The Poetry of Science; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of Nature
CHAPTER XVI.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
The Changes produced on Physical Phenomena by the Movement of the Solar System considered--Exertion of the Physical Forces through the Celestial Spaces--The Balance of Powers--Varieties of Matter--Extension of Matter--Theory of Nonentity--A Material Creation an indisputable fact--Advantages of the Study of Science--Conclusion.
We have examined terrestrial phenomena under many of the harmonious conditions which, with our limited intelligence, we can reach by the aid of science. From the first exhibition of force, in the cohesion of two atoms, onward to the full development of organic form in the highest order of animals, we have observed strange influences. We have seen the solitary molecule invested with peculiar properties, and regulated by mighty forces; we have learned that the modes of motion given to this beautiful sphere produce curious changes in the operation of these powers; and we may with safety infer that every atom constituting this globe is held in wonderful suspension against every atom of every star, in the celestial spaces, even to that bright orb in the centre of the Pleiades, around which the entire system of created worlds is supposed to roll.
As we move around our own sun--in the limited period of 365 days, and round our own axis in 24 hours--we experience transitions from heat to cold, dependent upon our position in regard to that luminary and the laws which regulate the reception and retention of certain physical forces. May we not therefore conclude, without being charged with making any violent deduction, that in the great revolution of our system around the centre of space, we are undergoing gradual changes which are essential to the great scheme of creation, though at present incomprehensible to us?
In our consideration of the influence of time on the structure of the earth as we find it, we discovered that, in ages long past, the vegetation of the tropics existed upon these northern parts of the globe; and geological research has also proved that over the same lands the cold of an arctic winter must have long prevailed--the immense glaciers of that period having left the marks of their movements upon the face of the existing rocks.[268] We know that during 3,000 years no change of temperature has taken place in the European climate. The children of Israel found the date and the vine flourishing in Canaan; and they exist there still. Arago has shown that a trifling alteration of temperature would have destroyed one or the other of these fruit-bearing trees, since the vine will not ripen where the mean temperature of the year is higher than 84°, or the date flourish where it sinks below that degree.
How immense, then, the duration of time since these changes must have taken place! The 432,000 years of Oriental mythology is a period scarcely commensurable with these effects; yet, to the creature of three-score years, that period appears an eternity. The thirty-three millions of geographical miles which our solar system traverses annually, if multiplied by three thousand years, during which we know no change has taken place, give us 99,000,000,000 as the distance passed over in that period. How wide, then, must have been the journey of the system in space to produce the alteration in the physical powers, by which these changes have been effected!
We have an example, and a striking one, of the variations which may be produced in all the physical conditions of a world, in those disturbances of Uranus which led to the discovery of Neptune. For thirty years or more certain perturbations were observed in this distant planet, the discovery of Sir William Herschel, and calculation pointed to some still more remote mass of matter as the cause, which has been verified by its actual discovery. But now Uranus is at rest;--quietly that star progresses in its appointed orbit,--Neptune can no longer, for the present, cause it to move with greater or less rapidity--they are too remote to produce any sensible influence upon each other. Consequently, for thirty years, it is evident, phenomena must have occurred on the surface of Uranus, which can be no longer repeated until these two planets again arrive at the same positions in their respective paths which they have occupied since 1812. These considerations assist us in our attempts to comprehend infinite time and space; but the human mind fails to advance far in the great sublimity.
Through every inch of space we have evidence of the exercise of such forces as we have been considering. Gravitation chains world to world, and holds them all suspended from the mystic centre. Cohesion binds every mass of matter into a sphere, while motion exerts a constant power, which tends to alter the form of the mass. The earth’s form--a flattened spheroid--the rings of Saturn and of Neptune are the consequences of motion in antagonism to cohesion. Heat, radiating from one planet to another, does its work in all, giving variety to matter. Light seeks out every world--each trembling star tells of the mystery of its presence. Where light and heat are, chemical action, as an associated power, must be present; and electricity must do its wondrous duties amongst them all. Modified by peculiar properties of matter, they may not manifest themselves in phenomena like those of our terrestrial nature; but the evidence of light is a sufficient proof of the presence of its kindred elements; and it is difficult to imagine all these powers in action without producing some form of organization. In the rounded pebble which we gather from the sea-shore, in the medusa floating bright with all the beauty of prismatic colour in the sun-lit sea,--in the animal, mighty in his strength, roaming the labyrinthine forests, or, great in intelligence, looking from this to the mysteries of other worlds,--in all created things around us, we see direct evidence of a beautiful adjustment of the balance of forces, and the harmonious arrangement of properties.
One atom is removed from a mass and its character is changed; one force being rendered more active than another, and the body, under its influence, ceases to be the same in condition. The regulation which disposes the arrangements of matter on this earth, must exist through the celestial spaces, and every planet bears the same relation to every other glittering mass in heaven’s o’erarching canopy, as one atom bears to another in the pebble, the medusa, the lion, or the man. An indissoluble bond unites them all, and the grain of sand which lies buried in the depth of one of our primary formations, holds, chained to it by these all-pervading forces, the uncounted worlds which, like luminous sand, are sprinkled by the hand of the Creator through the universe. Thus we advance to a conception of the oneness of creation.
The vigorous mind of that immortal bard who sang “of man’s first disobedience,” never, in the highest rapture, the holiest trance of poetic conception, dreamed of any natural truths so sublime as those which science has revealed to us.
The dependence of all the systems of worlds upon each other, every dust composing each individual globe being “weighed in a balance,” the adjustment of the powers by which every physical condition is ordered, the disposition of matter in the mass of the earth, and the close relation of the kingdoms of nature,--are all revelations of natural truths, exalting the mind to the divine conception of the universe.
There is a remarkable antagonism displayed in the operation of many of these forces. Gravitation and cohesion act in opposition to the repellent influences of caloric. Light and heat are often associated in a very remarkable manner; but they are certainly in their radiant states in antagonism to chemical action, whether produced by the direct agency of actinic force, or through the intermediate excitement of the electrical current.[269] And in relation to chemical force, as manifested in organic combinations, we have the all-powerful operation of LIFE preventing any exercise of its decomposing power.[270] As world is balanced against world in the universe, so in the human fabric, in the vegetable structure, in the crystallized gem, or in the rude rock, force is weighed against force, and the balance hangs in tranquillity. Let but a slight disturbance occasion a vibration of the beam, and electricity shakes the stoutest heart with terror, at the might of its devastating power.[271] Heat melts the hardest rocks, and the earth trembles with volcanic strugglings; and actinic agency, being freed from its chains, speedily spreads decay over the beautiful, and renders the lovely repulsive.
We know matter in an infinite variety of forms, from the most ponderous metal to the lightest gas; and we have it within our power to render the most solid bodies invisible in the condition of vapour. Is it not easy, then, to understand that matter may exist equally attenuated in relation to hydrogen, as that gas itself is, when compared with the metal platinum? A doubt has been raised against this view, from the difficulty of accounting for the passage of the physical elements through solid masses of matter. If we, however, remember that the known gases have the power of transpiration through matter in a remarkable degree,[272] and that the passage of water through a sieve may be prevented by heat, it will be at once apparent that the permeation of any radiant body through fixed solid matter is entirely a question of conditions.
We can form no idea of the size of the ultimate atom; we cannot comprehend the degree of etherealization to which matter may be extended. Our atmosphere, we have seen, is only another condition of the same elements which compose all the organized forms of matter upon the earth, and, at the height reached by man, it is in a state of extreme attenuation. What must be its condition at the distance of forty miles from the earth? According to known laws, certain phenomena of refraction have led us to set these bounds to the matter constituting our globe: but it may exist in such a state of tenuity, that no philosophical instrument constructed by human hands could measure its refracting power; and who shall declare with certainty that matter itself may not be as far extended as we suppose its influences to be?
“Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all.
“Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? Canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth?”
A cheerless philosophy, derived from the transcendentalism of the German schools, by an unhappy metaphysical subtlety, and grafted upon what professes to be a positive philosophy, but which is not so, is spreading amongst us, and would teach us to regard all things as the mere exhibition of properties, a manifestation of powers; it believes not in a material creation. The grandeur of the earth, and the beautiful forms adorning it, are not entities. Yonder exquisite specimen of the skill of man, in which mind appears to shine through the marble,--that distant mountain which divides the clouds as they are driven by the winds across it,--those trees, amid whose branches the birds make most melodious music,--this flower, so redolent of perfume, so bright in colour, and so symmetric in form,--and that lovely being who, a model of beauty and grace, walks the earth an impersonation of love and charity blended, making, indeed, “a sunshine in a shady place,” are not realities. Certain forces combine to produce effects, all of which unite to deceive poor man into the belief that he is a material being, and the inhabitant of a material world. There may be ingenuity in the philosophy of this school; its metaphysics may be of a high order; but it evidently advances from the real to the ideal with such rapidity, that every argument is based on an assumption without a proof; every assumption being merely a type of the philosophy itself,--a baseless fabric, a transcendental vision.
A material creation surrounds us. This earth, all that it contains, and the immense hosts of stellar worlds, are absolute entities, surrounded with, and interpenetrated by, certain exhibitions of creative intelligence, which perform, according to fixed laws, the mighty labours upon which depend the infinite and eternal mutations of matter. The origin of a grain of dust is hidden from our finite comprehensions; but its existence should be a source of hope, that those minds which are allowed the privilege of tracing out its marvellous properties,--of examining the empyreal principles upon which its condition, as a grain of dust, depends,--and even of reducing these giant elements to do our human bidding,--may, after a period of probation, be admitted to the enjoyment of that infinite power to which the great secrets of creation will be unveiled.
Every motion which the accurate search of the experimentalist has traced, every principle or power which the physicist has discovered, every combination which the chemist has detected, every form which the naturalist has recorded, involves reflections of an exalting character, which constitute the elements of the highest poetry. The philosophy of physical science is a grand epic, the record of natural science a great didactic poem.
To study science for its useful applications merely, is to limit its advantages to purely sensual ends. To pursue science for the sake of the truths it may reveal, is an endeavour to advance the elements of human happiness through the intelligence of the race. To avail ourselves of facts for the improvement of art and manufactures, is the duty of every nation moving in the advance of civilization. But to draw from the great truths of science intelligible inferences and masterly deductions, and from these to advance to new and beautiful abstractions, is a mental exercise which tends to the refinement and elevation of every human feeling.
The mind thus exercised during the mid-day of life, will find in the twilight of age a divine serenity; and, charmed by the music of nature, which, like a vesper hymn poured forth from pious souls, proclaims in devotion’s purest strain the departure of day, he will sink into the repose of that mysterious night which awaits us all, tranquil in the happy consciousness that the sun of truth will rise in unclouded brilliancy, and place him in the enjoyment of that intellectual light, which has ever been among the holiest aspirations of the human race.
The task of wielding the wand of science,--of standing a scientific evocator within the charmed circle of its powers, is one which leads the mind through nature up to nature’s God.
Experiment and observation instruct us in the discovery of a fact;--that fact connects itself with natural phenomena,--the ultimate cause of which we learn from Divine revelation, and receive in full belief,--but the proximate causes are reserved as trials of man’s intelligence; and every natural truth, discovered by induction, enables the contemplative mind to deduce those perfect laws which are exemplifications of the fresh-springing and all enduring POETRY OF SCIENCE.
FOOTNOTES:
[268] “As to the polishing and grooving of hard rocks, it has lately been ascertained that glaciers give rise to these effects when pushing forward sand, pebbles, and rocky fragments, and causing them to grate along the bottom. Nor can there be any doubt that icebergs, when they run aground on the floor of the ocean, imprint similar marks upon it.”--_Principles of Geology, or the modern changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants considered as illustrative of Geology_: by Charles Lyell, M.A., F.R.S. _Travels through the Alps of Savoy, and other parts of the Pennine Chain, with Observations on the Phenomena of Glaciers_: by James D. Forbes, F.R.S.
[269] This may be readily proved by the following simple but instructive experiment:--Take two pairs of watch-glasses; into one pair put a solution of nitrate of silver, into the other a weak solution of iodide of potassium; connect the silver solution of each pair with the potash one by a film of cotton, and carry a platina wire from one glass into the other. Place one series in sunshine, and the other in a dark place. After a few hours it will be found that the little galvanic arrangement in the dark will exhibit, around the platina wire, a very pretty crystallization of metallic silver, but no such change is observable in the other exposed to light. If a yellow glass is interposed between the glass and the sunshine, the action proceeds as when in the dark. This experiment is naturally suggestive of many others, and it involves some most important considerations.
[270] In cases of violent death it is often found the gastric juice has, in a few hours, dissolved portions of the stomach.--Dr. Budd’s Lecture before the College of Physicians.
[271] Faraday’s _Experimental Researches_, vol. i.; from which a quotation has already been made, showing the enormous quantity of electricity which is latent in matter.
[272] _On the Motion of Gases_: by Professor Graham, F.R.S.--Phil. Trans., vol. cxxxvi. p. 573.
INDEX.
Absorption of heat by air, water, and earth, 74.
---- of light, 125.
Acalephæ, or phosphorescent animals, 387.
Actinism, 166.
---- producing chemical change, 174.
---- and light antagonistic, 177.
----, influence of, on plants, 372.
Action of presence--_Catalysis_, 280.
“Active principles” of Newton, 11.
Adams on planet Neptune, 32.
Adiathermic bodies, 95.
Aërial currents dependent on heat, 80.
---- chemical, 274.
Affinity, 292.
Age of the world, 404.
Aggregation, attraction of, 48.
----, crystalline, 58.
Agonic lines, 244.
Air, absorption of heat by, 74.
---- density of the, 319.
Alchemy, Nature’s, 293.
Aldini on animal electricity, 393.
Allotropic conditions of atoms, 43.
Allotropism, 330.
Allotropy, 291.
Alum, opacity to heat rays, 65.
Alpinus’ theory of matter, 47.
Ammonites of the lias, 341.
Ammoniacal amalgam, 325.
Ampère’s theory of magnetism, 239.
Analogy, dangers of reasoning by, 152.
Ancients’ knowledge of magnetism, 235.
Animals, phosphorescence of, 154.
---- respiration of, 310.
---- articulated, 388.
Animal magnetism, 267.
---- electricity, 211, 392.
---- life, progress of, 338.
----, phenomena of, 383.
Arago on the surface of the sun, 123.
---- on copying the Egyptian temples, 177.
---- on magnetic variation, 246.
_Arbor Dianæ_--silver tree, 261.
Aristotle on motion, 10.
Atmosphere, uses of the, 319.
Atmospheric refraction, 322.
Atomic theory, 278.
---- volumes, 287.
Atoms, allotropic state of, 43.
Atom, the organic, 360.
----, ultimate size of, 408.
----, the, and its powers, 3.
Attraction, chemical, 275.
Aurora of the sun, 186.
Back’s account of Aurora, 249.
Balance of forces, 14.
Bartholin on Iceland spar, 140.
Beccaria, Father, on phosphorescence, 160.
Becquerel’s experiments on electricity, 227.
---- on ozone, 300.
Bell on the nerves, 391.
Belemnites, 341.
Berkeley, Bishop, on motion, 10.
Berzelius on allotropy, 44.
---- on catalysis, 281.
Biela’s comet, 26.
Biot on polarization, 145.
Bolognian stone, 161.
Bouguer on the absorption of light by the atmosphere, 126.
Boutigny on heat, 107.
_Boletus igniarius_, 102.
Boyle on motion, 9.
Brain and nerves, 391.
Brahminical philosophy, 245.
Brewster, Sir D., refers magnetism to the sun, 263.
---- on magnetism, 247.
Brown’s doctrines of life, 395.
Butterfly, metamorphosis of, 389.
Cagniard de la Tour state, 106.
Calorific transparency, 65.
---- influence on plants, 376.
Calotype, the, 174.
Canton’s phosphorus, 161.
Carbon, allotropic state of, 43.
Carboniferous plants, fossil, 339.
Carbonic acid, solid, 111.
---- quantity in atmosphere, 311.
Cassini on magnetic variation, 246.
Catalysis, 280.
Cell, organic, 361.
Cellini, Benvenuto, on the carbuncle, 159.
Central sun, doctrine of a, 27.
Changes, physical, 290.
Chemical phenomena developing heat, 42.
---- decomposition producing heat, 97.
---- combination by heat, 98.
---- affinity suspended by heat, 109.
---- radiations, 166.
---- power of solar rays in the Tropics, 177.
---- agency of luminous rays, 178.
---- action influenced by magnetism, 252.
---- forces, 270.
---- elements, 272.
---- proportions, 285.
---- metamorphoses, 289.
---- phenomena, 295.
---- composition of atmosphere, 322.
---- rays, action of, on germination, 375.
Chemistry, Electro, 206.
---- of Nature, 270.
---- Animal, 396.
Chinese knowledge of magnet, 236.
Chlorophylle, formation of, 373.
Chloride of sulphur, transparency of, to heat, 65.
Chlorine and hydrogen combine by light, 171.
Chlorine in the ocean, 303.
Cholera and electricity, 215.
Choroid coat, the, 149.
Chromatic lines on the earth, 133.
Clay converted into slate by electricity, 227.
Climate of the earth, 350.
Clock, Electrical, 233.
Coal formation, theory of, 314.
Cohesive force opposed to gravitation, 33.
Cohesion and gravitation, 49.
---- distinguished from crystallization, 51.
Cold, extreme, 110.
Colour of bodies, 132.
---- changes of, in chemical combinations, 290.
---- blue, of sky, 320.
---- of steam, 321.
Colours, Newton’s theory of, 135.
Coloured heat rays, 85.
Combining equivalents, 273.
---- forces, 292.
Combination, laws of, 286.
---- of forces, 330.
Combustion, 305.
Comets, 26.
Condensation of gases, 290.
Conduction of heat, 69.
Conducting power of bodies for heat, 89.
Condition, change of chemical, 271.
Conversion of motion, 16.
Convection of heat, 69.
Cotyledons, use of the, 368.
Coulomb on repulsion of atoms, 47.
Creation, oneness of, 406.
Cretaceous formations, 344.
Crosse on electricity, 227.
Crustaceans, metamorphosis of, 389.
Crust of the earth, 333.
Crystals, pseudomorphous, 54.
----, size of, 56.
Crystallogenic forces, 50.
Crystalline bodies, magnetic influence of, 260.
Cudworth’s “Plastic Nature,” 10.
Current, electric, speed of, 231.
----, electricity, magnetic, 239.
Crystallization, 50.
Cultivation, limits of, 379.
Currents of electricity around the earth, 224.
Cyanite, a true magnet, 48.
Daguerre’s discovery, 170.
Daguerreotype, the, 172.
Dalton on Aurora Borealis, 248.
---- on liquefaction, 287.
Dalton’s atomic theory, 278.
Daniel on incandescence, 100.
Dark lines of spectrum, 125.
Darwin on sea-weeds of the Southern Ocean, 316.
Davy, Sir H., on the elements, 328.
---- on flame, 307.
---- discovers the alkaline metals, 325.
Decomposition, electro-chemical, 208.
De la Tour, Cagniard’s experiments, 105.
Delaroche on heat, 93.
Density of the earth, 31.
Development, animal, 384.
Dew, formation of, 81.
Diamond, allotropic carbon, 43.
----, phosphorescence of, 160.
Diamagnetism, 253.
Diamagnetic nature of gases, 259.
Diathermic bodies, 94.
Diffusion of gases, 323.
Digestion a cause of heat, 105.
Dip of magnetic needle, 247.
Dimorphism in crystals, 55.
Directive power of a magnet on crystals, 261.
Distribution of elements, 328.
Divisibility of matter, 38.
Döbereiner’s lamp, 281.
Dispersion of light, 129.
Draper on incandescence, 100.
Dumas on atoms, 39.
Dust, a grain of, 2.
Earth, physical, the, 1.
---- density of, 31.
---- the revolution of the, 77.
----, geological formation of, 333.
Earth’s, motion, 11.
---- temperature dependent on the sun, 63.
Effects produced by loss of heat, 69.
Eggs, number of, laid by insects, 399.
Elective affinity, 292.
Electricity, 193.
Electricity and light influencing crystallization, 57.
----, kinds of, 195.
---- contained in water, 203.
---- developed by chemical action, 204.
----, velocity of, 231.
---- of plants, 380.
Electric condition of matter, 5.
---- telegraph, the, 231.
---- affinity, 275.
Electrical phosphorescence, 160.
---- action influenced by actinism, 183.
---- radiations, 190.
---- clock, 233.
Electro-chemistry, 206.
Electro culture, 223.
Electrotype, the, 229.
Electro-chemical decomposition, 208.
Electro-magnetism, 240.
Electrum, 193.
Elements, chemical, 37, 272.
----, atmospheric, 325.
----, interchanges of, 319.
Englefield on heat rays, 67.
Eocene formations, 346.
Equinoxes, precession of the, 244.
----, the vernal and autumnal, 77.
Epicurus’ hooked atoms, 48.
Epipolic phenomena, 129.
Eremacausis, 105.
Ether, hypothesis of an, 120.
Examples of crystallization, 59.
Expansion of bodies by heat, 96.
Eye, mechanism of, 149.
Faraday on Magnetism of Crystals, 59.
---- on solidification of gases, 112.
---- on magnetization of light, 147.
---- on the gymnotus, 211.
---- on diamagnetism, 254.
Ferro-magnetic bodies, 255.
Fish Lizard, the, 341.
Fixed stars, light of, 122.
Flint glass, permeability to heat, 65.
Flora, fossil, 345.
Flowers, influences of, 317.
Fluid, magnetic theory of, 252.
Fluorescence of light, 130.
Forbes, Prof. Jas., on vibrations of heated metals, 97.
Forbes, Prof. Edward, on zones of life in the ocean, 127.
Forbes on colour of steam, 321.
Force producing motion, 9.
---- a cause of motion, 17.
----, molecular, 40.
---- of crystallization, 61.
Forces, active, in matter, 3.
----, balance of, 14.
---- in antagonism, 407.
Form, change of, 2.
---- of surface, influence of, on climate, 351.
----, variety of vegetable, 359.
Foster describes Northern Lights, 249.
Fox, R. W., on temperature of Cornish mines, 91.
Franklin on atoms, 47.
Franklin’s kite experiment, 214.
Freezing mixtures, 110.
Freezing, remarkable phenomena of, 112.
---- of water, 302.
Friction, 17.
Frictional electricity, 199.
Fraunhofer’s dark lines, 125.
Franklin’s experiment on heat, 75.
Fusion influenced by pressure, 107.
Galvanism, 201.
Galvani’s experiment, 201.
Gases, condensation of, 111, 290.
----, magnetism of, 259.
Gaseous constitution, 317.
Gauss’s theory of magnetism, 243.
Generation, spontaneous, 363.
Geological phenomena, 332.
Germ, Treviranus on the, 361.
Germination of seeds, 367.
Glass, coloured, transparency to heat, 65.
Goethe’s theory of colour, 139.
Goethe on phosphorescence, 157.
---- on the leaf, 369.
Graham’s law of diffusion, 323.
Gravitation, 21.
Growth explained, 52.
----, progress of, 364.
---- defined, 383.
Grove decomposes water by heat, 98.
Gulf stream, the, 81.
Gulielmini on crystallisation, 50.
Gun cotton, 103.
Gymnotus electricus, 211.
Gyroscope, the, 14.
Hansteen and Arago on Northern Lights, 248.
Hansteen on magnetism, 244.
Heat, solar and terrestrial, 62.
----, conductors of, 90.
----, rays absorbed by atmosphere, 63, 73.
---- and light, their relations, 64.
----, radiation of, 82.
---- rays, coloured, 85.
---- lessens chemical affinity, 88.
----, latent, 101.
----, decomposition by, 109, 276.
----, scientific knowledge of, 114.
---- developed by combustion of wood equivalent to heat absorbed in growth, 116.
----, influence of, on magnetism, 241.
----, action of, on water, 302.
----, influence of on plants, 371.
---- essential to life, 395.
Heliography of M. Niepce, 170.
Herbivorous animals, 315.
Herschel on the nebulæ, 24.
Herschel, Sir W., on heat rays, 67.
Hobbes on the properties of matter, 8.
Hopkins on the temperature of fusion, 107.
Huyghens on double refraction, 140.
Hydra, the, 387.
Hydrogen, peroxide of, 298.
---- and oxygen, 289, 297.
Hydro-carbons, 297.
Hydro-carbon compounds, 308.
Hypnotism, Mr. Braid on, 269.
Ice, 301.
Ichthyosaurus, the, 341.
Igneous rocks, 335.
Ignition by chemical action, 102.
Iguanodon, the, 343.
Incandescence, temperature of, 69-100.
Influences of matter on heat, 79.
Infusoria and animalculæ, 387.
Interference of light, 138.
Intensity, magnetic, 247.
Invisible light, Moser on, 188.
Iodide of silver found natural, 304.
Iodine, 304.
Iridescent paper, 137.
Iron, magnetic, 235.
----, soft, rendered magnetic, 241.
----, rusting, 306.
Isomeric compounds, 291.
Isomorphism, 290.
Isothermic lines, 92.
Isodynamic lines, 247.
Jones, Rymer, on sponges, 345.
Joule on anhydrous salts, 287.
---- on heat and motion, 18.
Kircher’s Magnetism, 264.
Kupffar on magnetic storms, 249.
Lamination of clay by electricity, 226.
Land and sea, alternations of, 340.
Laplace’s theory of the universe, 23.
Latent heat, 101.
Lavoisier’s theory of combustion, 305.
Law of gravitation, 30.
Lawson, letter from Mr., on germination of seeds, 375.
Leaf, the functions of the, 369.
Leaves of plants, action on air of, 311.
Le Verrier on planet Neptune, 32.
Leyden jar, the, 198.
Lias formations, 341.
Liebig and organic chemistry, 284.
Life and light, 52.
----, influence of light on, 153.
---- dependent on light, 164.
----, vegetable, 362.
----, mysteries of, 398.
Light, 118.
---- essential to life, 39.
---- of fixed stars, 122.
----, transparency to, 124.
----, transmission of, through different media, 128.
----, absorption of, 125.
----, interference of, 138.
----, polarized condition of, 141.
----, magnetization of, 146.
----, artificial, 162.
----, influence of, on plants, 373.
---- and heat, correlation of, 64.
Lightning conductors, 215.
Lindley on the leaf, 370.
Lubbock, Sir J., on shooting stars, 22.
Lodes, mineral, electricity of, 225.
Luminous and actinic rays distinguished, 176.
Machine electricity, 209.
Magellanic clouds, 25.
Magnetic curves, 236.
---- iron ore, 237.
---- polarity, 237.
---- points of convergence, 244.
---- poles of the earth, 245.
---- intensity, 247
---- storms, 249.
---- lines of no variation, 243.
Magnetism, 235.
---- induced, 238.
---- influenced by heat, 242.
----, universality of, 253.
---- of gases, 259.
---- induced by solar rays 263.
---- and electricity, correlation of, 239.
---- and crystallisation, 57.
Magneto-electrical decomposition, 230.
Magnetisation of light, 146.
Malus on polarisation, 139.
Mammalia, fossil, 343.
Man, temperature of, 105.
Manganesiate of potash, 171.
Mantell, Dr., on the iguanodon, 343.
Mariotte on seat of vision, 149.
Matter, its general conditions, 1.
----, forms of, 21.
----, transmutation of, 37.
----, divisibility of, 38.
----, solid, absorption of heat by, 75.
----, influence of, on light, 162.
----, polarity of, 265.
---- and its properties, 409.
----, entity of, 410.
----, varied condition of, 36.
Mayer’s hypothesis of three colours, 138.
Mechanical force and heat, 103.
Mechanism of the eye, 149.
Media, influence of, on light, 128.
Medusæ, phosphorescence of, 159.
Melloni on coloured heat rays, 85.
---- on new nomenclature for heat, 95.
Mesmer and electricity, 222.
Metamorphic rocks, 336.
Metamorphoses of animals, 389.
Mexico, Gulf of, warmth of the, 81.
Mica, black, transparency to heat, 66.
Miller, Dr., on dark lines of the spectrum, 126.
Mineral veins, electricity of, 225.
Mines, Cornish, temperature of, 91.
Miocene formations, 346.
Mirrors, magic, 191.
Mitscherlich on expansion of crystals by heat, 257.
Molecular forces, 35, 40.
----, compound action of, 279.
Molecules, Dumas on, 39.
---- combination, 277.
Morichini and Carpi on magnetism of violet rays of light, 263.
Moser on invisible light, 189.
Motion, 7.
---- a property of matter, 8.
----, principles of, 10.
---- of the earth, 12.
---- round an axis shows the earth’s motion, 18.
----, influence of, on form, 32.
Mountain ranges probably determined by magnetic force, 262.
Multiplication of life, 399.
Musical notes produced by heat, 97.
Muscular contraction by electricity, 202.
Musschenbroek of Leyden, 198.
Mythology, ancient, probable origin of, 353.
Natural polarization, 145.
Nebulous state of matter, 23.
Neptune, discovery of, 32.
Newton on gravitating force, 49.
Newton on motion, 9.
Newton’s hypothesis of matter, 4.
---- theory of heat, 115.
---- theory of light, 120.
---- theory of colours, 135.
Niepce on the chemical radiations, 168.
Nitrogen, magnetic neutrality of, 259.
----, combinations of, 324.
----, supposed metallic nature of, 325.
Nocturnal radiation, 83.
Northern lights, the, 268.
Obsidian transparency to heat, 66.
Ocean, waters of, 303.
Oersted discovers electro-magnetism, 238.
Orders of animals, 386.
Organic creation, influence, 185.
---- compounds, 283.
---- compounds, influence of light on them, 181.
---- chemistry, 331.
---- cell, 360.
---- remains, 337.
Organized forms, varieties of, 35.
---- bodies, heat of, 104.
Organization, progress of, 385.
Oxides, metallic, 326.
Oxidizable metals, 305.
Oxygen gas magnetic, 259.
---- and nitrogen, uses of, 321.
---- and carbon in animals, 396.
Ozone, 299.
---- and electricity, 217.
Palladium maintaining slow combustion, 309.
Parathermic rays, 74.
---- rays, influence in nature, 377.
Particles, Dumas on, 39.
Peach on phosphorescence of the sea, 159.
Pearsall on phosphorescence, 160.
Pendulum, oscillation of, indicates the earth’s motion, 13.
Perkins on repulsion of heat, 108.
Permeation of heat, 96.
Perturbations of Uranus, 31.
Pestilential diseases, 216.
Phenomena of vision, 148.
----, natural, of electricity, 194.
----, recent geological, 349.
Phosphorescence of animals, 154.
---- of plants, 156.
Phosphorescent spectrum, 184.
Phosphoric acid detected in the oldest rocks, 337.
Photosphere of the sun, 123.
Photography, 170.
----, its importance, 180.
Physiological influences of electricity, 219.
Physical forces, action of, 4, 45.
---- forces, modes of motion, 7.
---- properties of polarized light, 142.
Physiological influences of magnetism, 268.
Pilchard, on the, by Couch, 315.
Plants, distribution of, dependent on light, 133.
----, phosphorescence of, 156.
----, respiration of, 312.
---- and animals, dependence of, 313.
----, growth of, 368.
---- bend to the light, 373.
----, distribution of, 378.
---- of the Tropics, 381.
Plane polarization, 141.
“Plastic nature” of Cudworth, 10.
Plateau’s experiment on bodies relieved from gravitation, 33.
Platinum maintaining slow combustion, 309.
Plato on motion, 10.
---- on light, 119.
Plesiosaurus, the, 341.
Pliocene formations, 346.
Plücker on crystallo-magnetic force, 57.
---- on diamagnetic bodies, 256.
Plumule, use of, 369.
Plutonic rocks, 334.
Polarization, circular and elliptical, 143.
Polarization of light, 139.
Polar condition of matter, 265.
Polypes and infusoria, 387.
Porosity of matter, 41.
Porta, Baptista--camera obscura, 149.
Powers, active, in nature, 405.
Prevost, theory of, on heat, 96.
Primary origin of our planet, 334.
Principles of motion, 10.
Prismatic refraction, 121.
---- rays, heat of, 67.
---- analysis of sunbeam, 134.
Principle of gravitation, 29.
----, elementary, 38.
Properties, essential, of matter, 5.
Pseudomorphism, 54.
Psychology of flowers, 357.
Pterodactyl, the, 342.
Pythagorean doctrine of motion, 10.
Quinine, solution, influence of, on light, 129.
Radiant heat, 69.
Radiation and absorption of heat, 77.
----, nocturnal, 83.
Raia torpedo, 211.
Raymond, Du Bois, on animal electricity, 221.
Refrangibility, rays of high, 130.
---- of solar forces, 168.
Refraction, prismatic, 121.
Races, dependence of, 315.
Repulsion of heat, 108.
Respiration of animals, 310.
---- plants, 312.
Rest, absolute and relative, 15.
Respiration a cause of heat, 105.
Retina, the, 149.
Revelations of nature, 401.
Revolution of magnetic poles, 246.
Robinson on decomposition by heat, 98.
Rock formations, 335.
Rocks, conducting power of, 224.
Rosse’s, Lord, telescopes, 25.
Rumford, Count, experiments on heat, 18.
---- on chemical properties of light, 99.
Rings, Newton’s, 137.
Safety lamp of Davy, 309.
Salt rock, transparency to heat, 65.
Saturn’s ring explained, 34.
Savart on vibrating plates, 257.
Seasons, influence of heat on the, 70.
Sea, phosphorescence of, 158.
Schönbein on ozone, 299.
Schwabe on solar spots, 243.
Seebeck on thermo-electricity, 211, 248.
Selenite and alabaster, 60.
Sénarmont on conducting power of crystals for heat, 257.
Shooting stars, 21.
Silicon, allotropic state of, 43.
Silica, substitution of, 345.
Simple bodies, chemical, 329.
Sky of tropical climes, 319.
Slow combustion in animals, 397.
Smee on electricity and vitality, 219.
Solar system, motion of, 11.
---- disc, light from, 185.
---- influence on magnetism, 263.
Solidification of gases by Faraday, 112.
Solstices, summer and winter, 77.
Solar spots connected with magnetism, 243.
Solar phosphori, 161.
Somerville, Mrs., magnetises needles by light, 263.
Sound and light, analogy of, 151.
Spectra produced by polarization of light, 144.
Spectrum, dark lines of, 125.
Spheroidal condition of fluids, 107.
Spontaneous ignition, 307.
Stahl on phlogiston, 305.
Stars, shooting, theories of, 21.
Steel ornaments incandescent, 137.
Stereoscope, the, 151.
Stokes, Prof., on fluorescence, 130.
Stratified formations, 334.
Strength of animals, 400.
Structure, influence of, on magnetism, 256.
----, relation of, to physical phenomena, 257.
Struvé on motion of solar system, 12.
Substitution, chemical, 279.
----, law of, 288.
Substances, all, electric, 197.
Subterranean temperature, 91.
Sulphuric acid, permeability to heat, 65.
Surfaces, action of, 282.
Sulzar on galvanism, 201.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, solid, 111.
Sun, the central, 28.
----, the source of light, 121.
----, physical state of the, 123.
----, a magnetic centre, 265.
Tadpole, metamorphosis of, 389.
Talbot’s sensitive photographic process, 178.
Telegraph, electric, 231.
Temperature of incandescence, 68.
Temperature, subterranean, 91.
Terrestrial currents of electricity, 224.
---- magnetism, 255.
Thales of Miletus discovers electricity, 193.
Theories of light, 86, 118.
Thermography, 188.
Thermometric examination of the temperature of flowers, 76.
Thermo-electricity, 209.
Theory of motion producing force, 15.
Thilorier on solid carbonic acid, 111.
Time, influence of, 332.
Tissues, catalytic power of, 310.
Tourmaline, action of, on light, 142.
Trade winds, 81.
Transition series of rocks, 336.
Transparency, calorific, 67.
----, luminous, 124.
Transmutation of matter, 37.
Transmission of light, 128.
Transcalescent bodies, 94.
Trevelyan, Mr., on vibration of heated metals, 97.
Tyndale proves the influence of structure on magnetism, 258.
Type, elements of the organic, 289.
Undulations producing colour, 131.
Undulatory theory of heat, 115.
---- theory of light, 121.
Uranus, discovery of, 31.
Uranium glass, influence of, on light, 129.
Vapour, elastic force of, 318.
Variation, magnetic, 244.
Vegetables conductors of electricity, 379.
Vegetable life, phenomena of, 357.
Vegetation of carboniferous epoch, 339.
Velocity of electricity, 231.
Vertebrate animals, 390.
Vision, phenomena of, 148.
Vis vitæ, vital principle, 391.
Vision single with a pair of eyes, 150.
Vitality superior to physical force, 53.
Vision, seat of, 149.
Volume, doctrine of, 287.
Volcanic action referred to chemical action, 271.
Volatilization of matter, 27.
Voltaic electricity, 201.
Water, absorption of heat by, 74.
---- frozen free of air, 112.
---- free of air, peculiar state of, 113.
----, electricity in a drop of, 204.
----, composition of, 296.
Wargentin’s notice of aurora, 248.
Wave movement of heat and light, 68.
Wealden formations, 343.
Wedgwood on incandescence, 100.
Wells, Dr., on dew, 84.
Wiedemann on electrical vibrations, 257.
Wenzel’s proportional numbers, 277.
Winds dependent on heat, 80.
Wollaston notices dark lines in spectrum, 125.
World, its age, 404.
Young on molecular forces, 49.
Zodiacal light, 25.
Zoophytes, microscopic, 387.
THE END.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE.
Archaic, obsolete, unusual and inconsistent spellings have been maintained as in the original book. Obvious errors have been fixed as detailed below.
Some entries in the index were out of alphabetical order in the original book. They have been moved without noting them in the details below.
The totals in the various tables are not equal to the sum of the column above them. I assume this is due to round off error, or details in the original data which are not represented here. No attempt has been made to correct these totals.
In the original book, half of the publisher’s catalogue (Bohn’s Books) was in the beginnig of the book. It was moved to immediately precede the other half of the catalogue at the end of the book.
Preface, Contents, Introduction, Index, Bohn’s Books and Transcriber’s Note have been added to the table of contents. Only the chapters of the book were in the table of contents in the original book. The title "Bohn’s Books" was inserted into the beginning of the publisher’s book catalogue.
In the table below, the first line shows the text in this ebook, the second line shows the text in the original book.
Page vii.: conditions of Matter--Diamagnetism, &c. 235 Originally: conditions of Matter--Dia-Magnetism, &c. 235
Page viii.: Time, an element in Nature’s Operations--Geological Originally: Time, an element in Nature’s Operations==Geological
Page viii.: Progress of Matter towards Organization Originally: Progress of Matter rowards Organization
Page xii.: of external nature, evoked beautiful spiritualizations Originally: of external nature, evoked beautiful spirtualizations
Footnote 1: Boscovich regarded the constitution of matter differently Originally: Boscovitch regarded the constitution of matter differently
Footnote 1: full explanation of the theory of Boscovich.) Originally: full explanation of the theory of Boscovitch.)
Page 8: The views of metaphysicians regarding motion involve Originally: The views of metaphyscians regarding motion involve
Page 14: tremulous gyration upon the deck of a vast aërial ship Originally: tremulous gyration upon the deck of a vast aerial ship
Page 27: agent of organisation and all manifestations of beauty? Originally: agent of organisation and all manifestatious of beauty?
Footnote 18: fixes, est déterminée par ce qui précède entre certaines Originally: fixes, est determinée par ce qui précède entre certaines
Footnote 18: est le groupe central de l’ensemble du système Originally: est le groupe central l’ensemble du système
Footnote 24: into a single mass at the bottom of the flask under Originally: into a single mass at the bottom of the flask unde
Page 42: with which the particles combined, from interstices, Originally: with which the particles combined, from insterstices,
Page 45: bromine, &c., are the results of different _allotropic_ Originally: bromime, &c., are the results of different _allotropic_
Page 46: which,--from the imperfections of science,--resisting Originally: which,--from the imperfectious of science,--resisting
Page 46: The experiments of Faraday and of Plücker prove Originally: The experiments of Faraday and of Plucker prove
Footnote 25: Young’s _Natural Philosophy_; ed. by Rev. P. Kelland. Originally: Young’s _Natural Philosophy_; ed. by Rev. P. Lelland.
Footnote 35: Hence the origin of compound and visible bodies; hence Originally: Hence the origin of compouud and visible bodies; hence
Page 50: her operations, but the very processes themselves. Originally: her operations, but the very processes themselvss.
Paqe 59: combination appears to the eye in no respect different Originally: combinatiou appears to the eye in no respect different
Page 61: Those fissures formed by the first system of crystalline Originally: Those fissures formed by the first sytsem of crystalline
Page 68: luminous power are sufficiently striking to convince us Originally: luminous power are sufficienlty striking to convince us
Page 109: of temperature is experienced.[79] Professor Plücker, of Originally: of temperature is experienced.[79] Professor Plucker, of
Footnote 55: this motion. He was followed by Musschenbroek, and then Originally: this motion. He was followed by Muschenbroek, and then
Footnote 61: _regarding the internal temperature of the Earth_: by Originally: _regarding the internal temperature of tha Earth_: by
Footnote 78: _en vertu de l’état sphéroïdal dans un creuset_ Originally: _en vertu de l’état sphérodïal dans un creuset_
Page 121: Fraunhofer, Herschel, Brewster, and others, but proceed Originally: Frauenhofer, Herschel, Brewster, and others, but proceed
Page 123: between charcoal points at the poles of a powerful voltaic Originally: between charcoal points a the poles of a powerful voltaic
Page 129: of quinine, and the fluor spar, we obtain the same results Originally: of quinine, and the flour spar, we obtain the same results
Page 140: the first instance, by Erasmus Bartholin, in Iceland-spar, Originally: the first instance, by Erasmus Bartolin, in Iceland-spar,
Page 145: from what has been already stated, that some Originally: from what has beeen already stated, that some
Page 153: to prove that light is absolutely necessary to Originally: to prove that light is absolutely neccessary to
Page 159: of light behind them.[113] By microscopic examination Originally: of light behind them.[113] By miscroscopic examination
Page 159: Benvenuto Cellini gave a curious account of a carbuncle Originally: Benvenuto Cellini give a curious account of a carbuncle
Page 160: near a fire. From this it may be inferred that the Originally: near a a fire. From this it may be infered that the
Footnote 88: Brande’s _Manual of Chemistry_; or, indeed, any work Originally: Brande’s _Mannal of Chemistry_; or, indeed, any work
Footnote 94: Schouw, _Grundzüge der Pflanzengeographie_. Also his Originally: Schouw, _Grundüzge der Pflanzengeographie_. Also his
Footnote 95: Fraunhofer’s measure of illuminating power is as Originally: Frauenhofer’s measure of illuminating power is as
Footnote 99: _Sur une Propriété de la Lumière Réfléchie_: Mémoires Originally: _Sur une Propriété de la Lumière Réfléchie_: Memoires
Page 176: the strongest sunlight which has passed through Originally: the strongest sun-light which has passed through
Page 179: productions of the photographer as on those of the Originally: productions of the photograper as on those of the
Page 180: preserve the lineaments of those who have benefited Originally: preserve the lineaments of those who have benefitted
Page 185: line, over which no action takes place, is preserved at Originally: line, over which no action takes plates, is preserved at
Page 185: presented to us by a circular body: calorific action seems Originally: present to us by a circular body: calorific action seems
Page 188: piece of wood is used instead of a metal, there will, by Originally: piece of wood is used instead of a medal, there will, by
Footnote 126: _dans la végétation_: by Senebier; Genève et Paris, 1788 Originally: _dans la végetation_: by Senebier; Genève et Paris, 1788
Page 198: Leyden phial,--so called from its inventor, Musschenbroek, Originally: Leyden phial,--so called from its inventor, Muschenbrock,
Page 219: may be made a measurer of nervous irritability.[154] There Originally: may be made a measurer of nervous iritability.[154] There
Footnote 141: _Traité Expérimental de l’Électricité et du Magnétisme_: Originally: _Traité Expérimental de l’Electricité et du Magnétisme_:
Footnote 146: _Traité Expérimental de l’Électricité et du Magnétisme_. Originally: _Traité Expérimental de l’Electricité et du Magnétisme_
Footnote 160: where the cobalt was discovered between two portions of Originally: where the cobalt was discovered betweed two portions of
Page 235: Storms--Magnetic conditions of Matter--Diamagnetism, Originally: Storms--Magnetic conditions of Matter--Dia-Magnetism,
Page 236: Magnêtum, quia sit patriis in finibus ortus. Originally: Magnêtum, buia sit patriis in finibus ortus.
Page 251: conditions of change in this our earth: an element to Originally: conditions of change in this our earth: an elemeut to
Page 257: Wiedemann, by employing a fine point through which Originally: Wiedmann, by employing a fine point through which
Page 258: than in any other. M. Wiedemann comes to the conclusion Originally: than in any other. M. Wiedmann comes to the conclusion
Page 260: salt, the protosulphate, ordinarily crystallizes so that Originally: salt, the proto-sulphate, ordinarily crystallizes so that
Footnote 176: Humboldt: _Exposé des Variations Magnétiques_. Originally: Humboldt: _Exposé des Variations Magnetiques_.
Footnote 188: _Electro-Magnetic Influence_, by Professor Zantedeschi. Originally: _Electro-Magnetic Influence_, by Professor Zandeteschi.
Footnote 190: detailed account of the experiments of Faraday, Plücker, Originally: detailed account of the experiments of Faraday, Plucker,
Page 276: light determine these changes? It is evident, although Originally: light determine these change? It is evident, although
Page 281: chemical change. Döbereiner next discovered that Originally: chemical change. Dœbereiner next discovered that
Page 282: a fearful example in the progress of Asiatic Originally: a fearful example in the progress of Asatic
Page 300: as being either peroxide of hydrogen, or an allotropic Originally: as being either per-oxide of hydrogen, or an allotropic
Page 304: the gas which we employ so advantageously for illumination Originally: the gas which we emply so advantageously for illumination
Page 306: increasing,--true combustion takes place. In this way Originally: increasing,--true combustion takes plaee. In this way
Page 306: sawdust, &c., frequently ignite; and to such an Originally: saw-dust, &c., frequently ignite; and to such an
Page 316: Mr. Darwin remarks, that if the immense sea-weeds of Originally: Mr. Darwin remarks, that if the immense seaweeds of
Page 317: When Shakespeare made his charming Ariel sing-- Originally: When Shakspeare made his charming Ariel sing--
Footnote 212: (Redundant line removed before item 2 in table.) Originally: According to one view, | According to the other view,
Page 334: speculation, which may have occasional marks of ingenuity, Originally: speculation, whieh may have occasional marks of ingenuity,
Page 337: origin, the rational inference is against the speculation; Originally: orgin, the rational inference is against the speculation;
Page 370: capsule of _nigella orientalis_ consists of pods assembled Originally: capsule of _nigilla orientalis_ consists of pods assembled
Page 370: a centre, and partially united; in _nigella damascena_ Originally: a centre, and partially united; in _nigilla damascena_
Page 399: whose minds are sceptical upon any development of the Originally: whose mind are sceptical upon any development of the
Page 406: evidence of a beautiful adjustment of the balance of Originally: evidence of a beautifnl adjustment of the balance of
Page 408: Let but a slight disturbance occasion a vibration Originally: Let but a slight disturbance occcasion a vibration
Page 409: A cheerless philosophy, derived from the transcendentalism Originally: A cheerless philosophy, derived from the transendentalism
Page 410: which are allowed the privilege of tracing out its Originally: which are alowed the privilege of tracing out its
Page 413: Aëreal currents dependent on heat, 80. Originally: Æreal currents dependent on heat, 80.
Page 413: Animal electricity, 211, 392. Originally: Magnetic electricity, 211, 392.
Page 413: Bartholin on Iceland spar, 140. Originally: Bartolin on Iceland spar, 140.
Page 414: Cagniard de la Tour state, 106. Originally: Caignard de la Tour state, 106.
Page 415: Döbereiner’s lamp, 281. Originally: Doebereiner’s lamp, 281.
Page 415: Eye, mechanism of, 149. Originally: Eye, mechanism of, 491.
Page 416: ---- on diamagnetism, 254. Originally: ---- on dia-magnetism, 254.
Page 418: Musschenbroek of Leyden, 198. Originally: Muschenbrock of Leyden, 198.
Page 421: Wiedemann on electrical vibrations, 257. Originally: Wiedman on electrical vibrations, 257.
Bohn’s Books: =LOUDON’S (MRS.) ENTERTAINING NATURALIST=, Originally: =LOUDON’S (MRS.) ENTERTAING NATURALIST=,
Bohn’s Books: Indexes of Scientific and Popular Names. _With_ Originally: Indexes of Scientific and and Popular Names. _With_
Bohn’s Books: =18. PLATO.= Vol. III. By G. BURGES, M.A. [Euthydemus, Originally: =8. PLATO.= Vol. III. By G. BURGES, M.A. [Euthydemus,
Bohn’s Books: =35. JUVENAL, PERSIUS, &c.= By the REV. L. EVANS, M.A. Originally: =34. JUVENAL, PERSIUS, &c.= By the REV. L. EVANS, M.A.