CHAPTER XII: CUPS AND SAUCERS AND PLATES

It is not likely that many craftsmen will care to produce table wares or even that they will be able to acquire the necessary skill. Simple as these wares seem, they are, in fact, the most difficult of all to make well. In factory working, one man makes nothing but cups, another saucers and another plates, so that each attains the skill of constant practice, but this is out of the question for the studio worker. At the same time it is well to know how it is done and it may be that some one will undertake to produce a few pieces for the sake of the enjoyment arising therefrom.

It is possible to finish a cup upon the wheel just as a vase is made. The handle is modeled in clay and fastened in place with slip when in the leather hard condition. Saucers and plates cannot be made in this manner; first, because the broad thin bottom will surely crack and, second, because it is impracticable to turn a plate or saucer over in order to finish the bottom. The risk of breakage is so great that there is nothing to be gained.

If cups be needed of uniform size they must be molded. The making of the molds has already been described. A small cylinder of the proper size is thrown in clay and removed from the wheel while soft. A number of these should be made at one time so as to avoid changing the wheel head often. When all are ready a hollow head shaped to receive the cup mold is set on the wheel and a mold inserted. One of the soft cylinders is now lowered gently into the mold and as the wheel is revolved the soft clay is pressed firmly against the walls with the fingers. A piece of wood, called a rib, cut to the exact shape of the inside of the cup, is used to smooth off the interior. The top edge is cut off and rounded and the mold is set aside for the cup to harden. As soon as the cup can be turned out it is set upside down upon the wheel and the bottom turned.

Another method dispenses with the formation of the cylinder or "lining." A ball of clay of the proper size is dropped into the mold and pressed into shape with the fingers, the wheel, of course, being spun. The finishing is accomplished with the rib as before. This method will answer for wares which are to receive a low fire but for high temperatures the clay must be handled by the first-named plan.

The cup is not complete without a handle. This may be modeled as already stated but to make each one of half a dozen in this way is unduly tedious. The better plan is to model a handle in wax and make a mold as already directed. A roll of soft clay is then laid in the mold, the two halves pressed together and the handle taken out and finished. Care must be taken that cup and handle are of the same degree of moisture, leather hard, for choice, or they will part company as they dry. The fastening is done with thick slip.

The method for saucers is the same as that for plates, so that one description will suffice. The first step is to make a tool or profile. A large handful of soft clay is rolled out into a thick cylinder and laid down upon the plate mold. It should extend from the center to the circumference, forming a radius of the circle. The clay is pressed closely to the surface of the mold and part of it is squeezed into a knob which will form the hand-hold of the tool (Fig. 16, page 66). The clay is left in this position until it becomes nearly but not quite dry. It is then taken off and whittled into shape. The front edge must be straight and must lie along a radius of the plate. The foot is cut in at the proper point and a broad wedge-shaped hollow is made so as to gather the clay and pile it up into the foot. The hand-hold is shaped so as to fit comfortably between the first and second fingers of the right hand. When properly shaped the tool is thoroughly dried and then burned in the kiln. The fire must not be severe as it is important not to shrink the tool to any great extent. After burning slight corrections can be made with a file or a hard stone. The heel of the profile must be exactly at the center of the plate and the toe or curve must rest on the outer edge of the plate mold.

In making plates a "batting block" and "batter" are used. The former is a heavy block of plaster which is fixed to a strong table. It must be saturated with water when in use. The wedging table already described will serve for this. The batter is a disc of plaster to which a handle is attached. It may be made of a thick plaster block, the handle being cut out of the substance itself. This is also kept saturated with water so that the clay will not stick. A ball of clay is laid on the block and gently beaten out with the batter into a disc of the proper size and thickness. The face of this is then polished with a steel blade and the disc is then lifted, turned over and laid, polished side downward, upon the mold. The wheel is then revolved and the clay pressed firmly to the mold with wet hands. The tool is now dipped in water and pressed steadily upon the revolving clay. The heel must be adjusted accurately to the center and the foot will be seen to rise up in its proper place. The operation is not easy and many failures must be expected but practice will accomplish the desired result. When leather hard the plate is gone over with a thin piece of rubber and when quite hard it may be removed from the mold. The edge is now trimmed and the face sponged over and the plate is ready for the kiln.