CHAPTER IV.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

Writing as a scientist and publishing his work in a scientific journal, Peirce proposed in 1878 a new method for making our ideas clear. He was attempting a description of the logic of the sciences. He believed himself to be showing how the greatest of our modern thinkers do make clear to themselves their ideas of the objects with which they work. The meaning of anything, said Peirce, consists in the actual or possible effects which it might produce. Our idea of the thing is clear when we have in mind these sensible effects. This theory of clearness he called pragmatism.

No one, it seems, paid any especial attention to this theory at the time. But twenty years later James brought the subject to the forefront of discussion by explaining it anew in his exceptionally lucid way and by making a particular application of it to religion. But for James the method for clearness very soon grew into a new theory of truth, and in this way, in spite of the fact that the method had been proposed by a scientist as a description of the procedure of science, he seems to have lost for it the support of science. The reason for this outcome was his introduction of value as a criterion for truth. This, James recognizes, was counter to all the scientific ideals of many of the workers in science, for the essence of their procedure, as they saw it, was to put all desire as to outcomes behind them and to try to find out how things actually prove or test out to be, quite apart from how we would like them to be. To introduce the general value of an outcome, then, as a criterion for truth, seems to destroy what the scientist had been thinking of as 'pure research', and to involve control by an outside influence that would determine which things are or are not valuable and worth investigating. It was sufficiently well known to the scientist that most of the greatest scientific discoveries were made by men who had no appreciation or interest in the general utility of the outcome, and whose results were applied only much later and, as it were, by accident. To say, then, that the truth of an idea was influenced by its general value was to run afoul of all the sorely sensitive ideals which the scientist had acquired in his recent contest with the domination of the church. It is hardly to be wondered at, therefore, that the interpretation of pragmatism given by James was not popular with persons of a scientific temperament.

Further, if the value or desirability of an idea has an influence upon its truth, then truth will vary from person to person, for desirability varies with the taste of the person concerned. Peirce had warned against individual standards of truth in his discussion of the Methods of Fixing Belief. The scientific conception, as it had differentiated itself from other conceptions of truth, had attempted to secure a kind of truth not determined by what we would like or by what can be made to seem desirable by oratory or by what can be made to win out over other opinions by skill in debate, but by some criterion quite apart from desire and opinion. Peirce had attempted such a criterion in his postulate of an unchanging eternal reality. Instead, that is, of consulting with each other, of debating with each other to find the truth, we ought to consult this reality. In other words, to undertake scientific experiment. Such had been Peirce's description of the scientific and modern method of attaining truth as contrasted, as he says, with that of the medievalists.

Now the difficulty in Peirce's method, as we have seen, was that this postulate of an external reality unaffected by our opinions would not endure the test for clearness. Every object, says Peirce, reduces to the sum of its effects. The only effect of real things, he says again, is to produce belief. From these two propositions it would seem to follow that reality is a sum of beliefs. But this, of course, eliminates any unchanging reality independent of our opinions about it.

We saw further that Peirce defined both belief and meaning as habit and made no distinction between them. Now as belief and meaning are obviously not the same, we are in need of new definitions for these terms.

At this point we turned to the interpretation of Dewey. For Dewey the distinction would seem to be that while meaning may well be defined as habit, belief is to be defined as expectation. If we believe in anything, this means that we expect certain results from it. To believe is to suppose that if we were to come into relation with the thing we would find certain effects to come about.

From this conception the Deweyan theory of truth would seem to follow immediately. If belief means a sum of expectations, the truth of a belief would mean the verification of these expectations. A true belief simply means one that fulfils expectations.

The Deweyan development of the pragmatic method is obviously very much more in harmony with the procedure of science than that of James. James seems to have 'left the track' in his interpretation of the pragmatic method when he related truth to the predominantly valuable. Truth we have found to have no necessary or invariable connection with general value, for many ideas would be acknowledged to be perfectly true while at the same time being either useless or harmful. For Dewey this matter of value has no place in relation to the test of the truth of an idea, for its truth means nothing more than its ability to lead as it promises.

We seem, then, it may be said in conclusion, to be confronted with something like the following alternatives:

If we believe that Dewey could not have made a correct deduction from the pragmatic method when he developed it into a theory of truth making truth dependent upon fulfilled expectations alone, then very obviously the next step in this investigation is to find the point at which his inference went wrong. This means a re-examination of each step in his reasoning.

If we believe that Dewey does make a correct deduction from the pragmatic method in this development toward truth, then we are confronted with the alternative of either accepting the Deweyan theory of truth or of rejecting the Peircian theory of clearness. That is, if we begin with Peirce on method, we must then go clear through to Dewey on truth. And if we reject Dewey, while believing that Peirce gave a correct description of the method of science, then it seems that we must conclude that the method of science and the method of philosophy are not the same.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE WORKS OF CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE

1865. On an improvement of Boole's calculus of logic. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., v. 7, p. 250.

1867. Logical Papers.

1868. Questions concerning certain faculties claimed for man. Jour. Spec. Phil. 2:103.

Nominalism and realism. Jour. Spec. Phil. 2:57.

On the meaning of 'determined'. Jour. Spec. Phil. 2:190.

Some consequences of four incapacities. Jour. Spec. Phil. 2:140.

Grounds for the validity of the laws of logic. Jour. Spec. Phil. 2:193.

1871. Review and discussion of Fraser's "Works of Berkeley." No. Am. Rev. 113:449.

1878. Illustrations of the logic of science. I--The fixation of belief. Pop. Sci. Mo. 12:1. II--How to make our ideas clear. Pop. Sci. Mo. 12:286. III--The doctrine of chances. Pop. Sci. Mo. 12:604. IV--The probability of induction. Pop. Sci. Mo. 12:705.

1879. Illustrations of the logic of science. V--The order of nature. Pop. Sci. Mo. 13:203. VI--Deduction, induction, and hypothesis. Pop. Sci. Mo. 13:470.

La logique de la science. Rev. Philos. 6:553, 7:39.

1880. On the algebra of logic. Am. Jour. Math. 3:15. Also, Rev. Philos. 12:646.

1883. (Editor) Studies in Logic.

1884. Numerical measure of success of predictions. Science 4:453.

Old stone mill at Newport. Science 4:512.

1888. Logical machines. Am. Jour. Psy. 1:165.

1890. The architecture of theories. Monist 1:161.

1891. The doctrine of necessity examined. Monist 2:321.

The law of mind. Monist 2:533.

1892. Man's glassy essence. Monist 3:1.

Evolutionary love. Monist 3:176.

Reply to the necessitarians. Monist 3:526.

1896. The regenerated logic. Monist 7:19.

The logic of relatives. Monist 7:161.

1900. Infinitesimals. Science 11:430.

Decennial celebration of Clark University. Science 11:620.

Century's great men of science. Smithsonian Institute Reports, 1900, p. 673.

Annotations on the first three chapters of Pearson's Grammar of Science. Pop. Sci. Mo. 58:296.

1901. Campanus. Science 13:809.

1905. What pragmatism is. Monist 15:161.

The issues of pragmaticism. Monist 15:481.

1906. Mr. Peterson's proposed discussion. Monist 16:147.

Prolegomena to an apology for pragmaticism. Monist 16:492.

1908. Some amazing mazes. Monist 18:227, 416, 19:36.

A neglected argument for the reality of God. Hib. Jour. 7:90.

1910. On non-Aristotelian logic. Monist 20:158.

THE WORKS OF WILLIAM JAMES

A "List of the Published Writings of William James" will be found in the Psychological Review for March 1911, v. 18, p. 157.

THE WORKS OF JOHN DEWEY

_On Logic and Metaphysics:_

1882. The metaphysical assumptions of materialism. Jour. Spec. Phil. 16:208.

The pantheism of Spinoza. Jour. Spec. Phil. 16:249.

1883. Knowledge and the relativity of feeling. Jour. Spec. Phil. 17:56.

1884. Kant and philosophic method. Jour. Spec. Phil. 18:162.

1886. The psychological standpoint. Mind 11:1.

Psychology as philosophic method. Mind 11:153.

1887. "Illusory psychology." Mind 12:83.

Knowledge as idealization. Mind 12:382.

1888. Leibniz's New Essays Concerning Human Understanding.

1890. On some current conceptions of the term 'self'. Mind 15:58.

1891. The present position of logical theory. Monist 2:1.

1892. The superstition of necessity. Monist 3:362.

1894. The ego as cause. Phil. Rev. 3:337.

1895. Interest as Related To Will.

1900. Some stages of logical thought. Phil. Rev. 9:465.

1903. Logical Conditions of a Scientific Treatment of Morality.

(And others) Studies in Logical Theory.

1904. Notes upon logical topics. I--A classification of contemporary tendencies. Jour. Phil. 1:57. II--The meaning of the term idea. Jour. Phil. 1:175.

1905. Immediate empiricism. Jour. Phil. 2:597.

The knowledge experience and its relationships. Jour. Phil. 2:652.

The knowledge experience again. Jour. Phil. 2:707.

The postulate of immediate empiricism. Jour. Phil. 2:393.

The realism of pragmatism. Jour. Phil. 2:324.

1906. Reality as experience. Jour. Phil. 3:253.

The terms 'conscious' and 'consciousness'. Jour. Phil. 3:39.

Beliefs and realities. Phil. Rev. 15:113.

Experience and objective idealism. Phil. Rev. 15:465.

The experimental theory of knowledge. Mind 15:293.

1907. The control of ideas by facts. Jour. Phil. 4:197, 253, 309.

Pure experience and reality: a disclaimer. Phil. Rev. 16:419.

Reality and the criterion for truth of ideas. Mind 15:317.

1908. What does pragmatism mean by practical? Jour. Phil. 5:85.

Logical character of ideas. Jour. Phil. 5:375.

1909. Objects, data, and existence: Reply to Professor McGilvary. Jour. Phil. 6:13.

Dilemma of the intellectualistic theory of truth. Jour. Phil. 6:433.

Darwin's influence on philosophy. Pop. Sci. Mo. 75:90.

1910. Some implications of anti-intellectualism. Jour. Phil. 7:477.

Short cuts to realism examined. Jour. Phil. 7:553.

Valid knowledge and the subjectivity of experience. Jour. Phil. 7:169.

Science as subject-matter and as method. Science n. s. 31:121.

How We Think.

Influence of Darwin on Philosophy, and Other Essays.

1911. Rejoinder to Dr. Spaulding. Jour. Phil. 8:77.

Brief studies in realism. Jour. Phil. 8:393, 546.

Joint discussion with Dr. Spaulding. Jour. Phil. 8:574.

1912. Reply to Professor McGilvary's questions. Jour. Phil. 9:19.

In response to Professor McGilvary. Jour. Phil. 9:544.

Perception and organic action. Jour. Phil. 9:645.

Reply to Professor Royce's critique of instrumentalism. Phil. Rev. 21:69.

_On Psychology, Ethics, Education, etc.:_

1890. Moral theory and practice. Int. Jour. Ethics 1:186.

1891. Psychology.

Outline of a Critical Theory of Ethics.

1892. Green's theory of the moral motive. Phil. Rev. 1:593.

1893. Teaching ethics in high school. Ed. Rev. 6:313.

Self-realization as the moral ideal. Phil. Rev. 2:652.

1894. The psychology of infant language. Psy. Rev. 1:63.

The theory of emotion. I--Emotional attitudes. Psy. Rev. 1:553.

1895. The theory of emotion. II--The significance of the emotions. Psy. Rev. 2:13.

1896. The metaphysical method in ethics. Psy. Rev. 3:181

The reflex arc concept in psychology. Psy. Rev. 3:357.

Influence of the high school upon educational methods. Ed. Rev. 4:1.

1897. The psychology of effort. Phil. Rev. 6:43.

(And J. A. McLellan) Psychology of Number and its Application to Methods of Teaching Arithmetic.

Evolution and ethics. Monist 8:321.

Psychological aspects of school curriculums. Ed. Rev. 13:356.

1898. Some remarks on the psychology of number. Ped. Sem. 5:426.

W. T. Harris's Psychological Foundation of Education. Ed. Rev. 16:1.

Social interpretations. Phil. Rev. 7:631.

1900. Psychology and social practice. Psy. Rev. 7:105.

1901. Psychology and Social Practice.

Are the schools doing what the people want them to do? Ed. Rev. 21:459.

The situation as regards the course of study. Ed. Rev. 22:26.

1902. The evolutionary method as applied to morality. I--Its scientific necessity. Phil. Rev. 11:107. II--Its significance for conduct. Phil. Rev. 11:353.

Interpretation of the savage mind. Psy. Rev. 9:217.

Academic freedom. Ed. Rev. 23:1.

Problems in secondary education. Sch. Rev. 19:13.

Syllabus of courses. El. Sch. 73:200.

The school as a social center. El. Sch. 73:563.

1903. Emerson: The philosopher of democracy. Int. Jour. Ethics 13:405.

Shortening the years of elementary schooling. Sch. Rev. 11:17.

The psychological and the logical in teaching geometry. Ed. Rev. 25:386.

1904. The philosophical work of Herbert Spencer. Phil. Rev. 13:159.

1906. Culture and industry in education. Ed. Bi-Monthly 1:1.

The Educational Situation.

1907. The life of reason. Ed. Rev. 34:116.

1908. (And Tufts) Ethics.

Religion and our schools. Hib. Jour. 6:796.

1909. Is nature good? Hib. Jour. 7:827.

Moral Principles in Education.

1910. How We Think.

William James. Jour. Phil. 7:505.

1911. Is coeducation injurious to girls? Ladies Home Jour. 28:22.

Maeterlinck's philosophy of life. Hib. Jour. 9:765.

1913. Interest and Effort in Education.

An undemocratic proposal. Vocational Ed. 2:374.

Industrial education and democracy. Survey 29:870.

1914. Report on the Fairhope experiment in organic education. Survey 32:199.

National policy of industrial education. New Republic, v. I.

Nature and reason in law. Int. Jour. Eth. 25:25.

WORKS ON TRUTH

(See also the list under 'Pragmatism').

1624. Herbert de Clerbury, E.--De Veritate Prout Distinguitur a Revelatione, a Possibiliti et a Falso.

1674. Malbranche, N.--De la Recherche de la Verite.

1690. Locke, J.--Essay Concerning the Human Understanding.

1780. Beattie, James.--An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth.

1781. Kant, Im.--Kritik der reinen Vernunft.

1800. Kant, Im.--Logik.

1811. Fries, J.--System der Logik, p. 448 ff.

1817. Hegel, F.--Encyclopädie. Sec. 21.

1826. Hume, D.--Treatise on Human Nature. iv, sec. 2.

1840. Abercombie, J.--An Inquiry Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth.

1842. Thomson, W.--Outlines of the Necessary Laws of Thought.

1854. Bailey, S.--Essays on the Pursuit of Truth.

1862. Tiberghien, G.--Logique. v. 2, pp. 322-355.

1866. Hamilton, Sir Wm.--Logic. Lectures 28-31.

1875. Forster, W.--Wahrheit und Wahrschleinlichkeit.

1877. Jevons, W. S.--The Principles of Science. 2nd ed., pp. 374-396.

1878. Schuppe, W.--Logik. v. 1, pp. 622-696.

1880. Wundt, W.--Logik.

1882. Bergmann, J.--Die Grundprobleme der Logik. p. 96ff.

1884. Schulbert-Soldern, R. von.--Grundlagen einer Erkenntnisstheorie. p. 156ff.

1885. Royce, J.--The Religious Aspect of Philosophy.

1889. Argyle, Duke of--What Is Truth?

Stephen, L.--On some kinds of necessary truth. Mind 14:50, 188.

1890. Carus, Paul--The criterion of truth. Monist 1:229.

1892. Rickert, H.--Der Gegenstand der Erkenntniss. Freib. pp. 63-64.

1893. Bradley, F. H.--Appearance and Reality. Chapters 16, 24.

Cousin, Victor--Lectures on the True, the Beautiful, and the Good.

Soyen, Shakn--Universality of truth. Monist 4:161.

Miller, D. S.--The meaning of truth and error. Phil. Rev. 2:408.

Smith, W.--Certitude. Phil. Rev. 2:665.

1894. Gordy, J. P.--The test of belief. Phil. Rev. 3:257.

1895. Jerusalem, W.--Die Urteilsfunction. p. 185ff.

Bosanquet, B.--Essentials of Logic. pp. 69-79.

Sigwart, C.--Logic. v. 1, pp. 295-326.

1896. Hodder, A.--Truth and the tests of truth. Phil. Rev. 5:1.

Wundt, W.--Ueber naiven und kritischen Realismus. Phil. Studien 12:332.

1897. Brochard, Victor--De L'Erreur.

Jordan, D. S.--The stability of truth. Pop. Sci. Mo. 4:642, 749.

Strümpell, Ludw.--Unterchiede der Wahrheiten und irrtümer. p. 58.

1898. Baillie, J. B.--Truth and history. Mind 7:506.

Powell, J. W.--Truth and Error.

1899. Eisler, W.--Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe.

1900. Sidgwick, H.--Criteria of truth and error. Mind 9:8.

1901. Creighton, J. E.--Methodology and truth. Phil. Rev. 10:408.

French, F. C.--The doctrine of the twofold truth. Phil. Rev. 10:477.

Royce, J.--The World and the Individual.

Smyth, J.--Truth and Reality.

1902. Baldwin, J. M.--Development and Evolution. Chapter 17.

Pritchett, H. S.--What is truth? Outlook 70:620.

1903. Duprat, Guillaume L.--Le Mesonge. Etude de psycho-sociologie pathologique et normale.

Pilate's What is truth. Catholic World 77:705.

1904. Bradley, F. H.--On truth and practice. Mind 13:309.

Glasenapp, G. v.--Der Wert der Wahrheit. Zeitsch. f. Philos. u. phil. Kr. 123:186, 124:25.

Rogers, A. K.--James on humanism and truth. Jour. Phil. 1:693.

1905. Alexander, H. B.--Phenomenalism and the problem of knowledge. Jour. Phil. 2:182.

Alexander, H. B.--Quantity, quality, and the function of knowledge. Jour. Phil. 2:459.

Hyslop, J. H.--Problems of Philosophy. Chapter 7.

Joachim, H. H.--'Absolute' and 'relative' truth. Mind 14:1.

Joseph, H. W. B.--Professor James on 'humanism and truth'. Mind 14:28.

Knox, H. V.--Mr. Bradley's absolute criterion. Mind 14:210.

Overstreet, H. A.--Conceptual completeness and abstract truth. Phil. Rev. 14:308.

Pitkin, W. B.--Psychology of eternal truths. Jour. Phil. 2:449.

Taylor, A. E.--Truth and practice. Phil. Rev. 14:265.

1906. Gore, George--Scientific sketch of untruth. Monist 16:96.

Russell, B.--The nature of truth. Mind 15:528.

Review of Joachim's The Nature of Truth. Nation 83:42.

Schiller, F. C. S.---The ambiguity of truth. Mind 15:161.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Joachim's The Nature of Truth. Jour. Phil. 3:549.

Taylor, A. E.--Truth and consequences. Mind 15:81.

Openmindedness. Catholic World 82:756.

1908. Bakewell, C. M.--On the meaning of truth. Phil. Rev. 17:579.

Creighton, J. E.--The nature and criterion of truth. Phil. Rev. 17:592.

Gardiner, H. N.--The problems of truth. Phil. Rev. 17:113.

Moore, A. W.--Truth value. Jour. Phil. 5:429.

Prat, J. B.--Truth and ideas. Jour. Phil. 5:122.

Urbana, F. M.--On a supposed criterion of the absolute truth of some propositions. Jour. Phil. 5:701.

1909. Bradley, F. H.--On truth and coherence. Mind 18:322.

Bradley, F. H.--Coherence and contradiction. Mind 18:489.

Buckham, J. W.--Organization of truth. Int. Jour. Eth. 20:63.

Carritt, E. F.--Truth in art and religion. Hib. Jour. 8:362.

Knox, H. V.--The evolution of truth. Quarterly Rev. No. 419.

1910. Alexander, H. B.--Truth and nature. Monist 20:585.

Boodin, J. E.--The nature of truth. Phil. Rev. 19:395.

Bradley, F. H.--On appearance, error, and contradiction. Mind 19:153.

Jacobson, Edmund--Relational account of truth. Jour. Phil. 7:253.

Russell, B.--Philosophical Essays. Essays 5, 6, 7.

Schmidt, Karl--Hertz's theory of truth. Monist 20:445.

Tsanoff, R. A.--Professor Boodin on the nature of truth. Phil. Rev. 19:632.

Plea for the half-truth. Atlantic 105:576.

Truth as once for all delivered. Bib. World 35:219.

1911. Alexander, H. B.--Goodness and beauty of truth. Jour. Phil. 5:29.

Boodin, J. E.--The divine five-fold truth. Monist 21:288.

Boodin, J. E.--The nature of truth: a reply. Phil. Rev. 20:59.

Boodin, J. E.--Truth and Reality.

Bradley, F. F.--On some aspects of truth. Mind 20:305.

Carus, Paul--Truth on Trial.

McGilvary, E. B.--The 'fringe' of William James's psychology as the basis of logic. Phil. Rev. 20:137.

Rother, A. J.--Certitude.

Royce, J.--William James, and Other Essays.

Self-sufficiency of truth. Bib. World 37:147.

1912. Fawcett, E. D.--Truth's 'original object'. Mind 21:89.

Larson, C. D.--What Is Truth?

Leuba, J. H.--Religion and the discovery of truth. Jour. Phil. 9:406.

Review of Jordan's Stability of Truth. Int. Jour. Eth. 23:92.

Zahlfeisch, Johann--Ist die Lüge erlaubt? Archiv. f. system. Philos. 18:241.

1913. Alexander, S.--Collective willing and truth. Mind 22:14, 161.

Gerould, K. F.--Boundarie of truth. Atlantic 112:454.

Lloyd, A. H.--Conformity, consistency, and truth. Jour. Phil. 10:281.

Moore, A. W.--The aviary theory of truth and error. Jour. Phil. 10:542.

Wright, W. K.--Genesis of the categories. Jour. Phil. 10:645.

Wright, H. W.--Practical success as the criterion of truth. Phil. Rev. 22:606.

1914. Bowman, A. A.--The problem of knowledge from the standpoint of validity. Phil. Rev. 23:1, 146, 299.

Bradley, F. H.--Essays on Truth and Reality.

Broad, C. D.--Mr. Bradley on truth and reality. Mind 23:349.

Capron, F. H.--Anatomy of Truth.

Leighton, J. A.--Truth, reality, and relation. Phil. Rev. 23:17.

Rother, A. J.--Truth and Error.

Sidgwick, A.--Truth and working. Mind 23:99.

Strange, E. H.--Objectives, truth, and error. Mind 23:489.

WORKS ON PRAGMATISM

(See also the list under 'Truth').

1900. Caldwell, W.--Pragmatism. Mind 9:433.

1902. Schiller, F. C. S.--'Useless' knowledge. Mind 11:196.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Axioms As Postulates.

1903. King, Irving--Pragmatism as a philosophical method. Phil. Rev. 12:511.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Humanism: Philosophical Essays.

1904. Bawden, Heath--What is pragmatism? Jour. Phil. 1:421.

Creighton, J. E.--Purpose as a logical category. Phil. Rev. 13:284.

Leighton, J. A.--Pragmatism. Jour. Phil. 1:148.

1905. Bode, B. H.--Pure experience and the external world. Jour. Phil. 2:128.

Bode, B. H.--The cognitive experience and its object. Jour. Phil. 2:658.

Bode, B. H.--The concept of pure experience. Phil. Rev. 14:684.

Hoernle, R. F. A.--Pragmatism versus absolutism. Mind 14:297, 441.

King, Irving--Pragmatic interpretation of the Christian dogma. Monist 15:248.

Moore, A. W.--Pragmatism and its critics. Phil. Rev. 14:284.

Schiller, F. C. S.--The definition of 'pragmatism' and 'humanism'. Mind 14:235.

1906. Bode, B. H.--Realism and pragmatism. Jour. Phil. 3:393.

Colvin, S. S.--Pragmatism, old and new. Monist 16:547.

Rogers, A. K.--Professor James' theory of knowledge. Phil. Rev. 15:577.

Rousmaniere, F. H.--A definition of experimentation. Jour. Phil. 3:673.

Russell, J. E.--Pragmatism's meaning of truth. Jour. Phil. 3:599.

Russell, J. E.--Some difficulties with the epistemology of pragmatism and radical empiricism. Phil. Rev. 15:406.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Pragmatism and pseudo-pragmatism.

Sturt, H.--Idola Theatri, a Criticism of Oxford Thought and Thinkers from the Standpoint of Personal Idealism. Mind 15:375.

Vailati, Giovanni--Pragmatism and mathematical logic. Monist 16:481.

1907. Brown, W. A.--Pragmatic value of the absolute. Jour. Phil. 4:459.

Bush, W. T.--Papini on Introduzione al prafmatismo. Jour. Phil. 4:639.

Foster, G. B.--Pragmatism and knowledge. Am. Jour. Theol. 11:591.

Moore, A. W.--Perry on pragmatism. Jour. Phil. 4:567.

Nichols, H.--Pragmatism versus science. Jour. Phil. 4:122.

Papini, G.--What pragmatism is like. Pop. Sci. Mo. 71:351.

Perry, R. B.--A review of pragmatism as a philosophical generalization. Jour. Phil. 4:421.

Perry, R. B.--A review of pragmatism as a theory of knowledge. Jour. Phil. 4:365.

Pratt, J. B.--Truth and its verification. Jour. Phil. 4:320.

Review of Schiller's Humanism. Nation 84:436.

Review of Papini's Tragico Quotidiano. Nation 85:521.

Reviews of James's Pragmatism. Bookman 26:215. No. Am. 185:884. Science n. s. 26:464. Nation 85:57. Ind. 63:630.

Schiller, F. C. S.--The pragmatic babe in the woods. Jour. Phil. 4:42.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Cure of doubt. Jour. Phil. 4:235.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Pragmatism versus skepticism. Jour. Phil. 4:482.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Studies in Humanism.

Schiller, F. C. S.--Review of James's Pragmatism. Mind 16:593.

Sellars, R. W.--Dewey's view of agreement. Jour. Phil. 4:432.

Shorey, P.--Equivocation of pragmatism. Dial 43:273.

Slosson, E. E.--What is pragmatism? Ind. 62:422.

Talbot, Ellen B.--The philosophy of Fichte in its relation to pragmatism. Phil. Rev. 16:488.

Fascination of the pragmatic method. Cur. Lit. 43:186.

A new philosophy. Harper's W. 51:1264.

The newest philosophy. Cur. Lit. 42:652.

Pragmatic philosophy. Ind. 62:797.

Pragmatism, a new philosophy. Ed. Rev. 34:227.

Where pragmatism fails. Cur. Lit. 46:415.

1908. Armstrong, A. C.--Evolution of pragmatism. Jour. Phil. 5:645.

Bawden, H. H.--New philosophy called pragmatism. Pop. Sci. Mo. 73:61.

Bradley, F. H.--On the ambiguity of pragmatism. Mind 17:226.

Burke, J. B.--Fashionable philosophy at Oxford and Harvard. Liv. Age 257:559.

Bush, W. T.--Provisional and eternal truth. Jour. Phil. 5:181.

Carus, Paul--Pragmatism. Monist 18:321.

Hebert, M.--Le Pragmatisme. Etude de ses Diverse Formes.

Hibben, J. B.--The test of pragmatism. Phil. Rev. 17:365.

Lovejoy, A. O.--Thirteen pragmatisms. Jour. Phil. 5:5, 29.

Lovejoy, A. O.--Pragmatism and theology. Am. Jour. Theol. 12:116.

McGilvary, E. B.--British exponents of pragmatism. Hib. Jour. 6:632.

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1909. Agnew, P. G.--What is pragmatism? Forum 41:70.

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Pratt, J. B.--What Is Pragmatism?

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Origin of pragmatism. Nation 88:358.

Philosophy in the open. Bookman 29:661.

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Carus, Paul--Truth. Monist 20:481.

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Jacoby, Gunther--Der Pragmatismus.

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Sidgwick, A.--The Application of Logic.

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Carr, H. W.--The Problem of Truth.

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Moore, A. W.--Pragmatism, science, and truth.

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1914. Knox, H. V.--Philosophy of William James.

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Sidgwick, A.--Truth and working. Mind 23:99.

Stebbing, L. S.--Pragmatism and French Voluntarism.

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Can socialism be identified with pragmatism? Cur. Opinion 56:45.

VITA.

The writer was born in 1884 at Pomeroy, Ohio, and received his earlier education in the country schools near that city. His college preparatory work was done in the high school of Roswell, New Mexico, from which he was graduated in 1906. He then entered immediately the University of Wisconsin, and from this institution received the Bachelor's degree in 1910 and the Master's degree in 1911. From 1911 to 1914, while acting as fellow or as assistant, he studied in the graduate school of the University of Illinois.

Transcriber's Notes:

Page numbers have been removed from the Table of Contents

Footnotes have been sequentially numbered and placed after the paragraph where they are noted.

Other changes to the text:

JAMES' EXPOSITION OF PEIRCE. (in the Table of Contents) (Removed 's in JAMES'S to match the title of Section in