Chapter 6

_Of the State of the Church and Clergy of_ Virginia.

Though Provision is made, and proper Measures are taken to make Allowances and Alterations in Matters of _Government_, _State_ and _Trade_; yet in Matters of _Religion_, there has not been the Care and Provision that might be wished and expected.

For the Country requires particular Alterations and Allowances in some indifferent spiritual Concernments, as well as in temporal Affairs, which might be done without deviating in the least from the Principles and Practice of the _Establish'd Church of England_; and instead of encouraging Dissentions, or Heresy, or Schism, or Irreligion, would be a sure Means always to prevent them, were such small Alterations regularly established in some Things indifferent, as might best agree with the Conveniency and Nature of the Colony: for it is impossible for a _Clergyman_ to perform this Duty according to the literal Direction of the _Rubrick_; for were he too rigorous in these Respects by disobliging and quarrelling with his Parish, he would do more Mischief in Religion, than all his fine Preaching and exemplary Life could retrieve; A short Narrative of which Case of the Church I transmitted Home to the _late Bishop of London_, by Order and Appointment of a late _Convention_, in a _Representation_ of some _Ecclesiastical Affairs_; but the Nature of this may more fully appear by the following Account.

This, with all the other Plantations, is under the Care of the _Bishop of London_, who supplies them with what Clergymen he can get from _England_, _Scotland_, _Ireland_, and _France_. The late Bishop appointed the Reverend Mr. _James Blair_ to be his Commissary, who is likewise _President of the College_, and one of the _Council_. He by the _Bishop_'s Order summoned the Clergy to _Conventions_, where he sate as _Chairman_; but the Power of _Conventions_ is very little, as is that of the _Commissary_ at present. _Visitations_ have been in vain attempted; for the corrupt Abuses and Rigour of Ecclesiastical Courts have so terrified the People, that they hate almost the very Name, and seem more inclinable to be ruled by any other Method, rather than the present spiritual Courts. Differences and great Disputes frequently arise between the Governor and the People, concerning the Presentation, Collation, Institution, and Induction to Livings; and it is scarce yet decided distinctly who have the Right of giving Parishes to Ministers, whether the Governors or the Vestries, though the best of _Council_ have been applied to for their Opinion; for their Sentiments are not obligatory.

The _Vestries_ consist of the Minister, and twelve of the most substantial and intelligent Persons in each Parish. These at first were elected by the Parish by Pole, and upon Vacancies are supplied by Vote of the Vestry; out of them a new Church-Warden is annually chosen, under (as it were) the Instruction of the old one chosen the Year before. By the Vestry are all parochial Affairs managed, such as the Church, Poor, and the Minister's Salary.

The _Clerk_ in Case of the Minister's Death or Absence has great Business, and is a kind of _Curate_, performing frequently all the Offices of the _Church_, except the two _Sacraments_ and _Matrimony_; but 'tis Pity but his Practices were better regulated, and Sets of Sermons also appointed for his Purpose; for in several Places the _Clerks_ are so ingenious or malicious, that they contrive to be liked as well or better than the Minister, which creates Ill-Will and Disturbance, besides other Harm. In some Places they read the Lessons, publish Banns, _&c._ when the Minister is present, for his Ease; which first may not be improper in very hot Weather, or if the Minister be sick or infirm, if the _Clerk_ can read tolerably well. Likewise might they be allowed to bury when a Minister cannot possibly be had before the _Corpse_ would corrupt in hot Weather; but little more should be granted them, since some Places long accustomed to hear only their Clerk read Prayers and Sermons at Church, have no right Notions of the Office, Respect, and Dignity of a _Clergyman_. For registering Births and Burials, there is a small Allowance which is generally given to the Clerk, who takes that Trouble off the Minister's Hands. The Use of this is to know the Number of Tythables, for laying of Levies, and for other Occasions, and Lists of these Registers are delivered into the Hands of proper Officers. The Parishes being of great Extent (some sixty Miles long and upwards) many dead _Corpses_ cannot be conveyed to the Church to be buried: So that it is customary to bury in Gardens or Orchards, where whole Families lye interred together, in a Spot generally handsomly enclosed, planted with Evergreens, and the Graves kept decently: Hence likewise arises the Occasion of preaching _Funeral Sermons_ in Houses, where at Funerals are assembled a great Congregation of Neighbours and Friends; and if you insist upon having the Sermon and Ceremony at Church, they'll say they will be without it, unless performed after their usual Custom. In Houses also there is Occasion, from Humour, Custom sometimes, from Necessity most frequently, to _baptize_ Children and _church Women_, otherwise some would go without it. In Houses also they most commonly _marry_, without Regard to the Time of the Day or Season of the Year. Though the Churches be not _consecrated_ by Bishops, yet might there be some solemn _Dedication_ prescribed for setting them apart for sacred Uses; which would make People behave themselves with greater Reverence than they usually do, and have a greater Value for the House of God and holy Things.

Their _Churches_ were formerly built of Timber, but now they build them of Brick, very strong and handsome, and neatly adorned; and when any Church is gone to Decay, or removed to a more convenient Place, they enclose the old one with a Ditch.

Though Persons are admitted to the Lord's Supper there, that never were confirmed by the _Bishop_, yet might there be certain Examinations as preparatory Qualifications, which would lay the Sureties and Parents of Children baptized, under a Necessity of taking Care of them, as to a pious Education, and would make them be obliged to know more of their Duty than they generally do.

For this End I have composed (as I before hinted) an _Accidence to Christianity_, being a short Introduction to the Principles and Practices of Christians, collected out of the _Church Catechism_, the thirty nine _Articles_, _Hammond's Practical Catechism_, _Grotius of the Truth of the Christian Religion_, and _the whole Duty of Man_.

Out of which may be extracted a brief _Examination for Communicants_ before their first Admittance; which may be done by the _Minister_, if he had Orders and Directions for it. By this Means the People would attain to better Notions of Religion (and many more would be Communicants, who now abstain totally through Fear or Ignorance) were the first true Principles timely instilled into them in a brief Method; for any Thing tedious soon tires them, and will not obtain the desired Effect. In several Respects the Clergy are obliged to omit or alter some minute Parts of the _Liturgy_, and deviate from the strict _Discipline and Ceremonies_ of the _Church_; to avoid giving Offence, through Custom, or else to prevent Absurdities and Inconsistencies. Thus _Surplices_, disused there for a long Time in most Churches, by bad Examples, Carelesness and Indulgence, are now beginning to be brought in Fashion, not without Difficulty; and in some Parishes where the People have been used to receive the Communion in their Seats (a Custom introduced for Opportunity for such as are inclined to _Presbytery_ to receive the _Sacrament_ sitting) it is not an easy Matter to bring them to the _Lord's Table_ decently upon their Knees.

The last Injunction in the Form of _Publick Baptism_ is most properly omitted there, wherein the _Godfathers_ and _Godmothers_ are ordered to take Care that the Child be brought to the _Bishop_ to be _confirmed_, which for the most Part would prove impracticable.

It would be improper for the _Chaplain of the Honourable the Assembly_ and others, to use the Prayers for the High Court of Parliament _verbatim_, for they cannot know whether the Parliament sits in _England_ then; and their Intent is to pray for the _Assembly_ and the King's Dominions; so that the Prayer must be altered in several Respects.

'Tis Pity but the Prayer was altered, and allowed for the _Assembly, Governor and Council_; of which we have an Instance in _Irish Common Prayer Books_.

Every Minister is a kind of _Independent_ in his own Parish, in Respect of some little particular Circumstances and Customs, to which they are often occasionally obliged; but this Liberty without Restraint may prove of bad Consequence hereafter; when the bad Tenets and Discipline of any _heterodox_, _libertine_, or _fantastical_ Persons may plead _Prescription_ for their Establishment, and be difficult to be eradicated.

In most Parishes are _Schools_ (little Houses being built on Purpose) where are taught _English_ and _Writing_; but to prevent the sowing the Seeds of Dissention and Faction, it is to be wished that the _Masters_ or _Mistresses_ should be such as are approved or licensed by the Minister, and Vestry of the Parish, or Justices of the County; the Clerks of the Parishes being generally most proper for this Purpose; or (in Case of their Incapacity or Refusal) such others as can best be procured.

As for _baptizing Indians and Negroes_, several of the People disapprove of it; because they say it often makes them proud, and not so good Servants: But these, and such Objections, are easily refuted, if the Persons be sensible, good, and understand _English_, and have been taught (or are willing to learn) the _Principles of Christianity_, and if they be kept to the Observance of it afterwards; for _Christianity_ encourages and orders them to become more humble and better Servants, and not worse, than when they were _Heathens_.

But as for _baptizing wild Indians and new Negroes_, who have not the least Knowledge nor Inclination to know and mind our Religion, Language and Customs, but will obstinately persist in their own _barbarous Ways_; I question whether Baptism of such (till they be a little weaned of their savage Barbarity) be not a _Prostitution_ of a Thing so _sacred_.

But as for the _Children of Negroes_ and _Indians_, that are to live among _Christians_, undoubtedly they ought all to be baptized; since it is not out of the Power of their Masters to take Care that they have a Christian Education, learn their Prayers and Catechism, and go to Church, and not accustom themselves to lie, swear and steal, tho' such (as the poorer Sort in _England_) be not taught to read and write; which as yet has been found to be dangerous upon several political Accounts, especially Self-Preservation.

In every Parish there is allotted for the Minister a convenient _Dwelling-House and a Glebe_ of about two hundred and fifty Acres of Land, with a small Stock of Cattle ready in some Places, as _James Town_.

The Salary of the Minister is yearly 16000, and in some Parishes 20000 _l._ of Tobacco; out of which there is a Deduction for _Cask_, _prizing_, _collecting_, &c. about which Allowance there are sometimes Disputes, as are also Differences often about the Place, Time, and Manner of delivering it; but all these Things might easily be regulated.

Tobacco is more commonly at 20 _s. per Cent._ than at 10; so that certainly, (_communibus annis_) it will bring 12 _s._ 8 _d. a hundred_, which will make 16000 (the least Salary) amount to 100 _l. per Ann._ which it must certainly clear, allowing for all petty Charges, out of the Lowness of the Price stated, which is less than the _Medium_ between ten and twenty Shillings; whereas it might be stated above the Medium, since it is oftener at twenty than ten Shillings.

Besides the Glebe and Salary, there is 20 _s._ for every _Wedding_ by _License_, and 5 _s._ for every Wedding by _Banns_, with 40 _s._ for a _Funeral Sermon_, which most of the _middling People_ will have.

This one would think should be sufficient Encouragement for _Clergymen_ of good Lives and Learning (that are not better provided for elsewhere) to go over and settle there; if they considered rightly the little Danger and Fatigue they may expose themselves to, the great Good they may do, and what Advantages they may reap with good Conduct and right Management of their Fortunes and Conversations.

The Parishes are large, but then the Inhabitants are but thin; and there are _Chapels of Ease_ in large Parishes, at which there is divine Service in _Turns_ with the Churches; and frequently upon a _Vacancy_ some neighbouring Clergyman does the Duty of _another Parish_ besides his own, on some _Week-Day_, for which he has the Salary, till it can be better supplied.

Many Disputes and Differences arise between some of the Clergy and People; but this generally proceeds from the uncertain and precarious Footing of Livings, and some Disputes about the Nature and Manner of the Payment of the established Salary; which though it may be esteemed sufficient, yet is not so well regulated, as might be wished and expected in such a _great Colony_ of so long a _standing_, and free from the Molestation of Church Faction, and Dissenters.

Besides the Payment of the Salary, the _Surplice Fees_ want a better Regulation in the Payment; for though the Allowance be sufficient, yet Differences often and Ill-Will arise about these Fees, whether they are to be paid in Money or Tobacco, and when; whereas by a small Alteration and Addition of a few Laws in these and the like Respects, the Clergy might live more happy, peaceable, and better beloved; and the People would be more easy, and pay never the more Dues.

The Establishment is indeed Tobacco, but some Parts of the Country make but mean and poor, so that Clergymen don't care to live in such Parishes; but there the Payment might be made in Money, or in the Produce of those Places, which might be equivalent to the Tobacco Payments; better for the Minister, and as pleasing to the People.

Some Clergymen are indeed unskilful in, and others are not studious of, reconciling their own Interest and Duty with the Humour and Advantage of the People, especially at their first coming, when many Things seem very odd to them; being different to what they have been heretofore accustomed to.

These Things often occasion Uneasiness to the Ministers themselves, and the People; but for the Generality they that have a Mind to do their Duty, and live happily (with some Caution and Care) may live with as much Satisfaction, Respect, Comfort, and Love, as most _Clergymen_ in _England_.

'Tis to be hoped and wished, that as the _Government_ of _England_ have of late taken it into their Consideration to encourage more Clergymen to go over; so they may give Instructions and Directions for the Advantage and Happiness of both the Clergy and Laity, by rectifying and settling some Affairs belonging to the _Church of Virginia_; and providing such Laws as are wanting or requisite to be altered in Respect of the Clergy; a full and true Account of whom I have here given (as much as the Scope of this Treatise would admit of) to the best of my Knowledge.

This I have committed to Paper, for the better Information of such as may in any Respect be concerned in Affairs relating to _Virginia_, especially its Government, Religion, and Trade: For without exact Notions of the Temper, Lives, and Manners of the People, and the Nature and Produce of the Country, none can frame a correct Judgment of what is most proper to be added, altered, or continued, nor know what Steps are to be taken for the Advancement of either the publick or private Good of that Colony, in Respect either of Church, State, or Trade.

Another Inducement for my writing this, was for the Encouragement and Intelligence of such good Clergymen and others, as are inclinable to go and settle there; and for the Information of all that are desirous of knowing how People live in other Countries, as well as their own; together with an Intent to vindicate this Country from the unjust Reflections which are vulgarly cast on it; and to wean the World from the unworthy despicable Notions, which many entertain concerning his _Majesty_'s Dominions in _North America_; where is Room and Imployment enough for all that want Business or a Maintenance at Home, of all Occupations; and where, if they be not their own Enemies, they might live much better than ever they did in _England_; which blessed Opportunity of favourable Providence may give great Comfort to any good Folks that are in poor unfortunate Circumstances.