Category: Science - Biology
Rapid in all directions, scientific progress has during the last generation been more rapid in the direction of Biology than in any other; and had this work been one dealing with Biology at large, the hope of bringing it up to date could not have been rationally entertained. B...
Some clear idea of the nature of Life itself, must, indeed, form a needful preliminary. We may be sure that a search for the influences determining the maintenance and multiplic...
21. CHAPTER VII.§ 75. Having, in the last chapter but one, concluded what constitutes an individual, and having, in the last chapter, contemplated the histological process which initiates a new...
13. CHAPTER I.§ 43. Perhaps the widest and most familiar induction of Biology, is that organisms grow. While, however, this is a characteristic so uniformly and markedly displayed by plants a...
4. CHAPTER I.§ 1. Of the four chief elements which, in various combinations, make up living bodies, three are gaseous under all ordinary conditions and the fourth is a solid. Oxygen, hydroge...
44. Part III of the original edition of the _Principles of Psychology(1855): forming a preliminary which, though indispensable to the argument there developed, was somewhat parenthetical. Having now to deal with the general science of Biology bef...
39. CHAPTER XII.§ 164. Besides those perturbations produced in any organism by special disturbing forces, there are ever going on many others--the reverberating effects of disturbing forces pre...
22. CHAPTER VIII.§ 80. Already, in the last two chapters, the law of hereditary transmission has been tacitly assumed; as, indeed, it unavoidably is in all such discussions. Understood in its en...
14. CHAPTER II.§ 50. Certain general aspects of Development may be studied apart from any examination of internal structures. These fundamental contrasts between the modes of arrangement of pa...
24. CHAPTER X.§ 92. A question raised, and hypothetically answered, in §§ 78 and 79, was there postponed until we had dealt with the topics of Heredity and Variation. Let us now resume the co...
25. CHAPTER X^A.§ 97a. Since the foregoing four chapters were written, thirty-four years ago, the topics with which they deal have been widely discussed and many views propounded. Ancient hypot...
27. CHAPTER XII.§ 104. There is a distribution of organisms in Space, and there is a distribution of organisms in Time. Looking first at their distribution in Space, we observe in it two differ...
32. CHAPTER V.§ 127a. Already I have emphasized the truth that Nature is always more complex than we suppose (§ 74a)--that there are complexities within complexities. Here we find illustrated...
5. CHAPTER II.§ 10. To some extent, the parts of every body are changed in their arrangement by any incident mechanical force. But in organic bodies, and especially in animal bodies, the chan...
26. CHAPTER XI.§ 98. That orderly arrangement of objects called Classification has two purposes, which, though not absolutely distinct, are distinct in great part. It may be employed to facili...
18. CHAPTER V.§ 67. In plants waste and repair being scarcely appreciable, there are not likely to arise appreciable changes in the proportions of already-formed parts. The only divergences f...
15. CHAPTER II^A.§ 54a. As, in the course of evolution, we rise from the smallest to the largest aggregates by a process of integration, so do we rise by a process of differentiation from the si...
42. CHAPTER XIV^A.§ 174a. Since the first edition of this work was published, and more especially since the death of Mr. Darwin, an active discussion of the Evolution hypothesis has led to some s...
20. CHAPTER VI^A.§ 74a. The progress of science is simultaneously towards simplification and towards complication. Analysis simplifies its conceptions by resolving phenomena into their factors,...
6. CHAPTER III.§ 17. Re-distributions of Matter imply concomitant re-distributions of Motion. That which under one of its aspects we contemplate as an alteration of arrangement among the parts...
23. CHAPTER IX.§ 85. Equally conspicuous with the truth that every organism bears a general likeness to its parents, is the truth that no organism is exactly like either parent. Though similar...
7. CHAPTER III^{A.}§ 23a. In the early forties the French chemist Dumas pointed out the opposed actions of the vegetal and animal kingdoms: the one having for its chief chemical effect the decompo...
16. CHAPTER III.§ 55. Does Structure originate Function, or does Function originate Structure? is a question about which there has been disagreement. Using the word Function in its widest signi...
17. CHAPTER IV.§ 62. Throughout the vegetal kingdom, the processes of Waste and Repair are comparatively insignificant in their amounts. Though all parts of plants save the leaves, or other pa...
29. CHAPTER II.§ 110. Early ideas are not usually true ideas. Undeveloped intellect, be it that of an individual or that of the race, forms conclusions which require to be revised and re-revis...
34. CHAPTER VII.§ 137. In §§ 105 and 106, we contemplated the phenomena of distribution in Space. The general conclusions reached, in great part based on the evidence brought together by Mr. Da...
11. CHAPTER VI^A.§ 36a. A critical comparison of the foregoing formula with the facts proves it to be deficient in more ways than one. Let us first look at vital phenomena which are not covered...
8. CHAPTER IV.[14§ 24. To those who accept the general doctrine of Evolution, it need scarcely be pointed out that classifications are subjective conceptions, which have no absolute demarcations...
37. CHAPTER X.§ 153. We saw at the outset (§§ 10-16), that organic matter is built up of molecules so unstable, that the slightest variation in their conditions destroys their equilibrium, an...
38. CHAPTER XI.§ 159. Every change is towards a balance of forces; and of necessity can never cease until a balance of forces is reached. When treating of equilibration under its general aspec...
30. CHAPTER III.§ 116. Just as the supposition that races of organisms have been specially created, is discredited by its origin; so, conversely, the supposition that races of organisms have be...
10. CHAPTER VI.§ 31. Already it has been shown respecting each other component of the foregoing definition, that the life is high in proportion as that component is conspicuous; and it is now...
9. CHAPTER V.§ 27. We habitually distinguish between a live object and a dead one, by observing whether a change which we make in the surrounding conditions, or one which Nature makes in the...
36. CHAPTER IX.§ 148. When illustrating the rhythm of motion (_First Principles_, § 83) it was pointed out that besides the daily and annual alternations in the quantities of light and heat wh...
31. CHAPTER IV.§ 122. In § 103, we saw that the relations which exist among the species, genera, orders, and classes of organisms, are not interpretable as results of any such causes as have u...
35. CHAPTER VIII.§ 143. Already it has been necessary to speak of the causes of organic evolution in general terms; and now we are prepared for considering them specifically. The task before us...
19. CHAPTER VI.§ 72. What is an individual? is a question which many readers will think it easy to answer. Yet it is a question that has led to much controversy among Zoologists and Botanists,...
33. CHAPTER VI.§ 133. Leaving out of consideration those parallelisms among their modes of development which characterize organisms belonging to each group, that community of plan which exists...
12. CHAPTER VII.§ 37. As ordinarily conceived, the science of Biology falls into two great divisions, the one dealing with animal life, called Zoology, and the other dealing with vegetal life,...
45. Part I, pp. 20-24.[107] It will, I suppose, be said that the non-inheritance of mutilations constitutes evidence of the kind here asked for. The first reply is that the evidence is conflicting, a...
41. CHAPTER XIV.On considering the "General Aspects of the Special-creation hypothesis," we discovered it to be worthless. Discredited by its origin, and wholly without any basis of observed fa...
40. CHAPTER XIII.§ 169. Thus the phenomena of Organic Evolution may be interpreted in the same way as the phenomena of all other Evolution. Fully to see this, it will be needful for us to contem...
1. VOLUME IRapid in all directions, scientific progress has during the last generation been more rapid in the direction of Biology than in any other; and had this work been one dealing wit...
28. CHAPTER I.§ 109. In the foregoing Part, we have contemplated the most important of the generalizations to which biologists have been led by observation of organisms; as well as some other...
3. PART III.--THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.I. PRELIMINARY 415 II. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL-CREATION-HYPOTHESIS 417 III. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION-HYPOTHESIS 431 IV. THE ARGUMENTS FROM CLASSIFICATION 441 V. T...
2. PART II.--THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY.I. GROWTH 135 II. DEVELOPMENT 162 II^A. STRUCTURE 181 III. FUNCTION 197 IV. WASTE AND REPAIR 213 V. ADAPTATION 227 VI. INDIVIDUALITY 244 VI^A. CELL-LIFE AND CELL-MULTIPLICATION...