Chapter 20

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 339.

Dawkins’s “Cave Hunting,” p. 365.

Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 112.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 337.

The majority of the Pliocene animals disappeared from Europe at the close of the period in question. This includes such animals as the mastodon, hipparion, and many kinds of deer (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 334). The following animals survived into the Glacial Age, and some even into Inter-glacial periods: African hippopotamus (still living), saber-toothed lion, bear of Auvergne, big-nosed rhinoceros, Etruskan rhinoceros, Sedgwick’s deer, deer of Polignac, Southern elephant. (“Prehistoric Europe,” p. 95.)

The northern animals include the following: Alpine hare, musk-sheep, glutton, reindeer, arctic fox, lemming, tailless hare, marmot, spermophile, ibex, snowy vole, chamois. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 32.)

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 28.

The following animals are given as southern species: Hippopotamus, African elephant, spotted hyena, striped hyena, serval, caffer cat, lion, leopard. In addition to the above there were also four or five species of elephants and three species of rhinoceros, which have since become extinct. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 32.)

It is scarcely necessary to give a list of these animals. Prof. Dawkins enumerates thirty-three species. The following are some of the most important: Urus, bison, horse, stag, roe, beaver, rabbit, otter, weasel, martin, wildcat, fox, wolf, wild boar, brown bear, grizzly bear. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p, 32.)

Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 191.

Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” p. 316.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 87.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 50.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 54.

Ibid., p. 55.

Kane’s “Arctic Exploration,” Vol. I, p. 225.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 180.

Wallace’s “Island Life,” p. 104.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 189.

Ibid., p. 192, _et seq._

Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain.”

For fuller information on this topic see James Geikie’s “The Great Ice Age;” also, by the same author, “Prehistoric Europe.” In Appendix “B” of this latter work the author gives a map of Europe at the climax of the Glacial Age, showing the great extension of the glaciers. This map embodies the results of the labors of a great many eminent scholars. See also Croll’s “Climate and Time;” also Wallace’s “Island Life,” pp. 102-202. We are not aware that the statements as set forth above are seriously questioned by any geologist of note. Some consider it quite possible that the bowlder clays of Southern England and Central Germany were deposited during a period of submergence from melting icebergs. (Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 116.) But even this demands vast glaciers to the north of this supposed submergence to produce the icebergs. The weight of authority, however, is in favor of the glaciers. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 175.)

Haywood’s Heer’s “Primeval World of Switzerland,” p. 200.

“Prehistoric Europe,” p. 261. It is no longer a question that there was at least one mild period separating two periods of cold in Europe. See Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” p. 316; Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” pp. 115-120; Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man,” pp. 282-285., Dana’s “Manual of Geology,” first edition, p. 561; Haywood’s Heer’s “Primeval World of Switzerland,” Vol. II, p. 203; Wallace’s “Island Life,” p. 114; Croll’s “Climate and Time.” Mr. Geikie, in his works, “The Great Ice Age” and “Prehistoric Europe,” maintains there were several warm interglacial epochs.

Wright.

Morgan’s “Ancient Society,” p. 29.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 365. Morgan’s “Ancient Society,” p. 39.

Rau’s “Early Man in Europe,” p. 14.

“Primitive Industry,” p. 485.

Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” 384.

Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” chap. ix. Most geologists suppose there was a general depression of the region below the sea level, or so as to form inland lakes, and that the loess was thus deposited, as perhaps it is depositing at the present time in the lakes of Switzerland. (Wright.)

Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” p. 423.

Evans’s “Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 621.

_Pop. Science Monthly,_ Oct., 1883.

Dawkins’s “Ear. Man in Brit.,” p. 163.

Wright’s “Studies in Science and Religion,” p. 278. See also British Association Report, 1882, p. 602.

Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” p. 356.

Abbott’s “Primitive Industry.”

Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 172.

Wright.

Quatrefages’s “Human Species,” p. 307.

“Human Species,” p. 305.

Ibid., p. 307.

Quatrefage’s “Human Species,” p. 306.

“Early Man in Britain,” p. 173.

Ibid., p. 233.

We do not give any estimate in years as to this antiquity in this chapter.

We must remember that this age is also variously called the Quaternary, Pleistocene, and Post Tertiary. We do not now refer to the evidence of man’s existence in the Miocene and Pliocene, treated of in the preceding chapter.

Mr. Dawkins finds that fifty-five out of seventy-seven species are yet living. “Early Man in Britain,” p, 109.

“Early Man in Britain,” p. 110.

Those who reject the proofs of the existence of man in Pliocene times because the evolution of life had not then reached a stage where we could hope to find man, are here confronted with a difficulty. If Mr. Dawkins be right (as stated above) then the various animals in question must have been living in Asia during the preceding Pliocene Age. There is no reason to suppose man was not associated with them, since he belongs to the same stage of evolution (Le Conte’s “Elements of Geology,” p. 568), and though, owing to climatic and geographical causes, the animals themselves might have been confined to Asia, there is surely no good reason why man may not, in small bands, and at various times, have wandered into Europe.

“Prehistoric Europe,” “The Great Ice Age.”

Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 170.

“Prehistoric Europe,” p. 268.

Ibid., 360.

British Assoc. Rep., 1878.

“Early Man in Britain,” pp. 137, 141, and 169, with note.

British Assoc. Rep., 1879.

Prehistoric Europe, p. 263.

British Assoc. Rep., 1882.

Preface to Kains-Jackson’s “Our Ancient Monuments.”

“First Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,” p. 73.