741-742 U.C. {13-12.}, some apparently respectable burgesses had during three nights assailed the house of one with whom they had a personal feud; in repelling the attack one of the slaves of the besieged house had killed one of the assailants by a vessel thrown from the window. The occupants of the besieged house were thereupon accused of manslaughter, but, as they had public opinion against them, they dreaded the civic tribunal and desired the matter to be decided by the verdict of the emperor Augustus. The latter had the case investigated by a commissioner, and acquitted the accused, of which he informed the authorities in Cnidus, with the remark that they would not have handled the matter impartially, and directed them to act in accordance with his verdict. This was certainly, as Cnidus was a free town, an encroachment on its sovereign rights, as also in Athens appeal to the emperor and even to the proconsul was in Hadrian's time allowable (p. 262, note 2). But any one who considers the state of things as to justice in a Greek town of this epoch and of this position, will not doubt that, while such encroachment gave doubtless occasion to various unjust decisions, it much more frequently prevented them.]

[252: The Gerusia often mentioned in inscriptions of Asia Minor has nothing but the name in common with the political institution founded by Lysimachus in Ephesus (Strabo, xiv. 1, 21, p. 640; Wood, _Ephesus, inscr. from the temple of Diana_, n. 19); its character in Roman times is indicated partly by Vitruvius, ii. 8, 10; _Croesi (domum) Sardiani civibus ad requiescendum aetatis otio seniorum collegio gerusiam dedicaverunt_, partly by the inscription recently found in the Lycian town Sidyma (Benndorf, _Lyk. Reise_, i. 71), according to which council and people resolve, as the law requires, to institute a Gerusia, and to elect to it 50 Buleutae and 50 other citizens, who then appoint a gymnasiarch for the new Gerusia. This gymnasiarch, who meets us elsewhere, as well as the Hymnode of the Gerusia (Menadier, _qua condic. Ephesii usi sint_, p. 51), are, among the office-bearers of this body known to us, the only ones characteristic of its nature. Analogous, but of less estimation, are the _collegia_ of the νέοι, which also have their own gymnasiarchs. To the two overseers of the places of gymnastic exercise for the grown-up citizens the gymnasiarchs of the Ephebi form the contrast (Menadier, p. 91). Common repasts and festivals (to which the Hymnodes has reference) were of course not wanting, particularly in the case of the Gerusia. It was not a provision for the poor, nor yet a _collegium_ reserved for the municipal aristocracy; but characteristic for the mode of civil intercourse among the Greeks, with whom the gymnasium was nearly what the citizens' assembly-rooms are in our small towns.]

[253: The milestones begin here with Vespasian (_C. I. L._ iii. 306), and are thenceforth numerous, particularly from Domitian down to Hadrian.]

[254: This is most clearly shown by the road-constructions executed in the senatorial province of Bithynia under Nero and Vespasian by the imperial procurator (_C. I. L._ iii. 346; _Eph._ v. n. 96). But even in the case of the roads constructed in the senatorial provinces of Asia and Cyprus the senate is never named, and the same may be assumed for them. In the third century here, as everywhere, the construction even of the imperial highways was transferred to the communes (Smyrna: _C. I. L._ iii. 471; Thyatira, _Bull. de corr. Hell._ i. 101; Paphos, _C. I. L._ iii. 218).]

[255: The Christians of the little town of Corycus in the Rough Cilicia were wont, contrary to the general custom, to append regularly in their tomb-inscriptions the station in life. On the epitaphs recovered there by Langlois and recently by Duchesne (_Bull. de corr. Hell._ vii. 230 ff.), there are found a writer (νοτάριος), a wine-dealer (οἰνέμπορος), two oil-dealers (ἐλεοπώλης), a green-grocer (λαχανοπώλης), a fruit-dealer (ὀπωροπώλης), two retail dealers (κάπηλος), five goldsmiths (αὐράριος thrice, χρυσόχοος twice), one of whom is also presbyter, four coppersmiths (χαλκότυπος once, χαλκεύς thrice), two instrument-makers (ἀρμενοράφος), five potters (κεραμεύς), of which one is designated as work-giver (ἐργοδότης), another is at the same time presbyter, a clothes-dealer (ἱματιοπώλης), two linen-dealers (λινοπώλης), three weavers (ὀθονιακός), a worker in wool (ἐρεουργός), two shoemakers (καλιγάριος, καλτάριος), a skinner (ἱνιοράφος, doubtless for ἡνιοράφος, _pellio_), a mariner (ναύκληρος), a mid-wife ( ἰατρινή); further a joint tomb of the highly reputable money-changers (σύσστεμα τῶν εὐγενεστάτων τραπεζιτῶν). Such was the look of things there in the fifth and sixth centuries.]

[256: This traffic attested for the fourth century (Ammianus, xxii. 7, 8; Claudianus in Eutrop. i. 59) is beyond doubt older. Of another nature is the fact, that, as Philostratus states (_Vita Apoll._ viii. 7, 12), the non-Greek inhabitants of Phrygia sold their children to the slave-dealers.]

[257: Συνεργασία τῶν λαναρίων (Wood, _Ephesus_, city, n. 4). On the inscriptions of Corycus (p. 359) Latin descriptions of artisans abound. The stair is called γράδος in the Phrygian inscriptions, _C. I. Gr._ 3900, 3902 _i_.]

[258: One of these is Xenophon son of Heraclitus of Cos, well known from Tacitus (_Ann._ xii. 61, 67) and Pliny, _H. N._ xxix. 1, 7, and from a series of monuments of his native place (_Bull. de corr. Hell._ v. 468). As physician-in-ordinary (ἀρχιατρός, which title first occurs here) to the emperor he acquired such influence that he combined with his medical activity the position of imperial cabinet-secretary for Greek correspondence (ἐπὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποκριμάτων; comp. Suidas _s. v._ Διονύσιος Ἀλεξανδρεύς), and he procured not merely for his brother and uncle the Roman franchise and posts as officers of equestrian rank, and for himself, besides the horse of a knight and the rank of officer, the decoration of the golden chaplet and the spear on occasion of the triumph over Britain, but also for his native place freedom from taxation. His tomb stands on the island, and his grateful countrymen set up statues to him and to his, and struck in memory of him coins with his effigy. He it is who is alleged to have put an end to Claudius, when dead-sick, by further poisoning, and accordingly, as equally valuable to him and to his successor, he is termed on his monuments not merely, as usual, "friend of the emperor" (φιλοσεβαστός), but specially friend of Claudius (φιλοκλαύδιος) and of Nero (φιλονέρων; so according to certain restoration). His brother, whom he followed in this position, drew a salary of 500,000 sesterces (£5000), but assured the emperor that he had only taken the position to please him, as his town-practice brought in to him 100,000 sesterces more. In spite of the enormous sums which the brothers had expended on Naples in particular, as well as on Cos, they left behind an estate of 30,000,000 sesterces (£325,000).]

[259: The document is given by Dittenberger, n. 349. Attalus II. made a similar endowment in Delphi (_Bull. de corr. Hell._ v. 157).]

[260: A physician of Smyrna, Hermogenes, son of Charidemus (_C. I. Gr._ 3311), wrote not merely 77 volumes of a medical tenor, but, in addition, as his epitaph tells, historical writings: on Smyrna, on the native country of Homer, on the wisdom of Homer, on the foundation of cities in Asia, in Europe, on the islands, itineraries of Asia and Europe, on stratagems, chronological tables on the history of Rome and of Smyrna. A physician of the imperial household, Menecrates (_C. I. Gr._ 6607), whose descent is not specified, founded, as his Roman admirers attest, the new logical and at the same time empiric medicine (ἰδίας λογικῆς ἐναργοῦς ἰατρικῆς κτίστης) in his writings, which ran to 156 volumes.]

END OF VOL. I.

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

* * * * *

INDEX

Abdagaeses, ii. 44.

Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 (under Severus).

Abrinca, rivulet, i. 119 _n._

Achaeans, diet, i. 264.

Achaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, 10; "seven houses," 6.

Achaia, province, i. 255 f. _n._; under the emperors, 260.

Acraephia, inscription, i. 265 _n._, 273 _n._

Actiads, i. 296 _n._

Actian games, i. 296 _n._

Adane, ii. 288 f.; destroyed, 293 f. _n._

Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 _n._, 88.

_Adiabenicus_, ii. 78 _n._

Adminius, i. 174.

Adrianopolis, i. 307.

Adulis, ii. 280, 281, 282, 296.

Aedemon, ii. 313.

Aegium, diet of, ii. 264 _n._

Aeizanas, ii. 284 _n._

Aelana, ii. 288.

Aemilianus, Marcus Aemilius, i. 241.

Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 251.

Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275-278; traffic, 278.

_Afer_, ii. 304 _n._

Africa, North, ii. 303; Berber stock, 303-305; Phoenician immigration, 306; government of republic, 306 f.; Caesar's policy, 307 f.; extent of Roman rule, 308 f.; no strict frontier, 309; province of, 310; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; physical conformation, 314; Africano-Numidian territory, 316 f.; war against Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317-320; Roman civilisation in Mauretania, 320 f.; continuance of Berber language, 325 f.; of Phoenician, 326 f.; coinage, 327 _n._; Latin language, 329; Phoenician urban organisation, 329; transformed into Italian, 331; number of towns, 331 _n._; Italian colonists, 332; large landed estates, 333 f.; husbandry, 336; corn supplied to Rome, 337; oil and wine, 337 f.; manufactures and commerce, 338 f.; prosperity, 339; roads, 339 f.; introduction of camels, 340; character and culture of people, 340 f.; scholasticism, 342; Christian literature, 343-345; Latin Scriptures, 343 f. _n._

Agonistic institutes, i. 289 _n._

_Agonothesia_, i. 347 _n._, 348 _n._

Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. 182-184, 194.

Agrippa; _see_ Herod Agrippa.

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on the Danube, i. 22; transference of Ubii, 25; combats in Gaul, 80.

Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. 218.

Agrippina (Cologne), i. 119.

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedition to Elbe, i. 31; dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34.

Ahuramazda, ii. 10 f., 84.

Alamanni, war with, i. 161 f., 163; raids, 166 f.

Alani, ii. 62 _n._, 64, 73, 74 _n._

Albani, ii. 72 f.

Alexander the Great, basing his empire on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120.

Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. 232.

Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, 26; installed king of Armenia, 33.

Alexander Severus, purchases peace in Germany, i. 162; murder, 162; ii. 91; character, 89 f.; war with Ardashir, 90 _n._; nicknamed "chief Rabbi," 263.

Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 350.

Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 242 _n._, 246 _n._

Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Palmyrenes, ii. 107, 108 _n._, 250; number and position of Jews, 165 _n._, 200 _n._, 267; Jew-hunt, 192, 193 _n._; deputations to Gaius, 193 f.; "Greek city," 235 f.; chief priest of, 238; exemptions and privileges, 240 _n._; libraries, 246, 271; chief officials, 248 _n._; distribution of corn, 251 _n._; Italian settlement in, 257; mariners' guilds, 257 _n._; comparison with Antioch, 262; Alexandrian Fronde, 263; nicknames, 263; tumults frequent and serious, 264 _n._, 265; worship, 265 f., 266 _n._; old cultus retaining its hold, 267; learned world, 267 f.; physicians and quacks, 268; scholar-life, 269 f.; Museum, 271 f., 272; labours of erudition, 271 f.; "jointure" of Greek science, 273; camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274.

Alexandria, in Troas, i. 326 f.

Alexandropolis, ii. 15.

Aliso, fortress, i. 34 f., 36; defence by Caedicius, 48.

Allegorical interpretation, Jewish, ii. 168 f.

Allobroges, i. 87, 88 _n._, 91.

Alps, subjugation, i. 15; military districts, 17 f.; roads and colonies, 19.

Amasia, i. 331.

Amâzigh, ii. 303.

_Ambubaia_, ii. 133.

Amida, ii. 115.

Amisus, i. 331 f.

Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, i. 254 _n._, 255 _n._

Amsivarii, i. 124.

Amyntas, i. 335 _n._; ii. 24, 37.

Ananias, ii. 102 f.

Ancyra, i. 341 _n._, 342 _n._

Anthedon, ii. 210.

Antigonea, ii. 127 _n._

Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175-178.

Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 _n._, 297 _n._

Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68; capture by the Persians (260), 101, 132; and by Aurelian, 109; creation of monarchic policy, 127; capital of Syria, 127; Daphne, 128; water supply, and lighted streets, 129 _n._; poverty of intellectual interests, 130; paucity of inscriptions, 132; exhibitions and games, 132; races, 132 _n._; immorality, 133; dissolute cultus, 134; fondness for ridicule, 134 f.; support of pretenders, 134; reception of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135; Jew-hunt at, 219.

Antioch in Pisidia, i. 336 f.

Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, 53; tomb of, 125; his buildings at Athens, i. 278.

Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196.

Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174-177.

Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to Clyde, i. 187 _n._; conflicts in Britain under, 188 _n._

Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.; position in 38 B.C., 23 f.; his army, 24; his aims, 24 f.; children by Cleopatra, 26 _n._; preparations for Parthian war, 26 f.; temperament, 27; Parthian war, 27 f.; resistance in Atropatene, 29; retreat, 30, 31; last years in the East, 32; dismisses Octavia seeking reconciliation, 33; punishes those blamed for his miscarriage, 33; attempt on Palmyra, 93; government in Alexandria, 232.

Apamea in Phrygia, i. 327.

Apamea in Syria, ii. 136, 141.

Aper, Marcus, i. 113.

Apharban, ii. 114.

Apion, ii. 193, 194 _n._

Apocalypse of John: conception of Roman and Parthian empires as standing side by side, ii. 1 _n._; pseudo-Nero of, 64 f.; directed against the worship of the emperors, 196, 197-199 _n._

Apollinaris, Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342.

Apollo, Actian, i. 295 f.

Apollonia, i. 201 f., 299.

Apollonius of Tyana, i. 350.

Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223.

Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342.

Appuleius, Pseudo-, Dialogue of the gods quoted, ii. 266 _n._

Apri, i. 306.

Apronius, Lucius, i. 125.

Apulum, i. 228.

Aquae Sextiae, i. 78, 81.

Aquileia, i. 197 f., 231, 233.

Aquincum, i. 228; contra-Aquincum, 249.

Aquitania, wars, i. 64, 80; coins, 79 _n._; province, 88; cantons of, 96.

Arabia, ii. 13; Roman, what it included, 143 f.; institution of province by Trajan, 152; west coast of, 284 f.; Homerites, 286 f.; Felix, 285, 289; policy of Augustus, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; state of the coast, 291 _n._; expedition of Gaius, 293 _n._; injury to its commerce, 293.

Arachosia, ii. 13, 15.

Aradus, ii. 138 _n._

Aramaic language, ii. 164.

Arbela, ii. 4, 88.

Archaism, Greek, i. 282 _n._

Archelaus of Cappadocia, ii. 41.

Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, ii. 183 f.

Architecture, Syrian, ii. 156 f.

Ardashir (Artaxares), ii. 81 _n._, 83 _n._, 84, 85, 89 _n._, 91.

Arelate, i. 86, 89; amphitheatre, 106.

Aretas, ii. 148 _n._, 149 f. _n._, 150 f.

Argentoratum, i. 119, 147, 159.

Ariarathes of Cappadocia, ii. 33.

Ariobarzanes, ii. 38, 39.

Aristobulus, of Chalcis, ii. 49.

Aristobulus, prince of Judaea, ii. 175 f.

Aristotle's recommendation to Alexander, ii. 241.

Armenia, ii. 6, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 f.; Parthian appanage for second son, 51, 60; Roman policy as to, 50-52; subdued by Corbulo, 53 f.; under Parthian prince vassal to Rome, 60 f.; Roman province under Trajan, 67 f., 70 f.; becomes again vassal-state, 72; Parthian invasion, 74 f., 80 _n._, 89 f., 92, 102, 104, 112 _n._, 113, 114 _n._, 115 _n._

Arminius, i. 43; defeat of Varus, 46 f.; combats with Germanicus, 54; attack on Maroboduus, 60 f.; desertion of Inguiomerus, 61; civil war and end, 62.

Arnobius, ii. 345.

Arrianus, Flavius, ii. 20 _n._, 73 _n._

Arsaces, founder of Parthian dynasty, ii. 3, 4, 6.

Arsaces, son of Artabanus, ii. 42.

Arsacids and their rule, ii. 3-12 _el._

Arsamosata, ii. 56, 59.

Arsinoe, ii. 280, 291 f.

Art, constructive, in Gaul, i. 115; in Syria, ii. 156 f.

Artabanus (III.), king of the Parthians, ii. 40-45.

Artabanus (IV.), ii. 87 f.

Artageira, ii. 40.

Artavazdes of Armenia, ii. 28-33.

Artavazdes of Atropatene, ii. 28, 29, 32.

Artaxares; _see_ Ardashir.

Artaxata, ii. 48, 53 f., 75.

Artaxes, ii. 33-38.

Artaxias of Armenia, ii. 42 f.

Asander, i. 312, 313 _n._

Ascalon, ii. 212.

Asia Minor: natives and colonists, i. 320; Hellenism, 321 f.; formation of new centres, 322; provinces of, 323; territories added to empire, 323 f.; senatorial and imperial government, 323 f.; changes in boundaries of provinces and vassal-states, 324 _n._; municipal vanity, 328 _n._; honorary Hellenism, 344; leagues of Hellenism, 343, 344 _n._; representatives, 344 _n._; land-diets and land festivals, 344 f.; provincial priests and Asiarchs, 345 f.; superintendence of emperor-worship, 348; system of religion, 350; public safety, 350; occupying force, 350 f.; justice in, 352 _n._; constitution of towns, 352 f.; clubs, 353; free autonomous communities, 354; urban life, 354 f.; prosperity, 354 f.; defects of municipal administration, 357; roads, 358 _n._; trade, 359 f.; commerce, 360; supplies teachers and physicians to Italy, 361, 365; literary activity, 362; instruction, 362; sophistic system, 362-366.

Asia, Roman: extent of province, i. 325; coast-towns, 325 f.; inland townships, 326 f.; position under Romans, 327; urban rivalries, 329 f.; legions in, ii. 63.

Asiarchs, i. 345-347 _n._

Asklepios, i. 350.

Asoka, ii. 13, 14 _n._

Astarte, ii. 331.

Astingi, i. 237.

Astures, i. 65, 71.

Asturica Augusta, i. 66.

Athens: privileged position, i. 254, 258; administration, 276 f.; possessions, 277; Hadrian's grants, 277 f.; street-riots, 279; state of the language, 281, 282 _n._

Atropatene, ii. 6, 19, 28 f., 33 f., 38.

Attalia, i. 334.

Augusta Emerita, i. 64 _n._

Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), i. 19 f.

Augusta Vindelicorum, i. 19, 20, 154, 196 f.

Augustamnica, ii. 298.

Augustan History, falsification as to Postumus, i. 164 _n._

Augustodunum, seat of Gallic studies, i. 112 f.

Augustinus, Aurelius, picture of Carthage, ii. 341; _Itala_, 343 _n._; _Confessions_, 345.

Augustus, the Emperor: expedition against Alpine tribes, i. 16; monument to, above Monaco, 17; roads or colonies in Alps, 19 f.; visit to Germany, 26; German policy and motives for changing it, 56-59; visits Spain, 64; organisation of towns there, 68 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; restricted franchise of Gauls, 98; altar at Lugudunum, 94; altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 97, 118; discharge of Batavian guards, 121; project of connecting Rhine and Danube, 148; projects as to Britain not carried out, 172; reasons for and against its occupation, 172; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; arrangements on the Danubian frontier, 195 f.; Illyricum subdued, 201; settlement of veterans in Dalmatia, 202; his Amphictiony, 254 f.; dealings with Greece, 261; treatment of Athens, 277; insurrection at, 279; foundation and privileges of Nicopolis, 294 f.; colonies in Macedonia, 301; pacification of Cilicia and Pisidia, 335 f.; diets and festivals for, in Asia Minor, 345; cancels debtors' claims there, 357; decorum of, ii. 26 _n._; first arrangements in East, 34 f.; policy open to him, 36; inadequate measures, 36 f.; in Syria (20 B.C.), 37 f.; mission of Gaius to East, 39; Nicolaus Damascenus on his youth, 168; treatment of the Jews, 171 f.; dealing with Herod's testament, 182, 184; attitude towards Jewish worship, 187; annexation of Egypt, 232 f., 239; Egyptian titles, 244; policy as to south-western Arabia, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; of Gaius, 293; repression of piracy in Red Sea, 298; colonisation in Mauretania, 333; death, i. 50.

Aurelianus, defeats the Juthungi, i. 166; combats with the Goths on Danube, 248 f.; against the Palmyrenes, ii. 108 f.; battle of Hemesa, 109 _n._, 110 _n._; destruction of Palmyra, 111 _n._

Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Germany under, i. 160; Chattan war, 161; Roman wall in Britain attacked, 188; Marcomanian war, 229 f.; his qualities, 232; progress of war, 232 f.; takes name of Germanicus, 234; terms laid down for the vanquished, 234; second war, 235; death, 235; Parthian war under Marcus and Verus, ii. 74 f.; embassy to China, 302.

Aures, ii. 317, 318, 320.

Ausonius, i. 109, 113, 114 _n._

Autonomy, idea of, ii. 120.

Autricum, i. 91.

Auzia, ii. 319, 325.

Aventicum, i. 129.

Avestâ, ii. 10.

Axidares, ii. 66 _n._

Axomis, kingdom of, ii. 281 _n._; extent and development, 282 f.; Rome and the Axomites, 284; envoys to Arvidian, 284; relation to piracy, 298.

Azania, ii. 289.

Bactra, ii. 14, 15 _n._, 18.

Bactro-Indian empire, ii. 14, 16 _n._

Baetica, i. 67; towns with burgess-rights, 68; exemption from levy, 73; Moors in, ii. 324.

Bagradas, ii. 336.

Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, ii. 315 _n._

Ballomarius, i. 230 _n._

Bâmanghati, coins found at, ii. 301 _n._

Baquates, ii. 324, 325 _n._

Bar-Kokheba, Simon, ii. 224 _n._

Barley-wine, i. 108 _n._

Barsemias of Hatra, ii. 78.

Barygaza, ii. 16 _n._, 300.

Basil of Caesarea, i. 333.

Bassus, Caecilius, ii. 21 f.

Bassus, Publius Ventidius, ii. 23, 27.

Bastarnae, i. 12, 217, 238.

Batanaea, ii. 144; _see_ Haurân.

Batavi, i. 26, 43, 97 _n._; settlements and privileges, 120; rising of Batavian auxiliaries, 129 f.; Civilis, 130; progress of the movement, 130 f.; its consequences, 143 f.; later attitude, 145.

Bato, the Dalmatian, i. 39, 41.

Bato, the Pannonian, i. 39-42.

Beads, glass, ii. 255.

Beer, i. 108.

Belatucadrus (Mars), i. 193.

Belgica, i. 85; division of command, 118 _n._

Belus, ii. 266.

Berbers, ii. 302 f.; type, 304, 305 _n._; language, 325 f.; organisation of _gentes_, 334 f.

Berenice, sister of Agrippa II., ii. 219.

Berenice, Trogodytic, ii. 280, 284 _n._, 286, 288, 297.

Beroe, i. 240.

Berytus, ii. 121; Latin island in the East, 130; factories in Italy, 139 _n._

Bescera, ii. 319.

Bessi, i. 12, 209 _n._

Bether, ii. 225.

Betriacum, i. 130, 143.

Biriparach, ii. 80.

Bithynia, i. 323, 324, 330; Greek settlements in, 330 f.; Hellenism of, 330 f.; place in literature, 331; Gothic raids, 245.

Bithyniarch, i. 346.

Blaesus, Quintus Junius, ii. 318.

Blemyes, ii. 250 _n._, 277 _n._, 278.

Bocchus, ii. 309, 310, 311 _n._

Boeotian league, i. 259, 265.

Bogud, ii. 308 f., 310, 311 _n._

Borani, i. 243, 245.

Bosporan kingdom, i. 242; Greek towns of, 244, 312; kings, 314 _n._; extent of, 314 f.; coins, 317 _n._, 318; titles, 316 _n._; military position, 316 f.; court, 318; trade and commerce, 319.

Bostra, ii. 95; plain around, 144 f.; legionary camp at, 153; importance of, 155; Hellenic basis, 155.

Boudicca, i. 179, 181.

Boule, the, in Egyptian cities, ii. 236 _n._

Bracara, i. 16.

Breuci, i. 23.

Brigantes, i. 178, 181, 182, 188.

Brigetio, i. 228.

Britain, Caesar's expedition, i. 170; designs of Augustus, 171; reasons for and against occupation, 172 f.; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; occasion for the war, 174; arrangements for occupation, 174 _n._; its course, 175 f.; Roman towns, 176 f.; resistance in West Britain, 177 f.; national insurrection, 179 f.; subjugation of the West, 180 f.; of the North, 182; Caledonia abandoned, 184; grounds for this policy, 184 f.; diversities of race, 185; fortifying of northern frontier, 186 f.; wars in second and third centuries, 188 f.; Roman fleet, 189; garrison and administration, 190; taxation and levy, 190 f.; communal organisation, 191; prosperity, 192; roads, 192; Roman manners and culture, 193; country houses, 194; scholastic training, 194.

Brixia, i. 191.

Bructeri, i. 36, 51, 133, 145.

Burdigala, i. 113.

Burebista, i. 10, 216, 220, 309 f.

Burgundiones, i. 167.

Buri, i. 221, 224.

Burnum, i. 203.

Burrus, ii. 206.

Busiris, ii. 251.

Buthrotum, i. 295.

Byzacene, ii. 336.

Byzantium, i. 246, 292, 305, 306 _n._, 308.

Cabinet-secretary, imperial, ii. 272 f.

Cadusians, ii. 88 _n._

Caecina, Aulus, governor of Moesia, i. 40 f.; march to the Ems, and retreat, 52 f.

Caedicius, Lucius, defence of Aliso, i. 48.

Caesar, Gaius Julius, measures for Dalmatian war, i. 7 f.; Romanising of southern Gaul, 86; policy as to cantons of Gaul, 92 f.; Britannic expedition and aims, 170; project of crossing Euphrates, ii. 22; arrangements as to Judaea, 175 f.; African policy, 307 f.; Italian colonists in Africa, 332.

Caesar, Gaius, mission to East, ii. 38 f.; meeting with Phraataces, 39; early death, 40.

Caesaraugusta, i. 68.

Caesarea in Cappadocia, i. 332; ii. 101 f.

Caesarea (Iol), province of, ii. 313, 314, 321.

Caesarea Paneas, ii. 65, 147, 151.

Caesarea Stratonis, ii. 182, 186 f.; insurrection, 205 f., 209 f.; obtains Roman organisation, 218.

Caesarion, ii. 25 _n._, 26 _n._

Caesian Forest, i. 124.

Calama, ii. 319 _n._, 329 _n._, 335 _n._

Calceus Herculis, ii. 319.

Caledonia abandoned, i. 184; probable grounds for this policy, 184 f.; under Severus, 189.

Caligula, Gaius Caesar, incapable of serious plans, i. 172; declines "great number" of statues, 291; the East under, ii. 45; pardons Aretas, 151; treatment of Jews, 191 f.; Jewish deputations to, 193 f.; orders his effigy to be set up in the Temple, 195; death, 195.

Callaecia, Roman, i. 63 f.; separated from Lusitania, 65.

Callistus, ii. 102 _n._, 103.

Calybe, i. 303, 305 _n._

Camalodunum, i. 170, 171, 175, 176, 180, 192 f.

Camels in Africa, ii. 340.

Camunni, i. 15 f.

_Canabae_, i. 168.

Canal, Egyptian, ii. 279, 280, 297 f.

Canatha, ii. 147; temple of Baalsamin, 156; "Odeon," 157.

Candace, ii. 275 _n._, 276, 277.

Cane, ii. 296.

Canius Rufus, i. 76.

Cannenefates, i. 36, 97 _n._, 121, 126 f., 131, 139, 141.

Canopus, ii. 258 _n._; decree of, 260.

Cantabri, i. 65, 66, 67.

Cantonal system of Spain, i. 71, 72 _n._; of Gaul, 90 f.; influence of, 94; cantons represented in diet, 95 _n._, 96 _n._; in Britain, 191.

Cappadocia, i. 323, 324; inland, 332; division into praefectures, 332; Greek accent of, 333; ii. 19, 41, 63.

Caracalla, Severus Antoninus, campaign against Alamanni, i. 162; named _Geticus_, 139; Parthian war, ii. 87; assassinated, 88; treatment of Alexandria, 263; uniting the vices of three races, 126, 340.

Caratacus, i. 175 f., 178.

Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 _n._

Carên, ii. 6, 46, 84.

Carnuntum, i. 23, 198, 206.

Carnutes, i. 91.

Carpi, i. 238 f.

Carrhae, ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, 114.

Carteia, i. 68.

Carthage, ii. 307, 330, 331, 341.

Carthage, New, i. 68.

Cartimandus, i. 182 f.

Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. 112 f.; death, 113.

Caspian gates, ii. 62 _n._

Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 _n._, 262.

Cassivellannus, i. 170.

Castra Regina, i. 197.

Cattigara, ii. 302.

Catualda, i. 61, 215.

Caucasian tribes, ii. 35, 36, 61, 68, 72 _n._, 73, 91 _n._

Cavalry recruited mainly from Gaul, i. 107.

Celtic inscriptions, i. 100 _n._; divinities, 104 f.; language; _see_ Gaul.

Cenomani, i. 91.

Census of Gaul, i. 84.

Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. 140 f., 142, 180, 183.

Cernunnos, i. 104.

Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 _n._

Chaeronea in the civil wars, i. 267.

Chalcedon, i. 245.

Chalcidian peninsula, i. 300.

Chandragupta, ii. 13.

Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 _n._

Charibael, ii. 294 _n._

Chariomerus, i. 146.

Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 240 _n._

Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295.

Chatti, i. 27, 28, 29, 51, 133; take the lead, 149; Chattan wars, 150 _n._; under Domitian, 151 _n._, 158; under Marcus, 161, 197, 230 f.

Chauci, i. 28, 29; renewed rising, 36, 43; settlements and attitude, 121; revolt, 125.

_Chemi_, ii. 251.

Chemmis, ii. 235.

Cherusci, i. 27, 28, 29; rising, 36; under Arminius, 43, 52, 60; later position, 146.

China, embassy to, ii. 302.

Chosroes, ii. 66.

Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135.

Chrestus, ii. 199 _n._

Christianity in Syria, ii. 126; Syriac Christian literature, 124; Christian symbols, 141; effect on Christians of destruction of Jerusalem, 220 f.; Christians not, like Jews, a nation, 226 _n._; Christianity and Judaism, 229 f.; Christians and the imperial cultus, i. 348; conception of the persecutions of the Christians, ii. 198 _n._

Chrysogonus, i. 245.

Cidamus, ii. 316.

Cilicia, i. 323, 324; piracy in, 334; becomes province, 334.

Cimbri, i. 37.

Cinithii, ii. 317.

Circesium, ii. 91, 95 _n._

Circumcision, ii. 224; prohibited, 228 _n._, 229.

Cirta, ii. 310, 311 _n._, 319, 332, 342.

Civilis, i. 130 f.; siege of Vetera, 133 f.; capitulation of Romans, 138; last struggles, 141 f.

Classieus, Julius, i. 137 f., 139.

Claudius I., emperor, a true Gaul, i. 98; cancels restriction of Gallic franchise, 99; rising of Chauci, 125; directs withdrawal from right bank of Rhine, 125; occupation of Britain, 172, 175 f.; Jazyges under, 216; re-establishes old arrangement in Greece, 276; policy of Claudius in the East, ii. 45; death, 49; policy towards the Jews, 199 f.; directs his works to be read publicly, 271.

Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, i. 247 f.; renewed fortifying of Danubian frontier, 248.

Cleopatra, ii. 25 _n._, 27, 178 f.

Clitae, i. 336.

Clubs, i. 353, 354 _n._, 356.

Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, 352 _n._

Cogidumnus, i. 176.

Colonate, i. 237.

Columella, i. 76.

Column of Trajan, i. 124 f.

Commagene, ii. 19; annexed, 41; kingdom revived by Gaius, 45; province, 63 _n._, 118.

Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. 188; frontier-regulation in Dacia, 228; character, 236; peace with Marcomani, 236.

Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140.

Coptic, ii. 244.

Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 _n._

Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Frisians, i. 125; directed to withdraw from right bank of Rhine, 125; sent to Cappadocia, ii. 49; character of troops, 50; offensive against Tiridates, 52; in Armenia, 53 _n._; capitulation of Paetus, 57 _n._, 58 _n._; conclusion of peace, 58-60; partiality of Tacitus's account, 57 _n._, 58 _n._, 60 _n._

Corduba in Latin literature, i. 75.

Corinth, treatment of, i. 257; Caesar's atonement, 260 f.

Corn drawn from Egypt, ii. 239 f.

_Correctores_, i. 279 f.

Corycus, epitaphs of Christians at, i. 359 _n._, 361 _n._

Costoboci, i. 242.

Cottius of Segusio, i. 16, 18.

Cotys, i. 210 _n._

Cragus-Sidyma, i. 355 f.

Cremna, i. 335, 337, 338.

Crete, i. 323, 324, 343.

Ctesiphon, ii. 3, 8, 28, 77, 79, 83, 113.

Cugerni, i. 33, 124 _n._

Cunobelinus, i. 171 _n._, 174, 175.

Cyprian, ii. 345.

Cyprus, i. 323, 324, 343; Jews in, ii. 221 f., 223, 226.

Cyrene, i. 323 f.; Pentapolis, 343; "peasants," 343; categories of population, ii. 165 _n._; Jewish rising in, 221, 223, 234 _n._

Cyzicus, i. 330, 348.

Dabel, ii. 149 _n._, 151.

Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dacian war, i. 10; internal troubles, 11; raid to Apollonia, 13; war of Lentulus, 42; Dacian language, 208; Daci under Tiberius, 217; war under Domitian, 219; chronology of it, 220 _n._; war under Trajan, 221 f.; second war, 222 f.; Dacia an advanced position, 228 f.; loss of Dacia, 241.

Daesitiatae, i. 38 f., 41.

Dalmatia, war, i. 8 f.; towns with Roman franchise, 10; Dalmato-Pannonian rising, 38 f.; Italian civilisation, 201; ports, 202; state of interior, 203; prosperity under Diocletian, 203 f.

Damascus, environs of, ii. 144; Greek, 146; under Nabataean protection, 148 _n._; relation to Aretas, 149 _n._; Jews in, 167; Jews put to death, 209.

Danava, ii. 95, 153.

Danube, region of, i. 21 f.; boundary of empire, 23, 195 f.; fleet, 205; army, 218 f.; military position after Trajan, 225; primacy of Danubian armies, 250.

Daphne, ii. 109; pleasure-garden, 128, 129 _n._

Dardani, i. 9, 12, 299.

Decapolis, ii. 146 _n._

Decebalus, i. 220 f., 223.

Decianus, i. 76.

Decianus Catus, i. 180.

Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, i. 240; conflicts with Goths and relief of Nicopolis, 240; death, 241.

Declamations in Gaul, i. 114.

_Decumates_ (_agri_), i. 152 _n._, 196 f.

Deiotarus, i. 339 f.

Dellius, ii. 32 _n._

Delminium, i. 203.

Delos, i. 258, 269; Delian inscriptions, ii. 257 f.

Dentheletae, i. 12.

Deultus, i. 307.

Deva, camp of, i. 178, 193.

Dexippus, i. 239 _n._, 241 _n._, 243 _n._, 246 _n._, 247 _n._, 281.

Diegis, i. 221.

Dio of Prusa, i. 268 f., 274, 293 _n._, 366 f.; address to Rhodians, i. 270 f.

Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and Salonae, i. 203 f.; Sarmatian victories, 250; Persian war under, ii. 110 f.; terms of peace, 115; revolt in Egypt, 251; edict, as to grain, 251 f.; as to linen, 254 _n._; resolves to cede the Dodecaschoinos to Nubians, 277 f.

Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. 250 _n._

Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 _n._

Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. 14, 24; Thracian god, 209.

Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296.

Dioscurias, i. 242.

Dmêr, ii. 149, 153.

Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 _n._, 277 _n._, 278 _n._

Dodona, i. 297 _n._

Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, ii. 318.

Domitianus: careful administration, i. 108; restricts number of vines, 108 f.; wars with the Chatti, 150 f.; construction of the "Flavian altars," 153; Dacian war, 219 f.; defeated by Marcomani, 221; gives urban rights to Philippopolis, 307.

Domitius Afer, Gnaeus, i. 111.

Double names in Egypt, ii. 244.

Drobetae, bridge at, i. 222.

Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. 104 f.; prohibited by Tiberius and Claudius, 105; schools of priests, 112; in Anglesey, 185.

Druidesses, i. 106.

Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Raeti, i. 16, 17; sent to the Rhine, 22; German war, 26 f.; expedition to North Sea, 28; death of, 29 f.; character, 26, 30; German tribes subdued, 123 f.

Dubnovellaunus, i. 171 _n._

Durocortorum, i. 89, 90.

Durostorum, i. 227, 309.

Dusaris, ii. 153; Dusaria, 153 _n._

Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. 233.

Dyme, letter of governor to, i. 237 _n._, 260 _n._

Dynamis, i. 313.

Dyrrachium, i. 201, 299, 301.

Earthquakes in Asia Minor, i. 358.

Eburacum, i. 183, 186, 193, 194.

Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28.

Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 102, 125 _n._

Education in Gaul, i. 112 f.; in Asia Minor, 362 f.; in Africa, ii. 341 f.

Egypt: annexation, ii. 232 f.; exclusively an imperial possession, 233 f.; twofold nationality, 234; land-districts and Greek cities, 235 f.; coinage, 237 _n._; absence of land-diet, 238; government of Lagids, 238 f.; imperial administration financially, 239 f.; revenues, 239 f.; privileged position of Hellenes, 240 f.; personal privileges in Roman period, 242; native language, 243; titles of Augustus in, 244 _n._; abolition of resident court, 244 f.; officials, general and local, 246-248; insurrections, 249; in the Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), 249 f.; revolt under Diocletian, 251; opposition emperors, 251; agriculture, 251; granary of Rome, 252 f.; revenue from imperial domains, 253 _n._, 254; trades, 254; linen, 254; papyrus, 255; building materials, 256; navigation of Mediterranean, 257 f.; population, 258; manners, 258 f.; religious customs, 259 f.; sorcery, 261; other abuses connected with the cultus, 261; revolt of the "Herdsmen," 261 f.; Alexandria, 262-273; strength of occupying army, 273 f.; recruited from camp-children, 274; task of the troops, 274; east coast and general commerce, 278 f.; canal, 279 f.; sea-route to India, 279; eastern ports, 280; relations with west coast of Arabia, 284 f.; land-routes and harbours, 297; piracy repressed, 298; active traffic to the east, 298 f.

Eirenarchs, i. 351 _n._, 353.

Elagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123.

Elateia, i. 242.

Eleazar, ii. 207, 208, 214, 215.

Eleazar of Modein, ii. 224 _n._

Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74.

Elentherolacones, i. 260.

Elis, i. 261; flax of, 292.

Elymais, ii. 7.

Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218.

Emona, i. 10, 20, 198, 206.

Ephesus, i. 329, 360, 361.

Epictetus, i. 273.

_Epidaphne_, a blunder of Tacitus, ii. 128 _n._

Epirus, i. 294 f.; northern, i. 297.

Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. 233 _n._, 242 _n._, 246, 247, 249.

Eratosthenes, ii. 241 _n._

Esus, i. 104.

Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. 193 _n._

Euergetes, title of, ii. 238.

Eumolpidae, i. 281.

Eupatorids, i. 314.

Euphorion, librarian to Antiochus the Great, ii. 130.

Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. 1; Romano-Parthian frontier-regions, 19; recognised as boundary, 21; customs-district, 70 f., 97 _n._; Romans on left bank, 77; need of watch, 118 f.; as route for commerce, 278 f.

Europus, battle at, ii. 76.

Eurycles, i. 283.

_Exegetes_ in Alexandria, ii. 248 _n._

Eziongeber, ii. 288 _n._

Ezra, ii. 161.

Fadus, Cuspius, ii. 204.

Faustinopolis, i. 333.

Favorinus, polymath, i. 110 f.

Felix, Antonius, ii. 202, 204.

_Filosofi locus_, ii. 342.

Firmus in Egypt, ii. 111 _n._

Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 _n._, 193.

"Flavian altars," i. 153 _n._

Floras, Gessius, ii. 206.

Forath, ii. 98 _n._

Forum Julii, i. 86.

Frankincense routes, ii. 286 _n._, 288 _n._, 299.

Franks, i. 163, 165, 167; settled on Black Sea, 250.

Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. 181.

Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. 234.

Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342.

Frisians, i. 27, 28, 43, 97 _n._, 121, 124, 126 _n._, 129, 131, 145.

Furtius, i. 233 f.

Fuscus, Arellius, i. 365.

Fuscus, Cornelius, i. 220.

Gabinius, Aulus, ii. 174 f., 232.

Gades, i. 68, 74 f.; Gaditanian songs, 75.

Gaetulians, ii. 304, 322 _n._, 323 f.

Galatia, i. 323 f., 336, 338 f.; Galatian kingdom, 339 f.; province, 340; inhabitants, 340; former cantons, 341; language under the Romans, 341 f.; Galatians as soldiers, 342; garrison of, 350.

Galatarchs, i. 344 _n._; Julian's letter to, 349 _n._

Galba, i. 130; ii. 198 _n._, 213.

Galenus of Pergamus, i. 366.

Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius, ii. 64 _n._

Gallienus, energetic action in Germany, i. 163; victory over pirates at Thrace, 246; character, 247; murder, 247; recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f.

Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of, ii. 290 f.; Strabo's account of it, 291 _n._

Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f.

Gallus, Trebonianus, i. 240 f.

Ganna, i. 146.

Gannascus, i. 125.

Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318.

Gaul, administrative partition of, i. 33 _n._; acquisition of Southern, 78; later conflicts in three Gauls, 79 f.; Celtic rising under Tiberius, 80; gradual pacification, 81; rising after Nero's death, 82, 136 f.; Romanising policy, 82 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; law and justice, 85; Romanising of Southern province, 88 f.; cantonal organisation, 90 f.; influence of cantonal constitution, 92; smaller client-unions, 92 _n._; diet, 94; altar and priest, 94; composition of the diets, 95 f.; officials, 94 _n._, 95 _n._; restricted Roman franchise, 98 f.; Latin rights conferred on individual communities, 99; Celtic language, 99 f.; evidences of its continued use, 101; Romanising stronger in Eastern Gaul, 102; land measurement, 102; religion, 103; economic condition, 106; culture of vine, 108; network of roads, 109; Hellenism in South Gaul, 110; Latin literature in Southern province, 111; literature in imperial Gaul, 112; constructive and plastic art, 114; extent of the three Gauls, 117; attempt to establish a Gallic empire, 137-141.

Gaza, ii. 210.

Gedrosia, ii. 13.

Gelduba, camp at, i. 144 f.

Geneva, i. 91.

_Gens_ and _civitas_, ii. 334 _n._

Georgius, murder of, ii. 265.

Gerba, ii. 338.

Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, i. 41; in sole command on the Rhine, 49; course after death of Augustus, 50; renewed offensive, 51 f.; expedition to the Ems, 50 f.; campaign of the year 16, 53 f.; disaster to his fleet, 54; recall, 55; aims and results of campaigns, 55-59; triumph, 62; mission to the East, ii. 40; its results, 41 f.

Germany and Germans: Rhine-boundary, i. 25 f.; war of Drusus, 26 f.; Roman camps and base, 31 f.; organisation of province, 35; altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 118; rising under Arminius, 42 f.; character of Romano-German conflict, 49; abolition of command-in-chief on the Rhine, 55; Elbe frontier and its abandonment, 56-59; Germans against Germans, 60; original province, 117; Upper and Lower, 118 f.; strength of the armies, 119 _n._; right bank of Rhine abandoned, 125 f.; position after fall of Nero, 127; consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.; later attitude of Romano-Germans on left bank, 144 f.; free Germans there, 145; Upper Germany, 147 f.; _Limes_, 154-160; distribution of troops, 156 _n._, 159 _n._; under Marcus, 160; later wars, 161-167; Romanising of, 167; towns arising out of encampments, 168; Germanising of the Roman state, its beginnings and progress, 168 f.; picture of, by Tacitus, 169.

Gerusia, i. 353, 354 _n._

Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323.

Getae, language of, i. 208.

Gibbon, i. 6.

Gindarus, battle of, ii. 23.

Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. 272.

Glass of Sidon, ii. 137; glass-wares, 255.

Gods, Iberian, i. 75; Celtic, in Spain, 75 _n._; British, 193; Syrian, ii. 123; Egyptian, 235, 260 f.

Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 _n._

Gordianus, "conqueror of Goths," i. 239; Persian wars of, ii. 91.

Gordiou Kome, i. 330.

Gorneae, ii. 48 _n._

Gotarzes, ii. 7 _n._, 12 _n._, 46, 47.

Goths: migrations, i. 238; Gothic wars, 239; under Decius, 240 f.; invasions of Macedonia and Thrace, 240; maritime expeditions, 243 f.; victories of Claudius, 247 f.; character of these wars, 248.

Graupian Mount, battle of, i. 183 f., 190.

Great-king, ii. 7.

Greece: Hellas and Rome, i. 253; towns under republic, 256; city-leagues broken up, 256 f.; revived, 259; freed communities and colonies, 258-261; decay of, 261; decrease of population, 268; statements of Plutarch, Dio, and Strabo, 268 f.; tone of feeling, 270 f.; good old manners, 271 f.; parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273; misrule of provincial administration, 275; misrule in towns, 276; clinging to memories of past, 280; religion, 280; worship of pedigrees, 280 f.; language--archaism and barbarism, 281 f.; great families, 283 f.; career of state-offices, 284 f.; personal service of the emperor, 285; municipal administration, 285; Plutarch on its duties, 286; games, universal interest in, 287-290; municipal ambition, its honours and toils, 290 f.; trade and commerce, 292 f.; roads, 294; piratic invasions, i. 245 f.; description of Greece from the time of Constantius, i. 293 _n._

Greek islands, places of punishment, i. 343.

Gregorius Nazianzenus, i. 333.

Hadrianoi, i. 328.

Hadrianus: Hadrian's wall, i. 186; disaster at Eburacum, 188 _n._; Panhellenism at Athens, 266; grants to Athens, 277 f.; his _Novae Athenae_, 278; Olympieion, 278; evacuates Assyria and Mesopotamia, and restores Armenia as vassal-state, ii. 71, 72; Jewish rising under, 223 f.; lays out Antinoopolis, 236; gives exceptional right of coining, 237; alleged letter to Servianus, 256 _n._; "Hadrian's road" in Egypt, 297 _n._

Haedui, i. 80, 99.

Hairanes, Septimius, ii. 97 _n._

Harmozika, ii. 64.

Hasmonaeans, ii. 161.

Hatra, ii. 69, 78, 79, 89.

Haurân, red soil, ii. 144; mountain-pastures, 145; cave-towns, 147; robbers, 147 _n._; bilingual inscriptions, 148 _n._; forts, 153; agriculture, 154; Ledjâ, 154; aqueducts, 155; buildings, 156.

Hebron, ii. 213.

Hecatompylos, ii. 4.

Heliopolis, ii. 121, 123.

Helladarch, i. 255, 265 _n._, 344 _n._

Hellenism and Panhellenism, i. 252 f.

Helvetii, i. 27, 92, 93, 99, 117, 119, 128; "Helvetian desert," 152.

Hemesa, ii. 103, 106, 109 f.; oil-presses near, 136 _n._

Heraclea (Chersonesus), i. 305, 312; coins of, 315 _n._

Hercules in Gaul, i. 106.

Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. 366 _n._

Hermunduri, i. 31, 38, 150 f., 158, 214 f.

Herod the Great, ii. 176 f.; confirmed by Antonius as tetrarch, 177; king of Judaea, 178; under Augustus, 179; government in relation to the Romans, 179 f.; in relation to the Jews, 180; character and aims, 180 f.; energy of his rule, 182; extent of his dominions, 182; partition of his kingdom, 183; revenues of, 187 _n._; territory beyond the Jordan, ii. 146 f.; represses brigandage, 147.

Herod Agrippa I., ii. 49, 191, 194 f., 200.

Herod Agrippa II., ii. 152, 171, 173 _n._, 181, 183, 207, 208, 209, 219.

Herod Antipas, ii. 150.

Herod of Chalcis, ii. 201.

Herodes Atticus, i. 281, 282, 283 _n._, 284.

Herodians, ii. 218.

Heroonpolis, ii. 261.

Heruli, i. 246 f.

Hiera Sycaminos, ii. 276 _n._

Hieronymus, i. 101.

Hilary of Poitiers, opinion of his countrymen, i. 83.

Hippalus, ii. 299.

Hippo, ii. 310, 319, 328, 339.

Homerites, ii. 286 f.; coinage, 287 f., 290; later fortunes, 294; united with kingdom of Axomites, 295 _n._; commercial intercourse of, 296.

Homonadenses, i. 335 f.

Hordeonius Flaccus, i. 132.

Hyginus, i. 75.

Hypatia, murder of, ii. 265.

Hyrcanus, ii. 174, 175 _n._, 177, 179.

Iapydes, i. 9.

Iazyges, i. 216, 220, 230, 234.

Iberians, range and language, i. 69; Romanising, 69 f.; north of Pyrenees, 79; coinage, 79 _n._

Iceni, i. 179.

Iconium, i. 336 f.

_Idiologus_, ii. 247 _n._

Idumaea, ii. 213, 214.

Igel column, i. 115 f.

Igilgili, ii. 324.

Illyrian stock, i. 199 f.; range and character, 199 f.; admixture of Celtic elements, 200 f.

Illyricum, relation to Moesia, i. 14 _n._; erection and extent of province, 20 f.; rising in, 39; administrative subdivision, 195, 201; excellence of Illyrian soldiers, 250 f.; Illyrian emperors, 251.

India, commercial intercourse with, ii. 300 f.

Indus, region of, ii. 13 f.

Inguiomerus, i. 52, 60, 61.

Insubres, i. 91.

Iol (Caesarea), ii. 311, 321.

Iran, empire of: Iranian stocks and rule, ii. 1 f.; religion, 9 f.; Bactria bulwark of Iran, 18. _See_ Persia.

Irenaeus, i. 101.

Isauria, i. 334 f., 337.

Isca, camp of, i. 178, 193.

Isidorus (leader of "herdsmen"), ii. 262.

Isidorus, geographer, ii. 39.

Isis, i. 280; ii. 266.

Istachr; _see_ Persepolis.

Isthmus of Corinth, piercing of, i. 294.

Istria, i. 200.

Istros, i. 239.

Istropolis, i. 13.

_Itala_ version of Bible, by whom prepared, ii. 343 _n._

Italica, i. 67.

Italicus, i. 146.

Italy, northern frontier of, i. 7 f.; ceases to be military, 251.

Ivernia, i. 178, 182, 184.

Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46, 167.

Jahve, ii. 160, 161, 169.

Jamblichus, ii. 76 _n._, 123 _n._, 131.

Jannaeus Alexander, ii. 162.

Jerusalem, standing garrison, ii. 186; destruction of, 215, 218; colony of Hadrian, 224 _n._ _See_ Judaea.

Jews: Jewish traffic, ii. 141 f.; Pariah position in Rome, 142 f.; Diaspora, 142, 162 f.; at Alexandria, 162 _n._, 163; at Antioch, 163; in Asia Minor, 163 _n._; Greek language compulsory, 163 f.; retention of nationality, 164 f.; self-governing community in Alexandria, 165; extent of the Diaspora, 166 f.; proselytism, 166 f.; Hellenising tendencies, 167; Jewish-Alexandrian philosophy, 168; Neo-Judaism, 168 f.; fellowship of, as a body, 169 f.; Philo, 170; Roman government and Judaism, 171 f.; policy of Augustus, 171 f.; of Tiberius, 172; treatment in the West, 172; and in the East, 173 f.; treatment by Gaius, 191 f.; Jew-hunt at Alexandria, 192 f.; statue of emperor in the Temple, 194 f.; impression produced by the attempt, 195; hatred of emperor-worship depicted in the Apocalypse, 196-198 _n._; treatment by Claudius, 199 f.; preparations for the insurrection, 201 f.; high-priestly rule, 202; Zealots, 203 f.; outbreak in Caesarea, 205 f.; and in Jerusalem, 206 f.; struggle of parties, 208 f.; extension of the war, 209; war of Vespasian, 210 f.; forces, 211 _n._; first and second campaigns, 213; Titus against Jerusalem, 213; task of assailants, 214 f.; destruction of Jerusalem, 215; breaking up of Jewish central power, 216; central worship set aside, 216 f.; tribute transferred to Capitoline Jupiter, 217 f.; territory becomes domain-land, 218 _n._; further treatment, 219 f.; consequences of catastrophe, 220; Palestinian Jews, 220 f.; rising under Trajan, 221; under Hadrian, 223, 225 _n._; position in second and third centuries, 225 f.; toleration of worship, 226; corporative unions, 226 f.; patriarchs, 227 _n._; exemptions from, and obligations to, public services, 227, 228 _n._; circumcision prohibited, 228 _n._; altered position of Jews and altered character of Judaism in the imperial period, 229, 230.

John of Gischala, ii. 214.

Joppa, ii. 175 _n._, 176.

Josephus, on cave-towns of Haurân, ii. 147; account of Titus's council of war, 217 _n._; value of statements in the preface to his History of the Jewish War, ii. 205 _n._

Jotapata, ii. 212.

Juba I., ii. 308.

Juba II., ii. 312, 313, 338 _n._; his Collectanea, ii. 39, 293 _n._

Judaea: distinction between Jewish land and Jewish people, ii. 160; priestly rule under Seleucids, 160 f.; kingdom of Hasmonaeans, 161; Pharisees and Sadducees, 161; under the republic, 174; Caesar's arrangements, 175 f.; freedom from dues, 175 _n._; Parthians in Judaea, 177 f.; under Herod, 180-182; under Archelaus, 183 f.; Roman province, 184, 185 _n._; provincial organisation, 186; military force in, 186; tribute, 186 f.; native authorities, 187; deference to Jewish scruples, 189 f.; the Jewish opposition, 190 f. _See also_ Jews.

Judaism; _see_ Jews _and_ Judaea.

Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198.

Jugurtha, war with, ii. 307.

Julianus defeats Dacians at Tapae, i. 220.

Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley-wine, i. 108; reply to "beard-mockers" of Antioch, ii. 135.

Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. 115.

_Juridicus_, ii. 247 _n._

Jurisprudence, studied at Berytus, ii. 130.

Juthungi, i. 161, 166.

Kainepolis, ii. 75 _n._

Kanata and Canatha, ii. 146 _n._

Kanerku, ii. 16, 17 _n._

Kerykes, i. 246, 281.

King of kings, ii. 11.

Labeo, Claudius, i. 136.

Labienus, Quintus, ii. 22, 23.

Lachares, i. 283.

Lactantius, ii. 345.

Lactora, i. 97 _n._

Laetus, ii. 79.

Lagids, government of, ii. 238; finance of, 239 f., 241.

Lambaesis, ii. 319.

Lancia, i. 66.

Langobardi, i. 35, 37, 146, 230.

Laodicea, i. 327, 360; ii. 130.

Larisa, i. 298.

_Latifundia_, ii. 334.

Latin version of Bible, ii. 343 _n._

Latobici in Carniola, i. 200.

Latro, Marcus Porcius, i. 76.

Lauriacum, i. 198.

Leagues of Greek cities, i. 259, 264 _n._; diets, 264 f.

Lentulus, Gnaeus, Dacian war, i. 42.

Leptis, Great, ii. 316, 326, 327, 328.

Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 291.

_Leuga_, i. 103.

_Lex Julia_ II., i. 10.

Libanius, description of Antioch, ii. 129 _n._

Library of Alexandria, ii. 271 f.

Libyans, ii. 304, 317.

Licinianus, Valerius, i. 76.

_Limes_, meaning of, i. 122 _n._; _Limes Germaniae_, 122 f.; Upper Germanic, 154 f.; _Raetiae_, 155 f.; construction of, 156, 197; object and effect of these structures, i. 157-160.

Lindum, i. 182.

Linen, Syrian, ii. 137, 138; Egyptian, 254 _n._

Lingones, i. 102, 139, 140; testament of man of rank among, i. 107.

_Logistae_, i. 353.

Lollius, Marcus, defeat of, i. 26.

Londinium, i. 177, 180, 192.

Longinus (Pseudo-), on the Sublime, ii. 168, 231.

Lucanus, i. 76.

Lucian of Commagene, ii. 131; on the Syrian goddess, 134 _n._; (Pseudo-), parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273 f.

Lugii, i. 37, 215, 220.

Lugudunum, i. 87-90.

Lusitania, i. 63, 64; towns with burgess-rights in, 68.

Lutetia described by Julian, i. 109.

Lycia, i. 323 f., 333; Lycian cities-league, 333.

Lydius, robber-chief, i. 337.

Lysimachia, i. 303, 322 _n._

Macedonia, frontier of, i. 11 f.; extent under the empire, 298 f.; nationalities, 299 f.; Greek polity, 300 f.; diet, 300; economy, roads and levy, 301 f.; Macedonians at Alexandria, ii. 164, 165 _n._

Machaerus, ii. 215.

Macrianus, Fulvius, ii. 102 _n._, 103.

Macrinus, ii. 88.

Mactaris, ii. 339 _n._

Madaura, ii. 341.

Madeira, dyeworks at, ii. 323, 338 _n._

Maeates, i. 189.

Magians, ii. 10, 84.

Magnesia on Maeander, i. 325, 329.

Malchus, ii. 151.

Mamaea, ii. 90.

Marble quarries, i. 292.

Marcianopolis, i. 308, 310.

Marcomani, i. 27; retire to Bohemia, 29; isolated, 31; under Maroboduus, 37, 60 f.; under Roman clientship, 214 f.; war under Marcus Aurelius, 229 f.; invasion of Italy, 231; pestilence, 231; progress of war, 232; submission of Quadi, 233; terms of, 234; second war, 235; results, 235 f.; conclusion of peace by Commodus, 236.

Mareades, ii. 101 _n._

Margiane (Merv), ii. 18.

Mariaba, ii. 287 _n._, 292, 295.

Mariamne, ii. 177, 181.

Mariccus, i. 129.

Marmarica, ii. 315.

Marnus, temple of, ii. 133.

Maroboduus, i. 37, 43, 48, 60 f.

Marsi, i. 51.

Martialis, Valerius, i. 76.

Mascula, ii. 319.

Massada, ii. 215.

Massilia, i. 78, 79, 86, 110.

Massinissa, ii. 305, 309.

Mattiaci, i. 33, 133, 149 _n._

Mauretania, Roman dependency, ii. 308; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; Roman civilisation in, 320 f.; Gaetulian wars, 322; incursions of Moors into Spain, 324 _n._; colonisation of Augustus, 333; large landed estates, 333 f.

Mauri, ii. 304.

Maximianus, Galerius, ii. 114.

Maximinus, expedition into heart of Germany, i. 162; Mesopotamia falls to Ardashir, ii. 91.

Maximus, Terentius, ii. 65.

Mazices, ii. 303, 324.

Media, ii. 4, 6, 10.

Mediolanum, i. 91.

Mediomatrici, i. 141.

Megasthenes sent to India, ii. 130.

_Megistanes_, ii. 5 f.

Meherdates, ii. 46.

Mela, Pomponius, i. 76.

Menahim, ii. 208.

Menecrates, physician, i. 366 _n._

Menippus of Gadara, ii. 131.

Meroe, ii. 275, 277.

Mesembria, i. 305.

Mesene, ii. 68.

Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians, ii. 21; Vologasus in, 55; occupied by Trajan, 68; revolt of Seleucia and siege, 68 f.; Roman province, 68, 70 f.; evacuated by Hadrian, 72; again Roman province under Severus, 79; battle of Nisibis, 88; falls to Ardashir, 91; reconquered by Gordian, 91; but ceded by Philippus, 92; struggle under Valerian, 100; action of Odaenathus, 104; once more Roman under Carus, 113 _n._; invaded by Narseh, but recovered by Diocletian, 113-115.

Messalla, Marcus Valerius, vanquishes the Aquitanians, i. 80.

Minaeans, ii. 285 _n._, 286 _n._, 290, 295.

Minnagara, ii. 15, 16 _n._

Minucius, Felix, ii. 345.

Mithra, worship of, ii. 126.

Mithradates I., ii. 4, 5.

Mithradates, brother of Pharasmanes, ii. 43, 45, 46 _n._, 47.

Mithradates of Pergamus, i. 313, 340.

Moesia, i. 12; subjugation by Crassus, 13, 212; relation to Illyricum, 14 _n._; province, 22; Latin civilisation of, 213; legionary camps, 213 _n._, 218, 227; Greek towns in lower, 308 f.; mints in, 308 _n._

Mogontiacum, i. 32, 49, 118, 149, 168.

Mona, i. 178, 179, 180, 182.

Monachism cradled in Egypt, ii. 267.

Monaeses, ii. 24, 26, 28, 29, 31.

Monobazus of Adiabene, ii. 54.

Montanus, Votienus, i. 111.

Months, Persian names of, ii. 85 _n._; Palmyrene, 96 _n._

Morini, i. 80.

Mosaic pavements in Britain, i. 194.

Moselle valley, i. 115 f.

Museum of Alexandria, president of the, ii. 248 _n._; _savants_ of the, 268 f., 271 _n._, 272.

Musulamii, ii. 317, 318, 319 _n._

Muza, ii. 289, 296, 299 _n._

Muziris, ii. 301.

Myos Hormos, ii. 280, 288, 297, 298.

Nabata, ii. 275, 281, 282 _n._

Nabataea: language and writing, ii. 146; kingdom of Nabat, 148; its extent and power, 148 f.; Nabataean inscriptions, 148, 149 _n._; king subject to the Romans, 150; coins of, 150 _n._; Greek designations of magistrates, 181 f.; merged partly in Roman province of Arabia by Trajan, 152; worship, 153; Phylarchs, 154.

Naissus, i. 248.

Namara, stronghold of, ii. 153, 157.

Napoca, i. 228.

Narbo, i. 78 f., 86.

Narcissus, i. 175.

Naristae, i. 237.

Narona, i. 202.

Narseh, ii. 114 _n._

Nasamones, ii. 316.

Nattabutes, ii. 319 _n._

Naucratis, ii. 235 _n._, 236 _n._

Nauplia, i. 293.

Nauportus, i. 8, 198.

Neapolis, Flavia, ii. 218.

Necho, ii. 278.

Neckar, region of the, i. 152 f.

Negrin, oasis of, ii. 320.

Neith, sanctuary of, ii. 260.

Nelcynda, ii. 301.

Nemausus, i. 87; temples, 106; coins, 110.

Neocorate, i. 346 f. _Neoi_, i. 353.

Neo-Judaism, ii. 269.

Neo-Platonism, ii. 126, 209.

Neo-Pythagoreanism, ii. 269.

Nero, report of Aelianus as to Moesia, i. 217; attempt to pierce the Isthmus of Corinth, 294; under Burrus and Seneca, ii. 49; aims of the government in the East, 50, 51; Parthian war under, 55 f.; intended Oriental expedition, 61 f.; Vologasus on Nero's memory, 62; confiscations in Africa, 334; Pseudo-Nero, ii. 62, 64.

Nicaea, i. 245, 329.

Nicanor, Julius, buys back Salamis, i. 278.

Nicephorium, ii. 76, 94, 114.

Nicetes of Smyrna, i. 365.

Nicolaus of Damascus, ii. 167 f.

Nicomedia, i. 245, 329, 345; Dio's address to, 330 _n._

Nicopolis, Epirot, i. 254, 295 f.

Nicopolis on Haemus, i. 240, 307.

Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria, ii. 274.

Niger, Pescennius, ii. 77, 78 _n._, 118.

Nile: Nile-flood, ii. 252, 253; Nile-route for commerce, 278.

Nisibis, ii. 68 f., 76, 78 _n._, 79, 115; battle at, 88, 91.

Nomes, constitution and distinctive features of, ii. 235 f.; agoranomy in, 235 f., 239 _n._; presidents of the nomes, 248 f.

Nonnus, epic of, ii. 268.

Noreia, i. 198.

Noricum, province of, i. 18, 196; Italising of, 197 f.; military arrangements, 198; townships, 199.

Novae, i. 227.

Novaesium, i. 132-136, 141, 142.

Novempopulana, i. 197.

Noviodunum, i. 87 _n._

Noviomagus, i. 119, 120.

Nubians, ii. 275, 278.

Numidians, ii. 304; Numidia in civil wars, 307; a province, 307, 310.

Obodas, ii. 150, 290.

Octavia, ii. 27, 32.

Odaenathus, Septimius, ii. 97 _n._

Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, ii. 103 _n._; campaign against Persians, 104 f.; assassination, 106 _n._

Odessus, i. 13, 315.

Odrysae, i. 11, 209 f., 304, 306 _n._

Oea, ii. 316, 327.

Oescus, i. 214, 309.

Ogmius, i. 104.

Olbia, i. 239, 242, 305, 310 _n._, 311.

Olympic games, i. 288 f.

Ombites, ii. 261, 262.

Onias, temple of, closed, ii. 217.

Ordovici, i. 178, 182.

Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23 f., 43.

Orontes valley, ii. 134, 141.

Osicerda, coin of, i. 70.

Osiris worship, ii. 266 _n._

Osrhoene, ii. 88.

Otho, defeat of, i. 128.

Oxus, ii. 83.

Pacorus I., son of Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23.

Pacorus, Parthian king in time of Trajan, ii. 65 _n._

Paetus, Lucius Caesennius, ii. 56 f.; capitulation at Rhandeia, 57 f.; recalled, 59.

Pahlavi language, ii. 11, 12 _n._, 85.

Palikars, i. 207.

Palma, Aulus Cornelius, ii. 152.

Palmyra, ii. 92 f.; predatory expedition of Antonius, 93; military independence, 93, 94 _n._; distinctive position, 93 f.; administrative independence, 95 f.; language, 95 f.; votive inscriptions, 96 _n._; magistrates, 96 f.; "Headman," 97; official titles, 97 _n._; customs-district, 97 _n._; commercial position, 98; under Odaenathus, 103 f.; under Zenobia, 106-110; destruction, 111 f.; chronology, 111 _n._

Pamphylia, i. 324; coast towns, 333 f.; earlier rulers, 334; assigned to governor of its own, 336.

Panhellenism, i. 252 f.; Panhellenes, 265; Panhellenion of Hadrian, 266 _n._; letters of recommendation, 267 _n._; Olympia, 288 f.

Pannonia, province, i. 22; first Pannonian war, 22 f.; Dalmatio-Pannonian rising, 38 f.; military arrangements, 204 f.; urban development, 206 f.; camps advanced, 219; prosperity, 229.

Panopeus, i. 290.

Panopolis, ii. 235.

Panticapaeum, i. 305, 312, 313, 315 _n._, 316 f., 318, 319.

Papak, ii. 87 _n._

Papyrus, ii. 255 _n._

Paraetonium, ii. 235 _n._

Paropanisus, ii. 14.

Parthamaspates, ii. 69.

Parthia and Parthians, rule of, ii. 2 f.; Parthians Scythian, 3; regal office, 5; Megistanes, 5, 6 _n._; satraps, 6; as vassals, 7; Greek towns, 8; counterpart to Roman empire, 9; language, 11 f.; coinage, 12; extent of empire, 12 f.; wars between Parthians and Scythians, 18; Romano-Parthian frontier-region, 19; during the civil wars, 21; at Philippi, 22; in Syria and Asia Minor, 22; [Judaea, 177 f.]; seizure of Armenia, 45 _n._; occupation of Armenia, 47 f.; war under Nero, 55 f.; the East under the Flavians, 61 f.; coinage of pretenders, 65 _n._; war under Trajan, 65 f.; his oriental policy, 70 f.; reaction under Hadrian and Pius, 71 f.; war under Marcus and Verus, 74 f.; wars under Severus, 77 f.; wars of Severus Antoninus, 87; beginning of Sassanid dynasty, 80 f., 89; Partho-Indian empire, ii. 15 f., 17 _n._

Parthini, i. 9.

Parthomasiris, ii. 66 _n._, 67.

Patrae, i. 260 f., 292 f., 297.

Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 _n._

Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, ii. 130.

_Patronatus_, contracts of, ii. 329 _n._, 330 _n._

Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. 149 _n._

Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. 179 f., 181, 182; ii. 313, 323.

Pedigrees, i. 287 f.

Pentapolis, Pontic, i. 308 f.; coinage of, 309.

Pergamus, i. 326, 329, 345, 350.

Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83.

Persian empire, extent of, ii. 1 f.; _see_ Sassanids.

Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 _n._; king of, 7; royal dynasty, Sassanids, 81.

Pertinax, Helvius, i. 233.

Petra, client-state of Nabat, ii. 65; residence of king, 148; traffic-route, 151 _n._, 288; constitution under Hadrian, 155; structures of, 156; rock-tombs, 157.

Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. 276.

Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, ii. 194.

Pessinus, i. 341, 342 _n._

Phanagoria, i. 315, 319.

Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43, 47, 53.

Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73.

Pharisees, ii. 161, 183, 188, 208.

Pharnaces, i. 312, 339.

Pharnapates, ii. 23.

Pharsalus, i. 298 _n._

Phasael, ii. 177 f.

Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. 360.

Philadelphia (in Syria), ii. 146.

Philae, ii. 276, 278.

Philhellenism of the Romans, i. 276 f.

Philippi, i. 301, 303.

Philippopolis, i. 211, 232, 260, 304, 307.

Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed emperor, ii. 91 f.; cession of Euphrates frontier, 92.

Philo, Neo-Judaism, ii. 170; deputations to Gaius, 193; silence accounted for, 196 _n._

Phoenician language in Africa, ii. 326 f., 328 _n._

Phraataces, ii. 39.

Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38.

Phrygia, Great, i. 325; language, i. 328; coins and inscriptions, 328.

Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 _n._

_Picti_, i. 189.

Piracy in Black Sea, i. 242 f.; expeditions to Asia Minor and Greece, 245 f.; in Pisidia, 334 f.; in Red Sea, ii. 298.

Piraeus, i. 278, 293.

Pirustae, i. 41.

Pisidia, independence, i. 334; subdued by Augustus, 335; Pisidian colonies, 336; brigandage in, 351.

Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. 24 f.

Pityus, i. 242, 243 f.

Pius, Cestius, i. 365.

Plataeae, i. 266 _n._, 267 _n._

Plautius, Aulus, i. 175, 177.

Plotinus, ii. 126.

Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. 272; account of his countrymen, 272; on population of Greece, 268; character of, 274 f.; view of municipal duties, 286, 290.

Poetovio, i. 18, 23, 205, 206.

Polemon, i. 313; ii. 24, 35.

_Polis_ and _Nomos_, ii. 237.

Politarchs, i. 300 _n._

Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48.

Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. 233.

Pompeiopolis, ii. 102.

Pontus, province organised by Pompeius, i. 331 f.; annexation of kingdom of, ii. 61.

Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167.

Porphyrius, ii. 126.

Portus, mariners' guild at, ii. 257 _n._

Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133.

Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, proclaimed emperor in Gaul, i. 164; takes Cologne, 165; falsifications of the Imperial Biographies in his case, 164 _n._

Potaissa, i. 228.

Praaspa, ii. 29. _Praefectus_, ii. 233 _n._, 246, 247 _n._

Prasutagus, i. 176.

Premis, ii. 276.

Priests in Asia Minor, i. 348.

Princeps: position as to Egypt, ii. 233 f.; _princeps et undecim primus_, 335 _n._

Priscus, Statius, ii. 75.

Priscus, governor of Macedonia, i. 240.

Proaeresios, ii. 268 _n._

Probus, opens vine-culture to provincials, i. 109; resumes aggression against the Germans, 166 f.; transfers Bastarnae to Roman bank, 249; subdues Lydus in Isauria, 337; delivers Egypt from Palmyrenes, ii. 108, 250, 277; restores water-works on Nile, 253.

_Provincia_, alleged use of term, ii. 233 _n._

Prucheion, ii. 250, 251.

Pselchis, ii. 276.

Pseudo-Nero, ii. 62, 64 f.

Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of Antonius, ii. 25.

Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, ii. 280.

Ptolemaeus, king of Mauretania, ii. 312 f.

Ptolemais, "Greek" city in Egypt, ii. 235, 236.

Ptolemais "for the Chase," on Red Sea, ii. 280.

Ptolemies, court of the, ii. 245 f.

Punic inscriptions, ii. 326 _n._

Punt, ii. 285 _n._

Purple dyeworks, Syrian, ii. 137.

Puteoli, called little Delos, ii. 139 _n._

Quadi, i. 214, 229, 230, 233, 234, 237.

Quadratus, Ummidius, ii. 48 f., 202.

Quarries, Egyptian, ii. 256.

Quietus, Fulvius, ii. 103.

Quietus, Lusius, i. 222; ii. 69, 223, 322 _n._

Quinquegentiani, ii. 325 _n._

Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, i. 77.

Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, i. 336; ii. 136, 188, 315.

Raetia, affinity of Raeti, i. 196; subjugation, 16, 17; organisation, 17 f.; war in Raetia, 161; late civilisation, 196; military arrangements, 197; Raetian _limes_, 197.

Ratiaria, i. 214.

Religion in Spain, i. 75; in Gaul, 103 f.; in Britain, 193; in Greece, 280; in Asia Minor, 350; in Iran, ii. 9 f.; in Syria, 123; in Egypt, 265, 266 _n._

Resaina, battle at, ii. 91, 95.

Rhadamistus, ii. 47 f.

Rhagae, ii. 4, 28.

Rhandeia, capitulation of, ii. 56, 57 f.

Rhapta, ii. 289.

Rhetoric, professors of, at Treves, i. 89 _n._; professorship of Greek, at Rome, ii. 272.

Rhetors in Alexandria, ii. 264 _n._

Rhine, boundary, i. 25; camps on left bank, 31 f.; positions on right bank, 33 f.; canal to Zuider-Zee, 28, 34; dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34; Rhine-army as bearing on Gaul, 81; Rhine fleet, 119; army of Lower Rhine, 147 _n._

Rhodians, Dio's address to, i. 270 f., 285.

Rhoemetalces, i. 40, 209 f.

Riff in Morocco, ii. 321, 324.

Roads in Spain, i. 74; in Gaul, 109 f.; road-measurement in Gaul and Germany, 102 f.; in Britain, 192; in Greece, 294; in Asia Minor, 358; in Egypt, ii. 297; in Africa, 339.

Roman empire, character of its history as compared with that of the republic, i. 3 f.; value of authorities for it, 4; nature of task assigned to it, 4 f.; object and limits of the present work, 4-6; its divisions, 6; northern frontier of, 7 f.

Roxolani, i. 217, 238.

Sabaeans, ii. 158, 286, 290.

Sabinus, Julius, i. 137, 139.

Sabinus, Oppius, i. 220.

Sacae, ii. 14; Sacastane, 15; empire on Indus, 16, 17 _n._

Sacrovir, Julius, rising of, i. 80 f.

Sadducees, ii. 161.

Sagalassus, i. 337.

Salabus, ii. 323.

Salassi, i. 15; extirpated by Augustus, 19.

Salice (Ceylon), ii. 301.

Salonae, i. 202, 204, 232.

Samaria, ii. 187.

Samaritans, ii. 160.

Sanabarus, ii. 16 _n._

Sapor, ii. 91; title and policy of conquest, 99 f.

Sapphar, ii. 295.

Saracens, ii. 158 f.

Sarapis, ii. 265, 266 _n._, 268; festival of, ii. 258 _n._

Sardes, i. 327, 330.

Sarmatae, ii. 43.

Sarmizegetusa, i. 221, 228.

Sassanids, ii. 3 f.; official historiography, 3 _n._; legend of, 81, 85 f.; dynasty of Persis, 81; extent of Sassanid kingdom, 82; distinction between Sassanid and Arsacid kingdoms, 82 _n._; official titles of ruler, 83 _n._; church and priesthood, 84 f.; languages of the country under, 85 f.; new Persians and Romans, 86; strike gold pieces, 86 f.; chronology, 89 _n._; East forfeited to Persians, 101.

Satraps, ii. 6.

Saturninus, Gaius Sentius, i. 38.

Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, i. 150.

Sauromates, i. 311, 314 _n._, 317 _n._

Savaria, i. 205, 206.

Saxa, Decidius, ii. 22.

Saxons, i. 60 f., 167.

Scapula, Publius Ostorius, i. 178.

Scarbantia, i. 206.

Scaurus, Marcus, expedition against Nabataeans, ii. 149 f.

Scironian cliffs, i. 294.

Scodra, i. 200.

Scordisci, i. 200 f., 300.

Scoti, i. 189.

Scythians, i. 239, 242, 243 _n._, 311; (Asiatic), ii. 14, 15, 17.

Segestes, i. 43, 46, 51, 62.

Segusiavi, i. 88 _n._, 92 _n._

Sejanus, ii. 172 _n._, 173.

Seleucia (in western Cilicia), i. 334.

Seleucia Siderus (in Pisidia), i. 336, 337.

Seleucia (in Syria), ii. 127 _n._, 128.

Seleucia (on the Tigris), ii. 8, 11, 43, 44, 45, 68, 77, 79, 85, 113, 127.

Seleucids, ii. 3 _al._

Seleucus, saying of, ii. 245.

Selga, i. 337, 359.

"Seminumidians and Semigaetulians," ii. 341.

Semnones, i. 146, 161.

Senate and senators excluded from Egypt, ii. 233 _n._

Seneca, M. Annaeus and L. Annaeus, i. 76.

Septuagint, ii. 164.

Sequani, i. 80, 99, 139.

Seres, i. 302.

Servianus, letter (of Hadrian?) to, ii. 256 _n._

Severianus, ii. 74.

Severus, Alexander; _see_ Alexander Severus.

Severus Antoninus; _see_ Caracalla.

Severus, Septimius, Wall of Severus, i. 187 _n._; conflicts in Britain, 189; death at Eburacum, 189, 269; Parthian wars under, ii. 77 f.; title of _Parthicus_, 78 _n._; partition of Syria, 118.

Severus, Sextus Julius, ii. 224 f.

Sicca, ii. 332.

Sido, i. 216, 229.

Silk, Chinese, ii. 302; silk of Berytus, ii. 137 f.

Silures, i. 177 f., 179, 181.

Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius Plautius, i. 217.

Simon, son of Gioras, ii. 214.

Singidunum, i. 213, 228.

Sinnaces, ii. 44.

Sinope, i. 331 f.

Siraci, i. 316 _n._, 317, 319.

Siscia, i. 9, 205.

Sittius, Publius, ii. 311 _n._, 332.

Skipetars, i. 199.

Slaves, treatment of, in Greece, i. 273; traffic in, through Galatia, ii. 360.

Smyrna, i. 325 f., 329, 346, 354; Jews at, ii. 163 _n._

Sohaemus of Hemesa, ii. 49.

Sohaemus, king of Armenia, ii. 75 _n._, 126.

Sophene, ii. 115.

Sophists, addresses of, i. 363 f.; Asia Minor takes the lead in, 365.

Sostra, dam at, ii. 102.

Spain, conclusion of its conquest, i. 63 f.; visit of Augustus to organise, 64; triumphs over, 63 _n._, 64; warfare in north of Spain, 64 f.; military organisation and distribution of legions, 65 _n._, 66; incursions of Moors, 67; introduction of Italian municipal law, 67; diffusion of Roman language, 70; cantons, 71; broken up, 72; levy, 73; traffic and roads, 73 f.; religious rites, 75; Spaniards in Latin literature, 75-77.

Sparta, treatment of, i. 259 f.

Statianus, Oppius, ii. 29.

Statues, honorary, i. 291 _n._

Stobi, i. 301.

Successianus, i. 244.

Suebi, i. 60 f., 206, 214, 216, 220.

Sufetes, ii. 329, 330 _n._

Sugambri, i. 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 124; probably = Cugerni, 124 _n._

Sulis, i. 177, 194.

Surên, ii. 6, 84.

Syene, ii. 256, 280.

Syllaeos, ii. 291 _n._

Symmachus, i. 113.

Synhedrion of Jerusalem, constitution and jurisdiction, ii. 187 f.; disappears, 217.

Synnada, i. 326.

_Synoekismos_, i. 295 f.

Syria, conquest of, ii. 116; boundaries of territory, 117; provincial government, and its changes, 117 f.; partition into Coele-Syria and Syro-Phoenicia, 118; troops and quarters of legions, 63 _n._, 118 _n._; inferiority in discipline, 66 _n._, 119 f.; Hellenising of, 120 f.; Syria = New Macedonia, 121; continuance of native language, 121 f.; Macedonian native and Greek names, 121 f.; worship, 123; later Syriac literature, 124 _n._; Syro-Hellenic mixed culture, 125; minor Syrian authorship, 130 f.; epigram and _feuilleton_, 130 f.; culture of soil, 133 f.; wines of, 137; manufactures, 137; commerce, 137 f.; ship-captains, 138 _n._; Syrian factories abroad, 138 f.; Syrian merchants in the West, 139 _n._; Syro-Christian Diaspora, 140 _n._; wealth of Syrian traders, 140; country houses in valley of Orontes, 141; military arrangements after 63 A.D., 210 _n._

Syria, Eastern, conditions of culture in, ii. 144 f.; Greek influence in, 145 f.; inhabitants of Arabian stock, 145; Pompeius strengthens Greek urban system, 146; civilisation under Roman rule, 153 f.; agriculture and commerce, 154; buildings, 156; south Arabian immigration, 158.

Syrtis, Great, ii. 306, 316.

Tacapae, ii. 314.

Tacfarinas, ii. 313, 314, 317, 318.

Tacitus, dialogue on oratory, i. 113; picture of the Germans, 169; narrative of war in Britain criticised, 181 _n._

Tadmor, ii. 92 _n._

Talmud, beginnings of, ii. 219, 231.

Tanais, i. 315 _n._, 319.

Tarraco, i. 64.

Tarraconensis, towns in the, i. 68.

Tarsus, ii. 101, 122.

Taunus, i. 33, 148.

Tava (Tay), i. 183, 186.

Tavium, i. 341, 342 _n._

Taxila, ii. 14 _n._

Teachers and salaries at Teos, i. 362.

Teimâ, description of, ii. 285 _n._

Temple-tribute, Jewish, ii. 169, 173; temple-screen, tablets of warning on, 189 _n._

Tencteri, i. 26, 27, 124, 133, 139 f.

Tenelium, ii. 335.

Teos, decree as to instruction, i. 362.

Tertullian, ii. 342, 345.

Tetrarch, title of, ii. 177 _n._

Tetricus submits to Aurelian, i. 166.

Teutoburg forest, i. 53, 55.

Thaema, ii. 148 _n._

Thagaste, ii. 341.

Thamugadi, ii. 319.

Themistius, i. 342.

Theocracy, Mosaic, ii. 160.

Thessalonica, i. 300 f., 302.

Thessaly, i. 297 f.; diet in Larisa, 298.

Theudas, ii. 204.

Theudosia, i. 315.

Theveste, ii. 317, 320, 339.

Thrace: dynasts and tribes, i. 13 f.; vassal-princes, 14; war of Piso, 24 f., 210; Thracian stock, 207 f.; language, 208; worship, 209; principate, 209 f.; province, 210 f.; rising under Tiberius, 211; garrison and roads, 212 f.; Hellenism and Romanism in, 212 f.; Hellenism imported, 302, 304; Philip and Alexander, 303; Lysimachus, 303; empire of Tylis, 303; later Macedonian rulers, 304; Roman province, 304 f.; Greek towns in, 305; strategies of, 306 _n._; townships receiving civic rights from Trajan, 307; "Thracian shore," i. 212.

Thubursicum, ii. 336.

Thubusuctu, ii. 325 _n._

Tiberias, ii. 183.

Tiberius, assists Drusus in Raetia, i. 16, 17; first Pannonian war, 22 f., 205; German war, 30 f.; resigns command on Rhine, 35; reconciliation with Augustus, 36; resumes command, 36; further campaigns in Germany, 36 f.; expedition to North Sea, 37; campaign against Maroboduus, 37 f.; return to Illyricum, 40 f.; again on Rhine after defeat of Varus, 48 f.; recall of Germanicus, 55; German policy, 55; motives for changing it, 56-59; Gallic rising under, 80; Frisian rising, 124; road-making in Dalmatia, 203; procures recognition for Vannius, 215; Dacians under, 217; takes Greece into his own power, 276; small number of statues, 291 f.; leads force into Armenia, ii. 37 f.; again commissioned to the East, but declines, 39; mission of Germanicus to the East, 40 f.; Artabanus and Tiberius, 40 f.; mission of Vitellius, 42 f.; movement against Aretas, 151; treatment of the Jews, 172; attitude towards Jewish customs, 189, 190; war against Tacfarinas, 317 f.

Tigranes, brother of Artaxias, invested with Armenia by Tiberius, ii. 37, 38.

Tigranes, installed in Armenia by Corbulo, ii. 54 f.

Tigranocerta, ii. 45, 54.

Tigris, boundary of, ii. 71, 115 _n._

Timagenes, ii. 106.

Timarchides, Claudius, i. 283 _n._

Timesitheus, Furius, ii. 91.

Tingi, i. 67; ii. 360 f., 312 f., 314, 321, 331.

Tiridates, proclaimed king of Parthia under Augustus, ii. 34, 35, 37.

Tiridates set up as king of Parthia in opposition to Artabanus, under Tiberius, and superseded, ii. 44.

Tiridates I., king of Armenia, brother of Vologasus I., ii. 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 [and ii. 11].

Tiridates II., king of Armenia under Caracalla, ii. 87.

Tiridates, king of Armenia under Sapor, ii. 99.

Titus, against Jerusalem, ii. 213 f.; Arch of, 216; refuses to eject Jews at Antioch, 219.

Togodumnus, i. 175 f.

Tombstones, Gallic, i. 116.

Tomis, i. 13, 227 _n._, 305, 308; Ovid's description of, 309; Mariners' guild, 310 _n._

Town-districts in Egypt, ii. 235 f.

Trachonitis, ii. 144; _see_ Haurân.

Trajanus, M. Ulpius: military road from Mentz towards Offenburg, i. 153; settlements in Upper Germany, 160; mission thither, 160 _n._; Dacian war, 221 f.; second Dacian war, 222 f.; column in Rome, 224 f.; confers civic rights on Thracian townships, 309; Parthian war, ii. 65 f.; death, 69 f.; triumph accorded after death, 70; Oriental policy, 70 f.; erects province of Arabia, 143; Jewish rising under, 221 f.; enlargement of Egyptian canal, 297 f.

Transport-ship, Egyptian, ii. 256, 257 _n._

Trapezus, i. 245, 332; ii. 35, 53.

Trebellianus Rufus, Titus, i. 211.

Treveri, i. 80, 93, 94, 102, 136, 137, 139, 140.

Treves, primacy in Belgica, i. 89; subsequently capital of Gaul, 89; receives Italian rights, 99.

Triballi, i. 12.

Triboci, i. 117, 140, 147.

Trinovantes, i. 170, 171 _n._, 180.

Tripolis, ii. 314 f.

Trismegistus, Hermes, ii. 261, 266 _n._, 268.

Troesmis, i. 227.

Trogodytes, ii. 280, 286.

Trogus Pompeius, historian of Hellenic type, i. 110.

Trumpilini, i. 15.

Tungri, i. 133, 136.

Turan, ii. 12, 17, 45.

Turbo, Quintus Marcius, ii. 223.

Tyana, i. 333; ii. 109.

Tylis, empire of, i. 303.

Tyra, i. 226, 239, 242, 244, 305, 310.

Tyrian factories in Italy, ii. 138 _n._

Ubii, i. 25, 35, 97, 98 f., 102, 117, 118, 119, 134, 136; Roman town of, 168.

Ulpia Noviomagus, i. 168.

Ulpia Traiana, i. 168.

Universe, anonymous treatise on, ii. 168.

Usipes, i. 26, 27, 51, 124, 133, 150.

Utica, ii. 331.

Vaballathus, ii. 106 _n._, 108.

Valerianus, Publius Licinius, conquers Aemilianus, i. 241; piratical expedition of Goths, 243 f.; character, 247; ii. 100; capture by the Persians, 100 _n._, 101 _n._

Vangio, i. 215, 229.

Vannius, i. 215, 216.

Vardanes, ii. 45, 46.

Varus, Publius Quintilius, character, i. 44; defeat and death, 45-47; locality of the disaster, 47 _n._; governor of Syria, ii. 184.

Vascones, i. 66.

Vatinius, Publius, i. 89.

Veleda, i. 140, 142, 145.

Veneti, i. 200.

Verulamium, i. 179, 180, 193.

Verus, Lucius, character of, i. 232 f.; in the East, ii. 75.

Verus, Martius, ii. 75.

Vespasianus: municipal organisation in Spain, i. 69, 73; proclaimed as emperor, 128; instigation of Civilis, 130 f.; consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.; takes possession of "Helvetian desert," 152; pushes forward camps on the Danube, 219; Eastern arrangements, ii. 62 f.; Jewish war, 210 f.; possessing himself of Rome through corn-fleet, 252; nicknamed the "sardine-dealer" and "six-farthing-man," 263.

Vestinus, L. Julius, ii. 273 _n._

Vetera (Castra), i. 32, 49, 118, 133, 138.

Via Augusta in Spain, i. 74; in Gaul, 109 f.

Via Claudian, i. 20.

Via Egnatia, i. 302.

Victorinus, Gaius Aufidius, i. 230.

Vienna, i. 87, 88 _n._, 91.

Viminacium, i. 212, 213, 228, 241.

Vindelici, i. 16, 17, 196.

Vindex, rising of, i. 82, 127, 128 f.

Vindex, Marcus Macrinius, i. 234.

Vindobona, i. 206.

Vindonissa, i. 18, 119, 140, 159.

Vine-culture in Gaul, i. 108 f.; restricted by Domitian, 108; on Moselle, 109.

Viroconium, camp of, i. 178, 182.

Vitellius, Lucius, i. 128, 129, 130; ii. 42, 43, 44, 213.

Vocula, Villius, i. 132, 134-136, 137, 138.

Volcae, i. 86 f., 93.

Vologasias, ii. 47, 65, 98 _n._

Vologasus I., ii. 47, 49, 52, 54 f., 57, 62, 63, 64, 65 _n._

Vologasus IV., ii. 74.

Vologasus V., ii. 77 f.

Vonones, ii. 40, 41.

Vorodes, Septimius, ii. 104 _n._

Weaving in Asia Minor, i. 360.

Wines, Gallic, i. 109.

Xenophon, of Cos, physician, i. 361 _n._

Zabdas, ii. 105 _n._, 107, 109.

Zaitha, ii. 92.

Zarai, tariff of, ii. 338 _n._

Zealots, ii. 191, 203 f., 207, 208.

Zenobia, government of, ii. 106 f.; claim to joint-rule, 106 _n._; occupation of Egypt, 107, 249 f.; Aurelian against, 108; battle of Hemesa, 109 f.; capture, 110.

Zenodorus, of Abila, ii. 147.

Zimises, ii. 322 _n._

Zoelae, i. 73 _n._

Zoskales, ii. 283.

Zula, ii. 280.

Transcriber's Notes:

Notes, originally in the margin, relating to dates have been moved to follow the U.C. (_ab urbe condita_) dates in the text to which they refer. These notes are clothed in { }, and refer to the 'B.C.' era. There are four exceptions, where 'A.D.' has been added prior to the numeral as clarification for the reader. Similar notes in the margins, relating to other works, have also been moved into the text, again clothed with { }. The Index from Volume II. has been added at the end of the book. References to the maps and index have been added to the Table of Contents.

In the paragraph which follows Sidenote: Celtic and Latin languages; the 'special sign (Ð)' in the original has a bar through the whole character.