i. Preservation of objects composed of inorganic substances

_a._ Limestone 56

_b._ Marble and alabaster 74

_c._ Earthenware 74

_d._ Slightly baked or unbaked clay 81

_e._ Fayence 86

_f._ Stucco and Nile-mud 87

_g._ Sandstone and granite 87

Appendix: Cement for earthenware. Restorations 87

_h._ Iron 89

1. Methods of preserving objects of iron without removal of the rust 89

2. Preservation by steeping and subsequent impregnation 92

3. Preservation by removal of the rust 102

4. Preservation of medieval iron objects 119

_i._ Bronze and copper 120

A. Methods of impregnation 122

B. Preservation by reduction 125

Reduction of oxidized copper coins 140

Cleaning copper coins with melted lead 143

C. Preservation by exclusion of air 144

Appendix: Method of bringing out worn lettering 146 upon coins

_j._ Silver 148

_k._ Lead and tin 149

_l._ Gold 150

_m._ Glass and enamel 151

ii. Preservation of organic substances.

_n._ Bones, horns, ivory 151

_o._ Leather 152

_p._ Textile fabrics, hair 153

_q._ Feathers 154

_r._ Papyrus 154

_s._ Wood 156

1. Dry preservation 156

2. Preservation in liquids 159

Protection against wood-worms, etc. 160

Preservation and cleaning of coloured objects of wood 161

_t._ Amber 162

Care of antiquities after preservative treatment 162

Concluding remarks 164

Appendix A. Method of taking squeezes of inscriptions 166

Appendix B. Zapon 168

Index 171

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Limestone block with well-preserved surface 3

2. Limestone block with pitted surface 3

3. Limestone block showing destruction of surface 4

4. Potsherd showing saline efflorescence 5

5. Pottery showing sodium nitrate efflorescence 6

6. Portion of horse-trappings showing blue and green patina 35

7. Head of Osiris showing advanced condition of warty patina 38

8. Etruscan mirror showing warty patina 40

9. } { 42 } Bronze figure showing destructive patina { 10. } { 43

11. } { 44 } The same after treatment (Finkener's method) { 12. } { 45

13. Gay-Lussac's burette 62

14. Air-pump fixed to water-tap 68

15. Apparatus for impregnation by extraction of air 69

16. } Assyrian clay tablet showing incrustation 79 } 17. } The same after treatment 79

18. } 19. } Assyrian clay tablet before and after treatment 80 20. } 21. }

22. } { 82 } Babylonian clay cone before and after treatment { 23. } { 83

24. Water-bath for iron objects 94

25. Iron sword treated by Blell's method 108

26. Iron spear-head treated by Blell's method 109

27. Iron fibula treated by Blell's method 109

28. Application of Krefting's method 111

29. Iron spear-head treated by Krefting's method 112

30.} Iron pin before and after treatment by Krefting's method 113 31.}

32.} Iron object before and after treatment by Krefting's method 114 33.}

34. Piece of iron sword-blade with inscription revealed by Krefting's method 116

35. Iron sheath after treatment by combination of Blell's and Krefting's method 117

36. Hammer-heads for removal of bronze incrustations 120

37. Osiris showing cracking and destructive patina 123

38. Boeotian bridle showing cracked patina 124

39. Bronze bull showing warty patina 132

40. The same after reduction by Finkener's method 133

41. Bronze axe-blade before treatment by Finkener's method 134

42. The same after treatment by Finkener's method 135

43. Reverse side of same after treatment 136

44. Dagger-sheath before treatment by Finkener's method 137

45. Dagger-sheath after treatment, showing design 137

46. Roman coins before treatment by Krefting's method 142

47. Roman coins after treatment by Krefting's method 143

48. Method of mounting objects in air-tight damp-proof cases 145

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