Part 40

22. Luke Marinæus, chaplain to Charles V. author of _Obra de las cosas memorabiles de Espana_, Alcala, 1543; folio, the work here referred to.

23. Ficinus, (born 1433, died 1499); a protégé of the Medici, translated Plato and Plotinus. These translations will be found in his collected works, published at Bâle in 1591, 2 vols. folio. Herein he tries to prove Plato a Christian, as he also does in his _Thelogia Platonica_; Florence, 148; folio. The original editions of his works are extremely rare.

24. Crantor's opinion is only known to us by Cicero's refetence, his works being all lost. He flourished about 315 B.C.

25. Born in 412, at Constantinople. Studied at Alexandria and Athens, and succeeded Syrianus in the Neo Platonic School. Died 485, Several of his works are extant.

26. Philo of Alexandria was well versed in the philosophy of Plato, and tried to show its harmony with the books of Moses. A fine edition of his works was published in 1742, in 2 vols. folio, edited by Mangey.

27. Amerigo Vespucci, born at Florence, 1451, was sent by his father to Spain. Fired by the example of Columbus, he became a navigator, and made three voyages to the New World, which ultimately was named after him, though the honour should belong to Columbus. Died at Seville 1512.

28. It has also been supposed by many ancient writers that Atlantis was situated between the 20th and 30th degrees of north latitude, and the 40th and 60th degrees of west longitude, in that part of the Atlantic known as the Sargasso sea.

29. Born 1493; died 1541. He was the first to publish the Almagestes of Ptolemy in Greek at Bâle, 1538, folio. He was the friend of Luther and Melancthon.

30. The first Edition of his chronological tables is that of Berne, 1540. Little is known of him except that he was born at Rotweil in Germany and was a councillor of the city of Berne, in the library of which town is a unique copy of his History of Berne, 3 vols. folio, in German.

31. Guicciardini, the author of the celebrated _History of the events between_ 1494 _and_ 1532.

32. FRISIUS was born at Dorkum in Frisia, his real name being John Gemma. His map of the world was published in 1540. Died at Louvain in 1555. GASTALDUS was a Genoese and wrote many tracts on Geography. He was the father of Jerome Gastaldus, the author of a celebrated work on the Plague. TRAMASINUS was a celebrated Venetian printer of the 16th Century. ANDREAS VAVASOR is probably an error for Francis Vavasor, the Jesuit.

MUNSTER, APPIANUS, PUTEANUS, PETER MARTYR, and ORTELIUS are well known, but HUNTERUS, DEMONGENITUS, and TRAMONTANUS are unknown to me.

33. Octher's voyage will be found in Vol. I., p. 51, of this Edition of Hakluyt.

34. See Vol. I. of this Edition of Halkluyt.

35. See Vol. II. p. 60 (note) of this Edition

36. Giovanni Verrzzani is evidently meant. A Florentine by birth, he entered the service of Francis I., and in 1524 discovered New France. An account of his travels and tragic death is to be found in Ramusius. In the Strozzi library, at Florence, a manuscript of Verazzani's is preserved.

37. Born at St Malo. Discovered part of Canada in 1534. His _Brief récit de la Navigation faite ès îles de Canada, Hochelage, Saguenay et autres_, was published at Paris in 1546, 8vo.

38. BAROS, who had been appointed treasurer of the Indies, wrote a _History of Asia and of India_ in 4 decades which were published between the years 1552 and 1602. It has been translated from Portuguese into Spanish, and considering that it contains many facts not to be found elsewhere, it is surprising that there should have been neither a French nor English Edition. Baros was born in 1496 and died in 1570.

39. This is probably an error for Peter Nonnius, professor of Mathematics at the University of Coimbra who published two books _De Arte Navigandi_ in 1573.

40. Little is known of this writer. He appears to have been the son of Jerome Fracastor, a Veronese who obtained a certain celebrity as a poet at the beginning of the 16th Century.

41. In a former passage it is stated that Cabot did not get beyond the 58th degree of latitude.

42. It is now well known that the diminished saltness of the sea off the Siberian coast is due to the immense masses of fresh water poured into it by the Ob, the Lena, and other Siberian rivers.

43. Either Salvaterra or the Frier must have possessed a vivid imagination. The former at any rate thoroughly took in Sir Humphrey Gilbert.

44. It seems very strange to us after the Northwest passage has been discovered by M'Clure in 1852 and the North East passage by Nordenskiold in 1879 to read the arguments by which each of the upholders of the two routes sought to prove that his opponent's contention was impossible. Of the two disputants we must confess that Jenkinson's views now appear the likeliest to be realised, for M'Clure only made his way from Behring Straits to Melville island by abandoning his ship and travelling across the ice, while Nordenskiold carried the Vega past the North of Europe and Siberia, returning by Behring's straits and the Pacific.

45. Cape Chudley.

46. Born near Doncaster. He made several attempts to find the Northwest passage. (See post.) In 1585 he accompanied Drake to the West Indies; assisted in defeating the Spanish Armada, and was mortally wounded in 1594 at the attack on Fort Croyzan, near Brest. Some relics of his Arctic expedition were discovered by Captain F. C. Hall in 1860-62, and described in his delightful book, "Life with the Esquimaux."

47. Midway between Orkney and Shetland.

48. Foula, the most westerly of the Shetlands, round in form, is 12 miles in circuit.

49. Esquimaux.

50. Far from coming from Newfoundland, this drift-wood is carried into the Arctic Ocean by the Yenisei and other large rivers of Siberia.

51. Contrary to the opinion of Mr. Weise, who insists that Friseland is Iceland, I am inclined to believe that the East coast of Greenland is meant.

52. Lieutenant Nansen's expedition across Greenland negatives this supposition, but the West coast is more habitable than the East.

53. Frobisher Bay: it is not a strait. Hall's _Island_ is Hall's Peninsula.

54. twisted

55. Long. From Saxon _sid_. (See BEN JONSON, _New Inn_, v. 1.)

56. Raisins.

57. In a very short time. Sometimes written _giffats_

58. It is almost in the exact latitude of Gaboon Bay.

59. Our author is wrong. Morocco lies between the _annual_ Isothermal lines of 68º Fahr. (or 20 Cent.), whilst the mean temperature at the Equator was considered by Humboldt to be 81.4° Fahr. and by Atkinson (Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society) 84.5°.

60. Our author means the _fifth_ proposition of the _first_ book of Euclid, the celebrated _Pons Asinorum_.

61. John Holywood, so named after the place of his birth near York, after studying at Oxford, settled in Paris where he became famous. He died in 1256, leaving two works of rare power considering the century they were written in, viz, _de Spheri Mundi_, and _de Computo Ecclesiastico_. They are to be found in one volume 8vo, Paris, 1560.

62. John Gonzalvo d'Oviedo, born 1478. Was Governor of the New World, and wrote a _Summario de la Historia general y natural de las Indias Occidentales_. Best edition, _Salamanca_ 1535, and _Toledo_, 1536, folio. This is the work here quoted.

63. This is not the case.

64. Blank in original.

65. Kirkwall.

66. Blank in original.

67. Blank in original.

68. Probably a Narwal.

69. Good.

70. Blank in the original.

71. Blank in original.

72. Blank in original.

73. Blank in original.

74. Blank in original.

75. Blank in original.

76. Muddy.

77. Blank in original.

78. Blank in original.

79. Blank in original.

80. Blank in original.

81. South Equatorial Current.

82. Gulf Stream.

83. The elimination of salt from sea-water by cold was evidently unknown to the writer.

84. The writer was evidently not a convert to the System of Copernicus, but agreed with Ptolemy that the Heavens were solid and moved round the earth, which was the centre of the Universe.

85. _Pirrie_, a sudden storm at sea. According to Jamieson, _Pirr_, in Scotch, means a gentle breeze.

"A pirrie came, and set my ship on sands." _Mirror for Magistrates_, p. 194.

86. _Yer_ = ere.

87. Sir Christopher Hatton.

88. Flat.

89. Thus the only result of Davis's Voyage was the discovery of the broad piece of water since known as Davis's Straits, extending between Greenland on the East and Cumberland Island on the West. It connects the Atlantic with Baffin's Bay. In the next voyage, Davis seems to have crossed the mouth of Hudson's Straits, without entering them.

90. The full text of Davis's account is given in Vol. vi., p. 250 of this Edition.

91. It seems probable that either Zeno was wrecked on one of the Shetlands, and that by _Sorani_ is meant Orkney, or that Iceland is the true Frisland.

92. Aveiro, province of Beira, 31 miles N.W. of Coimbra.

93. Viana do Castello, province of Minho, 40 miles N. of Oporto.

94. See Vol ix., p. 143 of this Edition.

95. (?) Chateau-Richer on the St. Lawrence, 15 miles below Quebec.

96. Near Cape Charles.

97. The St. Lawrence.

98. This refers to Gilbert's first voyage in 1578.

99. Causand.

100. The Newfoundland Banks are rather a submarine Plateau than banks in the ordinary sense. The bottom is rocky, and generally reached at 25 to 95 fathoms: length and breadth about 300 miles: the only shallow region in the Atlantic.

101. The cold on the coast is partly due to the quantities of ice descending from Baffin's Bay.

102. Maëlstrom.

103. Silver, and even gold, has been found in Newfoundland.

104. Bends.