Category: Science - Chemistry/Biochemistry
The first English edition of this work was published in 1891, and that a second edition is now called for is, we think, a sufficient proof that the enthusiasm of the author for his science, and the philosophical method of his teaching, have been duly appreciated by English che...
Water is found almost everywhere in nature, and in all three physical states. As vapour, water occurs in the atmosphere, and in this form it is distributed over the entire surfa...
5. CHAPTER IIIOn the earth's surface there is no other element which is so widely distributed as oxygen in its various compounds.[1] It makes up eight-ninths of the weight of water, which occ...
8. CHAPTER VIIn the last chapter we saw that nitrogen does not directly combine with hydrogen, but that a mixture of these gases in the presence of hydrochloric acid gas, HCl, forms ammonium...
25. Chapter I., because in many instances unstable highly iodisedcompounds, resembling crystallo-hydrates, have been obtained from such solutions. Thus iodide of tetramethylammonium, N(CH_{3})_{4}I, combines with I_{2}, and I_{4}. Even a solu...
1. VOLUME I.The first English edition of this work was published in 1891, and that a second edition is now called for is, we think, a sufficient proof that the enthusiasm of the author for...
13. CHAPTER VIIIIt is necessary to clearly distinguish between the two closely-allied terms, charcoal and carbon. Charcoal is well known to everybody, although it is no easy matter to obtain it...
4. CHAPTER IIThe question now arises, Is not _water_ itself a _compound substance_? Cannot it be formed by the mutual combination of some component parts? Cannot it be broken up into its com...
28. Chapter X., Note 2.[2] Carnallite belongs to the number of double salts which are directly decomposed by water, and it only crystallises from solutions which contain an excess of magnesium chlorid...
17. CHAPTER XIn the preceding chapters we have become acquainted with the most important properties of the four elements, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. They are sometimes termed th...
6. CHAPTER IVVAN MARUM, during the last century, observed that oxygen in a glass tube, when subjected to the action of a series of electric sparks, acquired a peculiar smell, and the propert...
15. Chapter XIV.[13] Up to the year 1840, or thereabout, acids were not distinguished by their basicity. Graham, while studying phosphoric acid, H_{3}PO_{4}, and Liebig, while studying many org...
7. CHAPTER VGaseous _nitrogen_ forms about four-fifths (by volume) of the atmosphere; consequently the air contains an exceedingly large mass of it. Whilst entering in so considerable a qua...
12. Chapter II., that water is decomposed at such high temperatures. In thecase of water itself there can naturally be no doubt, because its vapour density agrees with the law at all temperatures at which it has been determined.[12] But there are many...
3. v. Babo, is confirmed by the latest observations, and enables usto express not only the fall of tension (_p_-_p_´) itself, but its ratio to the tension of water (_p_-_p_´)/_p_. It is to be remarked that in the absence of any chemical action,...
31. Chapter XIII. These deposits also contain much _kainite_,KMgCl(SO_{4}),3H_{2}O (sp. gr. 2·13; 100 parts of water dissolve 79·6 parts at 18°). This double salt contains two metals and two haloids. Feit (1889) also obtained a bromide co...
19. CHAPTER XIAlthough hydrochloric acid, like water, is one of the most stable substances, it is nevertheless decomposed not only by the action of a galvanic current,[1] but also by a high t...
30. Chapter VII., Note 28. Thus W. G. Burdakoff determined in mylaboratory that the specific gravity at 15°/4° of the solution BeCl_{2} + 200H_{2}O = 1·0138--that is, greater than the corresponding solution KCl + 200H_{2}O (= 1·0121), and le...
20. Chapter VIII., Note 42.)It is not only hydrocarbons which are subject to metalepsis. Certain other hydrogen compounds, under the action of chlorine, also give corresponding chlorine derivatives in exac...
11. Chapter I., Note 1). This method is especially important forsubstances which are easily decomposable, because, as shown by the phenomena of dissociation, a substance is able to remain unchanged in the atmosphere of one of its products of...
35. Part II. Chiefly on Engine Details. With 174 Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo., 4_s.TIDAL RIVERS: their (1) Hydraulics, (2) Improvement, (3) Navigation. By W. H. WHEELER, M.Inst.C.E., author of 'The Drainage of Fens and Low Lands by Gravitation and Steam Power'...
14. CHAPTER IXCarbonic anhydride (or carbonic acid or carbon dioxide, CO_{2}) was the first of all gases distinguished from atmospheric air. Paracelsus and Van Helmont, in the sixteenth centu...
21. Chapter II. Note 27. According to F. Freyer and V. Meyer (1892),Thus for all the more volatile compounds the replacement of chlorine by bromine raises the boiling point, but in the ease of ZnX_{2} it lowers it (Chapter XV. Note 19).
9. Chapter XX.) Water destroys this compound, forming sulphuric acidand separating the oxides of nitrogen. The water must be taken in a greater quantity than that required for the formation of the hydrate H_{2}SO_{4}, because the latter absorbs...
32. Chapter I., Note 65. 100 parts of water dissolveThe anhydrous oxide BaO fuses in the oxyhydrogen flame. When ignited in the vapour of potassium, the latter takes up the oxygen; whilst in chlorine, oxygen is separated and bari...
18. mm. A mixture of fuming hydrochloric acid with snow reduces thetemperature to -38°. If another equivalent of water be added to the hydrate HCl,2H_{2}O at -18°, the temperature of solidification falls to -25°, and the hydrate HCl,3H_{2}O is...
16. Chapter XXII) has the composition K_{4}FeC_{6}N_{6} + 2H_{2}O. The nameof cyanogen ([Greek: kuanos]) is derived from the property which this yellow prussiate possesses of forming, with a solution of a ferric salt, FeX_{3}, the familiar pigment Prus...
29. CHAPTER XIVIt is easy by investigating the composition of corresponding compounds, to establish the _equivalent weights_ of the metals compared with hydrogen--that is, the quantity which r...
33. Part IV. Carbon Compounds. Fcp. 8vo., 4_s._THORPE AND MUIR._--QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND LABORATORY PRACTICE. By T. E. THORPE, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., and M. M. PATTISON MUIR, M.A. With Plate of Spectra and 57 Wood...
10. CHAPTER VIIHydrogen combines with oxygen in the proportion of two volumes to one. The composition by volume of nitrous oxide is exactly similar--it is composed of two volumes of nitrogen a...
36. PART II. Chiefly on Engine Details. With 174 Illustrations. Fcp.THEORETICAL MECHANICS. Solids, including Kinematics, Statics, and Kinetics. By A. THORNTON, M.A., F.R.A.S., With 220 Illustrations, 130 Worked Examples, and over 900 Examples fr...
23. Chapter I. Note 49) on the temperature of the formation of ice(-1°·115, with 1·391 gram of bromine in 100 grams of water) in an aqueous solution of bromine, showed that bromine is contained in solutions as the molecule Br_{2}. Similar expe...
34. Part IV. Calculations for Building Structures. Course for Honours. With_DU BOIS._--THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Dr. H. DU BOIS, Privatdocent in the University of Berlin. Translated by E. ATKINSON, Ph.D. With 94 Illustrations. 8vo...
26. CHAPTER XIIIJust as the series of halogens, fluorine, bromine and iodine correspond with the chlorine contained in common salt, so also there exists a corresponding series of elements: lith...
27. Chapter XVII., the friable, crumbling, and stratified formations whichin our times cover a large part of the earth's surface have been formed from these primary rocks by the action of the atmosphere and of water containing carbonic acid. It is evi...
22. Chapter II., Note 27), Ramsay and Young observed that the ratio ofthe absolute temperatures (_t_ + 273) corresponding with equal tension _varies_ for every pair of substances in rectilinear proportion in dependence upon _t_, and, therefore, fo...
24. Chapter IV.), serve for the detection of iodine.[63] The solubility of iodine in solutions containing iodides, and compounds of iodine in general, may serve, on the one hand, as an indication that solution is due to a similar...